PREFACE This project entitled as Pre-Feasibility Study of Super Chepe Hydropower Project is carried out as a final year project

of Bachelors Degree in Civil Engineering as per the syllabus of, Institute of Engineering, TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY. The objective of this project is to make the students familiar with the real projects that are carried out in the professional engineering practice. It develops confidence and ability to transfer the theoretical knowledge gained during the engineering course in real civil engineering field. Ours is an exclusively hydropower project. But hydropower is a multidisciplinary field i.e. a congregation of various subsidiary branches of engineering; from structural engineering to advanced electronics on power system mechanism. It requires equal effort of hydrologist, geologist, structural engineer, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, electronics engineer, e.t.c. Our project was focused on the civil components .Fundamentally, our effort and time were utilized in understanding the basic components of a hydropower project and their functions, collection of hydrological and geographical data provided and their design procedures based on various codes, manuals, aids, guidelines and our hydropower coursework. Although we had access to various academic materials, we were not completely able to utilize our resources to the optimum level due to the various constraints. Our project basically begun with the collection of hydrological and metrological data from the DHM (Department of Hydrology and Meteorology) It also included the site visit to the pre-defined location on the powerhouse and the area in vicinity to our designated headworks site. Due to the weather condition and the remoteness of the site, we couldnt visit the exact headworks location. The

Hydropower tour to a number of small hydropower projects in Sindhupalchowk district helped a lot to visualise and familiarize with the various hydropower components .This report has been prepared on an academic format with few shortcomings. Any corrective suggestions and recommendation on the report, if any, would be overwhelmingly appreciated.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to Khwopa College of Engineering, Civil Department for giving us an opportunity to conduct our project on Prefeasibility study on Hydropower Project. We would like to thank our supervisor Er. Rajesh Sapkota for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of the project work scheduled for this semester. A note of thanks goes to Er. Sujan Maka, Head of Department of our college, for his full cooperation during our study for this semester and providing the constant remainder to finish the work in time. We would also like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) and their staff members for their cooperation and providing us with the required hydrological data for our study. And lastly, we cannot forget the help and cooperation provided by our classmates and colleagues throughout our project. Project Group Members Abhusan Achhami Albert Dahal Bidhan Dahal Bikram Khayamali Nischal Dhakal (066BCE02) (066BCE05) (066BCE13) (066BCE15) (066BCE47)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY As we know, the current energy crisis in Nepal, declared as state of emergency by the Nepal Government, has been of severe concern .The current load shedding problem in the country seems to be getting worse day by day. It has been a major setback not only in the economic and industrial advancement of the country but also a big blow to the day-to-day sustainable life of the common people. Due to the vast potential that this particular sector carries in our country, our only window of opportunity for energy production, sustainability and independence is hydropower development. Super-Chepe Small Hydropower Project is a high head run-off type project with the design discharge 3.42 m3/s. The installed capacity is 17.05MW with two units of each 8.524 MW. It has a gross head of 613.091 m. We have considered two alignments for our project with different water conveyance system. Alignment 1 consisted of tunnel headrace conveyance system whereas Alignment 2 consisted of combined conveyance system of tunnel and pipe. For Alignment 1, headrace tunnel of 6995 m was used for free flow of water. For Alignment 2, a headrace tunnel of 2725 m was connected to a closed conduit pipe of 4370 m for conveyance of water. The dry/wet season total energy productions for Alignment 1 and 2 are 9.89 GWh/69.92 GWh and 9.79 GWh/ 69.21 GWh respectively. The project is primarily focused on preliminary design of civil structures and its arrangement regarding their size with respect to the design parameters obtained and the locality constraints. Due to the time constraint and the limited scope of our project, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Sediment Analysis were not conducted.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Copyright Approval Page Preface Acknowledgements Executive Summary Table of Contents List of Abbreviations and Symbols Salient Features Of SCSHP CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.1.1 History of Hydropower 1.1.2 Case for renewable and non-renewable energy 1.1.3 Hydropower in Nepal 1.1.4 Power situation in Nepal/Power Market Survey 1.1.5 Hydropower Potential of Nepal 1.1.6 Hydropower Generation 1.1.7 Challenges and Issues in power sector 1.1.8 Advantages of Hydropower over other sources of energy 1.1.9 Justification of role of small hydropower in Nepal 1.1.10 Legal Provision for investment 1.2 General Site Description 1.2.1 Location of the site 1.2.2 Physical Features 1.2.3 Accessibility CHAPTER TWO: HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Objectives 2.3 Scope 2.4 Physiographic characteristics of Chepe khola Basin 2.4.1 Basin 2.4.2 Catchment characteristics 2.4.3 Geology 2.4.4 Geomorphology 2.4.5 River system and gradient 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 16 19 19 19 20 21 22 25 26 26 28 29 30 33 33 34 34 35 35 35 35 36 36 36 37 37 37

