Ev Do Series

Module 340
Background and Introduction To 1xEV-DO Technology
10-2008
(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates
340 Contents
Wireless Usage Today: Competing Wireless Data Technologies Speed: 1xEV-DOs purpose and differences from 1xRTT Key Features and Structure of 1xEV 1xEV-DO DO EV-DO Technical Details: Channels and Dataflow MAC Indices what they do, and how many are available Forward Link Data delivery during an established connection C/I instead of Ec/Io Managing the APs attention to mobiles: Proportional Fairness Si Signal l Composition C iti and d HARQ HARQ: Hybrid H b id R Repeat-Request tR tP Protocol t l Reverse Rate Control EV-DO Rev. A Forward and Reverse rate indices R Route U Update d and d the h signal i l path hi in b both h di directions i Network Architecture of main manufacturers, Mobile and Simple IP Interoperability Basics
10-2008
Global and US Wireless Subscribers 1Q 2008
Total GSM CDMA IDEN
Global 3,051,659,279 2,571,563,279 451,400,000 28,696,000
USA 252,018,131 84.3% 102,200,000 14.8% 132,243,131 0.9% 17,575,000
40.6% 52.5% 7.0%
Total Worldwide Wireless customers surpassed total worldwide landline customers at year-end 2002, with 1,00,080,000 of each. 4/5 of worldwide orld ide wireless ireless c customers stomers use se the GSM technolog technology CDMA is second-most-prevalent with 14.8% In the US, CDMA is the most prevalent technology at 52.5% penetration Both CDMA and GSM are growing in the US IS-136 TDMA systems were converted to GSM + GPRS + EDGE
10-2008 (c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates 3
World Wireless Subs by Technology 2006

World Wireless Subscribers Top 21 Operators Only 980.77 Operator Country Subscribers China 246.65 China Mobile China 127.79 China Unicom Russia 58.19 MTS US 54.1 Cingular US 51.3 Verizon Japan 50 36 50.36 NTT DoCoMo US 45.6 Sprint Nextel Mexico 33.6 Telcel Germany 29.5 T-Mobile Germany 29.16 D2 Vodafone Brazil 28.8 Vivo Turkey 27.9 Turkcell Italy 27.25 Telecom Italia USA 21.7 T-Mobile France 21 67 21.67 Orange Japan 21.57 KDDI 19.6 Telefonica Moviles Spain South Korea 19.53 SK Telecom Italy 18.2 Vodafone Italy UK 17 2 17.2 T M bil T-Mobile UK 16.325 Vodafone UK Japan 14.77 Vodafone KK 14.8% 145.49 CDMA 27.79 83.1% 814.98 GSM 246.65 100.00 58.19 54.10 50 36 50.36 25.30 33.60 29.50 29.16 28.80 27.90 27.25 21.70 21 67 21.67 21.57 19.60 19.53 18.20 17 20 17.20 16.33 14.77 20.30 2.1% 20.30 IDEN
51.30
10-2008
US Wireless Subs by Technology 2006

US Wi Wireless l S Subscribers b ib Carrier Cingular Wireless Verizon Wireless Sprint Nextel T-Mobile Alltel US Cellular Leap Wireless Dobson Communications SunCom Rural Cellular Corp. Centennial Communications Cincinnati Bell Ntelos SouthernLinc Alaska Communications Cellular South Commnet Wireless West Coast/SureWest Wireless M i th Comms. Meriwether C Airadigm Lewis and Clark Clear Talk Entertainment Unlimited Corr Wireless Poplar PCS Edge Wireless Salmon PCS 100% 198,444,627 Subscribers 54,100,000 51,300,000 44 304 901 44,304,901 21,700,000 11,040,000 5,500,000 1,670,000 1,543,000 , , 964,824 705,602 586,000 496,000 336,300 300,000 117,000 670,000 420,000 350,000 300 000 300,000 380,000 370,000 520,000 220,000 127 000 127,000 190,000 120,000 114,000 48 4% 48.4% 95,963,297 CDMA 51,300,000 24 459 997 24,459,997 21,700,000 11,040,000 5,500,000 1,670,000 1,543,000 , , 964,824 705,602 586,000 496,000 336,300 300,000 117,000 670,000 420,000 350,000 300,000 300 000 380,000 370,000 520,000 220,000 127 000 127,000 190,000 120,000 114,000 41.5% 41 5% 82,336,426 GSM>WCDMA 54,100,000 10 2% 10.2% 20,144,904 iDEN
19 844 904 19,844,904
10-2008
A Quick Survey of Wireless Data Technologies

FOURTH GENERATION US CDMA
WiMAX
12000 6000 kb/s
ETSI/GSM
LTE
12000 6000 kb/s
MISC/NEW
Flarion OFDM
1500 900 kb/s
WCDMA HSDPA
THIRD GENERATION
1xEV-DV
5000 - 1200 DL 307 - 153 UL
12000 6000 kb/s
WCDMA 1
2000 - 800 kb/s
1xEV-DO A
3100 800 DL 1800 600 UL
WCDMA 0
384 250 kb/s
1xRTT RC4
307.2 144 kb/s
EDGE
200 - 90 kb/s DL 45 kb/s UL
TD-SCDMA
In Development
2.5G
1xRTT RC3
153.6 90 kb/s
GPRS
40 30 kb/s DL 15 kb/s UL
CELLULAR
IS-136 TDMA
19.2 9.6 kb/s
19 2 19.2 19.2 19 2 kb/s
IDEN
IS-95B
SECOND GENERATION
64 -32 kb/s
GSM HSCSD
32 19.2 kb/s
IS-95
14.4 9.6 kb/s
GSM CSD
9.6 4.8 kb/s
CDPD
19.2 4.8 kb/s discontinued
Mobitex
9.6 4.8 kb/s obsolete
This summary is a work-in-progress, tracking latest experiences and reports from all the high-tier (provider-network-oriented) 2G, 3G and 4G wireless data technologies Have actual experiences to share, latest announced details, or corrections to the above? Email to Scott@ScottBaxter.com. Thanks for your comments!
The CDMA Migration Path to 3G

CDMAone Generation Technology Spectrum Signal Bandwidth, #Users 1G AMPS
RL FL
CDMA2000 / IS-2000 2.5G? 3G 3G 1 EV DO 1xEV-DO 1 EV DO 1xEV-DV IS-2000: IS-2000: 1xEV-DO Rev. 0 Rev. A 1xRTT 3xRTT 1xTreme IS-856 IS-856
RL FL RL FL RL FL RL FL RL FL
2G
2G
3G
IS-95A/ IS-95B J-Std008

RL FL RL FL
1250 kHz. F: 3x 1250k 30 kHz. 1250 kHz. 1250 kHz. R: 3687k 50-80 voice 120-210 per 1 20-35 25-40 3 carriers and data 14.4K 64K 153K 307K 230K
Enhanced E h d Access Channel Structure
1250 kHz. 59 active users
1250 kHz. 1250 kHz. 114 active Many packet users users 3.1 Mb/s DL 1.8 Mb/s UL Higher data rates on dataonly CDMA carrier 5 Mb/s
None, , Data Capabilities 2.4K by modem Features: Incremental Progress

First System, Capacity & Handoffs
2.4 Mb/s DL 1.0 Mb/s 153 Kb/s

UL
First Fi t CDMA, Capacity, Quality
Improve I d Access Smarter Handoffs
Faster data rates on shared 3-carrier bundle
High data rates on data-only CDMA carrier
High data rates t on Data-Voice shared CDMA carrier
10-2008
Modulation Techniques of 1xEV Technologies

1xEV, 1x Evolution, is a family of alternative fast-data schemes that can be implemented on a 1x CDMA carrier. 1xEV 1 EV DO means 1x Evolution, Data Only, originally proposed by Qualcomm as High Data Rates (HDR). Up to 2.4576 Mbps forward, 153.6 kbps reverse A 1xEV DO carrier holds only packet data, and does not support circuit-switched voice Commercially available in 2003 1xEV DV means 1x 1x Evolution, Evolution Data and Voice Voice. Max throughput of 5 Mbps forward, 307.2k reverse Backward compatible with IS-95/1xRTT voice calls on the same carrier as the data Not yet commercially available; work continues All versions of 1xEV use advanced modulation techniques to achieve high throughputs.
QPSK
CDMA IS-95, IS-2000 1xRTT, and lower rates of 1xEV-DO, DV
16QAM
1xEV-DO at highest rates
64QAM
1xEV-DV at highest rates
10-2008
GSM Technology Migration Path to 3G

Generation Technology Signal Bandwidth, #Users Data Capabilities 1G various analog 2G GSM 2.5G or 3? GPRS 200 kHz. Many Pkt. users 3G 3G
various
200 kHz. kH 7.5 avg.
UMTS UTRA EDGE WCDMA 3.84 MHz. 200 kHz. up to t 200+ 200 fast data voice users many users and data 2Mb/s static user
various
none
9-160 Kb/s 384 Kb/s (conditions mobile user determine)
Features: Incremental Progress
various
Europes first Digital wireless
Integrated Packet IP 8PSK for voice/data access 3x Faster (Future rates Multiple data rates to 12 MBPS attached using adv. than GPRS users ) modulation?)
10-2008
TDMA IS-136 Technology Migration Path to 3G
the familiar GSM path!

Generation Technology Signal Bandwidth, #Users Data Capabilities 1G AMPS 2G CDPD 2G TDMA IS-54 IS-136 2G GSM 2.5G or 3? GPRS 200 kHz. Many Pkt. users 3G 3G UMTS UTRA EDGE WCDMA 3.84 MHz. 200 kHz. up to t 200+ 200 fast data voice users many users and data 2Mb/s static user
30 kHz. kH 1 None, 2.4K by modem First System, Capacity & Handoffs
30 kHz. 30 kHz. kH Many 3 users Pkt Usrs 19.2 19 2 kbps none
200 kHz. kH 7.5 avg.
none
9-160 Kb/s 384 Kb/s (conditions mobile user determine)
Features: Incremental Progress
US Packet Data Svc.
USA s USAs first Digital wireless
Integrated Packet IP Europes Europe s 8PSK for voice/data access 3x Faster (Future rates first Multiple data rates to 12 MBPS Digital attached using adv. than GPRS wireless users ) modulation?)
10-2008
10
SPEED: 1xEV-DOs Purpose

Differences from CDMA2000 1xRTT
10-2008
11
Why 1xEV-DO?
To satisfy the ITU 3G vision of four radio environments: 9600 bps megacells met by satellite-based satellite based systems 144 kbps macrocells met by CDMA2000 1xRTT RC3 384 kbps microcells met by CDMA2000 1xRTT RC4 (307k) 2 mbps picocells met by 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV To provide new applications for CDMA2000 users high g speed p data access and web applications pp in the mobile environment speeds up to 2.4 mbps
10-2008
12
Why Cant 1xRTT do high speeds?

RF channel conditions change much faster than 1xRTT can track this causes 1xRTT to mis mis-estimate estimate the feasible data speed which can be used for a burst of data sometimes conditions are worse than expected at the time of a burst burst, and the burst is received with severe errors other times the conditions are better than expected at the time of a burst, and the burst transmitted more slowly than actually y could have been received Bursts in 1xRTT are so long that substantial latency is introduced into error correction and packet repetition schemes For all these reasons, , something g more nimble is needed
10-2008
13
Mobile RF Channel Conditions Change Rapidly

Path Loss, re elative dB +6 +4 +2 +0 -2 0 0.1
Path Loss, db 0.2 0.3 Time, Seconds
0.4
0.5
Slow Fading due to obstructions and user motion ti
Fast Fading due to user motion through multipath p fading g standing-wave pattern
Radio Transmission Technologies must be nimble enough to quickly adapt for best results during changing channel conditions in choosing what data rate to transmit in power control of the forward and reverse links
1xRTT Data Burst Control Lags RF Conditions

Eb/Nt, d dB Path Loss, re elative dB +6 +4 +2 +0 -2 0 BTS F-SCH 0.1
GOOD CONDITIONS
DATA RAT D TE DECIS SION
DATA BURST ACTUALLY OCCURS NOW
BAD CONDITIONS
Path Loss, db 0.2 0.3 Time, Seconds 0.4 0.5
Setup Time
F-FCH
Fixed Rate!
F-SCH Burst
SCH-Assignment Msg.
R-FCH MOB BILE R-SCH T seconds 0 10-2008 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 15 0.5
1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT at the Same Time-Scale

AP
1xEV-DO
Traffic DRC
Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.
AT
Setup time can be less than 10 ms ms., depending on traffic loading loading.
T 0 0.1 0.2 Time, Seconds 0.3 0.4 0.5
1 RTT 1xRTT
BTS F-SCH
Setup Time
F FCH F-FCH
Fixed Rate!
F-SCH Burst
SCH-Assignment Msg.
R-FCH MOBILE
SCH-Request Msg.
R SCH R-SCH
Thoughput: 0.15 or 0.31 Mb/s max, 0.06 Mb/s typ.

1xEV-DO Handles Data at the level of Packets and Subpackets

AP
1xEV-DO
Traffic DRC
Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.
AT
Setup time can be less than 10 ms ms., depending on traffic loading loading.
Each forward traffic channel subpacket is only 1 1.67 67 ms long The flow of subpackets is stopped immediately when successful decoding is achieved. The reaction to channel conditions is effectively instantaneous instantaneous, with no wasted excess energy! Short preambles and embedded MAC bits identify the destination mobile No time is wasted sending layer-3 messages to control packet flow Each mobile DRC request is based on latest channel condition ACK/NAK commands can stop unneeded subpacket repetitions in l less th than 5 ms.! !
The Key Features and Structure of 1xEV-DO
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18
Channel Structure of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT

CHANNEL STRUCTURE IS-95 and 1xRTT many simultaneous users, each with steady forward and reverse traffic channels transmissions arranged, requested, confirmed by layer-3 messages with some delay delay 1xEV-DO -- Very Different: Forward Link goes to one user at a time like TDMA! users are rapidly time-multiplexed, each receives fair share of available sector time instant preference given to user with ith id ideal l receiving i i conditions, diti t to maximize average throughput transmissions arranged and requested via steady MAC-layer walsh streams very immediate!
10-2008
IS-95 AND 1xRTT

Many users simultaneous forward and reverse traffic channels
PILOT SYNC PAGING F-FCH1 F-FCH2 F-FCH3 F-SCH F-FCH4 W0 W32 W1 W17 W25 W41 W3 W53
BTS
ATs
1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO O Forward o a d Link
AP
(Access Terminals)
(Access Point)
AP
19
Power Management of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT

IS-95: VARIABLE POWER
POWER MANAGEMENT IS-95 IS 95 and 1xRTT: sectors adjust each users channel power to maintain a preset target FER 1xEV-DO IS-856: sectors always operate at maximum power sector output is timemultiplexed, with only one user served at any y instant The transmission data rate is set to the maximum speed the user can receive at that moment
10-2008
TO MAINTAIN USER FER

Maximum Sector Transmit Power 8 7 6
po ower
5 4 2
5 3 User 1 PAGING SYNC PILOT
time
1xEV-DO: MAX POWER ALWAYS,

DATA RATE OPTIMIZED
power
time
20
Some EV-DO Terminology

IS-95, IS-2000, 1xRTT
Phone, Mobile, Handset, or Subscriber Terminal
EV-DO
AT
Access T Terminal i l
Base Station, BTS, Cell Site
AP
Access Point
10-2008
21
1xEV-DO Technical Details

Data Flow and Channels
10-2008
22
1xEV-DO Transmission Timing

Forward Link
All members of the CDMA family - IS-95, IS-95B, 1xRTT, 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV transmit Frames One Cycle of PN Short Code IS-95, IS-95B, 1xRTT frames are usually 20 ms. long 1xEV-DO frames are 26-2/3 ms. long same length as the short PN code O 1xEV-DO One 1 EV DO F Frame each 1xEV-DO frame is divided into 1/16ths, called slots The Slot is the basic timing unit of 1xEV-DO f forward d li link kt transmission i i Each slot is directed toward somebody and holds a subpacket of information for them y the control Some slots are used to carry channel for everyone to hear; most slots are intended for individual users or private groups Users dont own long continuing series of slots One Slot like in TDMA or GSM; instead, each slot or small string of slots is dynamically addressed to whoever needs it at the moment
Whats In a Slot?
Slot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
SLOT
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
400 chips
64
96
64
64
96
64
The main cargo in a slot is the DATA being sent to a user But B t all ll users need dt to get t continuous ti timing ti i and d administrative d i i t ti information, even when all the slots are going to somebody else Twice in every slot there is regularly-scheduled burst of timing and administrative information for everyone to use MAC (Media Access Control) information such as power control bits a burst of pure Pilot allows new mobiles to acquire the cell and decide to use it keeps existing user mobiles exactly on sector time mobiles use it to decide which sector should send them their next forward link packet
What if theres No Data to Send?

PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
SLOT
empty
400 chips
empty
400 chips
empty
400 chips
MAC
empty
400 chips
64
96
64
64
96
64
Sometimes there may be no data waiting to be sent on a sectors forward link When theres no data to transmit on a slot, transmitting can be suspended during the data portions of that slot But---the B t th MAC and d PILOT must t be b transmitted!! t itt d!! New and existing mobiles on this sector and surrounding sectors need to monitor the relative strength of all the sectors and decide which one to use next next, so they need the pilot Mobiles TRANSMITTING data to the sector on the reverse link need power control bits So MAC and PILOT are always transmitted, transmitted even in an empty slot
Slots and Frames

PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
SLOT
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
400 chips
64
96
64
64
96
64
Slot
FRAME
1 Frame = 16 slots 32k chips 26-2/3 ms
Two Half-Slots make a Slot 16 Slots make a frame
10-2008
26
Frames and Control Channel Cycles

A Control Channel Cycle is 16 frames (thats 426-2/3 ms, about 1/2 second) The first half of the first frame has all of its slots reserved for possible use carrying i C Control t l Ch Channel l packets k t The last half of the first frame, and all of the remaining 15 frames, have their slots available for ordinary use transmitting subpackets to users
Slot
FRAME
CONTROL CHANNEL
USER(S) DATA CHANNEL
16-FRAME
CONTROL CHANNEL CYCLE
16 Frames 524k chips 426-2/3 ms
Thats a lot of slots! 16 x 16 = 256
10-2008
27
Forward Link Frame and Slot Structure: Big Picture Summary

PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
SLOT
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
400 chips
64
96
64
64
96
64
FRAME
CONTROL CHANNEL
USER(S) DATA CHANNEL
16-FRAME
CONTROL CHANNEL CYCLE
16 Frames 524k chips 426-2/3 ms
Slots make Frames and Frames make Control Channel Cycles! y Shorter Control Channel Cycles can be used for fast setup (PTT)
Reverse Link Frame and Slot Structure: Big Picture Summary

SLOT
DATA
FRAME
1 Subframe holds 1 Subpacket S bf Subframe S bf Subframe S bf Subframe
Reverse Link frames are the same length as forward link frames The Th mobile bil d does not i include l d separate MAC and d Pil Pilot b bursts Its MAC and pilot functions are carried inside its signal by simultaneous walsh codes There is no need for slots for dedicated control purposes since the mobile can transmit on the access channel whenever it needs to
Rev. A Reverse Channel Sub-Frame Structure

RRI DATA CHANNEL DRC CHANNEL ACK DSC ACK DSC ACK DSC ACK DSC
AUXILIARY PILOT CHANNEL PILOT CHANNEL
1 Slot
1 Slot 1 Sub-Frame
1 Slot
1 Slot
The mobile transmits sub sub-packets packets occupying four reverse link slots, called a reverse link sub-frame. If multiple subpackets are required to deliver a packet, the additional subpackets p are spaced p in every y third subframe until done
EV-DO Rev. A Channels

IN THE WORLD OF CODES
FORWARD CHANNELS
Sec ctor has a S Short PN Offs set
W064 Pilot W264 Rev Activity
just like IS-95
REVERSE CHANNELS
Long PN N offset
ACCESS
MAC
Pilot W016 Data

W24
Access Channel for session setup from Idle Mode
Acce ess
64
DRCLock RPC ARQ
MAC
Primary Pilot W016 Auxiliary Pilot W2832

