Contents

CHAPTER1 ................................................................................................................................ 2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................... 2 1.2 SRINKAGE .................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 THERMAL EFFECT ................................................................................................... 3 1.4 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................... 3 1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH ................................................... 3 CHAPTER2 ................................................................................................................................ 4 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 4 2.1 CODE STANDARDS .................................................................................................. 4 .2 TENSION STIFFENING ............................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER3 ................................................................................................................................ 7 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 7 3.1 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 7 3.2 ACTIVITY PLANE ..................................................................................................... 1 REFERENCE ............................................................................................................................. 1 APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................ 1

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Developing tension element in flexural element ................................................ 6 Figure 2. The variation of applied vs average strain ......................................................... 6
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Different code approaches for crack and deflection predictions. ..................... 4 Table 2. Tension elements to be cast .................................................................................. 7 Table 3. Flexural elements to be cast .................................................................................. 8

CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND

The purpose of design is to provide necessary information, that designing structure wont become unfit to use during its lifetime. During the working conditions, the deformations mustnt be affect the appearance, durability and performance of the structure. The serviceability limit state (SLS) provide guidelines to design structures with important serviceability limit states such as deflection, cracking, durability, vibration, fire resistance. Deflection and cracking is the most important serviceability limit states among those.

For a concrete structure to be serviceability cracking must be controlled and deflections must not be excessive. Shrinkage and thermal effects have major influence in each of these aspects of the service load behaviour of concrete structures. Although this phenomenon is important, accurate prediction of cracking and deflection is difficult. It is due to the inherent nature of cracking and lack of standard procedure to prediction. The random cracking and deflection is directly affected by shrinkage and thermal conditions. Many codes have provided provisions for shrinkage and thermal conditions, but not in advanced. It is also believed that shrinkage and thermal effect determined form restrained conditions is not sufficient to bring desirable change in the prediction of crack width and deflection as it ignore the interaction of reinforcement and concrete. This study therefore consider the tension stiffening effect as solution for incorporating thermal and shrinkage effects in the prediction of deflection and crack width.

1.2 SRINKAGE
Shrinkage is primarily caused by moisture loss. It is happened by shortening of its original dimensions. Shrinkage begins to take place as concrete is mixed, and is caused initially by the absorption of water by concrete and the aggregate. It is called autogenous shrinkage. Shrinkage due to temperature, relative humidity ect is commonly known as the drying Shrinkage. Majority of overall shrinkage is due to as a result of drying shrinkage. So it is the very important one. Quantifying shrinkage according to the climatic conditions and the constituent material of concrete and the admixtures alone is daunting task and therefore incorporation shrinkage strain in calculation of deflection has been a major challenge

1.3 THERMAL EFFECT

Cement hydration is an isothermal reaction which substantial generates heat. Based on the size and the thermal decomposition of the form work substantial temperature increases inside the concrete is possible. If the concrete is restrained for its movement, concrete is bound to strain due to thermal effects. In addition to hydration temperature effects, concrete can be strained due to the fluctuation in the outside temperature, causing it to crack and deform differently. So there is lack standard procedure to quantify the variation.

Crack width and deflection is often found difficult to predict with the existing code approaches as there are no mechanism to connect the influences of thermal and shrinkage effects in the proposed formulas. As consequence, prediction of deflection and crack width accurately in structures subjected to the varying shrinkage and thermal effects is far from real. It is reported by many researches that the thermal and shrinkage effects cause the deflections and crack width calculations, both long and short term, significantly under predicted and therefore unsafe to use. There is also lack of agreement between codes and various models proposed by scientist as to how deflection and crack width should be estimated.

1.4 OBJECTIVES
Study the influence of shrinkage and thermal effect on the deflection and crack width calculation is the main objective of this research. Towards this main objective influence of tension stiffening effect due to shrinkage and thermal effect will be evaluated first. Model to account for the different shrinkage and thermal effects will be derived. By incorporating tension stiffening model, analytical equation will be derived to take into account the shrinkage and thermal effects. That equation will be developed for deflection and crack width formulae based on that is the main emphasis of this project.

