Chapter 12 Slides

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12
Classes, Collections, and Inheritance
Topics
Topics
12.1 Classes and Objects 12.2 Creating a Class 12.3 Collections 12.4 Focus on Problem Solving: Creating the Student Collection Application 12.5 Object Browser 12.6 Introduction to Inheritance
Initial Exercise
Create a VB Windows application with
Controls
Labels: first name, last name, age Text Boxes: first name, last name, age Buttons: submit, clear, exit
12.1
Classes and Objects
Object-Oriented Programming
Object-oriented programming (OOP)
Designing and coding applications with interchangeable software First languages appeared in 1980s
SmallTalk, C++, ALGOL
Examples of objects
Form, button, check box, list box
Classes and Objects

Classes
Program structures define abstract data types Used to define objects
Abstract Data Types

Abstract Data Type (ADT)
Data type created by a programmer Important in computer science and object oriented programming (OOP) Abstraction is model of something in general terms
Definition includes general characteristics of object
Abstract Data Types (cont.)

Example
Dog is an abstraction
Defines a general type of animal but not a specific breed, color, or size
Lassie is an instance
Classes
Class
Program structure defining abstract data type Steps
Design class first Then design a class client that creates an instance of class
Class Instances
Each class instance or object
Shares common characteristics/attributes Example
In Visual Basic, Forms and Controls have classes In Toolbox, each icon represents a class Dragging a control (i.e. TextBox) from the toolbox to a form creates an instance of a class (text box)
10
Properties, Methods, and Events

Programs communicate with an object using
Class properties
i.e. Button has Location, Text, and Name properties
Class methods
i.e. Focus( ) method functions identically for each single button
Class events
i.e. Each button in a form has a different click event procedure
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Object Oriented Design

Object Oriented Design (OOD)
Takes program specifications Analyzed specifications Determines ADTs to implement specifications
In general
Classes will be nouns Methods will be verbs
12
Object Oriented Design (cont.)

Designs classes to effectively cooperate and communicate Creates a well-designed class to outlive an application
Other uses for the class may be found
13
Finding the Classes

Object-oriented analysis
Starts with a detailed specification of problem to be solved
Known as finding the classes
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Object Oriented Design Example

Program specification
We want to schedule classes for students, using the college's master schedule to determine the times and room numbers for each student's class. When the optimal arrangement of classes for each student has been determined, each student's class schedule will be printed and distributed.
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Looking for Control Structures

Controlling agent
Could be implemented with a class (user defined data type)
Example
Class called Scheduler Can be used to match each students schedule with colleges master schedule
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OOD Class Characteristics

Describe classes
Attributes are implemented as properties
Characteristics of each object Describe common properties of class objects
Operations are implemented as methods

Actions class objects perform Messages they can respond to
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OOD Class Characteristics for Example
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Class Diagram for Example

Class diagram for Student class
Student - firstName : string - lastName: string - Id : string + getFirstName( ) : string + setFirstName( value : string ) + getLastName( ) : string + setLastName( value : string ) + getId( ) : string + setId( value : string ) + New( ) + New( pFirst : string, pLast : string, pId : string ) # Finalize( )
<- class name <- attributes (- private)
<- methods (+ public)
<- method (# protected)

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Interface and Implementation

Class
Interface
Portion of class visible to application programmer
Public member variables, properties, and methods
Implementation
Portion of class hidden from client programs
Private member variables, properties, and methods
Encapsulation
Hiding data and methods inside a class
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Client Program
Client program
Uses class to
Instantiate an object Access data members Call methods
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12.2
Creating a Class
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Class Declaration
Class declaration
Syntax
Public Class ClassName MemberDeclarations End Class
where
ClassName is name of class MemberDeclarations are declarations for all variables, constants, and methods that belong to class
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Class Declaration (cont.)

Example
Public Class Student ' End Class
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Creating a Class
To create a new class
Click Add New Item button on toolbar Select Class from Add New Item dialog box Provide a name for class Click Add Adds a new, empty class file (.vb) to project
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Adding a Class
In Solution Explorer, right-click on project then Add/Class
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Specifying Class Name
Enter name of class (Person.vb)

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Person Class
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Member Declarations
Member declarations
Variables Constants Methods
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Member Variables
Member variables
Syntax
AccessSpecifer variableName As DataType
where
AccessSpecifier determines accessibility of variable Public access outside class or assembly Friend access only by other classes inside same assembly Private access only by statements inside class declaration variableName is name of variable DataType is variables data type
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Member Variables (cont.)