Long PN offset t
Public or Priva P ate
Wx16 Control Wx16 Traffic Walsh code
Access Point (AP)
MAC
RRI W416 DRC W816 DSC W1232 ACK W1232 Data

W12
Access Terminal (User Terminal)

Traffic Channel as used during a data session
FORWARD
Walsh code
The channels are not continuous like ordinary 1xRTT CDMA Notice the differences between the MAC channels and the Rev. 0 MAC channels these are the heart of the Rev. 0/A differences
10-2008
31
AP
Functions of Rev. A Forward Channels

FORWARD CHANNELS
just like IS-95
Access terminals watch the Pilot to select the strongest sector and choose burst speeds The Reverse Activity y Channel tells ATs If the reverse link loading is too high, requiring rate reduction
64
DRCLock RPC ARQ
MAC
MAC
Wx16 Control Wx16 Traffic Walsh code
Access Point (AP)
Each connected AT has MAC channel: DRCLock indication if sector busy RPC (Reverse Power Control) ARQ to halt reverse link subpackets as soon as complete packet is recovered The Control channel carries overhead messages for idle ATs but can also carry user traffic
PIL LOT
Traffic channels carry user data to one user at a time

PIL LOT
Forward Link Slot Structure (16 slots in a 26-2/3 ms. frame)

MA AC MA AC MA AC DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
MA AC
DATA
400 chips
64 96 64 Slot 1024 chips
64 96 64 Slot 1024 chips
10-2008
32
Functions of Rev. A Reverse Channels

The Th Pilot Pil t is i used d as a preamble bl during access probes Data channel during access carries mobile requests Primary Pilot on traffic channel allows synchronous detection and also carries the RRI channel Auxiliary Pilot on traffic channel allows synchronous detection during high data rates RRI reverse rate indicator tells AP what rate is being sent by AT DRC Data Rate Control channel tells desired downlink speed DSC Data Source Control channel tells which sector will send burst ACK channel allows AT to signal g successful reception of a packet DATA channel during traffic carries the ATs AT s traffic bits
REVERSE CHANNELS
Long PN N offset
ACCESS
Pilot W016 Data

W24
Acce ess Public or Priva P ate
Primary Pilot W016 Auxiliary Pilot W2832

Long PN offset t
MAC
RRI W416 DRC W816 DSC W1232 ACK W1232 Data

W12

Walsh code
10-2008
33
Rev. A MAC Index Values and Their Uses

MAC INDEX MAC CHANNEL USE 0, 1 Not Used 2 Not Used 3 Not Used 4 RA Channel 5 RPC, DRC LOCK, ARQ 64 and 65 Not Used 66 Not Used 67 Not Used 68 Not Used 69 Not Used 70 Not Used 71 Not Used 6-63 and 72-127 RPC, DRC LOCK, ARQ PREAMBLE USE Not Used Control 76.8 kbps Control 38 38.4 4 kbps Not Used Fwd TC if no Bcst Not Used Multi-User 128, 256, 512, 1024 Multi-User 2048 Multi-user 3072 Multi-User 4096 Multi-User 5120 Control 19 19.2, 2 38 38.4, 4 76 76.8 8 Fwd TC, Single User PREAMBLE LENGTH N/A 512 1024 N/A Variable N/A 256 128 64 64 64 1024 Variable
114 MAC indices are available for regular single-user packets 3 MAC indices are earmarked for control channel packets 5 MAC indices are reserved for multi-user packets 1 MAC index is reserved for broadcast packets, or single-users 4 MAC indices are not used due to conflicts with multiplexing patterns
10-2008
34
Rev. A MAC Index and I/Q Channel Contents
10-2008
35
The Earlier 1xEV-DO Rev. 0 Channels

IN THE WORLD OF CODES
FORWARD CHANNELS
just like IS-95
REVERSE CHANNELS
Long PN offset
ACCESS
MAC
Pilot W016 Data

W24
Acc cess
64
DRCLock RPC
MAC
Wx16 Control Wx16 Traffic
Pilot W016 RRI

Long PN offset t
Access Point (AP)
MAC DRC
FORWARD
Walsh W l h code
W0 W4 W1 W5 W816 W2 W6 W3 W7

ACK Data
W48 W24
Walsh code
Th These channels h l are NOT CONTINUOUS like lik IS IS-95 95 or 1 1xRTT! RTT! They are made up of SLOTS carrying data subpackets to individual users or control channel subpackets for everyone to monitor g of who owns a SLOT, , the slot also carries two small Regardless generic bursts containing PILOT and MAC information everyone can monitor
AP
Functions of Rev. 0 Forward Channels

FORWARD CHANNELS
W064 Pilot W264 Rev Activity W
64
Access terminals watch the Pilot to select the strongest sector and choose burst speeds The Reverse Activity y Channel tells ATs If the reverse link loading is too high, requiring rate reduction Each AT with open connection has a MAC channel h l including i l di DRCLock DRCL k and d RPC (Reverse Power Control) muxed using the same MAC index 5-63. The Control channel carries overhead messages for idle ATs but can also carry user traffic
DRCLock RPC
Wx16 Control Wx16 Traffic
Access Point (AP)
MAC
MAC
Traffic channels carry user data to one user at a time
IN THE WORLD OF TIME

Forward Link Slot Structure (16 slots in a 26-2/3 ms. frame)
PILOT P PILOT P MAC MAC MAC DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
400 chips
64 96 64 Slot 1024 chips
64 96 64 Slot 1024 chips
10-2008
37
Functions of Rev. 0 Reverse Channels

The Pilot is used as a preamble during access probes Data channel during access carries mobile requests Pilot during traffic channel allows synchronous detection and also carries the RRI channel RRI reverse rate indicator tells the AP the ATs AT s desired rate for reverse link data channel DRC Data Rate Control channel asks a specific sector to transmit to the AT at a specific rate ACK channel allows AT to signal successful reception of a packet DATA channel during traffic carries the ATs traffic bits
REVERSE CHANNELS
Long PN offset
Acc cess
ACCESS
Pilot W016 Data

W24
TRAFFIC
MAC DRC
Pilot W016 RRI

Long PN offset t W0 W4 W1 W5 W816 W2 W6 W3 W7
ACK Data
W48 W24
10-2008
38
AP
The Rev. 0 MAC Index

MACIndex MAC Channel Use 0 and 1 Not Used 2 Not Used 3 Not Used 4 RA Channel Available for RPC and DRCLock 5-63 Channel Transmissions Preamble Use Not Used 76.8 kbps CCH 38.4 kbps CCH Not Used Available for Forward Traffic Channel Transmissions
MACInde ex Walsh Co ode Phase e
MACInde ex Walsh Co ode Phase e
MACInde ex Walsh Co ode Phase e 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 9 21 23 25 27 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Each active user on a sector is assigned a unique 7-bit MAC index (64 MACs possible) packet begins g with a p preamble, Each data p using the MAC index of the intended recipient Five values of MAC indices are reserved for multi-user packets packets intended for reception by a group for example, control channels mobiles may have individual MAC indices AND be simultaneously in various groups this trick keeps payload size low even for transmissions to groups
10-2008
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 8 20 22 24 26 28 30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 5 26 27 28 29 30 31
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 5 53 55 57 59 61 63
MACInde ex Walsh Co ode Phase e 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 5 58 59 60 61 62 63 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
39
Forward Link Data Transmission During an Established Connection

Including Rate Determination
10-2008
40
Information Flow Over 1xEV-DO

D t f Data from PDSN f for th the M Mobile bil Data Ready DRC: 5 MP3, web page, or other content
AP
The system notifies a mobile when data for it is waiting to be sent The mobile chooses which sector it hears best at that instant, and requests the sector to send it a packet there are 16 possible transmission formats the mobile may request, called DRC I Indices. di E Each h DRC I Index d value l i is really ll a combined bi d specification ifi i including specific values for: what data speed will be transmitted how big a chunk chunk of waiting data will be sent (that amount of data will be cut of the front of the waiting data stream and will be the Packet transmitted) what kind of encoding will be done to protect the data (3x Turbo, 5x , etc.) ) and the symbol y repetition, p , if any y Turbo, after the symbols are formed, how many SUBpackets they will be divided into Then, the sector starts transmitting the SUBpackets in SLOTS on the forward link The first slot will begin with a header that the mobile will recognize so it can begin the receiving process
Transmission of a Packet over EV-DO

D t f Data from PDSN f for th the M Mobile bil D t R Data Ready d MP3, web page, or other content A user has initiated a1xEV-DO data session on their AT, accessing a favorite website. The requested page has just been received by the PDSN. The PDSN and Radio Network Controller send a Data Ready y message g to let the AT know it has data waiting. g
AP
10-2008
42

D t f Data from PDSN f for th the M Mobile bil D t R Data Ready d DRC: 5 MP3, web page, or other content A user has initiated a1xEV-DO data session on their AT, accessing a favorite website. The requested page has just been received by the PDSN. The PDSN and Radio Network Controller send a Data Ready y message g to let the AT know it has data waiting. g The AT quickly determines which of its active sectors is the strongest. On the ATs DRC channel it asks that sector to send it a packet at speed DRC Index 5. The mobiles Th bil choice, h i DRC Index I d 5, 5 determines d t i everything: thi The raw bit speed is 307.2 kb/s. The packet will have 2048 bits. There will be 4 subpackets (in slots 4 apart). The first subpacket will begin with a 128 chip preamble.
AP
DRC Modu- Preamble Payload Raw C/I Index Slots lation Chips Bits kb/s db 0x0 n/a QPSK n/a 0 null rate n/a 0x1 16 QPSK 1024 1024 38.4 -11.5 0x2 8 QPSK 512 1024 76.8 -9.2 0 3 0x3 4 QPSK 256 1024 153 6 153.6 -6.5 65 0x4 2 QPSK 128 1024 307.2 -3.5 0x5 4 QPSK 128 2048 307.2 -3.5 0x6 1 QPSK 64 1024 614.4 -0.6 0x7 2 QPSK 64 2048 614.4 -0.5 0x8 2 QPSK 64 3072 921.6 +2.2 0x9 1 QPSK 64 2048 1,228.8 1 228 8 +3 9 +3.9 0xa 2 16QAM 64 4096 1,228.8 +4.0 0xb 1 8PSK 64 3072 1,843.2 +8.0 0xc 1 16QAM 64 4096 2,457.6 +10.3 0xd 2 16QAM 64 5120 1,536.0 in Rev. A 0xe 1 16QAM 64 5120 3,072.0 in Rev. A
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D t f Data from PDSN f for th the M Mobile bil PACKET D t R Data Ready d DRC: 5 MP3, web page, or other content 2048 bits
AP
Turbo Coder Using the specifications for the mobiles requested DRC + + + + + D D D + index, the correct-size packet + + + of bits is fed into the turbo + + + D D D + coder and the right g number of + symbols are created. Symbols
Interleaver
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AP
Interleaver
To guard against bursty errors in transmission, the symbols are completely stirred up in a block bl k interleaver. i t l
Block Interleaver
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AP
Interleaver
To guard against bursty errors in transmission, the symbols are completely stirred up in a block bl k interleaver. i t l The re-ordered stream of symbols is now ready to transmit.
Block Interleaver
Interleaved Symbols
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AP
Turbo Coder Using the specifications for the mobiles requested DRC + + + + + D D D + index, the correct-size packet + + + of bits is fed into the turbo + + + D D D + coder and the right g number of + symbols are created. Symbols To guard against bursty errors in transmission, the symbols are completely stirred up in Block Interleaver a block interleaver. Th re-ordered The d d stream t of f symbols is now ready to transmit. The symbols are divided into the correct number of subpackets, which Interleaved Symbols will occupy the same number of transmission slots, spaced four apart. Its up to the AP to decide when it will start transmitting the stream, taking into account any other pending subpackets for other users, and proportional fairness.
Interleaver
Subpa acket 1
Subpa acket 2
Subpa acket 3
10-2008
Subpa acket 4
47

AP
Turbo Coder When the AP is ready, the first subpacket is actually + + + + + D D D + transmitted in a slot. + + + The first subpacket begins with + + + D D D + a preamble carrying y g the + users MAC index, so the Symbols user knows this is the start of its sequence of subpackets, and how Block Interleaver many subpackets are in th sequence.. the The user keeps collecting subpackets until either: 1) it has been able to reverse-turbo decode the Interleaved Symbols packet contents early, early or 2) the whole schedule of subpackets has been transmitted.
Interleaver
Subpackets
1
SLOTS
4
48
10-2008
Ec/Io and C/I

There are two main ways of expressing signal quality in 1xEV-DO C/I is the ratio of serving sector power to everything else C/I determines the forward data rate mobiles measure C/I during the pilot burst period, then from it decide what data rate to request on the DRC Ec/Io is the ratio of one sectors pilot power to the total received power the mobile uses Ec/Io to choose which sectors to request for its active set Ec/Io and C/I are related, and one can be calculated from the other EVDO Ec/Io is close to 0 db near a sector, and ranges down to -10 at a cells edge EVDO C/I can b be above b +10 db near a sector, and -20 or lower at the edge
49
AP
Relationship of C/I and Ec/Io For EV-DO EV DO Signals

mobile receive power
C I
0 0
Power from Serving Sector
Ec Io
Interference Power from other cells
Ec/Io, db E
-10 -20 -30 -30
-20
-10
+10
+20
C/I, db 10-2008 (c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates
Relationship of Ec/Io and C/I in 1xEV-DO Systems

-30
Ec/Io, db C/I, db
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20 0
-0.04 -0.14 -0.17 -0.21 -0.27 -0.33 -0.41 0 41 -0.51 -0.64 -0.79 -0.97 1.19 -1.19 -1.46 -1.76 -2.12 -2.54 -3.01 -3.54 -4.12 -4.76 -5.46 -6.97 -8.64 8 64 -10.41 -12.27
20 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -6 -8 8 -10 -12
-5
10 -10
Ec c/Io, db
-15
-20
-25
-30
C/I, db
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1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward Bursting Animation - Proportional Fairness

NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) Access Point (AP) Access Point (AP) Access Point (AP) ( )
Access Point (AP)
Access Point (AP)
DO-RNC
Access Node (User Terminal)
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NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) Route Update NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) ( )
NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP)
DO-RNC
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NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ( )
These sectors are your ACTIVE SET. You may send DRC requests to any of them anytime. Maybe youll get some data in response!
ACTIVE Access Point (AP)
DO-RNC
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NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) Good Signal! NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ( )
PACKET PLEASE!
@ x speed DRC
DO-RNC
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FOR YOU!
NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) DRC
DO-RNC
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NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) Good Signal! g NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ( )
PACKET PLEASE!
@ y speed DRC
DO-RNC
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FOR YOU!
DO-RNC
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PACKET PLEASE!
@ z speed DRC
DO-RNC
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NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ACTIVE This isnt one of his better receiving moments I think Ill moments. I ll serve somebody better this time. Access Point (AP) ( )
DO-RNC
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Nothing did it forget me?
DO-RNC
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NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) DRC Good Signal! ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ( )
PACKET PLEASE!
ACTIVE Access Point (AP) @ x speed ACTIVE Access Point (AP)
DO-RNC
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NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) DRC ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ( )
FOR YOU!
DO-RNC
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PACKET PLEASE!
@ x speed DRC
DO-RNC
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NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ACTIVE
THIS IS FOR YOU!
Access Point (AP) ( )
G d Signal! Good Si l!
PACKET PLEASE!
@ x speed DRC
DO-RNC
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1xEV-DO Forward Link Details
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1xEV-DO Protective Coding

Forward Traffic Channel Packets or Control Channel Packets
bits symbols Encoding and Scrambling Interleaving
Discard 6-bit Encoder Tail Field Turbo Encoder with an Internallygenerated tail
Data Packet
Code Symbols
T Turbo b coding di i is th the default d f lt encoding method for 1xEV-DO on both forward and reverse link y The code rate is determined by: input bit rate effective turbo coder rate, including number of coder outputs t t and d symbol b l puncturing t i The data rate and number of slots used per packet determine the other o e forward o a d link variables a ab es as shown in the table at right
10-2008
Data Total Rate Slots Code (kbps) Used Rate 38.4 16 1/5 76.8 8 1/5 153.6 4 1/5 307.2 2 1/5 614.4 1 1/3 307.2 4 1/3 614.4 2 1/3 1,228.8 8 1/3 921.6 2 1/3 1,843.2 2 1/3 1,228.8 8 1/3 2,457.6 8 1/3
Bits per Packet 1,024 1,024 , 1,024 1,024 1,024 2,048 2,048 2,048 3,072 3,072 4,096 4,096
Bits/Pkt / - Tail Field 1,018 1,018 , 1,018 1,018 1,018 2,042 2,042 2,042 3,066 3,066 4,090 4,090
Symbols Sy per Packet 5,120 5,120 , 5,120 5,120 3,072 6,144 6,144 6,144 9,216 9,216 12,288 12,288
66
Data Scrambling in 1xEV-DO

Data Bits Turbo Encoding & Puncturing Data Scrambling Block Interleaving Symbols ready to Transmit
IS-95 and 1xRTT use data scrambling on the forward link the scrambling sequence is a decimated version of the long PN code d f from th the previous i f frame the purpose is to randomize the waveforms of multiple users so that the composite transmitted waveform has a low peak-toaverage ratio and effectively uses power amplifier capability a secondary purpose is to provide enhanced privacy 1xEV-DO uses data scrambling on both links to randomize the data and avoid unbalanced waveforms the scrambling sequence is generic, not unique per user security is already provided in a standard-defined layer the g generic scrambling g register g coefficients are specified p in the standard
One Slot on the Forward Traffic Channel

Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64
64 96 64 400 chips Slot 1024 chips

Channel I t l Interleaver QPSK/8PSK 16QAM Modulator Sequence Repetition, Signal Puncturing

16-ary Walsh Covers Walsh Channel Gain I Walsh Chip Level Q Summer
Data
(modulation symbols)
1/3 or 1/5 encoder d scrambler
Symbol DEMUX 1 to 16 Signal Point Mapping
To o Quadrature e Spreading and Modula ation
I Walsh Channe els
TDM Tim me Division Multiplexer M
I Sequence Repetition 0 Q
Preamble
32-symbol 32 symbol bi bi-Orthogonal Orthogonal MAC cover Signal Point Mapping Signal Point Mapping RPC Channel Gain DRC Lock Channel Gain Signal Point Mapping RA channel gain MAC Index Walsh Cover
MAC RPC bits A MAC channel DRC Lock symbols

Bit Repetition (xDRCLlen)
Q Walsh Channe els
MAC channel RA bits
I I Walsh Sequence Chip Level Repetition Summer Q (factor=4) Q Walsh Cover 0 Signal Point Mapping 0 I Q
Bit Repetition (xRAB len)
Walsh Cover W264
Pilot Channel (all 0s)

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68
1. Data SubPacket is Ready to Send

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channe els
Preamble

Q Walsh Channe els
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

69
2. Send Preamble to Notify Destination Mobile

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channe els
Preamble

Q Walsh Channe els
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

70
3. Send First 336 Data Symbols

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channe els
Preamble

Q Walsh Channe els
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

71
4. Send MAC Channel Part 1

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channe els
Preamble

Q Walsh Channe els
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

72
5. Send Pilot First Half Slot

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channe els
Preamble

Q Walsh Channe els
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

73
6. Send MAC Channel - Second Part

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channe els
Preamble

Q Walsh Channe els
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

74
7. Send Next 800 Data Symbols

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channe els
Preamble

Q Walsh Channe els
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

75
8. Send MAC Channel Third Part

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channe els
Preamble

Q Walsh Channe els
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

76
9. Send Pilot Second Half-Slot

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channe els
Preamble

Q Walsh Channe els
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

77
10. Send MAC Channel Fourth Part

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channe els
Preamble

Q Walsh Channe els
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

78
11. Send Last 400 Data Symbols

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channe els
Preamble

Q Walsh Channe els
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

79
One Slot on the Forward Traffic Channel

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channe els
Preamble

Q Walsh Channe els
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

80
AP
Forward MAC Contents
RA: Reverse Activity The AP must manage its reverse traffic loading to keep the noise l level l manageable bl Reverse noise is directly proportional to the speed at which mobiles transmit on the reverse link When noise is too high, high the AP can throttle back all the ATs DRC Lock This forward channel contains a stream of bits indicating whether the network currently will allow the mobile to transmit requests on the reverse DRC channel; timing and signal quality conditional parameters are also involved The DRC Lock bits and DRC Lock state is independent per sector A mobile should not transmit DRC requests to a sector sector. sending DRC Lock indication, but may transmit DRC requests to other sectors in its active set RPC: Reverse Power Control bits instruct the mobile to increase or decrease its transmit power by a programmable increment, in much the same way as in IS-2000. The rate is 600 bps.
Reverse MAC Channel Contents