1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH

Current standards do not explicitly consider the thermal and shrinkage effects of concrete in calculating crack width and deflection. However time and time again there are cases which are hard to ignore. To overcome these draw back in the current study, tension stiffening effect will be consider incorporating the shrinkage and thermal effect in the crack width and deflection analysis. There is a marked advantage in the use of tension stiffening effect in the calculation as it consider the interaction between the reinforcement and concrete in the formulation. However the challenge is that in order to formulate tension stiffening model to incorporate shrinkage and thermal effect for different environmental conditions. Samples of

tension stiffening and the elements where tension stiffening model will be kept in a environmental chamber for the different environmental conditions. This project is quite unique in respect to use of restrain specimens to find the influence of shrinkage and thermal effect. Advantage of the use of tension stiffening effect is that it can easily incorporate in the deflection and crack calculations. Beside as one of the study involve thermal and shrinkage effect it is also expected produce useful information for crack control due to thermal effect that will be very useful for mass pouring. Nowadays, Cracking and excessive deflection can be experienced in construction at Hambantota. It has experienced excessive cracking and deflection than expected. It can be assumed that, it has caused due to shrinkage and thermal environmental. So the influence of shrinkage and thermal effect must be considered and take into account in designing process.

CHAPTER2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 CODE STANDARDS

Often standard have two approaches for the deflection and crack width control: Deemed to satisfy criteria and specific formulas for analysis. In all most all codes deemed to satisfy criteria for crack control is based on bar spacing while deflection is normally control by limitations on span/depth ratio. Table 1 summarizes major code approaches used for calculation of the deflection and crack width. Differences in each method lie in the estimation of concrete contribution in tension or the second moment of area of the cracked section.

Table 1. Different code approaches for crack and deflection predictions.

Code JSCE

Crack Width * ( )+ [ ]

Deflection

BS 8110 EC2 CEB-FIP ACI

wk = sr, max (
(

)
)
( )

Above table proofs that, there is lack of agreement for crack width and deflection calculations. The calculations provide different answers even for same set of element data. No attempt has been done to incorporate the shrinkage and thermal effect, although it is important.

2.2 TENSION STIFFENING

Concrete capacity in tension is insignificant, but concrete contribution in tension cannot be ignored at serviceability limit state. At cracked section steel bar take the full tensile load but between cracks concrete continue to contribute in tension, lessening the strain of the bar and thereby providing addition stiffness to the overall behaviour of the specimen. Therefore the success in predicting the serviceability behaviour largely depends on the accuracy of the estimate of the tension stiffening behaviour. When shrinkage strain happen on a restrained specimen either through other members connected to it or due to restrained provided by reinforcement itself, tension stiffening effect is bound to change. Therefore correctly accounting tension stiffening effect is a clearly the way forward to incorporate shrinkage and thermal effects into the serviceability limit state of deflection and crack width. The other major advantage of quantify the tension stiffening effect incorporating thermal and shrinkage effects is the advantage to use in both numerical analysis and to formulate into a analytical solution. So far, no code has its analytical solution developed incorporating thermal and shrinkage effects for serviceability limit calculation of deflection and crack width. Although there are number of attempt to incorporate thermal and shrinkage effect in the deflection and crack width calculation based on the shrinkage and thermal effects of plain concrete with some success, incorporating tension stiffening effect is considered key to most effective way as it consider the interaction of concrete reinforcement better. However, lack of data for such analysis has disturbed the progress of such approach for better results

Figure 1. Developing tension element in flexural element at loading

Figure 2. The variation of applied vs average strain Professor Beeby, A. W. Has conducted research for long tern deflection calculations. He has studied how rapidly tension stiffening decay with time and revision for codes. The interested basic parameters were creep, shrinkage and loss off tension stiffing. They have cast Tension elements and flexural elements. The Tension elements were tested under pure tension and flexural elements were tested under bending. The loading was applied for 3 months. Finally they have experienced that the rate of decay of tension stiffing is much more rapid than it has assumed and modification to cod e provisions has been proposed. There is a major defect in this research. During the research, no model was used to convert the tension stiffing date to flexural element data. A assumption was made that tension elements tension stiffing behaviour is same as the flexural elements tension stiffing behaviour