Example
Public Class Student Public LastName As String Public FirstName As String Public Id As String Public TestAverage As Double End Class ' ' ' ' last name* first name* Id* test average*
Note: Initially data members are Public, change to Private after Property procedures are added
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Class Exercise 1
Modify program with
Controls
Add a Person class

Data members: first name, last name, age
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Person Class with Members
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Class Instance
To create instance of class in client
Declare reference and create instance
Dim freshman As New Student()
Declare reference and create instance separately

Dim freshman As Student() freshman = New Student()
Note: New allocates storage for instance

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Accessing Members
To access members of instance of class
Use "dot" notation Syntax
object.memberVariable
Examples
freshman.FirstName = "Joy" freshman.LastName = "Robinson" freshman.Id = "23G794"
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Class Exercise 2
Modify program with
Controls
Submit: Declare reference, create instance, populate members from text boxes
Add a person class

Data members: first name, last name, age
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Class Exercise 2 - Code

Public Class Form1 Private Sub btnSubmit_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles btnSubmit.Click ' create reference and instance of Person class Dim myPerson As New Person
myPerson.FirstName = txtFirstName.Text myPerson.LastName = txtLastName.Text Integer.Parse(txtAge.Text, myPerson.Age) End Sub End Class
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Property Procedure
Property procedure
Method that behaves like a property Controls access to property values
Get - executes when value is retrieved
May provide formatting
Set - executes when value is stored

May provide data validation logic
Declared Public to allow access outside class
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Property Procedure (cont.)

May be auto-implemented when no processing is required for Get and Set
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Property Procedure Syntax

Public Property PropertyName() As DataType Get ' Statements End Get Set(ParameterDeclaration) ' Statements End Set End Property
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Property Procedure Example

Public Class Student ' Member variable Private _firstName As String ' Holds first name
Public Property FirstName() As String Get Return _firstName End Get Set(ByVal value As String) _firstName = value.Trim() End Set End Property End Class
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Insert Snippet
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Insert Snippet : Code Patterns
43
Insert Snippet : Properties, etc.
44
Insert Snippet : Define a Property
45
Insert Snippet - Property
46
Insert Snippet - Completed Property
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Property Procedure Example

Public Class Student ' Member variables Private _firstName As String ' Holds first name Private _testAvg As Double ' Holds test average Public Property FirstName() As String Get Return _firstName End Get Set(ByVal value As String) _firstName = value.Trim() End Set End Property
' additional properties
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Property Procedure Example (cont.)

Public Property TestAverage() As Double Get Return _testAvg End Get Set(ByVal value As Double) ' perform validation If 0 <= value And value <= 100.0 Then _testAvg = value Else ' better not to use MessageBox in class MessageBox.Show("Invalid average", "Error") _testAvg = 0 End If End Set End Property End Class
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Using Property Procedures Example

' in client
Dim freshman As New Student ' set properties freshman.FirstName = "John" freshman.LastName = "Doe" freshman.Id = "1001" freshman.TestAverage = 82.3 ' use properties to get values MessageBox.Show(freshman.FirstName & " " & freshman.LastName & " earned " & freshman.TestAverage.ToString())
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Class Exercise 3
Modify program with
Controls
Step 2
Submit: Declare reference, create instance, populate members from text boxes using property procedures
Add a person class

Step 1
Data members: first name, last name, age (make Private) Public property procedures for data members
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Auto-Implemented Properties
Auto-implemented property
Class property defined by a single line of code VS automatically creates a hidden private field (backing field) to hold the property value Does not include range checking or other validations Can not be a ReadOnly property
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Auto-Implemented Properties
Syntax
Public Property PropertyName As DataType Public Property PropertyName As DataType = InitValue
Examples
Public Property Salary As Decimal Public Property Dependents As Integer = 1
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Sample Person.vb
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Sample Client
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Read-Only Properties
ReadOnly property
Causes property to be read-only
Can not set using property Can not set from outside class
Syntax
ReadOnly Property PropertyName() As DataType Get ' Statements End Get End Property
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Read-Only Property Example 1

' TestGrade property procedure Public ReadOnly Property TestGrade() As Char Get Dim letterGrade As Char Select Case TestAverage Case 90 To 100 letterGrade = "A"c ' character A Case 80 To 90 letterGrade = "B"c Case 70 To 80 letterGrade = "C"c Case 60 To 70 letterGrade = "D"c Case Else letterGrade = "F"c End Select Return letterGrade End Get End Property
Read-Only Property Example 2

