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Cross-word ambisyllabicity: feel (dark -L), vs. feel at home (clear-L) spell (dark-L), vs. spell it (clear-L) --> the pronunciation of word-final /l/ is determined by the following segment. 5. ASPIRATION Only the phonemes /p t k/ can be aspirated! Def.: The spreading of voicelessness of /p t k/ (plosives) onto the following segment (=vowel) Strong aspiration: word-beginner syllabic position (poker, time, kill, tiger, cut) -NO alternative allophone Weak aspiration -TWO alternative allophones: tapped/flapped: ambisyllabic position (clipper, tomato "d", vanity "d" ) Glottalized: word-final position (cut, support, poke, lack) Unaspirated: no aspiration: speak, stand, whisky, stop, skin The pronunciation of the consonant is determined by its position in the syllable. (tap/flap: the replacement of /t/ or /d/ by the alveolar tap/flap in GA) (glottalization: the closure of the glottis, we make a glottal stop, eg. in "button") 6. The pronunciation of -s and -ed
3. Progressive voice-assimilation in -s and -ed The only voice-assimilation which produces real neutralization, that is one phoneme changing into another, is found in the suffixes -s and -ed. Especially when: -ed is pronounced /-t/ and -s is /-z/. -s: regular [Pl] of nouns; S/3; possessive; his/is ('s) -ed: regular past tense marker; past participle marker; adjective-former from nouns /-z/: legs, heads, girls, ways, shows /-s/: kicks, hats, laughs, baths /-iz/: churches, judges, bushes, garages, kisses (linking vowel -e)
Homophones: past - passed; mist - missed Rhymes: Christ - sacrificed; gift - sniffed VOICELESS AND VOICED CONSONANTS voiceless = stable = "strong" = fortis voiced = unstable = "weak" = lenis Sound contrasts (Minimal pairs) 1. final /s/ and /z/ (as part of stem) /s/ rice, face, course, advice, cease, the house is /z/ rise, phase, cause, advise, seize, the houses 2. final /s/ (as part of stem) and /z/ (as suffix) /s/ place, fierce, peace, teach us /z/ plays, fears, peas, teachers 3. other final voiceless and voiced oppositions voiceless cap, set, pick, leak voiced cab, said, pig, league 4. final clusters: voiceless and voiced voiceless docks, bets, tents, wax voiced dogs, beds, tends, wags