The Reverse MAC channel contains two streams of information DRC Data Rate Control channel is used by the AT to request the data rate and desired sector Data rate is requested using 8-ary bi-orthogonal coding Desired sector is requested q using g 8-ary y Walsh cover Each DRC channel slot contains 1024 chips to facilitate reliable detection DRC messages start at the center of a slot to minimize the d l b delay between t C/I estimation ti ti and d th the start t t of f AP t transmission i i RRI Reverse Rate Indicator channel identifies up to 8 different desired reverse data transmission rates 8-ary 8 ary orthogonal code is used to indicate rates The RRI symbol is transmitted 32 times in each frame RRI symbols are inverted in the last half of the frame to make synchronization easier
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How the DRC Channel Operates

The AT estimates the forward channel C/I and identifies the feasible data rate and the requested sector to be used The AT sends this information to the AP on the DRC channel Only the requested sector will transmit packets to this AT The requested sector sends a data packet including preamble to the AT at the rate requested by the DRC in the immediately preceding slot After the packet transmission is initiated initiated, it must be continued until the payload has been fully transmitted
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Hybrid ARQ: Hybrid Repeat-Request Protocol
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The Hybrid ARQ Process

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
AP Access Point AT Access Terminal
Application layer Stream layer S Session i l layer Connection layer Security layer MAC layer Physical Ph i l layer HARQ protocol
CDMA2000 1xRTT
SYSTEM
Application layer LAC layer MAC layer Physical Ph i l layer RLP Radio Link Protocol MAC layer Physical Ph i l layer Application layer LAC layer RLP Radio Link Protocol
Application layer Stream layer S Session i l layer Connection layer Security layer MAC layer Physical Ph i l layer HARQ protocol
F-FCH R-FCH
F-TFC repeats R-ACK
In 1xRTT, 1 RTT retransmission protocols In 1 1xEV-DO, EV DO RLP f functions nctions are typically work at the link layer replicated at the physical layer Radio Link Protocol (RLP) HARQ Hybrid Repeat Request Protocol communicates using g fast p physical y layer y ACK bits signaling packets Chase Combining of multiple lost data packets arent repeats recognized and are unneeded repeats pre-empted discarded at the decoder by positive ACK This method is slow and wasteful! This method is fast and efficient!
The Hybrid ARQ Process

Each physical layer data packet is encoded into subpackets as long as the receiver does not send back an acknowledgment, the transmitter keeps sending more subpackets, up to the maximum of the current configuration The identity of the subpackets is known by the receiver, so it can combine the subpackets for better decoding each additional subpacket in essence contributes additional signal power to aid in the detection of its parent packet it its s hard to predict the exact power necessary for successful decoding in systems without HARQ the channel changes rapidly during transmission various estimation errors ( (noise, , bias, , etc.) ) exact needed SNR is stochastic, even on a static channel! In effect, HARQ sends progressively more energy until there is just enough and the packet is successfully decoded
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Construction of a Forward Link Packet

bits symbols Encoding Interleaving
Subpacket Subpacket Subpacket Subpacket Subpacket
Data Packet
Physical Layer Packets encoded, interleaved, broken into subpackets each subpacket is a unique coded representation of the packet Each subpacket is sent independently during one slot Subpackets are sent in sequential order with a three-slot gap between successive subpackets
Forward Channel
Packet Subpacket 0 other other other 0 other other other 0 other other other 0 other other other 1 0 pkts pkts pkts. 1 pkts. pkts. pkts. 2 pkts. pkts pkts 3 pkts pkts pkts 0
Traffic
One Slot
The receiver combines successive subpackets until it finally decodes the complete packet contents then sends an ACK ACK to cancel any remaining unneeded subpackets this Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) process gives incremental redundancy
Multislot Packet Timing, Normal Termination

AP
User A Packet 0 Subpacket 0 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 0 1 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 0 2 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 0 3 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 1 0
F-Traffic
AT
R-DRC
1/2 Slot offset
R-ACK
One Slot NAK NAK NAK
AK!
AT selects l t sector, t sends d request tf for d data t AP starts sending next packet, one subpacket at a time After each subpacket, AT either NAKs or AKs on ACK channel In this example, AP transmits all 4 scheduled subpackets of packet #0 before the AT is finally y able to decode correctly y and send AK then the AP can begin packet #1, first subpacket
(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates 88
10-2008
Multislot Packet Timing, Early Termination

AP
User A Packet 0 Subpacket 0 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 0 1 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 1 0 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 1 1 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 2 0
F-Traffic
AT
R-DRC
1/2 Slot offset
R-ACK
One Slot NAK
AK!
NAK
AK!
AT selects l t sector, t sends d request tf for d data t AP starts sending next packet, one subpacket at a time After each subpacket, AT either NAKs or AKs on ACK channel I this In thi example, l AT is able to successfully decode packet #0 after receiving only the first two subpackets AT sends ACK. ACK AP now continues with first subpacket of packet #1
(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates 89
10-2008
Multiple ARQ Instances

bits
symbols
Data Packets
Encoding Interand leaving Scrambling
Packet 0
Subpackets
F Forward d Channel
Packet p Subpacket
0 0
1. 0
2. 0
3. 0
0 1
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
0 2
1. 2
2. 2
3. 2
0 3
1. 3
2. 3
3. 3
Traffic
One Slot
Definition: Number of ARQ Instances the maximum number of packets that may be in transit simultaneously sometimes also called the number of ARQ channels This figure and the preceding page appear to show 4 ARQ instances Packets in the different ARQ instances may be for the same user (the most common situation) may be for different users (determined by QOS and scheduling) Destination mobile knows its packets by their preamble

bits
symbols
Data Packets
Packet 0
Subpackets
Packet 1
Subpackets
F Forward d Channel
Packet p Subpacket
0 0
1. 0
2. 0
3. 0
0 1
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
0 2
1. 2
2. 2
3. 2
0 3
1. 3
2. 3
3. 3
Traffic
One Slot

bits
symbols
Data Packets
Packet 0
Subpackets
Packet 1
Subpackets
Packet 2
Subpackets
F Forward d Channel
Packet p Subpacket
0 0
1. 0
2. 0
3. 0
0 1
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
0 2
1. 2
2. 2
3. 2
0 3
1. 3
2. 3
3. 3
Traffic
One Slot

bits
symbols
Data Packets
Packet 0
Subpackets
Packet 1
Subpackets
Packet 2
Subpackets
Packet 3
Subpackets
F Forward d Channel
Packet p Subpacket
0 0
1. 0
2. 0
3. 0
0 1
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
0 2
1. 2
2. 2
3. 2
0 3
1. 3
2. 3
3. 3
Traffic
One Slot
Reverse Power Control

600 bits per second
AP
Stronger than target SNR? SNR target
Reverse RF
RX RF Digital Open O Loop Closed Cl d Loop
TX RF Digital
Access Terminal 1xEV-DO reverse link power control is similar to IS-95/IS-2000 1xEV 1xEV-DO DO power control holds the mobile pilot to a constant S/N ratio at the Access Point The DRC, RRI, and ACK channels are also controlled The ideal ratio of reverse p pilot to other channels also depends p on the reverse data rate Power control bits are sent on the forward MAC channel one bit per slot (thats 600 per second), sent as four symbols -one in each of the MAC periods of that slot
Reverse Rate Control
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95
Rev. 0 Reverse Rate Control

The essence is immediate rate reduction by every sector user when commanded, then statistical throttling of rate increases when permissible Variables: V i bl M R t C MaxRate, CurrentRate, tR t C CombinedBusyBit bi dB Bit, and d CurrentRateLimit C tR t Li it. CurrentRateLimit is set initially to 9.6kbps. After the AT receives a BroadcastReverseRateLimit message or a UnicastReverseRateLimit message it updates the CurrentRateLimit value as follows: If RateLimit in the message is < <= C CurrentRateLimit, rrentRateLimit AT immediatel immediately sets C CurrentRateLimit rrentRateLimit =RateLimit given in the message. If RateLimit in the message is > CurrentRateLimit, the AT waits one frame (16 slots) before setting CurrentRateLimit = RateLimit value in the message. If the last received reverse activity bit is set to 1 1 from any sector in the ATs AT s active set, the AT sets CombinedBusyBit to 1. Otherwise, the AT sets CombinedBusyBit to 0. CurrentRate is set to rate at the AT was transmitting just prior to new transmission time. If the AT was not transmitting data just prior, the AT sets CurrentRate to 0. The AT sets MaxRate based on current transmission rate, CombinedBusyBit, and a random number b uniformly if l di distributed t ib t d x, 0 < x < 1 1, using i th the procedure d specified ifi d i in 15 15.5. 5 The AT evaluates the expression shown in the table, using the values of CurrentRate, CombinedBusyBit, and Condition. If the Condition is true, the AT sets MaxRate to the MaxRateTrue value for the corresponding row in the Table. Table Otherwise, the AT sets MaxRate to the MaxRateFalse value for the corresponding row in the Table 10-2008 (c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates 96
Rev. A Reverse Rate Control

Rev. A Reverse Rate Control is based on a Token Bucket Algorithm. A user is granted tokens at a system-determined level based on QOS factors, reverse link loading, and traffic traffic-to-pilot to pilot (T2P) considerations. When the Reverse Activity Bit is 0, operation is unrestricted and users accumulate tokens allowing rapid uplink speeds. When the Reverse Activity Bit is 1, token assignment is substantially reduced and uplink rates rapidly decline.
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Available Link Rates in 1xEV-DO Rev. A

FORWARD LINK
DRC Index Slots 0x0 n/a 0x1 16 0 2 0x2 8 0x3 4 0x4 2 0x5 4 0x6 1 0x7 2 0x8 2 0x9 1 0xa 2 0xb 1 0xc 1 0xd 2 0xe 1 Modu- Preamble Payload Raw C/I lation Chips Bits kb/s db QPSK n/a 0 null rate n/a QPSK 1024 1024 38.4 -11.5 QPSK 512 1024 76 8 76.8 -9.2 92 QPSK 256 1024 153.6 -6.5 QPSK 128 1024 307.2 -3.5 QPSK 128 2048 307.2 -3.5 QPSK 64 1024 614.4 -0.6 QPSK 64 2048 614.4 -0.5 QPSK 64 3072 921.6 +2.2 2.2 QPSK 64 2048 1,228.8 +3.9 16QAM 64 4096 1,228.8 +4.0 8PSK 64 3072 1,843.2 +8.0 16QAM 64 4096 2,457.6 +10.3 16QAM 64 5120 1,536.0 +8.3 16QAM 64 5120 3,072.0 +11.3
REVERSE LINK
Payload Modu-Effective Rate kbps after: Code Rate (repetition) after Bits lation 4 slots 8 slots 12 slots16 slots 4 slots 8 slots 12 slots16 slots 128 B4 19.2 9.6 6.4 4.8 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 256 B4 38 19.2 12.8 9.6 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 512 B4 76 38.4 38 4 25.6 25 6 19.2 19 2 1/4 1/5 1/5 1/5 768 B4 115 57.6 38.4 28.8 3/8 1/5 1/5 1/5 1024 B4 153 76.8 51.2 38.4 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5 1536 Q4 230 115 76.8 57.6 3/8 1/5 1/5 1/5 2048 Q4 307 153 102.4 76.8 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5 3072 Q2 461 230 153.6 115.2 3/8 1/5 1/5 1/5 4096 Q2 614 307 204.8 153.6 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5 6144 Q4Q2 921 461 307 230.4 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5 8192 Q4Q2 1228 614 409 307.2 2/3 1/3 2/9 1/5 12288 E4E2 1843 921 614 460.8 2/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
The 1xEV-DO Rev. A reverse link has seven available modes offering ff i higher hi h speeds d than th available il bl i in R Rev. 0 Modulation formats are hybrids defined in the standard The 1xEV-DO Rev. A forward has two available modes offering hi h speeds higher d th than available il bl i in R Rev. 0 0.
Forward Link Enhancements in 1xEV-DO Rev. A

Forward Link Enhancements Peak rates increased from 2.4 Mbps to 3.1 Mbps Multi-user Multi user packet support Small payload sizes (128, 256, 512 bits) improve frame fill efficiency The DRC channel functions are broken out into two channels DRC retains rate control indication new Data Source Control (DSC) Channel shows desired serving cell Minimizes interruptions due to server switching on FL
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Reverse Link Enhancements in 1xEV-DO Rev. A

Reverse Link Enhancements Higher data rates and finer quantization Data rates from 4 4.8 8 kbps to 1.8 1 8 Mbps with 48 payload sizes 4 slots/sub-packets regardless of payload size (6.66 ms) Modulation: Low rates: 1 walsh channel, BPSK modulation Medium rates: 1 walsh channel, QPSK modulation High Rates: 2 walsh channels, QPSK modulation Highest Rate: 2 walsh channels, 8PSK modulation Hybrid ARQ using fast re-transmission (re-tx) and early termination Flexible rate allocation: each AT has autonomous and scheduled mode Efficient VOIP support 3-channel synchronous stop-and-wait protocol The mobile can use higher power and finish earlier when transmitting packets of applications requiring minimum latency
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Basic Access Terminal Architecture and Operation
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How Does an Access Terminal Work?

summ ming
Chips
co ontrol
Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx Receiver RF Section IF, Detector AGC RF Duplexer RF Open L Loop Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx Pilot Searcher PN xxx Walsh 0
bits
Digital Di it l Rake Receiver Symbols Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx
time-aligned t d
Symbols
Viterbi Decoder, Decoder Convl. Decoder, Demultiplexer
power
Packets
UART Conv or C Turbo Coder
Messages
CPU
Transmit Gain Adjust Messages Transmitter Digital Section Long Code Gen.
Transmitter RF Section
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1xEV-DO Forward Link: AT Rake Receivers

ONE sector at a time!!
Access Terminal
Rake Receiver PN Walsh PN RF PN PN Walsh Walsh Walsh Pilot Ec/Io
user data
AP AP
Searcher PN W=0
Burst by burst, the Access Terminal asks for transmission from whichever Active sector it hears best, at the max speed it can successfully use Using latest multipath data from its pilot searcher, the Access Terminal uses the combined outputs p of the four traffic correlators ( (rake fingers) g ) Each rake finger can be set to match any multipath component of the signal The terminal may be a dual-mode device also capable of 1xRTT voice/data fingers could even be targeted on different AP, but in 1xEV-DO mode only a single AP transmits to us us, never more than one at a time time, so this capability isnt needed or helpful in 1xEV-DO mode
1xEV-DO Reverse Link: Soft Handoff

All Active Set sectors can listen to the AT
Access Terminal
user data
AP
DO-RNC chooses cleanest packet
AP
Searcher PN W=0
The AT uses the Route Update protocol to frequently update its preferences of which sectors it wants in its active set Frame-by-frame, all the sectors in the Active Set listen for the ATs signal i l Each sector collects what it heard from the AT, and sends it back to the DO-RNC. The DO-RNC uses the cleanest (lowest number of errors) packet
1xEV-DO Route Update Mechanics

Access Terminal
DO-RNC
S l Sel.
AP AP
Rake Receiver PN Walsh
? ?
PN RF PN PN
Walsh Walsh Walsh
user ser data
Searcher PN W=0
Pilot Ec/Io
1xEV-DO Route Update is driven by the Access Terminal Access Terminal continuously checks available pilots Access Terminal tells system pilots it currently sees System puts those sectors in the active set, tells Access Terminal Access terminal requests data bursts from the sector it likes best tells which sector and what burst speed using the DRC channel so there is no Soft Handoff on the forward link, just fast choices All sectors in Active Set try to hear AT, forward packets to the DO-RNC so the reverse link does benefit from CDMA soft handoff
Route Update Pilot Management Rules

PILOT SETS The Access Terminal considers pilots in sets Active: sectors who listen and can transmit Active 6 Candidates: sectors AT requested, but not Candidate 6 yet approved by system to be active Neighbors: pilots told to AT by system, as Neighbor 20 nearby sectors to check Remaining Remaining: any pilots used by system but not already in the other sets (div. by PILOT_INC) Access Terminal sends a Route Update HANDOFF Message to the system whenever: PARAMETERS It transmits on the Access Channel PilotAdd PilotDrop In idle state, it notices the serving sector is Pilot PilotDrop Compare Timer far from the sector where last updated Dynamic Thresholds? In connected state, whenever it notices the Softslope Handoff Parameters suggest a change
AddIntercept DropIntercept NeighborMaxAge
AT m must supp port
Format of Traffic Channel Assignment Message

The Traffic Channel Assignment Message assigns all or some of the sectors the access terminal requested in its most recent Route Update request The message lists every Active pilot; if it doesnt list it, its it s not approved as active Notice the MAC index and DRC Cover so the access terminal knows how to request forward link bursts on the data rate control channel
Neighbor Structure Maintained by the AT
Pilot PN Channel SrchWinSize SrchWinOffset
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1xEV-DO Network Architecture Simple IP and Mobile IP
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CDMA Network for Circuit-Switched Voice Calls
(C)BSC/Access Manager Switch
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
The first commercial IS IS-95 95 CDMA systems provided only circuit circuitswitched voice calls
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CDMA 1xRTT Voice and Data Network

PDSN Foreign Agent Backbone Network
Authentication Authorization Accounting
Internet VPNs
PDSN Home Agent
AAA
Switch
(C)BSC/Access Manager
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
CDMA2000 1xRTT networks added two new capabilities: p channel elements able to generate and carry independent streams of symbols on the I and Q channels of the QPSK RF signal this roughly doubles capacity compared to IS-95 a separate IP network implementing packet connections from the mobile through to the outside internet including Packet Data Serving Nodes (PDSNs) and a dedicated direct data connection (the Packet Packet-Radio Radio Interface) to the heart of the BSC The overall connection speed was still limited by the 1xRTT air interface
1xEV-DO Overlaid On Existing 1xRTT Network

Internet VPNs
PDSN Home Agent
DO Radio Network C t ll Controller

DO-OMC
AAA
Switch
CE
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
1xEV-DO requires q faster resource management g than 1x BSCs can g give this is provided by the new Data Only Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC) A new controller and packet controller software are needed in the BTS to manage the radio resources for EV sessions in some cases dedicated channel elements and even dedicated backhaul is used for the EV-DO traffic The new DO-OMC administers the DO-RNC and BTS PCF addition Existing PDSNs and backbone network are used with minor upgrading The following sections show Lucent, Motorola, and Nortels specific solutions
Simple IP Network Architecture

Simple IP
IP Based
transport to data networks Dynamic/static connection from local PDSN No mobility beyond serving PDSN
FAST IP PACKET TRAFFIC Internet VPNs T

AAA
PDSN
R-P Interface
BTS
rf
Fast! CE
Wireless Mobile Device
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC
POINT-TO-POINT PACKETS
In a Simple IP network, the mobile is able to connect to the external packet networks directly through the PDSN attached to the local BSC The IP address for the internet connection is assigned g by y the local PDSN from the pool of addresses available to it If the mobile moves into a different network, the data session ends The mobile can establish an entirely new connection through the new network, t k if desired d i d
Mobile IP in a Multi-Market Network

Internet
Regional Data Center
Private IP Networks
Home Agent
Home Agent
AAA Server
Operator's Private Network