' Grade property procedure Public ReadOnly Property Grade() As String Get Dim letterGrade As String If TestAverage >= 90.0 Then letterGrade = "A" ElseIf TestAverage >= 80.0 Then letterGrade = "B" ElseIf TestAverage >= 70.0 Then letterGrade = "C" ElseIf TestAverage >= 60.0 Then letterGrade = "D" Else letterGrade = "F" End If Return letterGrade End Get End Property
Class Exercise 4
Modify program with
Controls Add a person class
Data members: first name, last name, age Property procedures for data members Readonly property procedure for minor (returns True if under 21)
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Sample Person.vb with ReadOnly
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Storing Objects
Object storage
When instantiated
Memory space is allocated
When no longer needed

Release memory Set object variable to Nothing freshman = Nothing
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Garbage Collection
Garbage Collector
Runs periodically Destroys objects when no longer referenced
When variable set to Nothing, it no longer references an object When no variables reference an object, object is eligible for garbage collection
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Going Out of Scope

Scope
Object instantiated within a method is local to that method If object is only referenced by local variables, object will be eligible for garbage collection when method ends
Called going out of scope
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Going Out of Scope (cont.)

If object instantiated in a method is referenced outside of method (by a global variable), object will NOT be eligible for garbage collection when method ends
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Going Out of Scope Example

Private aStudent As Student Sub CreateStudent() Dim sophomore As New Student()
sophomore.FirstName = "Travis" sophomore.LastName = "Barnes" sophomore.ID = "17H495" sophomore.TestAverage = 94.7 aStudent = sophomore
End Sub
Property procedure calls
With this statement, 'sophomore' will not go out of scope. Without this statement, it will go out of scope. (aStudent is a class level variable)
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Comparing Objects
When comparing objects
Multiple variables may reference same object To determine if variables reference same object
Do NOT use equals (=) operator Use Is operator
To determine if variables don't reference same object

Do NOT use not equals (<>) operator Use IsNot operator
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Is Operator
Is operator
Determines if two variables reference same object
If collegeStudent Is transferStudent Then ' Perform some action End If
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IsNot Operator
IsNot operator
Determines if two variables do not reference same object
If collegeStudent IsNot transferStudent Then ' Perform some action End If
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Nothing
Nothing keyword
Identifies no object reference
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Is Operator Examples
Dim collegeStudent As Student Dim transferStudent As Student collegeStudent = New Student() transferStudent = collegeStudent If collegeStudent Is transferStudent Then ' Perform some action End If If collegeStudent Is Nothing Then ' Perform some action (i.e. instantiate) End If
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Creating an Array of Objects

To create an array of object variables
Declare array whose type is a class Instantiate an object for each element Example
' Declare the array Dim mathStudents(9) As Student ' 10 elements Dim index As Integer For index = 0 To mathStudents.Length - 1 ' Instantiate object and assign to element mathStudents(index) = New Student() Next index
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Releasing an Array of Objects

To release an array of object variables
Set each element of array to Nothing
Example
Dim index As Integer For index = 0 To mathStudents.Length - 1 ' Set each element to Nothing mathStudents(index) = Nothing Next index
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Passing Objects ByVal and ByRef

Passing an object with
ByRef
Values may be changed in original object Original object variable may be assigned to a different object
ByVal
Values may be changed in original object Original object variable may NOT be assigned to a different object
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Object as Parameter Example

' Method to display a student's grade (client) Sub DisplayStudentGrade(ByVal aStudent As Student)
' Displays grade for Student aStudent MessageBox.Show("The grade for " & aStudent.FirstName & " " & aStudent.LastName & " is " & aStudent.TestGrade.ToString()) End Sub ' Sample call to method defined above DisplayStudentGrade(freshman)
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Object Return Example

' in client Dim freshman As Student = GetStudent() ' Get student data and return object Function GetStudent() As Student Dim aStudent As New Student()
aStudent.FirstName = InputBox("Enter first name") aStudent.LastName = InputBox("Enter last name") aStudent.Id = InputBox("Enter ID") aStudent.TestAverage = Double.Parse(InputBox("Enter average")) Return aStudent End Function
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Class Methods
Classes have
Data members Class methods
Perform some operation on data stored in class Are sub procedures and functions defined in a class Written inside class declaration
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ToString( ) Method
ToString( ) method
Inherited from Object class Class overrides method to return a string representation of data stored in class
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Student ToString() Method Example

