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USMS

026267 A Research of Mechanical BHA Models


Shicai Yan, Daqing Petroleum Inst.; Daqian Zhou, Daqing
Petroleum Inst.; Zhongxuan Shu, Daqing Petroleum Inst.;
Xiushan Liu, Daqing Petroleum Inst.; Lin Qi, Daqing
Petroleum Inst.
COPYRIGHT J ~ - ? SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS
This manuscript was provided to the Society of Petroleum Engineers for
distribution and possible publication in an SPE journal. The contents of this
paper (1) are subject to correction by the author(s) and (2) have not undergone
SPE peer review for technical accuracy. Thus, SPE makes no claim about the
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JAN 2 2 1993
A
UNSOLICITED
Researeh of Meehanical Models of DBA
the Energy
continuons
got some
by Shicai Petroleum Administration Bureau
Daqian Zhou Zhongxuan Shu Xiushan Liu and Lin Qi
,Daqing petroleum Institute
*- SPE Member
# PES/CPS Members
ABSTRACT.
In this paper. we reviewed the research condition at home and
abroad in this respect about more than ten years recently .made proper
evaluation to some theses. and pointed out the main inadequacy
eXisting in them no perfection on the mechanical models.
Authors have summarized themselves research results recently and
present this paper to counter abovementioned inadequacy Up to now
most of scholars have just considered the bit pressure. the buoyance
of drilling fluid. the torque at bit. the force at tangent point
and the contact forces between hole-wall and stabilizers when they
studied the mechanical character of the BHA controlling the hole
-trajectory Therefore, used the same 2D model of drillpipe and
parameters of drilling technique,Mr. Millhiem and Prof. Bai Jia Zhi
could get the opposite resuits.
We present the concept. source and calculating method of the
bending moment at bit so that get a new mechanical model. There are
two forms about the bending moment at bit:. the first one is explicit.
another one is implicit. that is. the bending moment at bit is strong
enough to get drift angle at bit e b=O let it be boundary condition
we can get M
b

we solved the above-mentioned mechanical model by
Method<the principle of the least potential energy) , the
Beam-Column Theory and the Finit-- Element Method. and
interesting conclutions.
INTRODUCTION
With the improving of demand on the controlling a trajectory of
wellbore in direotional and oluster wells. it is gradually approaohing
work condition of drill string in bottom hole that a lot of
scholars and engineers establishs mechanical models of
1
2 67
Solutions of the medels are developed from original and
to numerical Recently, they
pay attention to the studying various solutions of the model, but
less so to the model itself. Does a bit just bear the bit-pressure,
side foroe and torque 7 Should we oonsider the bit to be fixed hinge
mount 1 Some scholars presented their
We have to start with the studying a bending moment at bit
,analyze the forces at bit in bottom hole and establish a new
mechanical model of BHA .At last
results.
RESEARCH OF MECHANICAL MODEL OF BRA
we discuss some interesting
Fig.l-a is supposed to be the work oondition of BRA with two
stabilizers in orooked hole. Fig.l-b shows a 2-D meohanical model
of BRA when hole axis and drill string axis are in the same vertioal
plane, that is, there is the changing in inclination, and no changing
in direction, Fig.l-c shows a 3-D meohanical model of BRA when hole
axis and drill string axis are space curves ,this is, there is the
changing in inolination and dioeotion. In Fig.l , SI and S:I are
stabilizers. B is a bit, T is a tangency of we II bore and
drill string above top-stabilizer. il' 12 and I. are the length of
sections, respectively.
To simplify the calculation. we need to suppose l
I. every stabilizer oontacts with wall of wellbore
a shifting hinge bearing
and
2. the wellbore has the shape of oirole-arc, K is its
curvature in rad/m
in degree (0 ) ;
a is the inclination angle at bit
3. the bit is a shifting elastic embedded end with non
-oonstrained rotation;
4. top-tangency T is a fixed mount
We need not give unnecessery details of the abovementioned
suppositions of 1 and 2 which are normal and acknowleged Our
analysis centres on third supposition. They supposed that there are
the weight-on-bit , side force and torque at bit in the conventional
mechanical model of BHA In fact, with the deflection of bit for
deformation of drill string and the nonuniformity of formation
preperty the reaction of weight-on-bit can't be distributed
over bit so that there is the bending moment at bit
2
It is
".
unsuitable to consider the bit as
SPE262 67
fixed hinge mount for applying the
bending moment, torque, axial force and side force on bit and
having deflection angle 8 B. In addition. the bottom hole can't
restrict the displacement of bit. this is, the bit is displaceable
Therefore, it tallies with the actual situation at work of bit in
bottom hole that we present third
supposition.
From these suppositions, we present the 2-D and 3-D mechanical
medels of BRA, as shown in Fig.l-b and Fig.l-c
In 2-D model, FBv is inclination force in N
q is weight of
unit lengh of drill string in mud in N/m ; MT is interior moment of
tangency T in N-m and we let it equil the interior moment of drill
string with same initial bending of wellbore as
EIsI P
( 1 )
where E is the Elastic Modulus in Pa ; Is is the axial moment of
intertia of 1
8
in m
4
I p is the ourvature radius of wellbore in m I p.
is effective weight-on-bit thinking over friction between the drill
string and wall of the hole, and is calculated by a empirical as
PB=(1-0.00005H)(1-0.001K)(1-
f
2
) X e ..... ./.. X PBO ( 2 )
where H is a well depth in m ; K is a curvature of wellbore in
o
/lOOm ;
f is a friction-coefficient; a is a inclination angle in rad ; P BO
is a weight-on-bit on weight indicator in N
In the 3-D model, MN is a torque of bit in breaking roch
c183