Nortel System
IP Data
Lucent System
IP Data
Motorola System
IP Data
PCF
PDSN FA Switch
RP Interface BSC
PDSN FA
RP
Access Mgr. Switch
PDSN/FA Switch
RP
CBSC
Voice
Voice
Voice
PSTN
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PSTN
PSTN
113
Mobile IP
Subscribers IP routing service is provided by a public IP network Mobile station is assigned a static IP address belonging to its Home Agent Mobile can maintain the static IP address even for handoff between radio networks connected to separate PDSNs! Mobile IP capabilities will be especially important for mobiles on system boundaries Without With t M Mobile bil IP roaming i capability, data service for borderarea mobiles will be erratic
MOBILE IP
IMPLICATIONS Handoffs possible between PDSNs Mobile can roam in the public IP network Mobile termination is possible while Mobile is in dormant or active mode
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How the PDSN HA and FA Forward Your Packets

Mobile IP is a packetforwarding arrangement that allows the mobile user to send and receive packets just as if they were physically present Foreign Home at their home agent Agent Agent location.
Encapsulation
Just like Home!
158766 158767 158768 158769 158770 158771 158772
158774 158775 158776
158782 158783 158784 158785
158790 158791 158792 158793 158794 158795 158796 158797
158778 158779 158780 158781
158786 158787 158788 158789
Fed dEx
Secure Tunneling g
Forward and Reverse
Fed dEx
158773
Mobile User
This box is the mobile user's Postal address
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1xEV-DO Network Architecture
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CDMA Network for Circuit-Switched Voice Calls
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
The first commercial IS IS-95 95 CDMA systems provided only circuit circuitswitched voice calls
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CDMA 1xRTT Voice and Data Network

Internet VPNs
PDSN Home Agent
AAA
Switch
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
CDMA2000 1xRTT networks added two new capabilities: p channel elements able to generate and carry independent streams of symbols on the I and Q channels of the QPSK RF signal this roughly doubles capacity compared to IS-95 a separate IP network implementing packet connections from the mobile through to the outside internet including Packet Data Serving Nodes (PDSNs) and a dedicated direct data connection (the Packet Packet-Radio Radio Interface) to the heart of the BSC The overall connection speed was still limited by the 1xRTT air interface
1xEV-DO Overlaid On Existing 1xRTT Network

Internet VPNs
PDSN Home Agent
DO Radio Network C t ll Controller

DO-OMC
AAA
Switch
CE
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
1xEV-DO requires q faster resource management g than 1x BSCs can g give this is provided by the new Data Only Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC) A new controller and packet controller software are needed in the BTS to manage the radio resources for EV sessions in some cases dedicated channel elements and even dedicated backhaul is used for the EV-DO traffic The new DO-OMC administers the DO-RNC and BTS PCF addition Existing PDSNs and backbone network are used with minor upgrading The following sections show Lucent, Motorola, and Nortels specific solutions
Lucent 1xEV-DO Architecture
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Lucent 1xEV-DO Radio Access Network (RAN)

OMP FX Element Management System AP
T-1/E-1 Ethernet RF
AAA Server Downlink Input Router
Router
AP
Uplink Input Router
Flexent Mobility Server
AP
RF User ATs (Access Terminals)

AP
Uplink Input Router
Downlink Input Router
Packet Data g Serving Node (PDSN)
Internet
A Lucent 1xEV-DO Radio Access Network (RAN) includes 1xEV-DO base stations and the 1xEV-DO 1 EV DO Flexent Fl t Mobility M bilit Server S (FMS). (FMS) The 1xEV-DO equipment may be collocated with IS-95 and/or 1xRTT equipment, creating 1xEV-DO/IS-95 and 1xEVDO/3G-1X combination base stations stations.
Details of Lucent RAN Elements

OMP FX Element Management System AP
T-1/E-1 Ethernet RF
AAA Server Downlink Input Router
Router
AP
Uplink Input Router
AP
RF User ATs (Access Terminals)

AP
Uplink Input Router
Downlink Input Router
Packet Data g Serving Node (PDSN)
Internet
The PDSN maintains the link layer to the AT it terminates the PPP link protocol with mobile it serves as the Foreign g Agent g for Mobile IP functionality y The AAA server does authentication, authorization, and accounting it authenticates terminal equipment users when they establish connections it stores and for forwards ards billing information of c customers stomers data usage sage
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1xEV-DO in Lucent Flexent Mod Cell Cabinets

Lucent Mod Cell cabinets can support up to three IS IS-95 95 or 1xRTT carriers on three sectors 1xEV-DO CDMA Digital Modules (CDM) can be mixed with conventional CDMs in the same cabinet the th same RF hardware h d (filters, amplifiers, other RF components) can be used for IS-95, , 1xRTT, , and 1xEV-DO
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Lucent CDMA Digital Module (CDM) Configurations

At upper left is a CDM for conventional IS-95 / 1xRTT service. It includes CRC CDMA Radio controller up to 6 CCU CDMA Channel Units PCU power converter module CBR CDMA Baseband Radio At lower left is a CDM for 1xEV-DO it must be occupy py the leftmost slot all CCU packs are removed and replaced by a single 1xEV-DO modem (EVM) occupying 2 slots the CRC must be 44WW13D or later
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1xEV-DO in Lucent Mod Cell 4.0 Cabinets

The Mod Cell 4 cabinet comes in many variations Instead of per-carrier dedicated CDMs, resources are pooled URCs (Universal Radio Controllers) are used to steer data f each for h carrier i to t EVMs EVM for f EVDO or CMUs for IS-95/1xRTT. in a mixed-mode system, a URC is required for EVDO and a URC for IS-95/1xRTT The modulated signal from a 4.0 EVM or CMU is upconverted to the RF carrier frequency by the UCR each UCR (Universal CDMA Radio) ) can handle up p to three carriers
125
FMS
Universal Radio Controller (URC)
Digital Shelf Evolution Carr1 Flow Modem

(4.0 EVM) Carr 2 3 2, CDMA Modem M d Unit (CMU) Universal Antenna CDMA Radio (UCR)
ECP
Universal Radio Controller (URC)
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Lucent 1xEV-DO Flexent Mobility Server (FMS)

The Flexent Mobility Server is the heart of the Radio Access Network It provides four processors running the 1xEV-DO Application Processor (DO-AP), which provides the Packet Controller Function (PCF) The PCF provides air link and radio resource management to implement 1 EV DO user sessions, 1xEV-DO i including i l di the dormant state and other DOspecific features
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Motorola 1xEV-DO Architecture
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Motorola 1xEV-DO System Architecture

MSC MM/SDU
VPU
OMC-IP
OMC-DO BSC-DO AN-DO
AAA AN-AAA PDSNs
OMC-R
Elements Existing IS-95 New 1xEV-DO Shared IS-95/DO
1x-AN 1x-BTS MCC-DO
Packet Core Network
HAs
Connections IS-95/1x 1xEV-DO Shared 1x/DO
New 1xEV-DO carrier appears as a standard carrier addition to existing i ti network t k elements l t new MCC-DO cards and OMC-R database revisions needed AAA and PDSN need software upgrades
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New Motorola 1xEV-DO Network Elements

MSC MM/SDU
VPU
OMC-IP
OMC-DO BSC-DO AN-DO
AAA AN-AAA PDSNs
OMC-R
Elements Existing IS-95 New 1xEV-DO Shared IS-95/DO
1x-AN 1x-BTS MCC-DO
Packet Core Network
HAs
Connections IS-95/1x 1xEV-DO Shared 1x/DO
MCC-DO (Multi-Channel Controller - Data Only) AN-DO (Access Node - Data only) CR ( (Consolidation Router) ) Similar in function to the 1x-AN MGX LSW (Layer 3 Switch) Similar in function to the 1x-AN CATs BSC-DO (Base Station Controller-Data Only) Mobility functions like 1x MM - Packet Control & Selection like SDU OMC-DO (Operations & Maintenance Center - Data Only) LMT (Local Maintenance Terminal)
Motorola 1xEV-DO Block Diagram and Network Upgrade Summary

BTS
1x BBX RF Front End 1x Modems DO BBX
BSC-DO
MCC-DO MCC DO AN-DO
IS-2000 S 000 1xEV-DO O Tool LMF LMT BTS frame & CCP shelf LPA BBX-1X BTS MCC-1X MCC-DO GLI (Traffic) GLI (Control) AN (MGX8800) CR AN AN (Catalyst 6509) LSW BSC CBSC BSC-DO OMC-R O&M OMC-DO UNO U O PDSN (Note 1) IP Network Telephone Network MSC/HLR Not Required Data Network Not Required AAA
BTS
CR
LSW
PDSN
T1 or E1
MCCDO
OMC-DO
AN-AAA
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Motorola MCC-DO Functions

BTS
BSC-DO
MCC-DO MCC DO
AN-DO
BTS
CR
LSW
PDSN
T1 or E1
MCC-DO
OMC-DO
AN-AAA
1xEV-DO Modem 1 carrier, , 3 sectors per p MCC-DO card Supports 59 channels per sector Span Interface Up to 3 Active Span lines per MCC-DO Most operators will generally deploy with 2 spans per BTS BTS provides control: SCAP messaging Redundant BBX Selection Enhanced BBX interface
MCC- DO
Motorola 1xEV-DO AN-DO Elements

BTS
MCC-DO
BSCDO
AN DO AN-DO
BTS
1x BBX RF Front En nd 1x Modems d DO BBX
CR
LSW
PDSN
T1 or E1
MCC-DO
OMC-DO
AN-AAA
CR
LSW
Consolidation Router (CR) Performs span aggregation for DO access points Similar to 1x MGX 1 2 CR frames per BSC-DO BSC DO Layer 3 Switch (LSW) Performs IP transport across DO Core Network Similar to 1x CAT Two CAT4006 Cages per frame 1 LSW frame will serve all 1xEV-DO frames in a typical MTSO
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BTS
Motorola BSC-DO Functions

BSC-DO
MCC-DO
AN-DO
BTS
1x BBX RF Front E End 1 M 1x Modems d DO BBX
CR
LSW
PDSN
T1 or E1
MCC-DO
OMC-DO
AN-AAA
BSC Functionality: RF-scheduling, channel, connection, mobility management, security Access Network Control Radio Resource Management Connection Control Access control / Collision control Handoff control Packet Control and Session Control Transmission of packet data between MCC MCC-DO DO and PDSN Packet Data Control PDSN selection Provides Authentication information to AAA Management of Data Session Support up to 80 MCC-DO cards per a BSC-DO 1 OMC-DO per each BSC-DO
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Motorola 1xEV-DO Network Elements: OMC-DO

BTS
MCC-DO
AN-DO N O
CR
BTS
1x BBX RF Front E End 1x Modems DO BBX
T1 or E1
MCC-DO
OMC-DO provides GUI based O&M functions Status Management PDSN LSW Fault Management Configuration Management Software Management AN-AAA OMC-DO System Parameter M Management t DO network element manager Performance Monitoring Manages BSC-DO and MCC CDL collection DO Ethernet interface to BSC Diagnostic & System Test DO Logging Supports network management g applications Health Check
(fault, alarm, performance, configuration)
BSC-DO
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Nortel 1xEV-DO Architecture
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A Typical Nortel CDMA2000 System

Providing 1xRTT Voice, Data, and 1xEV-DO
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Providing Only 1xRTT Voice, Data
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Providing 1xEV-DO Only
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Nortel Multiple Backhaul and Configuration Possibilities
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Nortel Univity Indoor Metrocell

Univity Metro Cell can support: up to six CDMA 1.25 MHz carrier frequencies up to three sectors sectors. High Power Amplifiers and Low Noise Amplifiers are housed in an external unit the Multi-Carrier Flexible Radio Module (MFRM) MFRM may y be mast mounted to improve AP RF link budget
Univity CDMA Metro Cell Indoor Base Transceiver System (AP)
Nortel DOM: Data-Only Module

The Data Only Module (DOM) adds 1xEV-DO capability to a MetroCell AP CEM shelf transmits/receives baseband data to/from the digital control group (DCG) in the CORE module CORE switches baseband to proper carrier on the MFRM for transmission the DOM p performs all encoding/decoding g g of IP packets for transport on data-only network to the Data-Only Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC) One O DOM supports t up to t a three-sector, th t one-carrier MetroCell AP Additional DOMs support additional carriers
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Nortels DO-RNC The Data-Only Radio Network Controller

DO-RNC is the heart of a 1xEV-DO network, located at the central office (CO) with the BSC and/or BSS Manager (BSSM) DO-RNC is a stand-alone node supporting 1xEV-DO. It manages: DOMs at multiple p APs ( (even on different band classes) over IP-based backhaul network access terminal state, both idle and connected handoffs of ATs between cells and carrier frequencies (reverse); sector selection (fwd). Nortel DO-RNC connections from airlink to PDSN over Data-Only ata O y standard A10-A11 A10 A11 interfaces Radio Network Controller connects to MetroCell AP via dedicated IP backhaul network DO-RNC is the peer of the access terminal for most over-the-air over the air signaling protocols protocols, including session and connection layers
Nortel DO-RNC Functionality

DO-RNC functions similar to CDMA-2000 BSC and packet control unit: handoff p processing g (reverse ( only), y), sector selection (forward ( only) y) selection of reverse link traffic frames data session connected/dormant transition management termination of the A10/A11 RP interface to the PDSN application, stream, session and connection layer management radio link protocol (RLP) connection control of access terminals resource management, t mobility bilit management t packet control function (PCF) data flow control DO-RNC switch-like functions service negotiation paging and access channel message termination forwards MAC-layer y p packets to the best-serving g DOM data-environment-specific performance logging
The Nortel DO-EMS (Data-Only Element Management System)

The DO-EMS consists of Hardware (the server) and Software (the client) The DO-EMS DO EMS Provides Operation, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning (OAM&P) for the 1xEV-DO radio access network (RAN) The existing BSS Manager (BSSM) continues management g of the 1xEV-DO DOM module in a MetroCell AP The DO-EMS is a stand-alone platform providing OAM&P functionality within the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO network only. y Its functions include: collecting, reporting, and managing DO-RNC and DOM alarms collecting and storing OMs from DO-RNC and DOM administering 1xEV-DO carrier/sector neighbor lists, including limited diagnostic capabilities (reciprocal neighbor analysis, etc) The DO DO-EMS, EMS DO DO-RNC RNC and DOM provide overload controls for management of OAM&P messaging traffic during system events
The Nortel DO-EMS Server and Client

The DO-EMS server is a Sun Netra20 normally located in the central office with the BSC/DO-RNC Software modules on the server perform: auto-discovery configuration management security management fault management performance management DO-EMS Client / Management Terminal since the Netra20 is a headless server, a terminal is required for monitor, keyboard and mouse functionality The e te terminal a co connects ects to t the e DO-EMS O S to perform all required OAM&P functions for the 1xEV-DO network The management terminal is a Sun Blade150 alternatively, customers may use a PC running an X-Windows application
The Nortel DO-EMS Client

The DO-EMS client is webbased runs in i standard t d d web b browsers offers network administrators a familiar, familiar easy-to-use interface provides robust configuration fault and configuration, performance management tools
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Nortels Univity CDMA PDSN

PDSN The Univity y CDMA PDSN p provides CDMA radio network p packet data access to the Public Data Network (PDN) and is integrated on the Shasta BSN 5000 chassis. With the addition of the AT IP access model, a Foreign Agent (FA) and Home Agent (HA) are required. The FA is always integrated onto the Shasta BSN with the Univity PDSN resulting in the PDSN/FA. Component Breakdown The Shasta BSN is comprised of several components including the Subscriber Service Gateway (SSG), the IP Services Operating System (iSOS) and d the h Service S i Creation C i System S (SCS) as defined d fi d below: b l SSG - is the hardware platform (Shasta 5000 chassis) iSOS - offers high-touch services scalability and extensibility SCS - is a graphical management and provisioning tool allowing the service provider to quickly and efficiently provision thousands of subscriber profiles through its GUI. It provides scalable centralized management for PDSNs covering a large range of geographical locations.
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Nortel Shasta BSN Hardware Description

Hardware Description The Shasta BSN chassis consists of a card cage with 14 slots for cards, a fan tray for cooling; power entry and distribution and the backplane. The chassis mounts in a standard 19 19 rack and requires a -48VDC 48VDC power source. The fan tray and all cards are all hot-swappable. All Shasta BSN components are new in the CDMA network and are required specifically for the CDMA 3G architecture. The required components are as follows: Line Card (LC) Subscriber Service Module (SSM II) Subscriber Service Card (SSC) ( ) Control and Management Card (CMC) Switch Fabric Card (SFC) Shasta Chassis (BSN) Service Creation System (SCS) Server and Client Shasta BSN Software Cabinet C bi t
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Nortels Passport 8600 Routing Switch

Passport 8600 Routing Switch delivers high-density Layer 2 and Layer 3 wirespeed switching and routing over copper and fiber media media. switching architecture capable of delivering 128 Gbps of capacity, scaling to 256 Gbps in the future. Suppo Supported ted interfaces te aces include c ude 10/100/1000BaseT 0/ 00/ 000 ase autosensing and ATM Supports up to 384 10/100 TX Ports Supports up to 192 100 FX Ports Supports up to 64 1000 SX Ports STM1/OC3 (up to 32 Ports) Redundant power supplies and hot-swappable modules are also part of the product platform. Both 6 and 10 Slot Chassis are available available. The price in Appendix A, B is applicable to 6 slot Chassis. Core switching and processing g switch fabric/CPU moduleHighg Routing performance Layer 2 and Layer 3 traffic switching. One per chassis; two if redundancy is desired
Nortel Passport 8600 Connectivity

Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet 48-port auto-sensing 10Base-T/100Base-TX Ethernet Routing Switch module (RJ-45) Passport Routing Switch Module 8632TX 32-port mixed-media module for 10Base-T/100Base-TX switching and routing two slots for Gigabit Interface Converters (GBICs), high port density 24-port 100Base-FX Fast Ethernet Routing Switch module (MT-RJ) long runs 2km multimode 16-port 1000Base-SX Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module (MT-RJ) Up to 128 Gigabit Ethernet ports per 10-slot chassis 8-port 1000Base-T Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module (RJ-45) over cat. 5 copper to 100m 8-port 1000Base-SX Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module (SC) -for multimode fiber 8-port Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module plug-in GBICs with SC connectors can mix and match interface types on a single module using multi-mode or single-mode fiber. GBICs available in short distance (SX), long distance (LX) and extended distance (XD and ZX) One One- and two-port two port auto sensing 10 10-Gigabit Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch modules, full fullfeatured LAN/WAN connectivity with full functionality and intelligence of the Passport 8600 ATM/SONET/SDH 2-slot MDA BaseboardSupports up to eight OC-3/STM1 for ATM interface applications such as permanent virtual circuit VLAN bridging and routing, maintaining QoS prioritization.
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Nortel CDMA Univity Base Station Controller EBSC

PP15K Breaker Interface Panel PP15K Fiber Tray
GPSTM
Cable Trough
GPSTM
Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing Chassis
Cable Trough
The Univity CDMA Base Station Controller CBRS is a scalable and cost reduced IP enabled Base Station Controller Eliminates the need for separate BIU and CIS cabinets in the BSC for 1xEV-DO nonMTX systems Key K F Features: t Scalable from very low to very high capacity through module additions Multiple frames deployed for configuration flexibility
7
24pBCNW Functional Processor (NTPB11AA) 11pMSW Functional Processor (NTPB10AA)
Cable Trough
CP3 - Control Processor (NTHR06CA) Optional - 2nd Enhanced BSC Frame Connectivity
8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
Cable Trough
Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing Chassis (NTPB13AA) GPSTM - Global Positioning Satellite Timing Module (NTPB15AA)
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Nortel CDMA Univity Base Station Controller EBSC

The Univity CDMA BSC CBRS is built on the Passport 15K and includes two new Functional Processors (FPs), the 11pMSW FP and the 24pBCNW FP , along with a Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing Chassis The 11pMSW FP contains 3 OC-3/STM-1 ports. One (1) OC-3/STM-1 port is channelized and contains T1/E1/T3/E3 channels to carry AP or ISSHO traffic. The unchannelized p ports can be configured g as OC-3c to support interfaces to the DISCO or BSS Manager. In these instances they can be configured as OC-3c in North America or STM1 for international installations. The 11pMSW FP provides 8 T1s for connectivity to the LPP. The 24pBCNW FP contains 24 LVDS ports for connectivity to the SBS shelves. The Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing Chassis manages connectivity between the new 24pBCNW FP to current SBS shelves GPSTM to the 24WpBCNW FP T1s/E1s on the 11pMSW FP to the LPP The Univity CDMA BSC CBRS can be added to current BSCs allowing for expanding port and Erlang capacity
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Pre-EBSC Hardware Required for Nortel 1xEV-DO Non-MTX Systems
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Nortels BSS Manager (BSSM) within the Univity EBSC