Public Class Student ' Member variables Private _lastName As String ' last name Private _firstName As String ' first name Private _id As String ' ID Private _testAvg As Double ' test average (...Property procedures appear here...)
' ToString() method uses Properties Public Overrides Function ToString() As String Dim message As String message = FirstName & " " & LastName & "'s average is " & TestAverage.ToString() Return message End Function ' Usage example follows End Class lblMessage.Text = freshman.ToString()
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Clear( ) Method
Clear( ) method
Class may define a clear method to reset data stored in class
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Student Clear( ) Method Example

Public Class Student ' Member variables Private _lastName As String ' last name Private _firstName As String ' first name Private _id As String ' Id Private _testAvg As Double ' test average (...Property procedures appear here...)
' Clear() method uses data members Public Sub Clear() _firstName = String.Empty _lastName = String.Empty _id = String.Empty _testAvg = 0.0 End Sub End Class ' Usage example follows freshman.Clear() Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 80
Constructors
Constructor
New() method
Automatically called when instance is created Used for

Initializing member variables Performing other startup operations
To create, add sub procedure New to class
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Constructor Example
Public Class Student ' Member variables Private _lastName As String ' last name Private _firstName As String ' first name Private _id As String ' Id Private _testAvg As Double ' test average (...Property procedures appear here...)
' Constructor uses property procedures Public Sub New() FirstName = "(unknown)" LastName = "(unknown)" Id = "(unknown)" TestAverage = 0.0 End Sub End Class
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Class Exercise 5
Modify program with
Data members: first name, last name, age Property procedures for data members Readonly property procedure for minor (under 21) Constructor: New() Sub procedure
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Overloaded Constructor Example

' Overloaded constructor uses property procedures Public Sub New(ByVal pFirstName As String, ByVal pLastName As String, ByVal pId As String, ByVal pTestAverage As Double) FirstName = pFirstName LastName = pLastName Id = pId TestAverage = pTestAverage End Sub
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Overloaded Constructor Call Example

' in client Dim freshman As Student = GetStudentData() ' Get student data and return object Function GetStudentData() As Student Dim aStudent As New Student( txtFirstName.Text, txtLastName.Text, txtId.Text, Double.Parse(txtTestAverage.Text))
Return aStudent End Function
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Finalizers
Finalizer
Finalize() method automatically called before instance of class destroyed
Note: Since garbage collector runs periodically, it is not predictable when an object will be destroyed. Nor is it predictable when (or if) Finalize() method will execute.
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Finalizers (cont.)
To add a Finalize() method
Select Finalize from method name drop-down list to let Visual Basic create the template
Protected Overrides Sub Finalize() MyBase.Finalize() ' perform some action - release objects End Sub
Add code following MyBase.Finalize()
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Class Exercise 6
Modify program with
Data members: first name, last name, age Property procedures for data members Readonly property procedure for minor (under 21) Finalizer: Finalize( ) method
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Regions
Region
Provides grouping within source Often includes
Private data members Public properties Constructors Methods
Syntax
#Region "description" #End Region
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XML Documentation
XML Documentation
Allows you to produce documentation for project Add ''' before code to document
Class Methods
Syntax
'''
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XML Documentation Example

#Region "Public methods" ''' <summary> ''' ToString() returns state of object ''' </summary> ''' <returns>String representation of object</returns> ''' <remarks></remarks> Public Overrides Function ToString() As String Dim message As String message = "Name: " & FirstName & " " & LastName & " is " & Age.ToString() & " years old and Minor: " & Minor.ToString() Return message End Function #End Region
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Output Window
Output window
Valuable debugging tool Display by
Clicking View/Other Windows/ Output Pressing Ctrl + Alt + O key combination
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Displaying Debug Messages

Displaying messages
Program can write debugging information to Output Window
Usually displayed at bottom of Visual Studio display
If not, click View/Other Windows/Output to display
Valuable debugging tool
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Displaying Debug Messages (cont.)