I
M
N
=DPBo (3.79+66.41 I
v'
R
N DB
0.00012
0.00064L
( 3 )
where D is a diameter of bit in m ; R is a drilling rate in m/h
N is a rotational speed of Rotatry Table in r/min ; L is a footage
of bit in m
Because there are many factors Influencing the bending moment
at bit, it is very difficult to get a complete and accurate formula
for oaloulating it. From the experiments whioh we get reoently in
Daqing Oil field and the results of theory analysis for three- cone
bit we present a semi- theory and semi- empirical formula
calculating the bending moment at bit MB as
3
SPE262 67
M
B
3
8
GPBDB
( 4 )
where C should be gotten from statistioal data in drilling
process using the bit in the area and the formation. Eg.4 is named
for the explicit of the bending moment at bit. The direction of the
bending moment and deflection angle at bit always is opposite, that
is , the bending moment will restrict the deflection at bit
Here is an another situation: the bending moment at bit is stong
enough to get drift angle at bit 8 b = O. we name that for the
implicit form of calculating the moment. Under this situation, we
can get M
b
based on the method of' Three Moment Equation and
let 8 b= 0 be boundary condition
EXPLANATION ON SOLUTIONS FOR MECHANICAL AND BENDING MOMENT AT BIT
We must use the method of the trial and error to determine
the form calculating the bending moment at bit First of all We
calculate a initial deflection angle 8 BO based on Eg.4 then
we solve the new 2-D and 3-D mechanical models based on the Energy
Method (the principle of the least potential energy , the
is
and
get
value
oontinuons Beam-Column Theory and the Finit Element Method. and
a 8
B
Third, we compare aBwith BBo I if the direction and
of them coincide, the calculating of Mb is correct; if not, we should
suppose an aBO with another direction. recalculate e B
compare again if so be using the calculating method of Mb
still correct, but first supposition BBO in direction is not
oorreot ; if not, we should calculate Mb based on implicit form.
In this paper, our discussion centre on some interesting
results we will present other pepers to discuss the
abovementioned solutions about new mechanical model of
their complexity.
BUA for
INTERESTING RESULTS
UNIFY THE CONTRADICTION IN REFRENCE [20] AND [15]
The reference [20J was that the mechanical model without hending
moment at bit was solved using the continuous Beam- column Theory
presented by Prof.Jia Zhi Bai. The reference [15] was that the
4
same model was solved using the Finit-Element Method presented by Dr.I.
Mlllhlem. For oomparlson they adopted same Initial data.
It was interesting to get diffreent results using different
solution-methods and same initial data the ourves ohanging with
the weight-on-bit coincide well when the curvature of well hole was
less ( or straight well) but those were very different when that
was more. even got opposite results. For example the side
foroe at bit in referenoe [20] was 3500 N and dropping force when
inclination angle a was 30. weight-on-bit was 15XI0'" N in medium
curvature uSing the holding string ;but that in reference [15] was
-7000 N and building force Prof.Bai pointed out this was a
outstanding
But. the calculating results using same methods and data are
different from the results In reference [20] and [15] when to adopt
our meohanioal model As shown in Fig.2 and Fig 3 the oaloulating