The BSS Manager consists of quad Ultra Enterprise 450 Servers UltraSPARC IV p processor cards High Speed Serial Interface card interconnects to the BSC 31 Gigabytes of mirrored disk space Ethernet and LAN access. The BSS Manager is a highly reliable platform, provisioned with an Active and a Standby unit. Constant heartbeat and monitoring are performed between the Active and Standby y systems. y System initiated (automatic) SWACT (Switch of activity) occurs from Active to Standby when the active unit experiences critical hardware/software fault. User or operator SWACT is also supported supported. Redundant Ethernet links are provisioned between the two BSS Manager servers redundant links are also provisioned from BSS Manager to CIS (a communication component within the Univity BSC)
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Nortel BSSM: CDMA Base Station Subsystem Manager

The CDMA BSS Manager provides the Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OA&M) interface for the Univity BSC and Univity AP. Within the context of TMNs (Telecommunication Management ( g Network) ) functional layer y approach, pp , the BSS Manager g is the Element Manager and is the operators primary interface into Nortel Networks' CDMA RF network. The BSS Manager platform comprises the operating environment, hardware, and application interfaces, supporting four areas of the FCAPS model (Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, and Security). Fault management primarily deals with the alarms of the CDMA network. Alarms are generated b the subsystem by s bs stem when hen there is a failure fail re of the hardware/service hard are/ser ice or when hen there is a degradation of the hardware/service due to certain external environmental factors. The BSS Managers primary responsibility is to log, report, and manage the alarm events from its managed subsystems. Configuration management controls the way in which the system provides service. It allows specification of configuration information, collects data from and provides data to the various network elements and the connections between those elements. Configuration g management is primarily responsible for supporting network planning, installing, interconnecting, and establishing NE equipment, connections, and services. Performance management ensures that performance data is sent at regular intervals to the BSS Manager. Within the BSS Manager, two types of data are logged: Performance data, also referred to as Operational p Measurements ( (OM) ) statistical information about subsystem components Diagnostic Data - debugging information on messages among subsystems for troubleshooting Security management deals with security breaches (improper use) of network resources. Security management consists of software applications used to configure, control, create or delete the resources p providing g the services. Security y Management g also includes administration of security procedures and functions.
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EV-DO-Specific Nortel Documentation

1xEV-DO Release 2.0
Relevance
1
Document Number
411-2133-012
Revision
1.11
1 1
411 2133 109 411-2133-109 411-2133-126
1 09 1.09 1.1
1 1 1 1
411-2133-529 411-2133-532 411-2133-822 411-2133-917
1.14 1.08 1.02 1.1
1 1 1
411-2133-924 411-2133-925 411-2133-926
1.1 1.13 1.08
1 1 1
411-2133-927 411-2133-929 411-2133-932
1.12 1.08 1.1
Document Title CDMA2000 1xEV-DO System Overview Guide CDMA2000 1xEV-DO NBSS Delta MOs, Logs, OMs and Alarms Reference Manual CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Element Management Subsystem (EMS) Recovery and Upgrade Guide CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Element Management Subsystem (DO-EMS) Administrator's Guide 1xEV-DO D O-RNC Administration Guide CDMA2000 1 1xEV-DO EV DO Configuration C fi ti Parameters P t Reference R f Guide 1xEV-DO Data Only Module (DOM) User Guide CDMA2000 1xEV-DO OMs and Performance Measurement Reference Guide CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Command Line Interface (CLI) R f Reference G Guide id CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Logging Message Reference Guide CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Element Management Subsystem (DO-EMS) User Guide 1xEV-DO Script Tool User Guide 1xEV-DO Deployment Guide CDMA Metro M t Cell C ll Deployment D l t Guidelines G id li R Reference f Manual
1.00
411-2133-111
04.06
Shasta PDSN/FA and HA Customer Information Guide

1.00 411-2133-802 05.06
BSC Theory of Operations Handbook

1.00 411-2133-101 12.06
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1xEV-DO / 1xRTT Interoperability
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1xEV-DO/1xRTT Interoperability
The CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard IS-856 makes no provision for any kind of handoff to or from any other technology Driven by Operator interest, a Hybrid mode has been developed to provide some types of handoff functions to the best extent possible Hybrid Mode is a mobile only function neither the EV nor 1xRTT network knows anything y g about it is a proprietary feature with vendor-specific implementation has no standard-defined RF triggers; no hooks In the 1xEV rev rev. A standard standard, some new features will be provided the 1xEV control channel will be able to carry 1xRTT pages too this and other changes may make the hybrid mode unnecessary and obsolete
What Handoffs are Possible in Hybrid Mode?

All switching between systems occurs in Idle Mode there are no handoffs handoffs in active traffic state in either mode Sessions can be transferred from one system to the other, but NOT in active traffic state If there is a connection connection, it can be closed and then re re-originated originated on the other system In some cases this can be accomplished automatically without the end-users end-user s awareness in other cases, cases this is not possible
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Hybrid Mode Transition Scenarios

1:2 Deployment 1:1 Deployment EV-DO, F2 1xRTT, F1 1:1 Deployment
DO systems y will be Implemented p in Several Configurations g 1:1 overlays in busy core areas 1:1 or 1:N overlays in less dense areas Many EV>1x EV 1x and 1x>EV 1x EV transition events may occur as a user transitions from area to area Initial system acquisition is also involved as a user activates their AT in different locations These Th transitions ii are d dependent d on the h H Hybrid b id mode d implementation in the AT The following pages show some possible transitions assuming Mobile IP and AT Hybrid Mode are implemented
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1xRTT / 1xEV-DO Hybrid Idle Mode

1xRTT/1xEV-DO Hybrid Mode depends p on being g able to hear p pages g on both systems 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO is possible because of slotted mode paging 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO paging slots do not occur simultaneously mobile can monitor both During 1xEV-DO traffic operation, the hybrid-aware mobile can still keep monitoring 1xRTT paging channel During 1xRTT traffic operation, the hybrid-aware mobile is unable to break away; 1xRTT traffic operation is continuous no opportunity to see 1xEV-DO signal This hybrid Idle mode capability is the foundation for all 1xRTT/1xEV mode transfers the network does not trigger any transfers
1xEV-DO Idle
1xEV-DO O Active
Idle Mode
Hybrid H b id Mode 1xRTT Idle

Idle Mode
1xR RTT Act tive
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Hybrid Dual-Mode Idle Operation 1xRTT / 1xEV-DO Paging Interoperability

16-frame Control Channel Cycle 16 slots of 26-2/3 ms = 426-2/3 ms
LONGEST POSSIBLE PACKET DRC 16 Subpackets
1xRTT Minimum Slot Cycle Index: 16 slots of 80 ms each = 48 26-2./3 ms frames
A dual-mode 1xRTT/1xEV-DO mobile using slotted-mode paging can effectively watch the paging channels of both 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO at the same time How is it possible for the mobile to monitor both at the same time? The paging timeslots of the two technologies are staggered Three of the 16 timeslots in 1xRTT conflict with the control channel slots of 1xEV-DO However, conflicts can be avoided by page repetition, a standard feature in systems of both technologies
Initial System Acquisition by Hybrid Mobile when 1xEV-DO is NOT Available

1xEV-DO O Active
Acquire 1xEV-DO System driven by no, cant see EV PRL
1xEV-DO Idle
Acquire 1xRTT System driven by PRL
Register with 1xRTT Network
1xRTT Idle
Idle Mode Classical 1 1xRTT RTT Idle Mode
After entering this state, the mobile will not search for 1xEV service again Voice Page! Idle Mode Release
1xR RTT Act tive
1xRTT Voice Call
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Initial System Acquisition by Hybrid Mobile when 1xEV-DO is Available

Set Up or Re-establish 1xEVDO Data Session
1xEV-DO O Active
1xEV Traffic
interrupted i t t d during 1xRTT voice call
1xEV Traffic
Data Connection Closed
Ti Triggers: Acquire 1xEV-DO yes, found EV System driven by PRL
1xEV-DO Idle
Idle Mode
AT Data Ready! AN Data Page!
Idle Mode
Hybrid H b id Mode
Acquire 1xRTT System driven by PRL Register with 1xRTT Network
Hybrid H b id Mode
Voice Page! Idle Mode
Hybrid H b id Mode
Idle Mode
1xRTT Idle
Idle Mode
Idle Mode
Release
1xR RTT Act tive
1xRTT Voice Call
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In-Traffic: EV-DO Fade with 1xRTT Available
Fade
1xEV-DO O Active
AT data ready
Traffic Mode, Data Transfer
Close Connection
PPP Resync MIP Registr.

AN data ready
Fade
1xEV-DO Idle
Get New UATI Dormant /Idle DO System Acquired

no
Same DO Subnet?
1xRTT Idle
Idle Mode
Dormant /Idle
1xR RTT Act tive
Reestablish Call
Resume Data Transfer
Transfer Finished
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Transition In-Traffic: Lost EV-DO and 1xRTT
Fade
Close Connection
Set Up or Re-establish 1xEVDO Data Session Get New UATI

No
1xEV-DO O Active
1xEV Traffic
Fade
1xEV-DO Idle
DO PRL, Idle Search for Mode DO
Found New DO Signal!!
Ti Triggers: AT Data Ready! AN Data Page!
Same DO Subnet? Yes
Idle Mode
Idle Mode
Hybrid Mode
Fade
Idle Mode Use 1x PRL, Search for 1xRTT Use 1x PRL, Search for 1xRTT
No Signal Found!!
1xRTT Idle
Idle Mode
Lost Signal!!
No Signal Found!!
No 1x Signal, Continue EV Operation
1xR RTT Act tive
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Dormant Session, EV-DO Lost > 1xRTT > 1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO O Active
Coverage Edge
Fade

Data Finished, Call Dormant Fade Found New DO Signal!!
Get New UATI

No
1xEV-DO Idle
Idle Mode
DO PRL, Search for DO
No Signal Found!!
DO PRL, DO Available?
No Signal Found!!
No Signal Found!!
Same DO Subnet? Yes
Idle Mode
Hybrid H b id Mode
Idle Mode
1xRTT Idle
Idle Mode
Idle Mode
1xR RTT Act tive
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Module 342
1xEV-DO Call Processing

Setting up Sessions and Connections
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342 Contents
Sessions and Connections EV-DO Standards and Protocols, Rev. A Protocols and Link Rates Basics of EV-DO Operation; Terminal Identifiers Channels and Layer-3 Messages in Connection Processing System Acquisition and Synchronization Access Procedures Following a Connection Access Terminal Architecture and Route Updates Session Interoperability between EV-DO and 1xRTT: Hybrid Mode
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EVDO Standard And Standards Documents
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EVDO Standards
C.S0024-0_v2.0 Oct., 2000 Original EV-DO standard, derived from Qualcomms HDR C.S0024-0_v3.0 Dec., 2001 Improvements to stability and throughput C.S0024-0_v4.0 Oct., 2002 Final Rev. Rev 0 standard; improvements in several layers C.S0024-A_v1.0 Mar., 2004 First Rev. A standard, offering higher speeds on the reverse link and enhancements to speed applications like VOIP and multi-user/multimedia C.S0024-A_v2.0 July, 2005 More application-driven enhancements C.S0024-A_v3.0 Sep., 2006 Current C rrent Re Rev. A Standard Standard: More application application-driven dri en enhancements C.S0024-B_v1.0 May, 2006 Advanced version providing up to 4.9 mb/s per carrier and the ability to gang multiple carriers for speeds of at least 14 mb/s
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Conceptual Framework of the IS-856 Standard

Architecture Reference Model
IS-856 defines the behavior of Interface Sector three main entities: Access Terminal Access Network Access Terminal Air Interface Protocol Architecture Access Network IS-856 IS 856 Layer Protocol & Function Chapter The behavior of the system is Signaling Application 2 Application Default defined in layers Default Packet Application 3 Stream 0: Default Signaling the layers provide a Stream 4 Stream 1, 2, 3: not used by default simple, logical foundation Protocol Negotiation Address Mgt. for performing functions Session Protocol Configuration State Mtce. 5 and applications Air Link Connection Establishment Connection Air Link Connection Maintenance 6 Specific applications applications, functions and protocols Authentication Security 7 Encryption exist in each layer Defines procedures to transmit Each layer is defined in Mac 8 and receive over the physical layer specific chapters of the Structure Modulation. standard Physical Channel 9 Frequency, Power Encoding.
Air
Stack Layers and their Default Protocols

Default Signaling Application
Signaling Network Protocol Signaling Link Protocol
Default Packet Application

Radio Link Protocol
Flow Control Protocol Location Update Protocol
Application
layer
Stream Protocol Session Management Protocol Air Link Management Protocol Packet Consolidation Protocol Security Protocol Control Channel MAC Protocol Address Management Protocol Initialization State Protocol Route Update Protocol Key Exchange Protocol Forward Traffic Channel MAC Protocol Authentication Protocol Access Channel MAC Protocol Idle State Protocol Session Configuration Protocol Connected State Protocol Overhead Messages Protocol Encryption Protocol Reverse Traffic Channel MAC Protocol
Stream
layer
Session
layer
C Connection ti
layer
Security
layer
Mac
layer
Physical Layer Protocol
Physical
layer
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Non-Default Protocols
Multi-Flow Packet Application
Flow Control Protocol Radio Link Protocol Data over SignalIng Protocol Location Update p Protocol
CDMA2000 Circuit Services Notification Application
Application
CDMA2000 Circuit Services Negotiation Protocol layer
Generic Virtual Stream Protocol Generic Multimode Capability Discovery Protocol Enhanced Idle State Protocol Generic Security Protocol
Enhanced Forward Traffic Channel MAC Protocol Enhanced Control Channel MAC Protocol
Stream
layer
Session
layer
Connection
l layer SHA-1 Authentication Protocol
Subtype 1 Reverse Subtype-1 Traffic Channel MAC Protocol Subtype 3 Reverse Traffic Channel MAC Protocol
DH Key Exchange Protocol

Enhanced Access Channel MAC Protocol Subtype-2 Reverse Traffic Channel MAC Protocol
Security
layer
Mac
layer
Subtype 1 Physical Layer Protocol
Subtype 2 Physical Layer Protocol
Physical
layer
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1xEV-DO Protocol Layers and Packet Encapsulation

Application Layer Stream Layer Session Layer Connection Layer Encryption Layer Authentication Layer Security Layer
Header Application Layer Packet
Header
Payload
Packet
Packet
Payload
Header
Payload
Pad
Header
Payload
Trailer
Header
Payload
Trailer
Header
Payload
Trailer
Header
Payload
Trailer
MAC Layer
MAC Header
MAC Payload
MAC Trailer
Physical Layer
Physical Layer Payload
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EV-DO Rev. A Improvements

Support of enhanced reverse link One channel per mobile station Mobile M bil station t ti i is required i dt to t transmit it at t1 1.84 84 Mb Mbps peak k rate t Shorter frames Higher capacity Forward link enhancements Higher Hi h peak kd data t rate t of f3 3.1 1 Mb Mbps Smaller packet sizes (128, 256, and 512 bits) Multi-user packets Improved slotted mode Shorter Sh t slot l t cycle l f for reduced d d activation ti ti ti time Subsynchronous control channel for enhanced standby time Slots coordinated with need to listen to 1xRTT paging channel 1xRTT paging channel content transmitted on EVDO control channel Enhanced E h d multi-flow lti fl packet k td data t application li ti Reverse link MAC enhancements for QoS Data Source Control (DSC) for seamless cell selection Enhanced Generic Attribute Update protocol
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Link Rates and Packet/Subpacket Formats

FORWARD LINK
DRC Index Slots 0x0 n/a 0x1 16 0 2 0x2 8 0x3 4 0x4 2 0x5 4 0x6 1 0x7 2 0x8 2 0x9 1 0xa 2 0xb 1 0xc 1 0xd 2 0xe 1 Modu- Preamble Payload Raw C/I lation Chips Bits kb/s db QPSK n/a 0 null rate n/a QPSK 1024 1024 38.4 -11.5 QPSK 512 1024 76 8 76.8 -9.2 92 QPSK 256 1024 153.6 -6.5 QPSK 128 1024 307.2 -3.5 QPSK 128 2048 307.2 -3.5 QPSK 64 1024 614.4 -0.6 QPSK 64 2048 614.4 -0.5 QPSK 64 3072 921.6 +2.2 2.2 QPSK 64 2048 1,228.8 +3.9 16QAM 64 4096 1,228.8 +4.0 8PSK 64 3072 1,843.2 +8.0 16QAM 64 4096 2,457.6 +10.3 16QAM 64 5120 1,536.0 +8.3 16QAM 64 5120 3,072.0 +11.3
REVERSE LINK
Payload Modu-Effective Rate kbps after: Code Rate (repetition) after Bits lation 4 slots 8 slots 12 slots16 slots 4 slots 8 slots 12 slots16 slots 128 B4 19.2 9.6 6.4 4.8 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 256 B4 38 19.2 12.8 9.6 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 512 B4 76 38.4 38 4 25.6 25 6 19.2 19 2 1/4 1/5 1/5 1/5 768 B4 115 57.6 38.4 28.8 3/8 1/5 1/5 1/5 1024 B4 153 76.8 51.2 38.4 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5 1536 Q4 230 115 76.8 57.6 3/8 1/5 1/5 1/5 2048 Q4 307 153 102.4 76.8 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5 3072 Q2 461 230 153.6 115.2 3/8 1/5 1/5 1/5 4096 Q2 614 307 204.8 153.6 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5 6144 Q4Q2 921 461 307 230.4 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5 8192 Q4Q2 1228 614 409 307.2 2/3 1/3 2/9 1/5 12288 E4E2 1843 921 614 460.8 2/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
The 1xEV-DO Rev. A reverse link has seven available modes offering ff i higher hi h speeds d than th available il bl i in R Rev. 0 Modulation formats are hybrids defined in the standard The 1xEV-DO Rev. A forward has two available modes offering hi h speeds higher d th than available il bl i in R Rev. 0 0.
Basics of EV-DO Operation
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EV-DO Terminal Identifiers

In CDMA, mobiles are identified by the familiar IMSI and ESN. These are permanent quantities stored in the mobile. EV-DO terminals have hardware addresses which can be queried by the system, but connections are coordinated by the use of Access Terminal Identifiers (ATIs) There are four types of ATIs: 00 BATI Broadcast Access Terminal Identifier 01 MATI Multicast Access Terminal Identifier 02 UATI Unicast U i t Access A Terminal T i l Identifier Id tifi Requested by the mobile at session setup and assigned by the system. Updated when crossing various boundaries 03 03 RATI Random Access Terminal Identifier Used by the mobile during initial access From the view of the SLP protocol, ATIs simply define connection endpoints.
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Channels and Layer-3 Messages in 1xEV-DO Call Processing
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Dissecting a Layer-3 Message

1xEV-DO messages on both forward and reverse traffic channels are normally sent via dim-and-burst Messages M i include l d many fi fields ld of f binary data The first byte of each message identifies message type: this allows th recipient the i i t to t parse the th contents t t To ensure no messages are missed, all 1xEV-DO messages bear serial numbers and important messages contain a bit requesting acknowledgment Messages not promptly acknowledged are retransmitted several times times. If not acknowledged acknowledged, the sender may release the call Field data processing tools capture and display the messages for study
EXAMPLE: TRAFFIC CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT MESSAGE
Field
Length (in bits)
MESSAGE ID 8 MESSAGE SEQUENCE 8 CHANNEL INCLUDED 1 CHANNEL 0 or 24 FRAME OFFSET 4 DRC LENGTH 2 DRC CHANNEL GAIN 6 ACK CHANNEL GAIN 6 NUM PILOTS 4 NUMPILOTS occurrences of this block: PILOT PN 9 SOFTER HANDOFF 1 MAC INDEX 6 DRC COVER 3 RAB LENGTH 2 RAB OFFSET 3
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Message Vocabulary: Acquisition & Idle States

