WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES ASSIGMENT

TITLE

Instructional system

By DIMAS TRIYOGA PULUNG SETA 07420244

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND ART EDUCATION FACULTY IKIP PGRI SEMARANG 2009

OUTLINING
Introduction Topic sentence : Teaching-learning procces is compleks procces because teaching-learning process is consist of many part of systems Supporting point Supporting details : This system is consist of many component that is related one to othe. : materials of building

Body Topic sentence Supporting point Supporting details : Some people thing that teachers job only teaching in front of the class, : But teachers job is not only teaching in front of the class but also planning and evaluating : Teaching process also consist of some component, that is lesson planning, teaching process and evaluating Conclusion Topic sentence Supporting point Supporting detai : Students learning style also must be attention : example student that sensitive in the video, audio, etc : it can be solve by using variation in teaching and manage learning-teaching process

Instructional system Teaching-learning procces is compleks procces because teaching-learning process is consist of many part of systems. This system is consist of many component that is related one to other. Every component has the same goal. So if this component is clustering in different way the out put will be different too. Such as, materials of building. It depend on what will the material use? What building will we build? So it makes difference of the function. Teaching process also consist of some component, that is lesson planning, teaching process and evaluating. Some people thing that teachers job only teaching in front of the class, so they thing that teacher is easy job, because they have a few time of work and have long holiday. This opinion is true, may be? But teachers job is not only teaching in front of the class but also planning and evaluating. Before the teacher enters the class he/she has to know and mastering the materials and know what they will do in the class. How to transfer the material, what is the step must be used, what tools will they use and also how to evaluate. Beside that teachers also must know the character of their students. In other way when they are entering the class they haw to know what they do. It means the teachers must make the lesson plan. Because teaching is a system we cant thing that the components are different and it can stand by their selves. But we must thing that the component is one of the system that one to other is related and systematic. Lesson plan is part of education technology. And education technology is something that help the learning teaching process by using many aspect that will be process systematically effective and effusion. So education technology is not only modern tools such as radio, TV, computer, language laboratory etc. But lesson plan is also part of the education technology. As written before, that systems consist of many component that are organize as one part to the same goal. Component of the system some times is a

smaller system. Almost all things in this word are a system. Like village, country, language, school, education, word etc. The smaller system must have many criteria. The criteria are a. consist of many component b. the components have relation one to other c. clustering from the component is oneness and d. have some goal. Knowledge of system is very useful to make some planning, include the lesson plan. Planning is the process and the way of think that systematically to get the goal or the out put with effective an effusion. The step must be do are a. identifying the components use in the system b. identifying the relation of the components c. identifying the opportunity change so it can gets the optimal out put. Some people think that every people that had mastered knowledge can teach their knowledge to other or students. It is depend on how well they can master the knowledge. How they can transfer the knowledge it do by imitate the way their teacher when they were as students. Maybe this method can do well if the teacher is a well gifted teacher. But I believe that for better out put it is needed planning that appropriate with the teaching theories. And now teaching-learning theory has developed, there so many teaching medias, better teaching and learning methods. That makes the teacher develops the better lesson plan. New method that based from the truth teaching process is a very complex process that there are students, teachers, parents, society, facilities etc. The developing of instructional system is all of the planning process, realization of learning-teaching process in the class or in out of class systematically using all the learning tools to get the optimal out put. Instructional system is consist of four components, they are a. The goal of teaching b. teaching materials c. learning-teaching process and

d. evaluating. Some instructional models add some other components, but the four are always be the part of the system. From this model we can see what components in that system and how each component relate one to other. The instructional system is the procedure that is systematically doing the system developing and instructional design. There are eight components in lesson planning they are (a). Goal, topic and general purpose (b). Learners characteristic (c). Learning objectives (d). Subject content (e). pre assessment (f). teaching-learning activities and resources (g). evaluation.(Kemp) Kemp thinks that the relation each component in the instructional system is flexible. It is mean we can start the planning from every component that we think is ready to use. If the school have language laboratory, we can begin our planning by use it. If we have choose a good texts book, we can use it in our lesson plan. Then we develop our teaching to other components. So we can get all the system component. Walter dick develops other models of instructional system. He thinks that each component must be used systematically. Dick has ten components in his theory. (1). Identifying instructional goal (2). Conducting instructional analysis (3). Identifying entry (4). Writing performance objectives (5). Developing instrument for evaluation. (6). Developing instructional strategy (7). Developing and selecting instructional materials (8). Conducting formative evaluation (9). Revision teaching program (10) summative test. Dick thinks that the step of developing instructional design must start from formulating the purposes of the instructional or goals, then analyzing the materials and identifying students behavior and characteristic and then Identifying entry and continue to the other step. Component of system approach model by Walter Dick

1. Identifying Instructional Goal. It is derived from a statement of goal, needs assessment, practical experiences, learners problem, psychology of learning, philosophy, etc. it is usually found in the curriculum. 2. conducting instructional analysis. It identifies the skill/themes and the subordinate skill or themes based on the students needs or the identification of step in sequence which must be followed in teaching and learning process. 3. Identifying Entry Behavior and Characteristic. It is to identify specific skills that should have been mastered by the students before beginning instruction. It can be done by administering entry behavior test. It also identifies the general characteristics of the students, such as interest, maturity, attention, span, attitude, etc. 4. Writing Performance Objectives. The are specific statements that the students should be able to do or perform when they finish the instruction. These objectives must be optional and testable. 5. Developing Instrument for Evaluating. The instrument must be refer to the performance objectives. It will be used to assessing the students achievement at the end of the instructions. 6. Developing Instruction Strategy. It determines the strategy that will be used in the instructional process that include among others; pre instructional, activities, presenting information, practice and feed back, and follow through activities. 7. Developing and Selecting Instructional Material and Media. It includes texts books, work sheet, Audio-Visual Aids etc. 8. Conducting Formative Evaluation. It is used to see the effectiveness of the instructions. The result is used as feed back to revise the instruction. The instrument used in this activities is the instrument in number 5.