results. whether the pendulum BRA with simple-stabilizer or the
packed BUA with four-stabilizer ooincide very well in different
curvatures of wellbore using same two calculating methods. Traced
the results to their source. we must point out the main factor
related to bending moment at bit. and It changes with the hole
ourvatures. when the hole ourvature is smallar the deflection angle at
bit 8 B approaohes O.the bending moment is smaller also. so the error
using two solutions is smaller .if not. the error is more.
EXPERIMENTAIL RESULTS IN FIELD
Considering the enlargement and friotion of wellbore. we solved
our meohanioal model by the Energy Method (2-D) .the oontinuous Beam
-Column(2-D and 3-D) and the Finit-Element Method ( 2-D and 3-D ). and
applied these to actual predicting for the trajectory of wellbore
For comparison. we repeated above work by the new and old
mechanical models In five directional wells in Daqing Oil Field
Two of expernted wells have serious enlargement of wellbore so
that predicting acouraoy was influenced to a oertain extent.
SPE26267
Table 1 shows the predicting results of the
wellbore by the new and old mechanical models of
table 1 are average value of error per 100 meters
trajectory
BRA. Data
in theory
of
in
and
acture survey we can get :
1 The predicting accuracy using new model is better than using
old model. whether the building section or holding section.
5
SPE262 67
except that using the continuous Beam-Column Theory in building
section The predicting accuracy in incJination angle increases
by a factor of 42.296 in building section. and that in
direotional angle inoreases by a faotor of 18.596 in same seotion I
in holding seotion, that in inclination angle increases by a factor
of 33.896 that in directional angle increases by a factor of
40 .5%
2. Using the Finit-Element Method. whether 2-D model and 3-D model
the
that
building section
holding section
computer- time several
4.
, wheter in building section or in holding section. the predicting
aoouraoy is very good I In building seotion , the average error of
inclination angle is 0.77 /100 m; that of directional angle is
0.30 /100 m ; In the holding section, the average error of
inclination angle is 0.51
0
/100 m that of directional angle is
O. 15
0
/l 00 m
3. Using the continuous Beam- Column in
predioting aoourage is not good but in
increases by a big margin. and can save
times. even several-tens times
Using the continuous Beam-Column Theory in building section. the
predicting accuracy of directional angle by our model is not better
than that by old model, because the error of wells with enlargement
hole is too big.
THE FACTORS INFLUENCING BIT SIDE FORCE
not
and bu i I ding
it is so
We used the Finit-Element Method to solve our model.and got many
curves relating bit side force with inclination angle weiht-on-bit,
ohanging rate of inolination and direotional angle, Torque and
enlargement of well diameter. As shown in Fig.4 , Fig.4a-l. Fig.4b-l
Fig.4c-l Fig.4d-l Fig.4e-2 showed the curves of building BRA
in Daqing Oil Field Fig.4a-2 Fig.4b-2 Fig.4c-2 Fig.4d-2
Fig.4e-l showed the curves of holding BHA From these curves. we
can get
1. As shown in Fig.4a-l, when inolination angle is smaller than 15
incl ination force increases very vast with a 0 direction force is
not changing more, so this BRA is considered as building BRA as