Pilot Channel
No Messages Access Network (AN) Access Point (AP) Access Terminal (AN)
Pilot Channel
No Messages
C t l Channel Control Ch l
ACAck Access Parameters Broadcast Reverse Rate Limit Connection Deny Data Ready Hardware ID Request Keep Alive Request Keep Alive Response Location Request Location Assignment Redirect Session Close Sync SectorParameters Page Q i k Config Quick C fi Xoff Response Xon Response Traffic Channel Assignment UATI Assignment
A Access Ch Channel l
Connection Request Data Ready ACK Hardware ID Response K Keep Alive Ali R Request t Keep Alive Response Location Complete Location Notification Route Update Session Close UATI Request UATI Complete Xoff Request Xon Request
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Message Vocabulary: Connected State

Forward Traffic Channel
ANKey Complete Attribute Override Configuration Complete Configuration Request Configuration Response Configuration Start Connection Close Data Ready Hardware ID Request Keep Alive Request Keep Alive Response Key Request Location Assignment Location Request Nak Neighbor List Redirect Reset Reset ACK Reset Report RTC ACK Session Close Traffic Channel Assignment UATI Assignment Unicast Reverse Rate Limit Xoff Response Xon Response
Access Point (AP)
Reverse Traffic Channel

Access Terminal (AN)
ATKey Complete Attribute Override Response Configuration Complete Configuration Request Configuration Response C Connection ti Close Cl Data Ready ACK Fixed Mode Enable Fixed Mode X Off Hardware ID Response Keep Alive Request Keep Alive Response Key Response Location Complete Location Notification Nak Redirect Reset Reset ACK Route Update Session Close Traffic Channel Complete UATI Complete Xoff Request Xon Request
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Rev. A Layer-3 3 Messages Part 1
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Rev. A Layer-3 3 Messages Part 2
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Sent on Channels ID Inst. CC Syn SS AC FTC ACAck 0x00 1 CC Access Parameters 0x01 1 CC ANKey Complete 0x02 1 FTC ATKey Complete 0x03 1 Attribute Override 0x05 1 FTC Attribute Override Response 0x06 1 Broadcast Reverse Rate Limit 0x01 1 CC Configuration Complete 0x00 1 FTC Configuration Request 0x50 24 FTC Configuration Response 0x51 24 FTC Configuration Start 0x01 1 FTC ConnectionClose 0x00 1 FTC ConnectionDeny 0x02 1 CC ConnectionRequest 0x01 1 AC DataReady 0x0b 1 CC FTC DataReadyACK 0x0c 1 AC Fixed Mode Enable 0x00 1 Fixed Mode X off 0x01 1 Hardware ID Request 0x03 2 CC FTC Hardware ID Response 0x04 1 AC K Keep Alive Ali R Request t 0 02 0x02 1 CC AC FTC Keep Alive Response 0x03 1 CC AC FTC Key Request 0x00 1 FTC Key Response 0x01 1 Location Assignment 0x05 1 CC FTC Location Complete 0x06 1 AC Location Request 0x03 1 CC FTC Location Notification 0x04 1 AC Nak 0x00 1 FTC Neighbor List 0x00 1 FTC Page 0x00 1 SS Quick Config 0x00 1 SS Redirect 0x00 1 CC FTC Reset 0x00 2 FTC Reset ACK 0x01 2 FTC Reset Report 0x03 1 FTC Route Update 0x00 1 AC RTCAck 0x00 1 FTC SectorParameters 0x01 1 CC SYN SS Session Close 0x01 1 CC AC FTC Sync '00' 1 CC SYN SS Traffic Channel Assignment 0x01 1 CC FTC Traffic Channel Complete 0x02 1 g 0x01 1 CC FTC UATI Assignment UATI Complete 0x02 1 AC UATI Request 0x00 1 AC Unicast Reverse Rate Limit 0x02 1 FTC Xoff Request 0x09 1 AC Xoff Response 0x0a 1 CC FTC Xon Request 0x07 1 AC Xon Response 0x08 1 CC FTC
Message Name
RTC
RTC RTC RTC RTC RTC RTC
RTC RTC RTC RTC RTC RTC RTC RTC RTC RTC
RTC RTC RTC RTC
RTC
RTC RTC
RTC RTC
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SLP Best Effort Best Effort Reliable Reliable Best Effort Best Effort Best Effort Reliable Reliable Reliable Best Effort Best Effort Best Effort Best Effort Best Effort Best Effort Best Effort Best Effort Best Effort Rel, Best Eff B t Effort Best Eff t Best Effort Reliable Reliable Best Effort Rel, Best Eff Best Effort Rel, Best Eff Best Effort Reliable Best Effort Best Effort Best Effort Best Effort Best Effort Reliable Rel, Best Eff Reliable Best Effort Best Effort Best Effort Rel, Best Eff Reliable Best Effort Rel, Best Eff Best Effort Reliable Best Effort Best Effort Best Effort Best Effort
Addressing Unicast Broadcast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Broadcast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast U i Unicast t Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Broadcast Bcst, Unicst Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Broadcast Unicast Broadcast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast
Pri. 10 30 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 40 20 10 40 40 40 40 20 10 30 40 30 20 40 10 10 10 40 40 40 40 40
All the Messages of 1xEV-DO

In 1xEV-DO, most call processing events are driven by messages The MAC channels in both directions are used to carry messages or specific Walsh Masks to convey commands and selection options Messages have priority and delivery protocols Each message has a channel h l or channels h l on which it may be sent The structure of all the 1xEV DO messages is 1xEV-DO defined in IS-856
186
1xEV-DO Protocol Layers and Packet Encapsulation

Application Layer Stream Layer Session Layer Connection Layer Encryption Layer Authentication Layer Security Layer
Header Application Layer Packet
Header
Payload
Packet
Packet
Payload
Header
Payload
Pad
Header
Payload
Trailer
Header
Payload
Trailer
Header
Payload
Trailer
Header
Payload
Trailer
MAC Layer
MAC Header
MAC Payload
MAC Trailer
Physical Layer
Physical Layer Payload
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EV DO Rev. EV-DO Rev A Protocols and Subtypes
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System Acquisition and Synchronization
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Sync Message
1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID Maximum Revision Minimum Revision Pilot Pn SystemTime 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID MaximumRevision MinimumRevision Pilot Pn SystemTime 4 0xAD 2A BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 255 1 0 11 0 1 1 216 0x07 39 50 86 F0 01/06/2006 01:46:28
NOT IS-890 SeqNo is not valid AckSeqNo is not valid Packet NOT fragmented Signaling Link Protocol delivery mechanism NOT reliable
Synchronous Control Channel Capsule CONNECTION: Initialization State Protocol Sync
The Sync message gives the mobile system time and the Pilot PN, along with basic signaling link details. After reading this message, the mobile can receive the control channel messages
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Access Parameters Message

1/32 chip hi counter t 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling S Nb Seq Nbr Valid V lid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID Access Cycle Duration Access Signature Open Loop Adjust Probe Initial Adjust Probe Num Step Power Step Preamble Length Capsule Length Max APersistence APersistence APersistence APersistence Reserved 1/32 Chi Chip C Counter t 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 S V lid SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID AccessCycleDuration AccessSignature OpenLoopAdjust ProdeInitialAdjust ProdeNumStep PowerStep PreambleLength CapsuleLengthMax APersistence APersistence APersistence APersistence Reserved 16384 0x03 2C BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 255 1 0 2 1 64 0 79 0 5 8 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 01/06/2006 01:46:28
NOT IS-890 S N is SeqNo i not t valid lid AckSeqNo is not valid Packet NOT fragmented Signaling Link Protocol delivery mechanism NOT reliable
Synchronous Control Channel Capsule MAC: Access Channel MAC Protocol Access Parameters
The Access Parameters message tells the mobile everything it needs to know to transmit probes correctly on the access channel
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Quick Config Message

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 S S Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack S Synchronous h Control C t l Ch Channel l In Configuration Bit Type Message ID Color Code SectorID 24 LSBits Sector Signature A Access Si Signature t Redirecting Terminals away from this Network Max Nbr of RPC Channels Supported by Sector 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo S SyncCCFlag CCFl InConfiguration Type MessageID ColorCode SectorID24 SectorSignature A AccessSignature Si t Redirect RPCCount 3 0xAD 2A BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 255 1 0 15 0 30 53506 0 0 01/06/2006 01:46:28
NOT O IS-890 S SeqNo is not valid AckSeqNo is not valid Packet NOT fragmented Signaling Link Protocol delivery mechanism NOT reliable
S Synchronous h Control C t l Channel Ch l Capsule C l CONNECTION: Overhead Messages Protocol Quick Config
0 Invalid 0
The Quick Config message tells the mobile the sector identify (color code, sector ID, Sector Signature, and Access Signature) The redirection flag can be used to send mobiles to a different carrier frequency or network network, much like the GSRM in CDMA2000
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1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq q Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type ype Message ID Country Code
1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid q AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type ype MessageID Country Code
Sector Address Identifier Subnet Mask Sector Signature Latitude Longitude Route Update Radius Leap Seconds Local Time Offset Reverse Link Silence Duration Reverse Link Silence Period Channels Available System Type Band Class Channel Nbr Neighboring Sectors Neighbor Pilot PN Neighbor Pilot PN Neighbor Pilot PN Neighbor Pilot PN Neighbor Pilot PN Neighbor Pilot PN Neighbor Pilot PN Neighbor Pilot PN Neighbor Pilot PN Neighbor Pilot PN Neighbor Pilot PN Neighbor Pilot PN N i hb Pil Neighbor Pilot t PN Neighbor Pilot PN Neighbor Channel Included
SectorID SubnetMask SectorSignature Latitude Longitude RouteUpdateRadius LeapSeconds LocalTimeOffset ReverseLinkSilenceDuration ReverseLinkSilencePeriod ChannelCount SystemType BandClass ChannelNbr NeighborCount NeighborPilotPN NeighborPilotPN NeighborPilotPN NeighborPilotPN NeighborPilotPN NeighborPilotPN NeighborPilotPN NeighborPilotPN NeighborPilotPN NeighborPilotPN NeighborPilotPN NeighborPilotPN N i hb Pil tPN NeighborPilotPN NeighborPilotPN NeighborChannelIncluded
49156 0xAD 2A BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 255 1 0 15 5 1 1 0x00 84 0A C0 00 00 00 00 00 0A 04 0C A8 00 D1 02 104 0 0 0 0 13 1568 0 0 1 0 1 25 14 435 48 384 285 99 321 477 291 267 309 144 159 180 132 0
01/06/2006 01:46:28
NOT IS-890 SeqNo q is not valid AckSeqNo is not valid Packet NOT fragmented Signaling Link Protocol delivery mechanism NOT reliable
Sector Parameters Message

Gives full details of the sector configuration: ID, ID subnet mask, Lat/Lon,leap sec and local ti time offset, ff t RL silence, Channels available, system type, band, channel#, neighbor list and search windows/offset
193
Synchronous Control Channel Capsule CO CONNECTION: C O O Overhead e ead Messages essages Protocol otoco Sector Parameters
00D00 00.00N 00D00'00 00N 000D00'00.00E
26 Hours 08 Minutes 0 Frames
System compliant to IS-856 1900MHz Band
Not Included
Neighbor Search Window Size Neighbor Included SearchWindowSizeIncluded Search Window Size (14) SearchWindowSize Neighbor Search Window Neighbor Offset Included SearchWindowOffsetIncluded
1 Included 8 60 Chips
10-2008
(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates 0 Not Included
Access Procedures
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194
Access Channel Transmission

The access channel is an uncoordinated, public channel where mobiles compete for the sectors attention despite risks of uncertain signal-to-noise ratio and even collision with transmissions of other users This situation is much like the access channel in IS-95 and CDMA2000 although transmissions are shorter CDMA2000, A transmission by a mobile is called a probe, first sent at A power level calculated by the mobile from its receive power A time delayed by a randomly computed number of slots If a mobile does not hear an acknowledgment within a prescribed time, it knows the system did not hear its probe. A second p probe is sent at an incrementally y higher g p power, , and only y after waiting a randomly computed number of slots If unsuccessful, probing continues for as many probes and as many sequences of additional probes as parameters allow
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195
Access Channel MAC Protocol
Probes allowed to start at intervals of AccessCycleDuration PreambleLength frames of pilot only on I channel, followed by CapsuleLengthMax frames of data on Q channel Probes shall avoid falling g on ReverseLinkSilence Duration p period, , which occurs starting on ReverseLinkSilenceInterval times. Typical values RLSD, RLSI currently 0 on most systems ATI used is
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196
MAC Layer Protocol Numeric Constants

Constant NACMPType NACMPDefault NACMPAPersist Meaning Type field for this protocol Subtype field for this protocol Number of different persistence values The recommended maximum number of slots between transmission of two consecutive NACMPAccessParameters AccessParameters messages TACMPAPSupervision AccessParameters supervision timer Time to receive an acknowledgment at the access terminal for a probe before sending another probe TACMPATProbeTimeout Maximum time to send an acknowledgment g TACMPANProbeTimeout for a probe at the access network Time for access terminal to wait after a successful transmission efore returning a TACMPTransaction TxEnded indication Length of Control Channel Cycle used by the TACMPCycleLen Access Channel MAC protocol A constant that determines the time for the access terminal to wait until after transmitting an access probe in the access attempt before returning a TACMPMaxDelayPrevProbe TransmissionFailed indication. Value Table 2.5.4-1 0x0000 4
3 * TACMPCycleLen 12 * TACMPCycleLen
128 slots 96 slots
1 second 256 slots
300 slots
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197
Structure of an Access Probe
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198
Access Channel and Reverse Traffic Channel Long Code Masks

ACCESS CHANNEL LONG CODE MASK BIT MIACMAC
41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1 Access Cycle Number
P Permuted t d (Color (C l Code C d | Sector S t ID)
REVERSE TRAFFIC CHANNEL LONG CODE MASK BIT MIRTCMAC

41 40 0 39 9 38 8 37 7 36 6 35 5 34 4 33 3 32 2 31 30 0 29 9 28 8 27 7 26 6 25 5 24 4 23 3 22 2 21 20 0 19 9 18 8 17 7 16 6 15 5 14 4 13 3 12 2 11 10 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Permuted (ATILCM)
A sectors access channel is public. Its long code mask includes the sector ID and color code, as well as the Access Cycle Number. This ensures uniqueness so that the sector hears only mobiles i intending di to transmit i to i it, and d not mobiles bil on other h sectors During traffic channel operation, a mobile uses a long code mask unique to it long code offset is determined by the mobiles permuted ATI
Establishing a Session
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200
Sessions and Connections

An EV-DO Session is a state shared by an Access Terminal and the network. Negotiated protocols and configurations are remembered by both sides as the basis for their communication. An access terminal must already have a session underway in order to communicate with the network The only exception is the setup communications made possible on the access channel for the purpose of initially g up p a session setting A Connection is a particular state of the air link in which the access terminal is assigned a forward traffic channel, reverse traffic channel, and associated MAC channels. Within Withi th the network, t k a PPP session i also l must tb be created, t d allowing ll i the AT to obtain an IP address from the PDSN or HA. During one ongoing EV-DO session, the terminal and network may open p and close their connection many y times.
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201
EV-DO Protocol Stack Reference Architecture
OSI Reference Model

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link User Laptop or PDA Application TCP/UDP IP Upper Layer Application Stream Session Connection Security MAC Physical
Access Point (AP)
Application TCP/UDP IP Upper Layer Application Stream Session Connection Security MAC Physical
202
Physical
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Steps in EV-DO Session Setup

Session Setup: AT requests a UATI from the AN. Uniquely identifies the AT within a subnet Session Configuration: The AT and the AN negotiate Protocol Subtypes Application Subtypes relevant parameters for multiple AT personalities, if used Session Authentication: AAA-AN authenticates the AN using g the A12 interface. The AT is permitted to use network resources only after successful authentication Notice that until the session is established, both the AT and the AN use the default protocols in the standard. During session establishment, non-default protocols may be selected for the further communication in the session session.
Following a Connection
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204
EV-DO Connection
Access Point (AP)
TRAFFIC CONTROL MAC PILOT
CONNECTION ROUTE UPDATE CONNECTION REQUEST MAC ACK TRAFFIC CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT MAC RTC ACK TRAFFIC CHANNEL COMPLETE XON REQUEST NULL MESSAGE NEIGHBOR LIST XON RESPONSE ROUTE UPDATE
ACCESS PILOT RRI DRC ACK DATA
Access Terminal (AT)
TRAFF FIC
Rake Receiver #1 PN168+0 W23 #2 PN168+2 W23 #3 PN168+9 W23 #4 PN168+5 W23 Pilot Searcher
TRANSITION TO DORMANT
NULL MESSAGE TRAFFIC CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT TRAFFIC CHANNEL COMPLETE NEIGHBOR LIST
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Connection: Route Update Message

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS 890 Signaling IS-890 Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID Message Seq Pilot Pilot Ec/Io Keep Reference Pilot Nbr of Pilots 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is hdris890 Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID MessageSeq ReferencePilotPn ReferencePilotStrength ReferenceKeep NumPilots 49157 0x04 2C BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 0 0 0 14 0 136 216 4 1 0 01/06/2006 01:46:28
NOT IS-890 IS 890 SeqNo is not valid AckSeqNo is not valid Packet NOT fragmented Signaling Link Protocol delivery mechanism NOT reliable
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule CONNECTION: Route Update Protocol Route Update
0.6 dB
The Route Update message is really a request for the sectors the mobile wants to have in its active set much like the pilot strength measurement message in CDMA2000 In this example the mobile asks for only y one sector, PN216 Num Pilots 0 means there is just one pilot
Connection Request Message

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID Transaction ID Request Reason Reserved 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID TransactionID RequestReason Reserved 49152 0x05 2C BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 0 0 0 12 1 32 0 0 01/06/2006 01:46:28
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule CONNECTION: Idle State Protocol Connection Request Access Terminal Initiated
The Connection Request Message is sent by an idle mobile to request entry into active state, creating or joining a session This message is sent on the Access Channel Channel. The mobile expects: To hear an acknowledgment on the control channel, or it will send another probe using the access protocol To hear a channel assignment message
AC Ack Message
1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID 49155 0x9A 2C BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 255 0 0 2 0 01/06/2006 01:46:28
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule MAC: Access Channel MAC Protocol AC Ack
The Access Channel ACK message is sent on the forward control channel to tell the mobile its recent probe has been heard by the system After hearing this message, the mobile knows it does not to send any further f th repeated t d copies i of f its it probe b The mobile now waits for some form of channel assignment message
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208
Traffic Channel Assignment Message

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 IS 890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID Message Seq Channel Included Frame Offset Slots used to Transmit 1 DRC Value DRC Channel Gain Ack Channel Gain Nbr of Pilots Pilot Pn SofterHandoff MacIndex DRCCover RAB Length RAB Offset 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is hdris890 Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID MessageSeq ChannelIncluded FrameOffset DRCLength DRCChannelGain AckChannelGain NumPilots PilotPn SofterHandoff MacIndex DRCCover RABLength RABOffset 49153 0xB1 2C BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 255 1 0 14 1 0 0 8 1 61 8 1 216 0 63 1 2 0 01/06/2006 01:46:28
NOT IS IS-890 890 SeqNo is not valid AckSeqNo is not valid Packet NOT fragmented Signaling Link Protocol delivery mechanism NOT reliable
Synchronous Control Channel Capsule CONNECTION: Route Update Protocol Traffic Channel Assignment Not Included
2 Slots 30.5 dB 4.0 dB
32 Slots 0 Slots
The traffic channel assignment message tells the mobile the sectors t i in th the active ti set t and d th the MAC index i d for f each, h along l with ith DRC length/cover, RAB length/offset, and frame offset
RTC Ack Message

