R. & M. No.

2837
(13,903) A.R.C. Technical Report

~,,~k:~;.~. :'-~-a~ ~:,~ ~

~,~.1~,~4.~

~ ,~

~,

I .AT!o.AL AE~orudfi~:,;~:E,.qTA )I..I~HMENT

"~,,,,kt,,4, B~.u~.

M I N I S T R Y OF SUPPLY

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AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORTS AND MEMORANDA

The Stress Distribution in a Swept-back Box-beam with Perpendicular Ribs

By
P. B. HOVELL, t3.Sc.

Crown Copyright Reserved

LONDON" HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE 1954

FIVE SHILLINGS NET

The Stress Distribution in a Swept-back Box-beam with Perpendicular Ribs

By
P. B . HOVELL, B . S c . COMMUNICATED BY THE P R I N C I P A L DIRECTOR OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (AIR), M I N I S T R Y OF SUPPLY ~ " ~ ~ ~f' ~,~-~~: ....... ~,~4,

Reports a n d Memoranda No. 2 8 3 7 December, z 9 5 o

'~

4 -~(IOT I%4

Summary.---A solution is obtained for the distribution of internal load in a swept-back box-beam of rectangular cross-section under any system of external loading. The theory, based upon strain energy, is considered exact when the ribs are perpendicular to the spars and when the spanwise bending loads are taken b y the spar booms.
The general solution for encastr6 root conditions is given. cut-outs in the top or bottom skins are discussed. Extensions of the method to cover root flexibility and

A numerical example of a simple two-spar box is investigated for a range of sweepback angle of 0 deg. to 40 deg. for an encastr6 root condition. The analysis shows that appreciable redistributions of load in the box, compared with the unswept box, are obtained when either torque or bending moment is applied to the beam.

LIST OF SYMBOLS P h b Vertical load Spar depth Distance between the spars The transfer coefficient at rth rib Angle of sweep rib pitch Boom area (front Spar) Boom area (rear spar) Ratio of boom areas in bays 1, 2, 3, 4 (front spar) Ratio of boom areas in bays 1, 2, 3, 4 (rear spar) b tan O/p Young's modulus-boom material Modulus of rigidity-skins and webs Top and bottom skin thicknesses

An
0

P
A

A' kl, k~, k3, k4 kl', k(, ha', k4'

z

E G t,,ts'

* R.A.E. Report Structures 98, received 5th April, 1951.

LIST OF SYMBOLS--continued Web thicknesses

t~ C C' D D' F F' H

Rib thickness, equal except for rib 1 Rib thickness of rib 1

Defined in Tables 1 and 2

1. Introduction.--The problem of the stress distribution in swept-back wings has been investigated in a number of reports. Wittrick 1 (1948) dealt with regions of the wing surface remote from the root, on the assumption of rigid ribs lying in the direction of flight. The more practical case of flexible ribs was investigated by Mansfield2 (1949) and Hemp 3 (1950). They determined the influence of rib-flange stiffness on the stringer sheet when the ribs are at angles other than 90 deg to the stringers. Their solutions involved the determination of stress functions which satisfied certain boundary conditions, and are applicable only at distances from the root of the wing. An approximate theory for the effects of root restraint was also given by Hemp s assuming that rib webs are rigid in shear and that the mode of deformation in the restrained condition is similar to the mode with no restraint.
The present report treats the problem from a different aspect and uses a minimum-energy criterion to determine the stress distribution in a two-spar box-beam for any system of loading and takes the root restraint into account. The solution is exact for a parallel rectangular box-beam in which flexible ribs are perpendicular to spars that carry the whole of the bending loads in concentrated booms.

2. Statement of the Problem and Method of Solution.--Fig. 1 shows a rectangular two-spar box-beam with an applied load at the intersection of the rth rib and the rear spar
D

Front Spar

//

Z Rear ,p
Spar

FIG. 1.

Two-spar box-beam under vertical load P.

The determination of the stresses is obtained by the consideration of sections, e.g., WXYZ, parallel to the rib ABEF, inclined at 0 deg to the root rib ABCD where 0 is the angle of sweep. The load carried by the front spar booms will be influenced by the flexibility of the spar CDXY compared with that of the rear spar ABWZ ; and consequently in the distribution of the direct load in the spar booms, the additional flexibility of the front spar compared with that in the unswept box must be taken into account. A comparatively simple solution can be found when the box is a two-spar beam. The rear spar (Fig. 1), ur~der the action of the load P, will tend to deflect and will be restrained by the torsional stiffness of the box-beam and the bending stiffness of the front spar. Thus a certain proportion of the load P will be transferred to the front spar, and furthermore this transfer will only be effected at the ribs. Each rib can be assumed to transfer a proportion ~ of the applied load, and the problem then reduces to the determination of the load distribution in terms of P and Z~ (r = 1 to N ; N b e i n g the number of ribs). A solution is obtained by calculating the strain energy of this system and minimising the energy with respect to each Z to produce N simultaneous linear equations of N unknowns.