Insert following in startup form's Load event to enable
Debug.Listeners.Add(New ConsoleTraceListener())
Write message to Output window

Debug.WriteLine(message)
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Debug.WriteLine Examples
' Constructor Public Sub New() ' for academic purposes only Debug.WriteLine("Creating Student object")
LastName = String.Empty FirstName = String.Empty Id = String.Empty TestAverage = 0.0 End Sub Protected Overrides Sub Finalize() MyBase.Finalize() ' for academic purposes only Debug.WriteLine("Destroying Student object") End Sub
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12.3
Collections
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Collections
Collection
Holds group of items Automatically resizes as items are added or removed Stores item with associated key value Allows search by key value
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Collection Characteristics
Collection
Similar to an array Single unit containing several items Items accessed with numeric index Index values begin at one (1) Automatically expands as items are added and shrinks as items are removed Items need not have same data type
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Collection Class
New Collection
Instance of Collection class
Provides methods and properties for use with individual collections
Syntax
Dim customers As Collection customers = New Collection() ' Or Dim customers As New Collection()
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Add( ) Method of Collection

Add( ) method
Adds item to collection*
CollectionName.Add(Item [, Key])
where
CollectionName - variable referring to collection Item - object, variable, or value to add to collection Key - unique value identifies member of collection; may be used to search for items
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Add( ) Method (cont.)

Example
' declare collection Private customers As New Collection
' add value into collection customers.Add(myCustomer) ' add value with key to collection customers.Add(myCustomer, myCustomer.Name)
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Add( ) Method Exceptions

Add( ) method exceptions
Causes
Item has duplicate key value
Example
Try customers.Add(myCustomer, myCustomer.Name) Catch ex As ArgumentException MessageBox.Show(ex.Message, "Error Adding") End Try
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Collection Exercise 1
Modify program with
Controls Events
Form Load: Create a collection of people Add: add person to collection
Add a person class
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Accessing Item by Index

Item( ) method
Accesses item by index
i.e. position in collection
Item is optional Returns object Syntax

' Access using Item method Object.Item(Index) ' Alternative form (without Item method) Object(Index)
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Accessing Item by Index (cont.)

Example
' Get value at index 1 of collection Dim myCustomer As Customer = CType(customers.Item(1), Customer) - or Dim myCustomer As Customer = CType(customers(1), Customer) MessageBox.Show("Name:" & myCustomer.Name, "Customer Found")
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IndexOutOfRange Exception
IndexOutOfRange exception
Occurs when index used is not valid Examples
Try Dim myCustomer As Customer Dim index As Integer = Integer.Parse(txtNum.Text) myCustomer = CType(customers.Item(index), Customer) MessageBox.Show("Name:" & myCustomer.Name, "Customer Found") Catch ex As IndexOutOfRangeException ' occurs when index invalid MessageBox.Show(ex.Message, "Range Error") End Try
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IndexOutOfRange Exception (cont.)

Try Dim myCustomer As Customer Dim i As Integer = Integer.Parse(txtIndex.Text) myCustomer = CType(customers(i), Customer) MessageBox.Show("Name:" & myCustomer.Name, "Customer Found") Catch ex As InvalidCastException MessageBox.Show(ex.Message, "Value Error") Catch ex As IndexOutOfRangeException MessageBox.Show(ex.Message, "Range Error") Catch ex As Exception MessageBox.Show(ex.ToString(), "Error") End Try
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Collection Count Property

Count property (of collection)
Number of current items in collection Example
' names is collection Dim index As Integer ' add names to list box For index = 1 To names.Count lstNames.Items.Add(names(index).ToString()) Next index
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Storing Objects in Collection

To store class object in collection
Example without key
Dim students As New Collection() students.Add(studentData)
Example with key

Dim students As New Collection() students.Add(studentData, studentData.Id)
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Searching in Collection
To search for item in collection*
Syntax
CollectionName.Item(Expression)
where
CollectionName is name of a collection Expression is string or numeric
If string, search for member by key If numeric, use as index value for item sought
*Note: Exception occurs if no item found (via key or index)

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Finding Item Example

Example
Find item in students with key 49812
If Option Strict On, cast result to Student
Dim s As Student s = CType(students.Item("49812"), Student)
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Retrieving Item Example

Example
Retrieve all members and display last names
Dim index As Integer Dim s As Student For index = 1 to students.Count s = CType(students.Item(index), Student) MessageBox.Show(s.LastName, "Student") Next index
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References vs. Copies

When Item is retrieved from Collection
Copy is returned if Item is value type Example
Dim num As Integer num = CType(numbers(1), Integer) num = 0
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References vs. Copies (cont.)