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID 2 0x00 2D BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 01/06/2006 01:46:28
NOT IS-890 SeqNo is valid AckSeqNo is not valid Packet NOT fragmented Signaling Link Protocol delivery mechanism was reliable
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule MAC: Reverse Traffic Channel MAC Protocol RTC Ack
The mobile sends the RTC Ack message to confirm it has received the channel assignment and is working to apply it
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210
Traffic Channel Complete Message

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq q Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID MessageSeq 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo q SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID MessageSeq 0 0x19 2D BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 14 2 0 01/06/2006 01:46:28
NOT IS-890 SeqNo is valid AckSeqNo is valid Packet NOT fragmented Signaling Link Protocol delivery mechanism was reliable
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule CONNECTION: Route Update Protocol Traffic Channel Complete
The mobile sends the Traffic Channel Complete message to confirm it has implemented the Traffic Channel assignment given to it by the system. Now the system can proceed with any additional signaling for configuration and the actual connection can proceed
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211
X On Request
1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID 1 0x19 2D BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 0 0 0 22 7 01/06/2006 01:46:28
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule APPLICATION: Stream 2 Application XonRequest
The mobile now requests that data transmission begin, by transmitting an X On request.
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212
Null Message
1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Half slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag 16387 0x4C 2D BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 0 1 0 0 255 0 0 01/06/2006 01:46:28
NOT IS-890 SeqNo is not valid AckSeqNo is valid Packet NOT fragmented Signaling Link Protocol delivery mechanism NOT reliable
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule
Null Message
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213
Neighbor List Message

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID Neighbor Count Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Channel Included (14) Search Window Size Included Search Window Size (14) Search Window Offset Included 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID Count PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN ChannelIncluded SearchWindowSizeIncluded SearchWindowSize SearchWindowOffsetIncluded 32772 0x4C 2D BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 14 4 14 435 48 384 285 99 321 477 291 267 309 144 159 180 132 0 1 8 01/06/2006 01:46:28
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule CONNECTION: Route Update Protocol Neighbor List
Not Included Included 60 Chips
0 Not Included
Neighbor PNs, channels, search window sizes and offsets

X On Response
1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID 16389 0x4C 2D BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 255 0 0 22 8 01/06/2006 01:46:28
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule APPLICATION: Stream 2 Application XonResponse
The system confirms whether it has implemented the X On request from the mobile
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215
Route Update Message

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS 890 Signaling IS-890 Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID Message Seq Pilot Pilot Ec/Io Keep Reference Pilot Nbr of Pilots 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is hdris890 Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID MessageSeq ReferencePilotPn ReferencePilotStrength ReferenceKeep NumPilots 0 0x59 2D BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 14 0 137 216 4 1 0 01/06/2006 01:46:28
NOT IS-890 IS 890 SeqNo is valid AckSeqNo is valid Packet NOT fragmented Signaling Link Protocol delivery mechanism was reliable
0.6 dB
The mobile again reports its desired active pilot set This Thi can include i l d additional dditi l desired d i d sectors, t or ask k to t drop d unwanted sectors In this example, no change is being made
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216
Broadcast Reverse Rate Limit

1/6/2006 1:46 1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID RPC Count Rate Limit Reserved Control Channel Broadcast 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID RPCCount RateLimit Reserved MAC: Reverse Broadcast Reverse Rate Limit 49152 0xB8 2E BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 255 1 0 4 1 1 5 0 01/06/2006 01:46:29
Synchronous Control Channel Capsule MAC: Reverse Traffic Channel MAC Protocol Broadcast Reverse Rate Limit 153.6 kbps
The Broadcast Reverse Rate Limit message tells EV-DO rev. 0 mobiles the maximum permitted reverse link transmit rate Mobiles start at 9600 bps and dynamically creep upward in speed until they reach this limit, or until the system asks for every mobile to reduce by setting the Reverse Activity bit EV-DO rev. B mobiles use a different mechanism for speed control
Nak Message
1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID 0 0xD9 56 BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 0 0 0 22 2 01/06/2006 01:46:42
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule APPLICATION: Stream 2 Application Nak
Mobile sends Application NAK message This indicates the end of transmission
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Nak Message
1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID 32771 0x20 47 BD D6 98 00 1 25 216 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 255 0 0 22 2 01/06/2006 01:46:37
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule APPLICATION: Stream 2 Application Nak
System sends Application NAK message in response to the mobile Mobile goes to idle state
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Page Message
1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID 49156 0x12 C0 BF D6 98 00 1 25 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 255 1 0 12 0 01/06/2006 01:49:59
Synchronous Control Channel Capsule CONNECTION: Idle State Protocol Page
Forward control channel Page pages mobile to return to active state t t
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220
AC Ack Message
1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID 1 0xA5 C0 BF D6 98 00 1 25 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 255 0 0 2 0 01/06/2006 01:49:59
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule MAC: Access Channel MAC Protocol AC Ack
Control Channel MAC protocol sends this Access Channel AC Ack message to confirm the mobiles probe has been heard
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221
RTC Ack Message

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID 16384 0x9B C1 BF D6 98 00 1 25 12 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 01/06/2006 01:50:00
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule MAC: Reverse Traffic Channel MAC Protocol RTC Ack
Mobile acknowledges system
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222
Traffic Channel Complete

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS 890 Si IS-890 Signaling li Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID MessageSeq 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR I hd i 890 Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID MessageSeq 32771 0xAD C1 BF D6 98 00 1 25 12 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 14 2 0 01/06/2006 01:50:00
Mobile M bil acknowledges k l d it i is using i th the t traffic ffi channel h l
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Null Message
1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Half slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag 32770 0xEB C1 BF D6 98 00 1 25 12 0 0 0 1 0 0 255 0 0 01/06/2006 01:50:00
Forward Traffic Channel
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224
Neighbor List Message

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS 890 Signaling IS-890 Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID Neighbor Count Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Pilot PN Channel Included (9) Search Window Size Included Search Window Size (9) Search Window Offset Included 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is hdris890 Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID Count PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN PilotPN ChannelIncluded SearchWindowSizeIncluded SearchWindowSize SearchWindowOffsetIncluded 49155 0xEB C1 BF D6 98 00 1 25 12 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 14 4 9 267 495 180 99 312 45 159 132 63 0 1 8 01/06/2006 01:50:00
NOT IS-890 IS 890 SeqNo is valid AckSeqNo is not valid Packet NOT fragmented Signaling Link Protocol delivery mechanism was reliable
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule CONNECTION: Route Update Protocol Neighbor List
Not Included Included 60 Chips
0 Not Included
Forward traffic channel

Route Update Message

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS 890 Signaling IS-890 Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID Message Seq Pilot Pilot Ec/Io Keep Reference Pilot Nbr of Pilots Pn Offset Channel Included Ec/Io Pilot Drop Timer Not Expired 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is hdris890 Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID MessageSeq ReferencePilotPn ReferencePilotStrength ReferenceKeep NumPilots PilotPnPhase ChannelIncluded PilotStrength Keep 16387 0x02 C2 BF D6 98 00 1 25 12 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 14 0 141 12 18 1 1 31690 0 19 1 01/06/2006 01:50:00
0.1 dB
Not Included 0.1 dB
The mobile requests its desired active set. This time there are two pilots, PN offset 12 and PN phase 31690
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Null Message
1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag 32769 0x42 C2 BF D6 98 00 1 25 12 0 0 0 1 0 0 255 1 0 01/06/2006 01:50:00
Forward traffic channel null message
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Traffic Channel Assignment Message

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID Message Seq Channel Included Frame Offset Slots used to Transmit 1 DRC Value DRC Channel Gain Ack Channel Gain Nbr of Pilots Pilot Pn SofterHandoff MacIndex DRCCover RAB Length RAB Offset Pilot Pn SofterHandoff MacIndex DRCCover RAB Length RAB Offset 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID MessageSeq ChannelIncluded FrameOffset DRCLength DRCChannelGain AckChannelGain NumPilots PilotPn SofterHandoff MacIndex DRCCover RABLength RABOffset PilotPn SofterHandoff MacIndex DRCCover RABLength RABOffset 49157 0x52 C2 BF D6 98 00 1 25 12 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 14 1 1 0 7 2 58 8 2 12 0 63 1 2 0 495 0 62 2 2 0 01/06/2006 01:50:00
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule CONNECTION: Route Update Protocol Traffic Channel Assignment Not Included
4 Slots 29.0 dB 4.0 dB
32 Slots 0 Slots
32 Slots 0 Slots
Forward Traffic Channel. Note PNs, MAC indices, DRC and RA

Traffic Channel Complete

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS 890 Signaling IS-890 Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID MessageSeq 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is hdris890 Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID MessageSeq 49155 0x57 C2 BF D6 98 00 1 25 12 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 0 14 2 1 01/06/2006 01:50:00
Reverse R t traffic ffi channel h l
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Connection Close Message

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Half slot Reference Counter IS-890 Signaling Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr b o of Ack c Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID Reason for Close Suspend Enable 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo c Seq o SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID CloseReason SuspendEnable 32773 0x5E C3 C0 D6 98 00 1 25 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 255 55 0 0 13 0 0 0 01/06/2006 01:51:22
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule CONNECTION: Connected State Protocol Connection Close Normal Close Disabled
Forward traffic channel closes the connection Note Normal Close, i.e., this was my idea
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Connection Close Message

1/32 chip counter 1.25 msec counter Frequency Band CDMA Channel Nbr Pilot PN Offset Half-slot Reference Counter IS 890 Signaling IS-890 Seq Nbr Valid AckSeqNo valid Ack Packet Fragmented Signaling Link Protocol Seq Nbr of Message Seq Nbr of Ack Synchronous Control Channel In Configuration Bit Type Message ID Reason for Close Suspend Enable 1/32 Chip Counter 1.25 msec Counter Band ChanNum PilotPN HSTR Is hdris890 Is_hdris890 SeqValid AckSeqValid Frgmented Reliable SeqNo AckSeqNo SyncCCFlag InConfiguration Type MessageID CloseReason SuspendEnable 16389 0x73 C3 C0 D6 98 00 1 25 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 0 0 0 13 0 1 0 01/06/2006 01:51:22
NOT IS-890 IS 890 SeqNo is not valid AckSeqNo is not valid Packet NOT fragmented Signaling Link Protocol delivery mechanism NOT reliable
Asynchronous Control Channel Capsule CONNECTION: Connected State Protocol Connection Close Close Reply Disabled
Reverse traffic channel. Note Close Reply i. e., it wasnt my idea but we will since you want to
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Access Terminal Architecture And Handoffs Route Updates
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Block Diagram of an Access Terminal

summ ming
Chips
co ontrol
Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx Receiver RF Section IF, Detector AGC RF Duplexer RF Open L Loop Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx Pilot Searcher PN xxx Walsh 0
bits
Digital Di it l Rake Receiver Symbols Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx
time-aligned t d
Symbols
Viterbi Decoder, Decoder Convl. Decoder, Demultiplexer
power
Packets
UART Conv or C Turbo Coder
Messages
CPU
Transmit Gain Adjust Messages Transmitter Digital Section Long Code Gen.
Transmitter RF Section
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1xEV-DO Forward Link: AT Rake Receivers

ONE sector at a time!!
Access Terminal
user data
AP AP
Searcher PN W=0
Burst by burst, the Access Terminal asks for transmission from whichever Active sector it hears best, at the max speed it can successfully use Using latest multipath data from its pilot searcher, the Access Terminal uses the combined outputs p of the four traffic correlators ( (rake fingers) g ) Each rake finger can be set to match any multipath component of the signal The terminal may be a dual-mode device also capable of 1xRTT voice/data fingers could even be targeted on different AP, but in 1xEV-DO mode only a single AP transmits to us us, never more than one at a time time, so this capability isnt needed or helpful in 1xEV-DO mode
1xEV-DO Reverse Link: Soft Handoff

All Active Set sectors can listen to the AT
Access Terminal
user data
AP
DO-RNC chooses cleanest packet
AP
Searcher PN W=0
The AT uses the Route Update protocol to frequently update its preferences of which sectors it wants in its active set Frame-by-frame, all the sectors in the Active Set listen for the ATs signal i l Each sector collects what it heard from the AT, and sends it back to the DO-RNC. The DO-RNC uses the cleanest (lowest number of errors) packet
1xEV-DO Route Update Mechanics

Access Terminal
DO-RNC
S l Sel.
AP AP
Rake Receiver PN Walsh
? ?
PN RF PN PN
Walsh Walsh Walsh
user ser data
Searcher PN W=0
Pilot Ec/Io
1xEV-DO Route Update is driven by the Access Terminal Access Terminal continuously checks available pilots Access Terminal tells system pilots it currently sees System puts those sectors in the active set, tells Access Terminal Access terminal requests data bursts from the sector it likes best tells which sector and what burst speed using the DRC channel so there is no Soft Handoff on the forward link, just fast choices All sectors in Active Set try to hear AT, forward packets to the DO-RNC so the reverse link does benefit from CDMA soft handoff
Route Update Pilot Management Rules

PILOT SETS The Access Terminal considers pilots in sets Active: sectors who listen and can transmit Active 6 Candidates: sectors AT requested, but not Candidate 6 yet approved by system to be active Neighbors: pilots told to AT by system, as Neighbor 20 nearby sectors to check Remaining Remaining: any pilots used by system but not already in the other sets (div. by PILOT_INC) Access Terminal sends a Route Update HANDOFF Message to the system whenever: PARAMETERS It transmits on the Access Channel PilotAdd PilotDrop In idle state, it notices the serving sector is Pilot PilotDrop Compare Timer far from the sector where last updated Dynamic Thresholds? In connected state, whenever it notices the Softslope Handoff Parameters suggest a change
AddIntercept DropIntercept NeighborMaxAge
AT m must supp port
Format of Traffic Channel Assignment Message

The Traffic Channel Assignment Message assigns all or some of the sectors the access terminal requested in its most recent Route Update request The message lists every Active pilot; if it doesnt list it, its it s not approved as active Notice the MAC index and DRC Cover so the access terminal knows how to request forward link bursts on the data rate control channel
Neighbor Structure Maintained by the AT
Pilot PN Channel SrchWinSize SrchWinOffset
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IS-871 For Session Interoperability
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IS-871 For Session Interoperability

Lack of RF transition trigger definitions has been largely resolved by the Hybrid Hybrid Mode Mode of dual-mode dual mode terminals The situation is better regarding Session portability session interoperability are described in IS-871 although no RF triggers are described, described the necessary steps are defined for transition of packet sessions between EV and 1x networks The following slides show the transitions defined in the IS-871 standard, along with the steps involved
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cdma2000 to HRPD Dormant Packet Data Session Handoff - Existing HRPD Session
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cdma2000 to HRPD Dormant Packet Data Session Handoff - Existing HRPD Session
a. The change of AN is indicated by the Location Update procedures as defined in [10]. b. The target AN sends an A9-Setup-A8 message, with Data Ready Indicator set to 0, to the target PCF and starts timer TA8-setup TA8-setup. The handoff indicator of the A9 Indicators IE shall be set to 0. c. If the PDSN address is not available to the target PCF by other means, the target PCF selects a PDSN for this connection using the PDSN selection algorithm as specified in [10]. The target PCF sends an A11-Registration Request message to the PDSN. The A11-Registration A11 Registration Request message includes the MEI within the CVSE and the PANID and CANID within the NVSE. The target PCF starts timer Tregreq. d. The A11-Registration Request message is validated and the PDSN accepts the connection by returning an A11-Registration Reply message with an accept indication and the Lifetime set to the configured Trp value. If the PDSN has data to send, it includes the Data Available Indicator within the CVSE. The A10 connection binding information at th PDSN i the is updated d t dt to point i tt to th the target t t PCF. PCF The Th target t t PCF stops t timer ti Tregreq. T e. The PDSN initiates closure of the A10 connection with the source BSC/PCF by sending an A11-Registration Update message. The PDSN starts timer Tregupd. f. The source BSC/PCF responds with an A11-Registration Acknowledge message. The PDSN stops p timer Tregupd. g p g. The source BSC/PCF sends an A11-Registration Request message with Lifetime set to zero, to the PDSN. The source BSC/PCF starts timer Tregreq. h. The PDSN sends an A11-Registration Reply message to the source BSC/PCF. The source BSC/PCF closes the A10 connection for the MS/AT and stops timer Tregreq. i The target PCF responds to the target AN with an A9 i. A9-Release-A8 Release A8 Complete message. message The target AN stops timer TA8-setup. Note that this step can occur any time after step d.
cdma2000 to HRPD Dormant Packet Data Session Handoff - New HRPD Session
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cdma2000 to HRPD Dormant Packet Data Session Handoff - New HRPD Session
a. The AT and the target AN initiate HRPD session establishment. During this procedure, the target AN does not receive a UATI for an existing HRPD session. Since no HRPD session exists between the MS/AT and target AN/PCF, an HRPD session is established where protocols and protocol configurations are negotiated, stored and used for communications between the MS/AT and the target AN. Refer to [10], Section 5, Session Layer. b. The AT indicates that it is ready to exchange data on the access stream (e.g., the flow control protocol for the default packet application bound to the target AN is in the open state) state). c. After HRPD session configuration the MS/AT initiates PPP and LCP negotiations for access authentication. Refer to [19]. d. The target AN/PCF generates a random challenge and sends it to the MS/AT in a CHAP Challenge message in accordance with [22]. e. When the target AN/PCF receives the CHAP response message from the MS/AT, it sends an Access-Request message on the A12 interface to the target AN-AAA which acts as a RADIUS server in accordance with [25]. f The target AN-AAA f. AN AAA looks up a password based on the User-name User name attribute in the Access-Request Access Request message and if the access authentication passes (as specified in [22] and [25]), the target AN-AAA sends an Access-Accept message on the A12 interface in accordance with [25] (RADIUS). The Access-Accept message contains a RADIUS attribute with Type set to 20 (Callback-Id), which is set to the MN ID of the AT. Refer to Section 2.3.2, AN-AAA Support. g. The target AN/PCF returns an indication of CHAP access authentication success to the MS/AT. Refer to [22]. h. If the target AN supports the Location Update procedure, the target AN updates the ANID in the AT using the Location Update procedure. The target AN may also retrieve the PANID from the AT if necessary. This step may occur any time after step a a. i. The AT indicates that it is ready to exchange data on the service stream. (E.g., the flow control protocol for the default packet application bound to the packet data network is in the open state). j. The target AN/PCF sends an A11-Registration Request message to the PDSN. The A11-Registration Request message includes the MEI within the CVSE and the PANID and the CANID within the NVSE. If PANID is not sent in step h, the target AN/PCF sets the PANID field to zero and the CANID field to its own ANID. The target AN/PCF starts timer Tregreq. k. The A11-Registration A11 Registration Request message is validated and the PDSN accepts the connection by returning an A11A11 Registration Reply message with an accept indication and Lifetime set to the configured Trp value. If the PDSN has data to send, it includes the Data Available Indicator within the CVSE. The A10 connection binding information at the PDSN is updated to point to the target AN/PCF. The target AN/PCF stops timer Tregreq. l. The PDSN initiates closure of the A10 connection with the source BSC/PCF by sending an A11-Registration Update message. The PDSN starts timer Tregupd. m. The source BSC/PCF responds with an A11-Registration Acknowledge message. The PDSN stops timer Tregupd. n. The Th source BSC/PCF sends d an A11 A11-Registration R i t ti Request R t message with ith Lif Lifetime ti set t to t zero, to t the th PDSN PDSN. The Th source BSC/PCF starts timer Tregreq. o. The PDSN sends an A11-Registration Reply message to the source BSC/PCF. The source BSC/PCF closes the A10 connection for the MS/AT and stops timer Tregreq.
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HRPD to cdma2000 Dormant Packet Data Session Handoff
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HRPD to cdma2000 Dormant Packet Data Session Handoff