3. The Application of the Method to a Two-spar Rectangular Box-beam (with ~o taper) with Ribs Perpendicular to the Spars.--3.1. Basic assumptions.--(a) The beam is of rectangular
section and two-spar construction, and there is no taper. (b) The skins and webs carry shear load only and do not contribute to the bending strength of the beam. (c) The root of the beam is encastr6. (d) The ribs are perpendicular to the spars, and are free to warp out of their planes. They have a shear attachment to the skins and webs, but cannot transmit a bending moment in their own plane to the spars. (e) The transfer of load from one spar to the other can take place only at the ribs. (f) The distribution of loads will be such that the strain energy of the system is a minimum. (g) Buckling of the skin and web plates does not occur. 3.2. Discussion of the assumptions.--The assumption (b) does not preclude a correction being made in an actual design to allow for the direct load-carrying capacity of the skins and the webs. The choice of the equivalent area to be added to the boom area will vary between one-sixth and one-half the wall area according to whether the wall is simply bent or is subjected to direct stress. In the case of a predominantly torsional loading the wails will be bent and the correction factor will be one-sixth, whereas under vertical bending loads the top and bottom skins will be fully effective and half their area will be added to each spar boom area. It should be appreciated that a correction of one-half the skin area is not exact, for an error will be introduced in the chordwise bending stiffnesses of the top and bottom skins, and it will be seen later that these stiffnesses are of importance in formulating the strain energy function of the beam. The stress distribution obtained by the method will be most accurate when the boom areas are large compared with the effective area of the skins in reacting direct load. The assumption (d) is significant in the determination of the boom direct loads in terms of 4, and P ; if the ribs lie in a direction other than at right-angles to the spars, the rib moment, due to the transfer of load at the rib, will have a spanwise component, and the final reacting of this component at the spars would necessitate further assumptions and the evaluation of the strain energy in comparatively simple terms would be most difficult. The assumption that the ribs have only shear connection to the spars is significant at rib 1 ,where additional terms would be added to the strain-energy equation if rib bending moments in the plane of the rib were reacted directly at the rear spar root. The assumption (e) would appear to be reasonable since transfer other than by the ribs would necessitate the skin having bending stiffness at right-angles to its plane.
3

4. Load Transfer at a R i b . - - W h e n the load ,~P is transferred from one spar to the other, the bending moment will be taken by the shear flows in the top and bottom skins of the boxbeam as shown in Fig. 2 ; and the beam will be subject to the self-equilibrating system of loads as shown in Fig. 3.
~-(sh eo r

flow-lb./in.)

AP --fi-

FIG. 2.

Self-equilibrating system of loads at rib.

The handling of simultaneous equations, equal in number and variables to the number of ribs would obviously be unmanageable, and a compromise would be required. It is thought that 5 ribs (i.e., 6 when the root rib is included) should give the load distribution with reasonable accuracy and also with reasonable computation. It would be advisable to leave rib 1 (see Fig. 3) as designed and replace the actual ribs b y 4 ribs of equivalent total shear stiffness. To retain a certain degree of generality the spar booms will not be considered uniform in area along the whole length of the beam, but varying in steps at each rib and being of uniform area in each bay.
Rib 0 Rib I Rib 2

~/P/h

Rib 3 Rib 4

Rib 5

'l
/

//~/~ " - -..

h

Front Spar

11

~-z..... Rear Spar

FIG. 3.

Load distribution in box-beam.