When Item is retrieved from Collection
Reference is returned if Item is object Example
Dim s As Student s = CType(students.Item("49812"), Student) ' Change LastName property of item 49812 ' within collection s.LastName = "Griffin"
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Using References vs. Copies

When an item in a collection is
A fundamental Visual Basic type
Integer, String, Decimal, and so on Only a copy of the member is returned Its value cannot be changed
A class object
A reference to the object is returned Its value can be changed
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Loops and Collections

May use For/Next Loop with Collection
Requires counter in For/Next loop
Compares counter to Count property Example

' display last name of each student Dim index As Integer Dim s As Student For index = 1 To students.Count s = CType(students(index), Student) MessageBox.Show(s.LastName, "Student Name") Next index
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Loops and Collections (cont.)

Use For Each/Next Loop with Collection
Eliminates counter in For/Next loop Eliminates counter compare to Count property Example
' display last name of each student Dim s As Student For Each s In students MessageBox.Show(s.LastName, "Student Name") Next s
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Collection Exercise 2
Modify program with
Controls Events
Form Load: Create a collection of people Add: add person to collection; list members of collection using For Each/Next
Add a person class
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Removing Members
Use Remove( ) method
To remove a member from a collection
Exception thrown if member not found
ArgumentException IndexOutOfRangeException
119
Removing Members (cont.)

Syntax
CollectionName.Remove(Expression)
where
CollectionName is name of a collection Expression is string or numeric
Numeric, used as index String, used as key
120

Examples
' Removing with index Dim index As Integer = 7 If index > 0 And index <= students.Count Then students.Remove(index) End If ' Removing with key with Try/Catch Dim key As String = "46812" Try students.Remove(key) Catch ex As ArgumentException MessageBox.Show(ex.Message, "Remove Error") End Try
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' Removing with key and check for existence Dim key As String = "46812" If students.Contains(key) Then students.Remove(key) End If
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Methods that Use Collections

Sub procedures and functions can accept collections as arguments
Remember that a collection is an instance of a class Follow same guidelines as
Passing a class object as an argument Returning a class object from a function
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Parallel Collections
Parallel collections
Work like parallel arrays To relate collections, can use
Index Key values
124
Parallel Collections (cont.)

Dim Dim Dim Dim hoursWorked As New Collection payRates As New Collection grossPay As Decimal key As String = "55678" ' hours worked ' pay rates
hoursWorked.Add(40, key) payRates.Add(12.5, key)
' Store hours using key ' Store rate, same key
' same key used to retrieve related data grossPay = hoursWorked.Item(key) * payRate.Item(key)
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12.4
Focus on Problem Solving: Creating Student Collection Application
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MainForm Form
Main Form
Displays list of student IDs in list box When student ID is selected, student data is displayed in labels Add Student button displays AddForm Remove button removes student with selected student ID
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AddForm Form
Add student form
Allows user to enter student data in text boxes Add button adds student data to collections
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12.5
The Object Browser
129
Object Browser
Object Browser
Dialog box with information about objects in project Allows you to examine
Classes created in project Namespaces, classes, and other components used by VB in project
Use View/Object Browser menu item
130
Object Browser Example
Person class selected
Class members shown
131
Object Browser Exercise

With your project
Use Object Browser to investigate project
Identify
Sub procedures and functions Private and public access Controls and variables Events
132
12.6
Introduction to Inheritance
133
Inheritance
Inheritance
Allows new class to be based on existing class New class inherits accessible
Member variables Methods Properties
from class based on
134
Why Inheritance?
Inheritance
Allows new class to inherit (or derive) characteristics of existing classes New class
Shares all characteristics of base class Adds new characteristics
135
Inheritance Example
Example
From Student class, create special student types
GraduateStudent ExchangeStudent StudentEmployee
New classes
Have characteristics of Student Have own characteristics
136
What is Inheritance?
Inheritance allows new classes to derive their characteristics from existing classes The Student class may have several types of students such as GraduateStudent ExchangeStudent StudentEmployee These can become new classes and share all the characteristics of the Student class Each new class would then add specialized characteristics that differentiate them
137
Base and Derived Classes

Class types
Base class
Class that other classes may be based on
Derived class
Based on base class Inherits characteristics from base class Note: Base class is parent, and derived class is child
138
Base and Derived Classes

The Base Class is a general-purpose class that other classes may be based on Think of the base class as the parent
A Derived Class is based on the base class and inherits characteristics from it Think of the derived class as the child
139
Derived Class Example