2.5 Flow Analysis 2.5.1 Long term Flow Analysis 2.5.2 Flow Duration Curve 2.5.3 Flood Frequency Analysis 2.5.3.1 Needs and necessities of design flood analysis 2.5.4 Flood Estimation for different return periods 2.5.5 Construction Flood Analysis 2.5.6 Low Flow Analysis 2.5.6.1 WECS/DHM 2.5.6.2 Gumbel Analysis for low flow 2.5.7 Riparian Flow 2.5.8 Stage Discharge Curve(Rating Curve) 2.5.8.1 Need of Rating Curve CHAPTER THREE: COMPONENTS OF HYDROPOWER 3.1 Weir and undersluice 3.1.1 General 3.1.2 Design consideration of diversion weir 3.1.3 Elevation of weir crest 3.1.4 Length of weir and undersluice 3.1.5 Shape of the spillway 3.1.6 Forces acting on the weir 3.1.6.1 Hydrostatic Pressure 3.1.6.2 Uplift Pressure 3.1.6.3 Silt Pressure 3.1.6.4 Weight of weir 3.1.7 Modes of failure and criteria for structural stability of weir 3.1.7.1 Overturning about the toe 3.1.7.2 Compression or crushing 3.1.7.3 Sliding 3.1.8 Protection works for weir structure 3.2 Intake structure 3.2.1 General 3.2.2 Design considerations for intake structures 3.2.3 Protection works 3.3 Gravel Trap 3.3.1 General 3.3.2 Design considerations 3.3.3 Protection works

38 38 43 45 46 46 50 51 52 53 54 54 55 57 57 57 58 58 58 59 60 60 60 60 61 61 61 62 62 62 63 63 64 65 65 65 65 66

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.10

3.11

3.12

Settling Basin 3.4.1 General 3.4.2 Design considerations 3.4.3 Protection works Water conveyance system 3.5.1 General 3.5.2 Design aspects of conveyance system 3.5.3 Protection works Surge Tank 3.6.1 Design considerations 3.6.2 Protection measures Penstock 3.7.1 General 3.7.2 Design criteria for Penstock 3.7.3 Optimization 3.7.4 Protection works for penstock Anchor block and support piers 3.8.1 General 3.8.2 Design philosophy 3.8.3 Provision for support piers 3.8.4 Provision for expansion joints 3.8.5 Construction Powerhouse 3.9.1 General 3.9.2 Components of power house Tailrace 3.10.1 General 3.10.2 Design criteria Electro-mechanical units 3.11.1 General 3.11.2 Turbine 3.11.2.1 Design Philosophy 3.11.3 Generator 3.11.4 Excitor 3.11.5 Ventilation, cooling and lubrication 3.11.6 Transformer 3.11.7 Control room equipment 3.11.8 Switchgear Transmission line 3.12.1 General 3.12.2 Design Aspects of transmission line
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66 66 67 67 68 68 68 69 69 70 70 70 70 71 72 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 76 77 77 77 78 79 79 80 80 81 81 81 81 82

CHAPTER FOUR: POWER OUTPUT AND ENERGY GENERATION 4.1 Power type 4.1.1 Firm power 4.1.2 Secondary power 4.1.3 Peak Power 4.2 Types of head 4.2.1 Gross Head 4.2.2 Net Head 4.3 Types of efficiency 4.3.1 Turbine efficiency 4.3.2 Transformer efficiency 4.3.3 Generator efficiency 4.3.4 Overall efficiency 4.4 Installed capacity of plant 4.5 Types of energy 4.5.1 Firm Energy 4.5.2 Secondary Energy

83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 84 84 84 84 84 84 85 85 85

CHAPTER FIVE: COST ESTIMATION AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 Introduction Unit Rate Analysis Engineering and Management fees Contingency Sums VAT/Taxes and Duties Project Cost Estimate Economic and Financial Analysis Project Evaluation Project Benefits Economic Analysis

86 86 86 87 87 87 88 88 88 89 89 90 91 91 91 92 92 92 93

CHAPTER SIX: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS CHAPTER SEVEN: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Introduction Objectives of EIA Philosophy and Purpose behind EIA Identification of Environmental Impacts 7.4.1 Physical Environmental Impacts 7.4.2 Biological Environmental Impacts
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7.4.3 Socio-economic Impacts 7.4.4 Cultural Environmental Impacts 7.5 Environmental Impact monitoring 7.5.1 Baseline monitoring 7.5.2 Impact monitoring 7.5.3 Compliance monitoring 7.6 Impact mitigation measures 7.7 Conclusion and recommendation of EIA study CHAPTER EIGHT: PROJECT PLANNING AND SCHEDULING 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Introduction Planning Phase of construction Time management in project Project scheduling Planning and scheduling of SCSHP

93 94 94 94 94 94 94 95 96 96 96 97 97 97 98 99 101 103 125 190 204 201 215

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS BIBLOIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A (Hydrological Analysis) APPENDIX B (Component Design & Calculations) APPENDIX C (Cost Estimate) APPENDIX D (Financial Analysis) APPENDIX E (Maps and Design Drawings) APPENDIX F (Access Roads)

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