shown in Fig.4a-2 .the forces of inclination and direction are not
strong, so it can be considered as holding BRA.
2. As shown in Fig.4b-l. the bit side forces of
holding BRA inorease little with the weight-on-bit
6
easy to control the trajectory of wellbore by only adjusting weight
-on-bit.
3. When the changing rate of inclination increases, dropping force
in Fig.4c increases rapidly,this is the holding BHA applioation:the
direction force of building BRA increases with increace of the
changing rate of direction, this explan direction drift of most of
building BRA: the direction force of holding BRA decreases with
increace of the changing rate of direction, but it always exist,
this just explans the direction drift in holding sections.
4. Fig.4d shows the situation of enlargement wellbore. Under that
building and holding BUA play their part.
5. With increace of torque at bit inclination force is not changing
more,direction force increases rapidly, it shows interal far tor
causing direction drift again.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Form Theory analysis and actual data in experiment the mechanical
model of BRA we present can respond the work- condition of BUA in
bottom hole and predict the trajectory of wellbore more-accurately
2. solved our model using the continuous Beam- Column Theory and
Finit-Element Method, whether the more ourvature of wellbore or less,
we can get the same tendency of bit side force.
3. From the analysis of bit side force , the building and holding
BHA have to improve further
REFERENCES
1. Lubinski, A.:' A Study of the Bucking of Rotary Drilling String
,. World Oil, March, April, Hay and June, 1951.
2. Me Donald, G.E. , Lubinski, A.: Straight hole dr i II ing in
Crooked Hole COUNTRY,' DPP , 1951 , pp.80-90
3. Lubinski, A. , Woods, H.B. :' Factors Affecting the Angle of
Inolination and Dog-Legging in Rotary Bore Holes " DPP , 1953, pp
.222-250
SPE262 67
4 Woods, H.B. , Lubinski, A. Practical Charts for Solving
Problems on Hole Deviation, DPP , 1954 , pp.56-61
5. Woods,H.B.,Lubinski,A., Use of Stabilizers in Controlling Hole
Deviation, DPP ,1955, pp.165-168
6. Lubinski, A. :' Maximum Permissible Dog Legs in Rotary Boreholes,
7
SPE262 67
"
JPT , February, 1981 , pp.175-194
7. Hoch.R.S.:"A Review of the Crooked-Hole Problem and an Analysis
of Packed Bottom Hole Drill Collar Assembly," DPP , 1962 , pp.21
8. Walker,B.H.:" Some Teohnioal and Eoonomio Aspeots of Stabilizer
Plaoement ," JPT,June, 1973 , pp.833
9 Toutain , P.:" Analyzing Drill String Behavior, " World Oil
June, July and Sept. , 1981
10. Fisoher,F.J.:" Analysis of Drill String In Curved Borehole,
SPE Preprint No.5071 Presented October 6-8 , 1974 in Houston
Texas
11. Bradley,W.B. Faotors Affeotlng the Control of Borehole
Angle in Straight and Direotional Wells, SPE Preprint No. 5070
Presenred Ootorber 6-9,1974 , in Houston, Texas.
12. Callas,N.P. , Callas.r.l: Stabilizer Plaoement-Four Part Series.
OGJ , Nov.24 , Dec.l , Dec.15 and Dec.29 1980
13. Millheim,k.k: Directional Drill-Eight Part Series OGI , Nov.a
Nov.20. Deo.4 , Deo.18 1978 and Jan.l , Jan.15 Jan.29 , 1979
14. Millheim.k.k., Jordan.S. and Ritter.C.L:" Bottom- Hole Assembly
Analysis Using the Finite-Element Method ,. JPT , Feb. 1978 , pp. 285
-274
15. Millbeim,K.K.: The Effect of Hole Curvature on the Trajectory of
a Wellbore SPE Preprint No.6779 presented Ootober 9-12 , 1977 in