It will be noted that Fig. 3 does not include an applied load, but it is convenient to obtain an expression for the strain energy of the beam under the system of loads as shown and introduce the effects of an applied load at a later stage in the analysis. 4

4.1. Strain Energy of Direct Load in the Front Spar Booms.--The rate of change of direct load in the booms is equal to the change of the shear flows in the adjacent skins, i.e., Direct load in boom at distance x from rib 5 ----- 2(P/h)25x. Therefore strain energy of boom between ribs 4 and 5
__ 1
-~

(_p/]g)2(2,~5)2 kCX2 d x
0 k4
AE

-- 2AE (P/h)~P~{(2~)2/3}"
Direct load in boom at rib 4 = 2(P/h),t~]). Therefore strain energy of boom between ribs 3 and 4 k~ = ~ I~ (P/h)2A-g {2~]) + (2~ + 225)x}2dx
0

__ l ( p / h ) 2 J2~ ka ])a<(225)2 @ (22~ @ 225)(225) @ (224 @ 2;ts)2/3} - ~

and similarly for the other bays, except between rib 0 and rib 1 where the strain energy of the boom
f btan 0 = (p/h) 2 1.__AL, ( ( 2 ~ + 42~ + ~2~ + 8X~)]) + (22~ + 2~ + 2~3 + 2~ d0

+ 2x~)~}2dx ])3 ---- (P/h)2 ~-~ (222 + 423 + ~

+ S~)2z

where

+ (225 + 42~ + 02, + 82~)(2~ + 222 + 2;t3 + 2 ~ + 22~)z2 + (22~ + 222 + 22~ + 2,l~ + 22~)2z~/3} z = b tan 0/]).

4.1.1. Strain energy of direct load in the rear spar booms.--In a similar manner the strain energy of the rear spar booms can be evaluated ; a typical expression, for the boom between ribs 2 and 3 being

])3 = }(P/h)2 ~ k ' 2 ( ( 2 ~ ,

+ 42~)2 + (22, + 42~)(2~ + 2~, + 24)

+ (223 + 2~, + 2~)~/3}.

4.2. Strain Energy of the Top and Bottom Skins in Shear.--The shear stress in the top and bottom skins can be written as (1/ts)(2~)(P/h), (1/ts)(2 + 25)(P/h), etc., and the strain energy of the panels will be (P/h)2b])/Gts (2~)2, etc., and for the triangular portion will be (P/h)2b])/Gt, [(~ + 22 + 2~+ 2, + ~)22/2]. 4.3. Strain Energy of the Spar Webs in Shear.--Similarly the strain energy of the spar webs in shear can be evaluated, a typical term which refers to the front spar web in the b a y between ribs 2 and 3 will be

_ (p/h) ~ hi) (23 + 2~ + 2~)3

-

and for the web between ribs 0 and 1 will be

= (p/h) ~ hp (~1 -- ~ + h3 + 4, + Z~)Yz.

4.4. Strain Energy of the Ribs.--Since the bending moment due to 2P is progressively reacted by chordwise shears in the top and bottom skins there will be no bending moment in the rib and thus the contribution by the rib to the strain energy of the system will be that due to a uniform shear of P/h.per unit length, i.e.,

bh ~. Strain energy of the rib = (P/h)2~-

5. Total Strain Energy of the Box-Beam.--The total strain energy U of the system can be written from the above expressions as follows :-U = (P/h) ~
[k~(2~)~/3 + k~{(2Zs)~ + (2;.~)(2~ + 2;~5) + (2~,~ + 2;,5)~}

+ k~{(22~ + 4;.~)~ + (2~t~ + 4;~)(2~.~ + 2;~ + 2,~) + (2;,~ + 2,~,, + 2;~)~/3} + k~{(2;~ + 4;~ + 6;~) ~ + (2;,~ + 4~.~ + 6;,~)(2;.~ + 2;~ + 2~ + 2~.~) + (2~,~ + 2~,~ + 2;t~ + 2~,~)~/3} + {(2~ + 4;~ + 6;t~ + 8~)2z + (2~2 + 4~.~ + 6;~ + S~.~)(2;~ + 2;~ + 2~.~+ 2~.~ + 2~,,)z~ + (2~ + 2~2 + 2;% + 2~ + 2~)~z/3}]

+ (P/h) ~

[k~'(2,~)~/3+ ks' ((22~) ~ + (22~)(2Z~ + 2).~) -- (2X~ + 2;.~)~/3}

+ k2'((2,t~ + 4~) ~ + (2~ -? 42~)(22s + 2,~ + 2~) -- (22~ + 2;t~ + 22~)~/3} + k~'((22~ + 42~ + 6~) ~ + (2,~ + 42~ + 62~)(2;~ + 2~ + 22~ + 22~)