G. K. V. Prakhya and c. T. Morley have conducted research to relate the shape of the falling branch of the effective concrete stress- strain curve in tension. They have studied different subjected related articles and data was collected. The test results and develop equation were studied. They have concluded that, the tension stiffing is significant at low amount of reinforcements. The tension carried by the concrete is depending on distribution and orientation of the steel. The skew reinforcement has high tension stiffing effect. They reached to a solution by non linear analysis. A simple two zone model was developed to illustrate the behaviour. When the steel ratio is high, tension stiffing effect decays. Because the effectively amount of surrounded concrete for a bar decreases. So the equation predictions on crack width and deflection seem to be correct. Generally the high steel ratios are not in use in construction. When deriving equation, it is wise to have two zone models. It will aid to coincide with actual test results. By getting the advantage of these researches, it is wise to use two zone models for tension stiffing behaviour. It will be easy to tally with actual test results. Another key point is that, a reliable model must be incorporated to covert the tension element data to flexural element data.

CHAPTER3 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 3.1 METHODOLOGY

In this study major objective is to find influence of shrinkage and thermal effect on the deflection and crack width calculation. So to achieve that one we are going to prepare tension members with different sizes. And also Flexural members are going to cast. All the casting member details are shown below and calculations are attached to appendix

Table 2. Tension elements to be cast Grade Cross Section(mm2) G30 G30 G30 G30 G30 G30 100100 100100 100100 100100 100100 100100 T16 T12 Type Reinforced T10 of Shrinkage use or not Use Not Use Not Use Not Agent

G30 G30 G30 G30 G30 G30 G45 G45 G45 G45 G45 G45 G45 G45 G45 G45 G45 G45

100100 100100 150150 150150 150150 150150 100100 100100 100100 100100 100100 100100 100100 100100 150150 150150 150150 150150

T20

Use Not

T16

Use Not

T20

Use Not

T10

Use Not

T12

Use Not

T16

Use Not

T20 T20 T16 T16 T20 T20

Use Not Use Not Use Not

Table 3. Flexural elements to be cast Grade b(mm) h(mm) Type of Reinforced G30 200 385 2T10 Shrinkage Agent use or not use not 400 2T12 use not 430 2T16 use not 450 2T20 use not

Based on the tension stiffening test data analytical models will be developed to predict deflection and crack width due to shrinkage and thermal effect. Results from tension members have to incorporate with the flexural specimens data. Tension element consists with constant stress and flexural element consists with a varying stress. In order to covert those tension data to flexural type data, we need to have another model. Finding the way to

achieve that target is another objective. The way to incorporate the tension stiffing model to cracking and deflection will be considered separately.

3.2 ACTIVITY PLANE

REFERENCE
1.prakhya, G. K. V., Morley, C, T.: Tension stiffing and moment curvature relation of reinforced concrete elements, ACI Structural journal, September- October 1990, pp.597-605 2. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, Structural use of concrete part1:1997, BS 8110. 3. EUROCODE 2. Design of concrete structures. Part 1-1:general rules and rules for building. Eurocode, ENV 1992-1-1

APPENDIX
Selecting of reinforcement diameter for tension elements Take 10mm steel bars as tension bar, cross section area of the bar A,

allowable applied tensile force for steel (applied forces) =78.5460 =36.11kN For Grade 30, Take 100100 mm cross section, Fctm=2.6 N/mm2 (6th edition Euro code 2-pg137,Table6.11) cracking Tensile force of concrete = FctmA =2.61002 =26kN cracking Tensile force of concrete < allowable applied tensile force for steel Therefore section is ok.(crack will occur.) Therefore,T12,T16,T20 is satisfied this condition for 100100mm section. According to same manner, calculations are done for different sections and grades.

Selecting the sizes of flexural element sections Assume h=450mm Get the moment capacity of selected section,

b 0.45x x d 0.9 x Cc z 1

Ts=0.405 Moment capacity( ) Where z=d-o.45x ( )=0.156 ( )

Take cover=25mm, 20mm bar ,then d=415mm b=200mm For serviceable M=70% ultimate M =113kN Then x=158mm To find Neutral axis of the section we used the excel sheet as follows.

Check (EC2 Bill Mosly-pg 150)

=
Take 100100mm section Take, , b=200mm Then, h=458mm Then, our selection is ok. This is trial and error method. By using this method we can find the suitable flexural member