ELECTRONIC CANDLE

INTRODUCTION
In the circuit, the LED turns on at night during the day. The brightness of the LED`s is inversely proportional to the intensity of the light received by the photocell. The more light received by the photocell .

DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

LIGHT DEPENDANT RESISTOR(L.D.R OR PHOTO CELL)

It is highly solid state device sensitive to varying intensity of visible light spectrum. Its internal resistance increases or decreases with light intensity and thus makes or breakes the circuit. It has a ceramic substance on which a film of cadmium sulphide or cadmium selenite is deposited .Its time responses is only a few milliseconds.

TRANSISTOR
It is a two junctions, three terminals device . The three terminals are called the emitter, the base, and the collector and are either connected to ,p ,n, and p type of semiconductors respectively in the case of a p-n-p transistor or n-p and n type of semiconductors in the case of a n-p-n transistor .The emitter base junction is always forward biased and base collector junction is always reversed biased.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE(L.E.D.)

It is a p-n junction diode made of a gallium arsenide or indium phosphide, as the semiconductor. Due to recombination of holes and electrons, energy is released at the junction, which is emitted as light. Hence the junction diode is called light emitting diode.

WORKING OF THE MODEL The flow of the current depend upon complimentary amplifiers of T1
(BC 558) and T2 (BC 547 )transistors .When light falls on LDR the current can not flow past T1 as the base has been given reverse biasing with emitter. Hence , the emergency light bulb /LED does not emit light. However the resistance of LDR drastically but favorably changes when it is exposed to darkness. This eliminates the reverse biasing to base from the emitter and T1 starts conducting . The next transistor also starts conducting completing the circuit. Thus, bulbs or LED glows . The conditions are reversed when light falls on the LDR. This puts off the bulb / LED.

INTRODUCTION
The power cuts may spoil the job by bringing darkness at unexpected and crucial moment . The generator is to be reached and started manually which is a great inconvenience and wastes time . An emergency light is the ideal alternative . Interposition of a LDR offers the facility for automatic switching on as darkness sets in .An on and off switch has been put into the circuit to avoid switching on of the emergency light at undesirable time . This model elucidates the principle on which bigger and high capacity battery operated emergency lights can be manufactured.

PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be correct as per the diagram keeping in mind the reverse biasing of transistor T1. 2. The specifications of transistors and various resistances should be as described. 3. The voltage of bulb should not be more than the voltage of battery. 4. If the model does not work then ensure that be switch is at on position. If the model still does not work then readjust the variable resistance.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Incorrect connections 2. Use of various resistances of much higher specifications 3. The Transistors are not of the type described. 4. Errors in soldering. (a) (b) (c) Unclean surfaces of wires Soldering paste not used Conducting ends not put into proper apposition

5.Use of discharged battery cells

COMPONENTS USED
Nomenclature Code in Circuit

Light dependent resistor Variable Resistance (100K) Resistance(22K) Resistance (220 Transistor BC558 Transistor BC547 Battery Cell 1.5V Bulb 3V or L.E.D Switch off/on Wire )

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 As required

LDR R1 R2 R3 T1 T2 -------S1

CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION 2.COMPONENTS USED 3.DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS 4.WORKING OF MODEL 5.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6.PRECAUTIONS 7.SOURCES OF ERROR