~(P/h)~-~Yt,I~ ~ + (~ + ~)~ + (~ + ~, + ~)~ + (~ + ~ + ~, + ~)~

+ ~ + ~ + ~)~z/21

+ ~(P/h)~,[~ ~ + (~ + ~o)~ + (~ + ~ + ~)~ + (~ + ;~ + ~o + ~)~ + (~ + ~ + ~ + ~ + ~)~z/21 + (P/~)~-t~[~~+ (~ + ~)~ + (~ + ~ + :~)~+ (~ + ~ + ~ + ~)~ + (~ + ~ + ~(P/h)~, [~ + (~
1phyhb
6

+ ~)~+ (~ + ~ + ~)~ + (,h + :~ + ~ + ~)~1

The above expression can be r e g a r d e d as the ' g e n e r a l ' expression for the strain e n e r g y of the box-beam. The first a n d second square brackets refer to the front a n d rear spar b o o m s respectively, the t h i r d and fourth give the top a n d b o t t o m - s k i n contributions, the fifth a n d sixth brackets give tile contribu~dons of the front a n d rear spar webs and the s e v e n t h b r a c k e t contains the contributions of the ribs. The procedure a d o p t e d to obtain the strain energy for a load P applied on the front spar at rib r is to replace 2n2~ b y (2nZ~ -- n) a n d 2, b y (2,. -- !) in the front spar b o o m a n d front spar web contributions respectively, all other terms r e m a i n i n g as w r i t t e n in the general expression. Similarly w h e n a load P is applied to the rear spar the general expression for the strain e n e r g y remains u n a l t e r e d except (2nX, -- n) replaces 2n;~, a n d (2, -- 1) replaces 2~ in the rear spar b o o m a n d web contributions respectively. The strain energy, U, is minimised for ~1 22 . . 25 a n d t h e equations OU/~2, = 0 [r = 1, 2 . . 5] can be solved for 21 . 25. It will be realised t h a t the replacing of 22, b y (22, -- 1) will not affect the coefficients of 2, in the equations ~ U/~A~ = 0 a n d hence the coefficients of ~, (s : 1 . . . 5) in the equations ~ Ulna, = 0 (r = 1 . . . 5) will be the same for all positions of the applied load. Thus the position of the applied load will only affect the c o n s t a n t t e r m of the simultaneous e q u a t i o n s ; this feature, will considerably reduce the c o m p u t a t i o n i n v o l v e d in the solution of a b o x - b e a m u n d e r a s y s t e m of d i s t r i b u t e d loads. Tables 1 a n d 2 give the coefficients a n d c o n s t a n t terms of the simultaneous equations.

6. The Effect of a Cut-out in the B e a m . - - A similar m e t h o d of a t t a c k can be applied to d e t e r m i n e the effect on tile load distribution of a cut-out b e t w e e n two or more ribs in the top or b o t t o m skin. I n such a case no torque can be transferred to the root across the cut-out b y shears in the top and b o t t o m skins. This infers t h a t the transfer at the o u t b o a r d rib of t h e cut-out m u s t neutralise the transfer t h a t has been effected o u t b o a r d of this rib. It will be n o t e d t h a t the satisfying of the following r e q u i r e m e n t s will be a u t o m a t i c , i.e., (a) The total vertical shear will equal the vertical loads applied o u t b o a r d of the rib. (b) The m o m e n t of the front spar web shear a b o u t the rear spar will equal the m o m e n t of the loads applied o u t b o a r d of the rib about the rear spar.
I n general terms, if the o u t b o a r d rib of the cut-out is the r t h of the N ribs the condition to be satisfied is
N

2,, --

~
S=r+t

2,.

S u b s t i t u t i o n into t h e general strain-energy expression similar to section 5 will reduce the n u m b e r of variables to N -- 1, and the minimising of the function U w i t h respect to ~, (S = 1, 2 r -- 1, r + 1, N) will give the necessary equations for the solution of the problem.

7. The Effect of Flexibility at the R o o t . - - T h e s t r a i n - e n e r g y function has been f o r m u l a t e d for encastr6 conditions at the root. Since the distribution in terms of load at the root is k n o w n it is not difficult to a d d e x t r a terms to the general strain energy expression to include the effect of either axial load flexibility or shear load flexibility. I t w o u l d be necessary to estimate the deflection due to unit load and obtain the strain energy due to this flexibility. The additional t e r m s w o u l d be minimised w i t h respect to 2r (r = 1 to N) and i n c o r p o r a t e d in the coefficients a n d constants of the ~ U/~2r ---- 0 equations given in Tables 1 a n d 2. 8. The Application of the Method to a Numerical Examlble.--To illustrate the effects of sweepb a c k on the load distribution, a b o x - b e a m is considered for angles of sweep from 0 deg to 40 deg. The g e o m e t r y of the b e a m is shown in Fig. 4a. Tile solution of the simultaneous equations w h e n a load P is applied at each rib at the front and rear spars allows the transfer-coefficient table of Fig. 4b to be completed. 7