Create derived class
Use Inherits keyword and base class name Add any needed properties and methods
Public Class ExchangeStudent Inherits Student Dim country As String ' Other new properties ' Additional methods End Class
140
Vehicle Class (Base Class)

Vehicle class
Data members (Private)
Variable for number of passengers Variable for miles per gallon
Properties (Public)
Property for Passengers Property for MilesPerGallon
Class holds general data about vehicle

Note: Can create specialized classes from Vehicle class
141
The Vehicle Base Class

Consider a Vehicle class with the following:
Private variable for number of passengers Private variable for miles per gallon Public property for number of passengers (Passengers) Public property for miles per gallon (MilesPerGallon) This class holds general data about a vehicle Can create more specialized classes from the Vehicle class
142
Truck Class (Derived Class)

Truck class
Declared as:
Public Class Truck Inherits Vehicle ' Other new properties ' Additional methods End Class
Derived from Vehicle class

Inherits non-private methods, properties, variables
Properties
MaxCargoWeight holds top cargo weight FourWheelDrive indicates if truck is 4WD
143
The Truck Derived Class

Truck class derived from Vehicle class
Inherits all non-private methods, properties, and variables of Vehicle class Truck class defines two properties of its own MaxCargoWeight holds top cargo weight FourWheelDrive indicates if truck is 4WD The Vehicle Inheritance program in the Chapter 12 student sample programs folder contains the code for the Vehicle and Truck classes
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Instantiating a Truck
Instantiated as:
Dim pickUp As New Truck() pickUp.Passengers = 2 pickUp.MilesPerGallon = 18 pickUp.MaxCargoWeight = 2000 Pickup.FourWheelDrive = True
Properties declared explicitly by Truck class

MaxCargoWeight, FourWheelDrive
Properties inherited from Vehicle class

MilesPerGallon, Passengers
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Inheritance Exercise 1
Create a program with
Controls
Labels: first name, last name, age, program Text Boxes: first name, last name, age, program Buttons: submit, clear, exit
Student Class (inherits from Person)

Data member: program of study Property procedure for program of study
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Overriding Properties and Methods

Override a property or method
When derived class needs a different implementation of a property procedure or method than base class Note
Base class property procedure or method must be overridable Derived class property procedure or method overrides base class version with same name
147
Overriding Properties and Methods (cont.)

When an object of derived class accesses overridden property or calls overridden method
VB executes overridden version in derived class instead of version in base class
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Overriding Properties and Methods

Sometimes a base class property procedure or method must work differently for a derived class You can override base class method or property You must write the method or property as desired in the derived class using same name
When an object of the derived class accesses the property or calls the method The overridden version in derived class is used The base class version is not used
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Overriding Procedure Example

Vehicle class has no restriction on number of passengers But may wish to restrict the Truck class to two passengers at most Can override Vehicle class Passengers property by:
Coding Passengers property in derived class Specify Overridable keyword in base class property Specify Overrides keyword in derived class property
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Properties in Base Class

Base class must explicitly allow overriding
Public Overridable Property PropertyName() As DataType Get ' Statements End Get Set(ParameterDeclaration) ' Statements End Set End Property
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Properties in Derived Class

Derived class must explicitly override
Public Overrides Property PropertyName() As DataType Get ' Statements End Get Set(ParameterDeclaration) ' Statements End Set End Property
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Properties in Base Class Example

Example
Public Overridable Property Passengers() As Integer Get Return intPassengers End Get Set(ByVal value As Integer) intPassengers = value End Set End Property
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Overridable Property Procedure in the Base Class Example

Overridable keyword added to Vehicle base class property procedure
Public Overridable Property Passengers() As Integer Get Return intPassengers End Get Set(ByVal value As Integer) intPassengers = value End Set End Property
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Properties in Derived Class Example

Example
Public Overrides Property Passengers() As Integer Get Return MyBase.Passengers End Get Set(ByVal value As Integer) If 1 <= value AndAlso value <= 2 Then MyBase.Passengers = value Else MessageBox.Show("Passengers must be 1 or 2", _ "Error") End If End Set End Property
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Overridden Property Procedure in the Derived Class Example

Overrides keyword and new logic added to Truck derived class property procedure The MyBase keyword refers to the base class
Public Overrides Property Passengers() As Integer Get Return MyBase.Passengers End Get Set(ByVal value As Integer) If value >= 1 And value <= 2 Then MyBase.Passengers = value Else MessageBox.Show("Passengers must be 1 or 2.", "Error") End If End Set End Property
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Overriding Sub Procedures and Functions Syntax for Base Class