Denver , Colorado
16. Millhiem.K.K. Gubler, F.h. and Zaremba.H.B. Evaluating and
Planning Directional Wells Utilizing Post Analysis Techniques and a
Three Dimensional Bottom Hole Assembly Program, SPE Preprlnt
No.8339 Presented Spet.25-26 1979 , in Las Vegas. NV.
17. MIIlhiem.K.K Apostal.M.c et al. :. The Effeot of Bottom
Hole Assembly Dynamics on The Trajeotory of a bit. SPE Preprint
No.9222 Presented Spet.21-24.1980. in Dallas. TX.
18. Warren,T.M. :. Faotors Affecting Torque for a Roller Cone Bit.
JPT .Spet. 1984 , pp.1500-1508
19. Jia Zhi.Bai " Bottomhole Assembly Problems Solved by Beam
-Column Theory. SPE Preprint No.10561 Presented Maroh 19-22 1982 ,
in Beijing, China
20. Jia Zhi.Bai :. The 2-D Analysis of BHA by The Continuous Beam
-Column Theory." ACTA PETROLEI SINCA , No.3. 1985 , pp.75-84
21. Jla Zhl,Bai at el.:" Three Dimensional Analysis of BHA by Beam
-Column Theory, ACTA PETROLEI SINCA , 1989 No.2, pp.60-66
22. Jogi.P.N. , Burgess.T.M. and Bowling.J.P :. Three- Dimensional
8
SPE262 67
Trajeotory
Preprint SPE
Bottom Assembly Model Lmproves Directional Drilling, SPE Preprint
No.14768 Presented February 10-12 , 1986 , in Dallas, TX
23. Ho H.-S. : General Formulation of Drillstring under Large
Deformation and Its Use in BHA Analysis SPE preprint No. 15562
presented October 5-8 , 1986 , in New Orleans, LA.
24. Ho H.-S. :. Prediction of Drilling Trajeotory in Direotional
Wells Via a New Rook-Bit interaotion Model, SPE Preprint No. 16658
presented Sept. 1987 in Dallas, TX
25. Brakel,J.D. and Azar,J.J. :' Prediction of Wellbore
Considering Bottombole and Drill Bit Dynamios
No.16172 Presented 1987 , in New Orleans.
26. De Qun,Ma :. The Act of Bit and formation Eaoh Other,' Journal
of Southwestern Petroleum Institute, 1983 , NO.3 pp.52-56
27. Yuan Xiang Zhong and Liang Zheng A Disdussion Directional
Drilling by 'CaTenary' Teohnique ,. ACTA PETROLEI SINICA , 1988 ,
No.1, pp.l03-111
9
Table 1 Contrast of calculated results predicting the hole trajectories for m ~ w and old mechanical lllo(1,!s
r----------------------------T-------r----------------------r--.-.--- .. --.-------.---.. --.-. - -- i . - -j
I 1 I Error in old mode I (D llOOm) I Error in new mode I (" 1100m) I Increase ( %) I
I Solution Method I Type I -.----------+----------------r----- - - - ~ - - - - - T - - - -(
I I I Building I Holding I Building I Holding I Building I Holding I
1---- I I -+------t--------------+---------------I-------- - ~ - --. ---.:
) Energy Method (2-D) I Inclination I 0.65 I 0.43 I 0.47 I 0.36 I ~ ~ 8 I 1G I
I Beam-Column (2-D) I Inclination I 1.15 I 0.62 I 0.51 I 0.42 t 56 I 32 I
I Pinit-Element (2-D) I Inclination I 1.60 I 0.67 1 0.92 I 0.26 I 43 ! 61 I
I Beam-Column (3-D) I Incl ination I 1.30 I 0.94 I 1.10 I 0,76 i 15 I 19 i
I I Direction I 1.03 I 1.90 I 1.05 I 0.90 I -1.9 I 53 I
I Pinit-Element (3-D) 1 Incl ination I 2.52 I 0.87 I 0,77 I 0.51 I 69 I 41 !
I Direction I 0.33 I 0.21 I 0.20 I 0.15 I 39 I 28
L . . .1_ ...--1 ....l- ..J_. ._._. __..J.. __._.. ...
~ n
\J
;'.,
N
C1'
N
J'
~
SPE262 67
(a) working condition
(c)
(b) 2-D mechanical model (c) 3-D mechanical model
Fig 1. working condition and llleChanical IIOdeI of
T
10'(D)
___ 10'(D)
-.:..::-- .......... _---It-JO(A)
10'(A)
Drillstring
z
8
0
x
-
l
..
2
4
.0)
u
ls 6
'-
:s
'"
5
c::l
SO 60 40 30
Weight-on-bit
20
Drillstring
-1
-.5
-6
-2
-4 -
Z
::.. 3
,-
X