The substitution of the appropriate values of 2 in the expressions of 4.1, 4.1.1, etc. determines the spar boom loads and the web shear loads for the various loading conditions. Figs. 5 and 6 show the distribution of direct load in the booms for bending and torque loads respectively applied at rib 5. Figs. 7 and 8 show the spar web shear loads under similar conditions. A check of the present method is obtained by comparing the distribution at zero sweep with that derived by Williams' method of R. & M. 1761.

8.1. Remarks on the Results.--Referring to Figs. 6, 9 and 10 it will be seen that the introduction of sweep into the box-beam affects the root constraint for torsional loading. For a torque applied at rib 5 the axial constraint boom loads at the rear-spar root are reduced, at 40 deg sweep, to 60 per cent of their value at zero sweep and furthermore the reduction is approximately linear with the angle of sweep. It is of interest to note, however, that the spar web shear loads, Fig. 8, are hardly affected at the root by the sweep, and at 40 deg sweep are still more than 90 per cent of their value at zero sweep.
Figs. 5 and 7 show that sweep also materially affects the distribution due to bending loads ; when these loads are applied at rib 5, the rear-spar boom direct load is increased by more than 33 per cent for 40 deg of sweep, and the rear-spar web shear load is increased by approximately 50 per cent for 40 deg sweep. The front spar has corresponding decreases. Fig. 11 is of interest in that it shows very good agreement, at zero sweep, with the distribution of direct load in the spar booms as calculated by Williams' method of R. & M. 1761. Williams' theory was based upon an assumption of ' rigid ribs of infinite number ' and curve II is obtained by the present method with an assumption of infinitely stiff ribs. The effect of the flexibility of the end rib (i.e., rib 5) in the distribution of the spar boom loads is shown by the curves III and IV of Fig. 11. The torque is applied as differential shears to the webs at rib 5 ; and the flexibility of that rib will tend to produce larger differential shears in the webs inboard of rib 5 than those induced, by the root constraint effect, when the torque is applied as Batho shear.

9. Conclusiom.--The effect of sweepback in a rectangular box-beam (no taper), with ribs perpendicular to the spars and in which the bending loads are taken by spar booms is considered. On the assumption that transfer of load between the spars can only be effected at the ribs, it is shown that the strain energy of the box-beam can be expressed in terms of the applied load, the box geometry and N variables (N being the number of ribs). The minimising of the strainenergy function with respect to each rib variable produces N linear simultaneous equations of N unknowns, the solution of which will give the load distribution in the beam.
It is considered that sufficient accuracy can be obtained by replacing the actual ribs with 5 ribs of equivalent shear stiffness, and tables are included in the report to enable the coefficients and constants of the 5 simultaneous equations to be quickly evaluated for encastrfi root conditions. It is also indicated how the method can be adapted to include the effects of axial and/or shear flexibilities at the root. The problem of a cut-out in the top or bottom skin is also discussed and the load distribution in terms of the rib transfer coefficients for a typical case is included. A numerical example is investigated and the transfer coefficients are included in the report. W h e n a torsional load!ng is applied to the box-beam the direct loads in the spar booms at the root {assumed encastre in the example) are shown to be considerably reduced for large angles of sweep whereas the spar web shears at the root are not materially affected. For the same beam in bending there are significant changes of both spar b o o m and spar web loads at the root, 8

a n d as a c o n s e q u e n c e of t h e s w e e p - b a c k t h e r e a r s p a r is m o r e h e a v i l y l o a d e d t h a n t h e f r o n t spar. F o r t h e special case of zero s w e e p b a c k a c o m p a r i s o n is m a d e w i t h t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of l o a d in t h e s p a r b o o m s for a t o r s i o n a l l o a d i n g o b t a i n e d b y t h e c l a s s i c a l m e t h o d of R. & M. 1761 a n d s a t i s f a c t o r y a g r e e m e n t is o b t a i n e d .

REFERENCES
No. Author Title, etc.