Base class must explicitly allow overriding
Public Overridable Sub ProcedureName() Statements End Sub
Public Overridable Function ProcedureName() As DataType Statements End Sub
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Overriding Sub Procedures and Functions Syntax for Derived Class

Derived class must explicitly override
AccessSpecifier Overrides Sub ProcedureName() Statements End Sub
AccessSpecifier Overrides Function ProcedureName() _ As DataType Statements End Sub
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Overriding Methods
The general format of a procedure that overrides a base class procedure is as follows:
AccessSpecifier Overrides Sub ProcedureName() Statements End Sub
The general format of a function that overrides a base class function is as follows:
AccessSpecifier Overrides Function FunctionName() As DataType Statements End Sub
When overriding methods and procedures, remember that: A derived class cannot access methods or property procedures in the base class that are declared as Private
A derived class must keep the same access level as the base class
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Object Class
Object class
Class from which every class is derived Ultimate base class Contains
ToString( ) method - returns fully-qualified class name of object
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ToString( ) Method
ToString( ) method
Can be overridden in derived class, so it returns string representation of data stored in derived class object
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ToString( ) Override Example

Derived class must override ToString( )
' Overriden ToString method Public Overrides Function ToString() As String ' Return a string representation of a vehicle Dim strMsg As String strMsg = "Passengers: " & Passengers.ToString & _ " MPG: " & MilesPerGallon.ToString Return strMsg End Function
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Overriding the ToString Method

Every class that you create in Visual Basic is derived from a built-in class named Object
The Object class has a method named ToString You can override this method so it returns a string representation of the data stored in an object
' Overridden ToString method Public Overrides Function ToString() As String ' Return a string representation of a vehicle. Dim str As String str = "Passengers: " & intPassengers.ToString() & " MPG: " & dblMPG.ToString() Return str End Function
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Controls Student Class (inherits from Person)
Data member: program of study Property procedure for program of study ToString( ) method to display Student
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Constructors
Constructors
Both base class and derived class may have a constructor named New( ) When derived class object is created
Base class constructor will be called first Then, derived class constructor will be called
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Base Class and Derived Class Constructors

A constructor (named New) may be defined for both the base class and a derived class When a new object of the derived class is created, both constructors are executed The constructor of the base class will be called first Then the constructor of the derived class will be called
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Base and Derived Class Constructors Example

Public Class Vehicle Public Sub New() MessageBox.Show("This is the base class constructor.") End Sub ' (other properties and methods...) End Class Public Class Truck Inherits Vehicle Public Sub New() MessageBox.Show("This is the derived class constructor.") End Sub ' (other properties and methods...) End Class
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Controls Student Class (inherits from Person)
Data member: program of study Property procedure for program of study ToString( ) method to display Student Add constructor New( )
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Protected Members
Protected access specifier
Allows derived class objects to reference protected members of base class Access to Protected members of base class
Works like Private in base class Works like Public in derived class
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Protected Members
The Protected access specifier may be used in the declaration of a base class member, such as the following:
Protected base class members are treated as Public to classes derived from this base Private to classes not derived from this base In Tutorial 12-4, you complete an application that uses inheritance
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Topics Covered
Topics covered
12.1 Classes and Objects 12.2 Creating a Class 12.3 Collections 12.4 Focus on Problem Solving: Creating the Student Collection Application 12.5 Object Browser 12.6 Introduction to Inheritance
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Chapter 12 Slides

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Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Classes and Objects

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Classes and Objects

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Abstract Data Types

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Abstract Data Types (cont.)

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Properties, Methods, and Events

Object Oriented Design

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Object Oriented Design (cont.)

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Finding the Classes

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Object Oriented Design Example

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Looking for Control Structures

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OOD Class Characteristics

Operations are implemented as methods

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OOD Class Characteristics for Example

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Class Diagram for Example

<- class name <- attributes (- private)

<- methods (+ public)

<- method (# protected)

Interface and Implementation

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Class Declaration (cont.)

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In Solution Explorer, right-click on project then Add/Class

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Specifying Class Name

Enter name of class (Person.vb)

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Member Variables (cont.)

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Add a Person class

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Person Class with Members

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Declare reference and create instance separately

Note: New allocates storage for instance

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Add a person class

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Class Exercise 2 - Code

Set - executes when value is stored

Declared Public to allow access outside class

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Property Procedure (cont.)

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