9. Revision of the Instruction. Based on the result of formative evaluation the instruction is revised. 10. Conducting Summative Evaluation. It is not the part of instruction or design process. It occurs after instruction. Instructional design plan by J.E. Kemp 1. Consider GOAL, list of topic, starting general purposed for each topics. Instructional design plan starts with a recognition of the board goals of school system or institution. The educational program is developed to serve those goals. Within curriculum or syllabus, topics are chosen for study, for each of which the teacher explicitly express he general purpose. That is what students generally are expected to learn as result of instruction. 2. Identify important characteristic of learners. We should recognize and respect the student as individual learner. Ideally, each person should be assisted in pursuing learning at his or her own space, or his or her own schedule, and with his or her own selection of learning experience and materials. So it is important to know the learners capabilities, needs, and interest. It include academic factors, such as grade point, academic background, reading level, aptitude test, study habits, motivation of studying the object, etc.; and social factors, such as age, maturity, attention span, special talent, socioeconomic situation. 3. Specify learning objectives. It deals with student know or be able to do, or in what way they should be differently, after studying the topics. Learning requires active effort by learner. This all objectives must be stated in terms of activities that will be promote learning. The objectives must be stated in operational statement and they must be assessable. Bloom grouped objectives into three categories, cognitive, psychomotor, and affective.

4. Subject content. List subject content to support objective. The subject content must be related to objectives and to the students needs. A text book is only one source of the subject content. Teacher should also consider journal articles, pamphlets, documentary films, experienced consultants, etc. 5. Develop pre assessment to determine the student level of knowledge about the topic. Does each student have the background preparation to study this topic and may he or she already be proficient in what is to e taught? Pre-assessment can be done by administering prerequisite is to determine which of the objectives students may already have achieved. This is a pretest of topic that will be discussed. 6. Selecting teaching and learning activities and resources. What instructional methods and instructional resources and media will be most appropriate for accomplishing each objective? We must select or determine the most efficient and effective methods and then select materials to provide learning experiences that will utilize the content associated with each objective. 7. Coordinate support services to carry out the instructional plan. What support services are required to implement the design plan? These service include funds, facilities, equipment, particular, room, and specific personal or technical assistance whose time must be scheduled for participation in the instructional plan. 8. Evaluation. How will the student learning be measured? We must evaluate the students learning in achieving the objectives to revising and reevaluating any phase of the plan that need improvement. The instrument for evaluation must refer to objectives have been achieved by the students or not.

Analysis instructional and student characteristic There are two important things that must be apart detail in making lesson plan by Walker dick. They are instructional analyses and identifying skill and student characteristic. 1. Instructional analyses is the way or procedure to apart about skill that consist of theme, sub theme, fundamental, sub fundamental of material that will be goal of teaching. Instructional analyses help the teacher determine the theme, sub theme, fundamental, sub fundamental of material that can be learn by the student. There are three ways to make instructional analyses there are procedural approach, hierarchical approach and combination approach. a. Procedural approach Procedural approach is used when the approach that will be done is chronological to get the goal. Not an requisite. In this approach every skill can learn one by one. To learn one of the skill we dont need to master the other skill first. b. Hierarchical approach Hierarchical approach is used if the theme sub theme, fundamental, sub fundamental of the material is an chronological an must be leran step by step. Or in other hand we must master one skill before we can learn the other skill. c. Combination approach Combination approach is the combination of procedural an hierarchical approach. It is used to apart very complex material. In this approach we use the combination of two other approach. 2. Identifying Entry Behavior and Students characteristic We must know the character of the student so the material we give will be easy to understand by the student. Each student has their own behavior and

also different character. So as teacher we must know the behavior and characteristic of our student. Entry Behavior Entry behavior is special behavior that must be master by student before beginning the lesson. For example, when we teach in 1 st grade of SMU, we must sure that our students have been mastered the material that they have got in SMP. So we need to held an Entry Behavior Test. The material is chosen from the topic from SMP as specially the prerequisite material. If the result is good we can give new material to the students but if the result is not good we need to give them review or material remedial. Every student has their own character, so every student must be treat in different way as they character. But in our education system it is impossible, because we use class system. So me must know the general character of our student. The general character can be divide to two, they atr academic factor and social factor Academic factor include of number of students, education background, . average value, IQ, talent, study habit, motivation, goal of life, etc. and social facor include of age, maturity, attention, aptitude, physical defect, student relationship, social economical, etc. Beside that learning condition must be notice, such as physical circles, emotional circles, social circles and the physical of the student. It can be got by give questionnaire for the students or their parents. Students learning style also must be attention, for example student that sensitive in the video, audio, etc. it can be solve by using variation in teaching and manage learning-teaching process.

Kemp, jeeold E, 1977, Instructional Design, A plan for Unit and Course Development, Fearon Pitman Publisher Inc. Belmont California. Dick, Walter and Carey, 1987, The Systematic Design of Instruction, Scott, Foresman and Company. Tjokrosujoso, Harsono, 1994. Prinsip-Prinsip Pengembangan Sistem Instruksional, Untuk Pengajaran Bahas, Makalah disajikan dalam Penataran KPM Guru Inti Bahasa Inggris Seluruh Indonesia di FPBS IKIP Malang.