1 W . H . ;vVittrick 2 E . H . Mansfield 3 W.S. Hemp 4 D. Williams

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Preliminary analysis of a highly swept cylindrical tube under torsion and bending. A.C.A. 39. May, 1948. Elasticity of a sheet reinforced by stringers and skew ribs, with applications to swept wings. R. & M. 2758. December, 1949. On the application of oblique co-ordinates to problems of plane elasticity and swept-back wings. R. & M. 2754. January, t950. The stresses in certain tubes of rectangular cross-section under torque. R. & M. 1761. May, 1936.

TABLE

Coefficients of X Determinant F = (P/h)

C = (P/h)~,

= (P/h) 2

D = (P/h)~

D' = (P/h) ~ It])

' t'.G

, F' = (P/h) bp

H = (P/h) bh )

21 Cz 8 + 2Dz + (F+F')z+2Ho~ 4Cz ~ + Cz 3 + 2Dz + Fz + F'z

22 4Cz ~ -[- -~Cz~ -+- 2Dz + (F+F')z -]Ck~ + 8Cz + 8Cz ~

23 8Cz" + ]Cz 3 + 2Dz + (F+F')z %-Ckl + 16Cz

24

25

12Cz ~ + -]Cz3 + 2Dz + (F+F')z

16Cz ~ + SCz~ + 2Dz + ( F + F')z

= R

~2-Ckl -]- 24Cz + 16Cz 2 ~!Ckl + 32Cz -[- 20Cz ~ + SCz~ + 2D + 2Dz + Cz ~ + 2D + 2Dz + 2F + Fz + ~2-C'k1' + 2F + F z + ~iC'kl' + 2D' + 2F' + F'z + 2D' + 2F' + F'z =S

+ ~Cz ~ + 2D + 2Dz + 12Cz 2 + SCza + 2D + 2F + Fz + C'k 1' + 2 D z + 2 F + F z + 2D' + 2H + 2F; + F'z + ~-C'k/ -- 2D" + 2F' + F'z

8Cz ~ + ~Cz ~ + 2Dz + Fz + F'z

~-Ckl -t- 16Cz + 12Cz ~ + 8Cz~ + 2D + 2Dz -+- 2F + Fz + ~ C ' k / + 2D' + 2F' + F'z

]Ck~ + %~Ckl + 32C2 ~-Ck2 + ~2-Ck1 + 48C,~ ~zCk~. + !2_s_rb 3 "J'~l + 16Cz 2 + ]Cz 3 + 4D + 2Dz+ 4F+Fz + -]c%' + + 2H+ + F'z c'k/ 4D'+4F' + 20Cz ~ + SCz~ + 4D + 64Cz + 24Cz ~ + 2Dz -- 4F + Fz + ~C'k( + %~C'k/ + 4D' -/ 4F' + F'z + Cz ~ -+ 4D -- 2Dz 4F + F z + ~-C'k~' ----T + !~aC'kl' + 4D' + 4F' + F'z

TABLE

1--continued

2~ 12Cz ~ + ]Cz ~ + 2Dz + Fz + F'z

2~ ~aCkl + 24Cz + 16Cz ~ + ]Cz ~ + 2D + 2 D z + 2F

2~ ~ Ck~ + ~-C k~ + 48Cz + 20Cz ~ + 4F + Fz

2~

2~ ~-Ck. + 92-Ck~ + 2-2-Ck~ + 96Cz + 28Cz ~ + ]Cz ~ + 6D + 2Dz + 6F =U

]Ck ~ + ~-Ck~
+ !~-Ck~ + 72Cz + 6D + 2Dz + 6F

+ Cz ~ + 4D + 2Dz + 24Cz 2 + Cz 3

+ Fz + ~-C'k/
+ 2D' + 2F' + F'z

+ ~o-c'k/+ ~ c ' k /
+ 4D' + 4F' + F'z

+ Fz + -]C'k~'.
- / 2H + 6D' + 6F' + F'z

+ Fz + ~--c'k/ + .-3-,-, ,~ + ~-2-C'k/

+ 6D' + 6F' + F'z

16Cz ~ + ]Cz ~ + 2Dz + Fz + F'z

~4-Ck~ + 32Cz + 20Cz ~ + ]Cz ~ + 2D + 2Dz + 2F + 64Cz -? 24Cz ~ + 4F + Fz

~ C k~ + ~2-Ck~ + 2-~-Ck~+ 96Cz + ]Cz 3 + 4D + 2Dz + 28Cz ~ + ]Cz ~ + 6D + 2 D z + 6F