2
0)
u

:s
Ul .0 _
..., 10
c::l
Fig 3. Effect of hole curvature and axial load
at bit on the side forces at bit for a
Pendulum assembly
A. a 0 =10
0
in straight hole
B. a 0 =30
0
in straight hole
C. hole with slight eurvature
D. hole with median eurvatUl-e:--shoW'S the
resul ts of calculating using the Beam-
Column Theory ,--- shows the results of
calculating using the Finite-Element
IoIethod .
Fig 2. Effect of hole Curvature and axial load on the
side forces at the bit for a four---stabilizer
Packed hole assembly
o
10 20 30 40 50 60
lJei&ht-on-bit I'.(x WLBor x4. Sk!-;)
A. a 0=100 in straight hole
B. a 0=300 in straight hole
C. hole with sl i&ht curvature
D. hole with median curvature ,-shoW'S
the results of calculating using the
Beam-wlumn Theory, --- shows the
results of calculating using the
Finite-Element Method -
(e-J}
A. Direction force; B. Inclination force
C. Inclination angle at bit
D. Weight-on-bit (xS.4 KN )
E. Driection force ( changing rate of Driection )
a. effect of inclination at bit
b. effect of axial load at bit
c. effect of rate of inclination and azimuth change
d. effect of hole enlargement.
e. effect of torque of Breaking rocks .
:';' , ], G (
1,2 /
;< \

11 17 23 29 3c- .l
C
M
B
(c- 2)

O.3,L-- _
o
'""
:;. O. 4
o
X 0
1
700 22003700 5200
-4r M
-6
-8
z
1. 7
X
O. 23 O. 25
L
o 0.21
(d-I)
8
---.
6r A
Z


-<
X
'-" 0
I 'L
-4
-6

' n
----=--- (d-2)
a-I. b-I c-I d-l , e-2 for Building assembly
a-2 b-2 c-2 , d-2 e-l for holding assembly
1 2 3 4 5
J
K
F. Driection force ( changing rate of Inclination)
G. Inclnation force ( changing rate of Driection )
H. Inclnation force ( changing rate of Inclination)
J. Changing rate of inclination ( 0 flOem )
K. Changing rate of Driection ( flOOm )
L. Well diameter em)
H. Torque at bit ( N-H )
-8'-

Z Ff \ n
C. R F ::: O. G /\
O. 6 -- : o. : L
O. .. O. I .!.-I
o

(c- 1)
(b-- ])
A
'""
1><:
z

2 -<
X

J
D
-2
K
(b 2)
if; fI.5t

O. 1 t ' 1 , i3
o 5 6 7 8
8
z
0

0
X

-4
-' 8
f
1\
(a - I)
!
Il
fJ
i -- ----
I , C
I
8f
i
! r

./
4-. :-,
:'3
(/) ,-
.-::;
0::>
Fig 4. Effect of vatious factors on the forces at bit
(J)
-0
rT'1
N
a-...
I'\J
a-...

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