-- 128Cz -I- 32Cz 2

+ Cz ~ + 8D + 2Dz

+ Fz + ~-C'k~'
+ 2D' + 2F' -? F'z

+ ~-C'kg + z~-C'k/ + Fz + ~-.C'k.' + 8 F + Fz + 2H =V + 4D' -? 4F' + F'z + ~-C'k( + ~-~-C'k/ + ~ c ' k / + ~c'k~' + 6D' + 6F' + F'z + i~2-C'k~' + ~-~-C'k/
+ 8D' + 8 F ' + F'z

TABLE 2
Constant of ~ Determinant

Load applied at Rib 1 F/S Rib 1 R/S Rib 2 F/S

bO

R
~Cz 3 -+- 2Dz 0 2Cz ~ + ~Cz ~ + 2Dz

2Cz 2 + -~Cz3 + 2Dz 4Cz 2 + ~Cz 3 + 2Dz 6Cz ~ + ~Cz 3 + 2D2 8Cz ~ + ~Cz s -+- 2D2 0 0 0 -6Ck~ + 12Cz + 8Cz ~ + ]Cz ~ + 2D + 2Dz -6C'k~' + 2D' -CG + ~6-Ckl + 24Cz + IOCz ~ -- ]Cz ~ + 4D -- 2Dz + 32Cz + 12Cz 2 + ~Cz 3 -+- 4D + 2Dz
0

-~Ckl @ 4Cz + 4Cz ~ -Ck~ + 8Cz

+ -~Cz3 + 2D' + 2Dz
+ 6Cz ~ + ~Cz ~

232Ckl + 16CZ
+ ]OCz~ + ~Cz ~

+ 2D + 2Dz 9C'k1' + 2D' ~CG + %s-Ck~ + 16Cz + 8Cz ~ + ~Cz 3 + 4D -- 2Dz

+ 2 D - ~ 2Dz ~-2C'k1' + 2D'

Rib 2 R/S Rib 3 F/S

~C'&' + 2D'

4Cz ~ + -~Cz3 + 2Dz -Ck~ + 8Cz

+ 6 C z ~ + -~Cz ~

+ 2D + 2Dz

Rib 3 R/S

~C'k~' + 2D'

~c'&'

+ ~-c'&'

~oc'&' + ~-c'&'
+ 4D'

~-c'&' + ~c%'
+ 4D'

+ 4D'

TABLE 2--continued

Load applied at Rib 4 F/S

T CG + ~aCkl + 24Cz + IOCz2 + -~Cz3 + 4D + 2Dz

U -~Ck~ + ~ C k 2 .+ ~6-Ckl + 36Cz + 12Cz ~ + -~Cz3 + 6D + 2Dz

V Ck~ + ~6-Ck~ + z6-Ckl + 48Cz + 14Cz ~ + -~Cz~ + 6D + 2Dz C'kd + ~ - C ' k ( + l__O_~F',b "~ ,~1' + 6D' {Ck~ + ~s-Ck~

6Cz ~ + ~Cz ~ + 2D2 1-~--Ckl + 12Cz + 8Cz ~ + -~Cz~ + 2D + 2Dz

Rib 4 R/S

~-C'k~' + 2D'

-C'k; + ~-C'k~'
+ 4D'

~C'k; + ~-C'k~'
+ ~6-C'k~' + 6D'

Rib 5 F/S

8Cz ~ + -~Cz~ + 2Dz ~-Ckl + 16Cz + lOCz ~ + {Cz ~ + 2D + 2Dz

~6-Ck~ + ~-C k~ + 32Cz + 12Cz ~ + -~Cz~ + 4D + 2Dz + z6-Ckl + 48Cz q- 14Cz 2 + ~Cz 3 + 6D + 2Dz

+ ~6_Ck~ +

~_~_8_rb

+ 64Cz + 16Cz 2
+ -~Cz 3 + 8 D + 2D2

Rib 5 R/S

~2.C'k1' + 2D'

5~-C'k; + ~ - C % '
+ 4D'

~-c'k~' + ~-C'k;
+ 6-C'k'~ + 6D'

~C'k~' + ~-C'k~'
+ ~6-C'k( + ! ~ - C k l . + 8D'

l~IB3
1~18 4-

I~IB 5
FI~ONT
SPAR

BOOM AI~EA = 4 I N S ~RIB THICKNESS - 0. O4. INS SKIN THICKNESS - O,C)~ I N S W E ~ T H I C K N E S S = (3.10 INS

SPAI~

FIG. 4a.

G e o m e t r y of b o x - b e a m in numerical example.

l] . . . . . . . .
o o o o o o o o

o o coo

--'To o

II

:o
o o o o

o,o

~-i
- ~
o o

o ~o
o o

o~

- ~
o o o o o o o o o o ~ o o o o o o o

~1 . . . . .
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

~o "
o o o o o o o o o o o o o

I'-:
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

cd ~J

o o

,~

oo

o o

o o

o o

"

o ~c~ , 6

2 o 6c~;

o o o o

. . . . . .

77

o
o o o o o o o o o o o o i o o o o o

.o .o. . . . o o
T

o o

~o

o o

~ .o o . . o .o

I .o o. . o .o . .o o.

oo

?T

. . . . . . . .,., . . , . . . . . . . . ,

'0

II

, o ~

o o

o ~ o

o o

o c~ ~ o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

oo

, o o i~? ? ?

??

oo o?

??

?? . . . .

o ??

77

0 0 0

11 ] 1 1

II

Ill

~'-~
~' ?

. . . ~ . .
~' ?
~a a~

-~-~7

?
aa

?
~

?
~

o? o?

o? o? o

~ M

-i

ca

aa

~a

a~

0a

ca

~a

ca

an

aa

a~

a~

aa

a~

14

BOOM LOAD JOP

RIB

RIB5
I'- -...

F"-'-.~. I
I I

I
REAR

- - - "-'4"-'----'~'" - - - - - ~ 6p .... I 4.P

SPAR .........

- ~

0 SWEEPBACK IO~SWEEPBACK --~OSWEEPBACK 30SWEEPBAC~ ~.OSWEEPBACK

fRONT SPAR P.P

POSITION OF ROOT(F~ONT SPAR) RIB

RIB 2

RIB 3

RIB 4-

-,.-,i RIB 5

FIG. 5.

Boom-loads. B e n d i n g loads applied at rib ,5.

3P

~P

RIB 3 ""-,..J RIB

REAR

SPA~

R f @5 ~p

POSITION OF" ROOT (;RONT SPAR) t ~-~

I I I I I t 1 I I
I

e'30

e ' ~ o e flo

RpBJ.

RiB ~

RIB

RIB4-

-IP

"1

t
.

O~SWEEPBACK ....... - -. . . . .

IOSWEEPBACK
20=SWEEPBACK 30SWEEPBACK

FRONT S P A Q

40~SWEEPBACK

-3,{:

FIG. 6.

Boom loads. Torsional loads applied at rib 5.

15

2.5P
LOADS APPLIED AT RIBS.
.+

1"SP WEB 5NEA~ LOAO AT ~OOT I'OP

LOADS APPLI ED AT RIB..2;....~,.~.-----'S/ 3

REAR SPAR WEB.

~
'SP LOADS APPLIED AT ~IB 4.~ / LOADS AP#LIED AT RIB 5. /

FRONT SPAR WEB.

Oo
Fig. 7.

tOo

9.0

30 400 AN~LE OF' SWEEPBACK,

Spar web loads at root due to bending loads.

'!'-I.OP

WEB
SHEAR LOAD AT ROOT

~
~

L
L

O
O

A
A

S APPUEDATRIB 3. ~ " - L O A D 5 APPLIEDAT RJB4, D S APPLIEDAT RIB 5.

SHEARIF ALL TONGUE WERE TAKENBY RATHO OE. NO ROOT RESTRAINT)

~0,5~

!
i0 o -

i ~_Oo

1
30 '

J ,4.0o

FIG. 8.

Spar web loads at root due to torsional loads.

16

3p

"'.
BOOM LOADS

)~....

/
-3g

Fro. 9.

Boom loads for equal torques applied at ribs 2, 3, 4 and 5. Zero sweep.

BOOM LOADS

-IP / /

/
-2P F~G. 10. Boom loads for equal torques applied at ribs 2, 3, 4 and 5. 40 deg sweep.

17

P_.OP
ALL RIBS INFINITELY
STIFf. . . . .

"FR RIB 5 ~'LE~JBLE / OTHE~ I~IBS FLEXIBLE.

,I.OP

W'~LLJAMS (R

& b4 1761)

__

"Nr. RIB 5 IN~'INITELY STI~'~" OTNER ~18S g'LSXISLE.

RIBI FIG. 11.

~ts z

mg3

~b~,

~J8 5

A comparison with R. & 3{.1761 at zero sweepback of distribution in box-beam for torsional loading.

J4302 Wt.17/6b~0 N,8 1/54 D & C o . 34/263

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