a. Upon transitioning to the cdma2000 system, the MS/AT transmits an Origination Message with DRS set to 0 and with layer 2 acknowledgment required, over the access channel of the air interface to the target BSC/PCF to request service. This message may contain the SID, NID and PZID corresponding to the source PCF from which the MS/AT is coming, if p y is supported pp by y the air interface. If available, , these values are used to this capability populate the PANID field of the A11-Registration Request message that the target BSC/PCF sends to the PDSN. b. The target BSC/PCF acknowledges receipt of the Origination Message with a Base Station Acknowledgment Order to the MS/AT. c. The c e target ta get BSC/PCF SC/ C sends se ds a an A11-Registration eg st at o Request equest message essage to t the e PDSN. S The e A11-Registration Request message includes the MEI within the CVSE and the PANID and the CANID within the NVSE. The target BSC/PCF starts timer Tregreq. d. The A11-Registration Request message is validated and the PDSN accepts the connection by returning an A11-Registration Reply message with an accept indication and the Lifetime set to the configured Trp value. If the PDSN has data to send, it includes th D the Data t A Available il bl I Indicator di t within ithi the th CVSE. CVSE Th The A10 connection ti bi binding di i information f ti at t the PDSN is updated to point to the target BSC/PCF. The target BSC/ PCF stops timer Tregreq. If the PDSN responds to the target BSC/PCF with the Data Available Indicator, the target BSC/PCFestablishes a traffic channel ([1] 2.15.5.4-1). In this case the remaining steps in this procedure are omitted. e The PDSN initiates closure of the A10 connection with the source AN/PCF by sending an e. A11-Registration Update message. The PDSN starts timer Tregupd. f. The source AN/PCF responds with an A11-Registration Acknowledge message. The PDSN stops timer Tregupd. g. The source AN/PCF sends an A11-Registration Request message with Lifetime set to zero to the PDSN. zero, PDSN The source AN/PCF starts timer Tregreq Tregreq. h. The PDSN sends an A11-Registration Reply message to the source AN/PCF. The source AN/PCF closes the A10 connection for the MS/AT and stops timer Tregreq.
MS/AT Terminated Voice Call During Active HRPD Data Packet (Intra-PDSN/Inter-PCF)
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MS/AT Terminated Voice Call During Active HRPD Data Packet (Intra-PDSN/Inter-PCF)
a. The BS sends a Page Message containing the MS/AT address over the paging channel. The MS/AT may ignore this Page Message to continue the HRPD session. If the MS/AT ignores the message, the following steps are not performed. b. The AN determines that it is not receiving any transmissions from the MS/AT and starts timer Tairdrop. c. The AN sends an A9-AL Disconnected message to PCF2 to stop data flow and starts timer Tald9. d Upon receipt of the A9-AL d. A9 AL Disconnected message message, PCF2 sends an A9-AL A9 AL Disconnected Ack to the AN AN. The AN stops timer Tald9. e. The MS/AT sends a Page Response message to the BS. This step can occur any time after step c. f. The BS establishes a traffic channel. g. The BS sends an Alert with Info message to instruct the MS/AT to ring. h. The MS/AT and the cdma2000 system set up the data session for handoff from HRPD as a concurrent call service if the MS/AT supports the concurrent call service capability and selects to handoff the data session from the HRPD to the cdma2000 system. Refer to [11], Section 2.17.2.1 steps (a) to step (g). i. The BS sends an A9-Setup-A8 message to PCF1 to establish the A8 connection and starts timer TA8-setup. If the MS/AT has indicated the presence of data ready to send, the BS shall set the Data Ready Indicator to 1; otherwise, the BS shall set the Data Ready Indicator to 0. j. PCF1 sends an A11-Registration Request message to the PDSN to establish the A10 connection to handoff from the HRPD system to the cdma2000 system. PCF1 starts timer Tregreq. k The k. Th A11 A11-Registration R i i Request R message i is validated lid d and d the h PDSN accepts the h connection i by b returning i an A11A11 Registration Reply message with an accept indication. PCF1 stops timer Tregreq. l. PCF1 sends an A9-Connect-A8 message after the completion of the A10 connection handoff. The BS stops timer TA8setup. m. At this point, the data session is successfully handed off from the HRPD to the cdma2000 system. n. The MS/AT sends a Connect Order message when the call is answered at the MS/AT. o. PDSN Initiates closure of the A10 connection with PCF2 by sending an A11-Registartion Update message. PDSN starts timer Tregupd. This step may occur direct after step j. p. PCF2 responds with an A11-Registartion Acknowledge message. The PDSN stops timer Tregupd. q. PCF2 sends an A11-Registration Request message with Lifetime set to zero, to the PDSN. PCF2 starts timer Tregreq. r. The PDSN sends an A11-Registration Reply message to PCF2. PCF2 closes the A10 connection for the MS/AT and stops timer Tregreq. s. Upon not having received any transmissions from the MS/AT prior to timer Tairdrop expiration, the AN sends an A9Release-A8 message to PCF2 and starts timer Trel9. This step can occur any time after step b. t. PCF2 responds to the AN with an A9-Release-A8 Complete message. The AN stops timer Trel9.
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AT Leaving During an Active 1xEV-DO Data Session
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AT Leaving During an Active 1xEV-DO Data Session

a. The BS sends a Page Message containing the MS/AT address over the paging channel. The MS/AT may ignore this Page Message to continue the HRPD session. If the MS/AT g the message, g , the following g steps p are not p performed. ignores b. The AN determines that it is not receiving any transmissions from the MS/AT and starts timer Tairdrop. c. The AN sends an A9-AL Disconnected message to PCF2 to stop data flow and starts timer Tald9. d Upon receipt of the A9 d. A9-AL AL Disconnected message message, PCF2 sends an A9 A9-AL AL Disconnected Ack message to the AN. The AN stops timer Tald9. e. The MS/AT sends a Page Response message to the BS. This step can occur any time after step c. f. The BS establishes a traffic channel upon receipt of the Assignment Request message. g. The BS sends an Alert with Info message to instruct the MS/AT to ring. h. The MS/AT sends a Connect Order message when the call is answered at the MS/AT. i. When the timer Tairdrop expires, the AN initiates the release of the A8 connection by sending an A9 A9-Release-A8 Release A8 message to PCF2 and starts timer Trel9 Trel9. j. PCF2 sends an A11-Registration Request message with Lifetime set to zero, to the PDSN. PCF2 starts timer Tregreq. k. The PDSN sends an A11-Registration Reply message to PCF2. PCF2 closes the A10 connection for the MS/AT and stops timer Tregreq. l. PCF2 responds to the AN with an A9-Release-A8 Complete message. The AN stops timer Trel9.
MS/AT Terminated Voice Call During Active HRPD Packet Data Session (Intra-PCF)
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MS/AT Terminated Voice Call During Active HRPD Packet Data Session (Intra-PCF)
a. The BS sends a Page Message containing the MS/AT address over the paging channel. The MS/AT may ignore this Page Message to continue the HRPD session. If the MS/AT ignores the message, the following steps are not performed. b The AN determines that it is not receiving any transmissions from the MS/AT and starts timer Tairdrop b. Tairdrop. c. The AN sends an A9-AL Disconnected message to the PCF to stop data flow and starts timer Tald9. d. Upon receipt of the A9-AL Disconnected message, the PCF sends an A9-AL Disconnected Ack to the AN. The AN stops timer Tald9. g Response p message g to the BS. This step p can occur any y time after step p c. e. The MS/AT sends a Page f. The BS establishes a traffic channel. g. The BS sends an Alert with Info message to instruct the MS/AT to ring. h. The MS/AT and cdma2000 system set up the data session for handoff from HRPD as a concurrent call service if the MS/AT supports the concurrent call service capability and selects to handoff the data session from the HRPD to t the th cdma2000 d 2000 system. t R Refer f t to [11] [11], S Section ti 2 2.17.2.1 17 2 1 steps t ( (a) )t to step t 3( 3(g). ) i. The BS sends an A9-Setup-A8 message to the PCF to establish the A8 connection and starts timer TA8-setup. If the MS/AT has indicated the presence of data ready to send, the BS shall set the Data Ready Indicator to 1; otherwise, the BS shall set the Data Ready Indicator to 0. j. The PCF sends an A9-Connect-A8 message to the BS. The BS stops timer TA8-setup. k. At this point, the data session is successfully handed off from the HRPD system to the cdma2000 system. l. The MS/AT sends a Connect Order message when the call is answered at the MS/AT. m. Upon not having received any transmissions from the MS/AT prior to timer Tairdrop expiration, the AN sends an A9-Release-A8 message to the PCF and starts timer Trel9. n. Upon U receipt i t of f th the A9 A9-Release-A8 R l A8 message, the th PCF sends d an A9-Release-A8 A9 R l A8 Complete C l t message to t the th AN AN. The AN stops timer Trel9.
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cdma2000 to HRPD Active Packet Data Session Handoff Status Management Supported by Feature Invocation
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cdma2000 to HRPD Active Packet Data Session Handoff Status Management g Supported pp by y Feature Invocation
a. The MS/AT sends an Origination Message, including the feature code as the called number, to the BS when the MS/AT starts the HRPD communication. This feature code indicates that the MSC should activate a feature (e.g., (e g do not disturb) disturb). b. The BS and the MSC setup the call. From the feature code, the MSC knows not to page the MS/AT for a voice call. Refer to [11], Section 2.2.2.1, Mobile Origination. c. The BS and the MSC clear the call. Refer to [ [11], ], Section 2.3.5.3, , Call Clear Initiated by MSC. d. The MS/AT starts communication on the HRPD session. Refer to Section 3.3.2, AT Initiated Call Re-activation from Dormant State (Existing HRPD Session). e. The Th MS/AT terminates t i t communication i ti on the th HRPD session i when h th the HRPD session goes dormant or inactive. Refer to Section 3.5.2, HRPD Session Release - Initiated by the AT (No Connection Established). f. The MS/AT sends an Origination Message, including the feature code as the calling number, to the BS when the MS/AT ends the HRPD communication. This feature code indicates that the MSC should deactivate the feature activated in step a. g. The BS and the MSC setup the call. From the feature code, the MSC know it may page the MS/AT for a voice call. Refer to [11], Section 2.2.2.1, Mobile Origination Origination. h. The BS and the MSC clear the call. Refer to [11], Section 2.3.5.3, Call Clear Initiated by MSC.
Module 344
1xEV-DO RF Performance Optimization
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344 Contents
1xEV-DO Key Performance Indicators Bad Packet Rate, Serving Data Rate, Reverse Link Statistics Receive Power Power, Composite C/I Mobile Transmit Power at Given Rate Reverse Link Closed Loop Power Control Latency and Throughput Air Interface Review from Optimization Perspective Backhaul Considerations Optimizing O ti i i th the Ai Air I Interface t f Coverage, Neighbor List, Search Windows and Offsets Drive-Test Tools Summary and Examples Setup S issues i Forward Link Throughput Optimization Detecting IP and RF issues The role of RF interference in determining requested burst rate
1xEV-DO Key Performance Indicators
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Popular Generic KPIs for Wireless Services
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Bad Packet Rate

Packet error rates in both directions should be comparable to packet retransmission rates in 1xRTT 5% is a typical target value; this chart shows excellent results
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Data Speed During Connection

The average data rate received depends on: dilution of sector capacity by multiple users Reduction of speed due to poor RF channel p conditions The distribution of packet rates of one user show h th the effects of RF impairments only
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Reverse Link Traffic Statistics
This summary shows reverse link transmit power, PER, and average PER Both B th F Forward d and dR Reverse li link k retransmitted t itt d b bytes t are shown, h along with the total data KB transmitter
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Io -- Receive Power
As in 1xRTT, receive power is not the primary quality indicator It should be well above -100 dbm (coverage hole conditions) and not higher than -40 40 dbm (intermod ( intermod conditions) Receive power is the I in C/I. C/I is more important than I alone Receive power remains a vital clue to some types of interference troubleshooting
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I0, Total AT Receive Power

AT Receive Power usually expressed in dBm measured derived from handset IF AGC voltage broadband, unintelligent measurement: includes all RF in the carrier bandwidth regardless of source, not just RF from serving BTS
overload>>
263
I0
AT Receiver
-40
Rake R R LNA x LO IF
BW 30 ~30 MHz.
-90 -105
AT power is important, but its exact value isnt critical too much received signal (-35 dbm or higher) could drive the ATs sensitive first amplifier into overload, causing intermod and code distortion on received CDMA signals too little received signal (-105 or weaker) would leave too much noise i i in th the signal i l after ft d de-spreading, di resulting lti i in symbol b l errors, bit errors, packet errors, and other problems
<< <too weak
R BW 1.25 1 25 S MHz. RX Level (from AGC)
Mobile Transmit Power at Given Rate

When mobile transmit power is significantly higher than expected for the location of the mobile and its vicinity, reverse link interference may exist Inspect the receive level indications from the base station, looking for high receive power warnings Both peak and average RF receive levels are useful, indicating whether the problem is constant or intermittent If the p problem appears pp to be real RF interference, , special p weak-signal detection techniques may be necessary to track it down, just as in IS-95 CDMA
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Reverse Link Closed Loop Power Control

As in 1xRTT, Reverse Link Closed Loop Power Control is an indication of general interference on either link Interference on the uplink of the serving sector will make the sector request higher power from each served mobile Interference on the forward link at the mobile will raise the mobiles mobile s receive power, causing it to want to transmit at lower power and thereby forcing the serving sector to request the mobile to transmit at higher power. If higher-than-normal closed loop power control is observed, inspect the other forward and reverse link RF parameters to identify whether the interference is forward link or reverse link.
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Latency
IP Data Environment Internet VPNs
T
PDSN/Foreign Agent Backbone Network SECURE TUNNELS Authentication Authorization Accounting
PDSN Home Agent
AAA
R-P Interface
AP
SEL
t1
DO RNC or FMS
EVM
EVDO IOS PPP
Coverage Holes Pilot Pollution Missing Neighbors Fwd Pwr Ovld Rev R P Pwr O Ovld ld Search Windows Wireless Island Cells Mobile Device Slow Handoff
Latency can occur because of RF channel congestion or from IP network causes RF overload can delay availability of supplemental channels IP network t k congestion ti can delay d l availability il bilit of f packets k t Ping and loopback tests with local PDSN and servers can identify whether problem is in backbone network Does latency correlate with independent evidence of RF congestion?
IP Data a Environmen nt
EVDO RF Environment
Throughput
T
PDSN Home Agent
AAA
R-P Interface
AP
SEL
t1
DO RNC / FMS
EVM
EVDO IOS PPP
Coverage Holes Pilot Pollution Missing Neighbors Fwd Pwr Ovld Rev R P Pwr O Ovld ld Search Windows Wireless Island Cells Mobile Device Slow Handoff
Throughput can be limited by RF and IP causes Traditional RF problems limit capacity of the channel Co Congestion gest o in t the e IP network et o ca can limit t speed o of data a available a ab e Does low throughput correlate with independent RF indicators? Does low throughput correlate with independent IP pings and tests?
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IP Data a Environmen nt
CDMA RF Environment
Composite C/I
Composite C/I is the primary indication of forward link quality C/I drives the rate of the mobiles DRC requests for packets Poor C/I can be the result of pilot pollution caused by too many comparable signals being present at the mobiles location Interference from external RF sources on the forward link
Ec/Io and C/I

There are two main ways of expressing signal quality in 1xEV-DO C/I is the ratio of serving sector power to everything else C/I determines the forward data rate mobiles measure C/I during the pilot burst period, then from it decide what data rate to request on the DRC Ec/Io is the ratio of one sectors pilot power to the total received power Ec/Io and C/I are related, and one can be calculated from the other EVDO Ec/Io is close to 0 db near a sector, and ranges down to -10 at a cells edge EVDO C/I can be above +10 db near a sector, and -20 or lower at the edge
AP
Relationship of C/I and Ec/Io For EV-DO EV DO Signals

mobile receive power
C I
0 0
Power from Serving Sector
Ec Io
Interference Power from other cells
Ec/Io, db E
-10 -20 -30 -30
-20
-10
+10
+20
C/I, db 10-2008 (c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates 269
Relationship of Ec/Io and C/I in 1xEV-DO Systems

-30
Ec/Io, db C/I, db
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20 0
-0.04 -0.14 -0.17 -0.21 -0.27 -0.33 -0.41 0 41 -0.51 -0.64 -0.79 -0.97 1.19 -1.19 -1.46 -1.76 -2.12 -2.54 -3.01 -3.54 -4.12 -4.76 -5.46 -6.97 -8.64 8 64 -10.41 -12.27
20 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -6 -8 8 -10 -12
-5
10 -10
Ec c/Io, db
-15
-20
-25
-30
C/I, db
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Statistical EVDO Indications

RF Connection failures Mobile does not reach an assigned traffic channel RF Connection Losses Existing connection is lost due to failure of forward or reverse link RF Blocking Due to MAC index, backhaul, or other congestion
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Backhaul and Related Considerations
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Rate Limitations from Backhaul

Wireless sites are commonly connected using T-1s or E-1s, depending on local availability In the case of T-1s, the raw rate is 1.544 megabits/second. Accounting for overhead, this translates into a maximum steady throughput of roughly 400 to 450 kb/s per sector on a 3-sector, 1-carrier EV-DO site. If one sector is busy while the other two are only lightly loaded, , throughput g p of roughly g y 1 mb/s can be obtained on one sector However, early 1xEV-DO cards without support for multiple ARQ instances can only achieve about 400 kb/s th throughput h t even without ith t backhaul b kh l li limitations it ti Solutions under study to relieve backhaul congestion include fiberbased ATM to the sites; multiple-T1s; sites linked by Cable Modems and other methods Modems,
Optimizing the RF Air Interface
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Dealing With RF Coverage Anomalies

It is difficult to build a system without encountering a few coverage holes and without having some sectors that cover more than planned The techniques for identifying and resolving these problems are similar to IS-95 and 1xRTT, with a few modifications Detection methods: Area sweeps with EV EV-DO DO PN scanners and EV-DO terminals If a sector is in the active set of mobiles in places beyond the line j joining g its surrounding g tier of sites, , reduce its coverage g Site RF parameters, antenna downtilt, or antenna height If a sector fails to cover its intended area, look for obvious hardware or environmental reasons Repair or correct any such impairments, and if unsuccessful, look for other serving sectors Reradiators are feasible for EV-DO, but setup is tricky
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Generating and Optimizing Neighbor Lists

After coverage of each sector has been studied and adjusted if necessary, neighbor relationships are now stable Initial neighbor lists can be generated from propagation prediction modeling or even from drive-test results with AT or PN scanners The most reliable way to groom neighbor lists is to use system tools to collect route update requests from each sector. These results can be analyzed in matrix form to determine the frequency of requests for each surrounding sector Sectors with more than 5% of requests are usually added Sectors with less than 1% of requests are usually unnecessary Watch out for sectors that are already neighbors of neighbors and d would ld b be unnecessary Watch out for special specific cases where unusual relationships exist because of terrain and busy roadways
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Optimizing Search Windows

The pilot searcher of a mobile must be able to see the pilots of any sectors it may encounter otherwise route update is impossible Timing errors affect pilot searching searching. Sources include: Timing delay from reference sector to mobile This delay is unknown to the mobile, but it goes into the mobiles reference timing without the mobiles knowledge Timing delay from needed neighbor signal to the mobile This delay is also unknown to the mobile, but it can shift the apparent timing of the desired neighbor either ahead or behind the timing g the mobile expects p The worst-case error in timing is the propagation delay of a straight line between reference sector and desired sector Neighbor search window can be set to this level initially and possibly reduced if accumulated data later allows Active search windows float on their individual pilots and do not need to be large enough to handle propagation delay. They only need to accommodate delay spread, which is better measured than calculated.
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Search Window Offset

Search Window Offset 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Offset (PN chips) 0 +0.5 x WindowSize +1.0 x WindowSize +1.5 x WindowSize - 0.5 x WindowSize -1.0 x WindowSize -1.5 x WindowSize reserved
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 +0.5 +1.0 +1.5
Search window offsets make it possible to individually compensate for the great distance of certain sectors from the service area of another The range of adjustment can effectively shift the center of the search window by up to 1.5 times earlier or later than the actual search window width
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Andrews Invex3G Tool

100 MB ethernet connection to PC the eight card slots can hold receivers or dual-phone cards theres also room for two internal PN scanners Multiple Invex units can be cascaded for multi-phone loadtest applications pp Cards are field-swappable Users can reconfigure the unit in the field for different tasks without ih f factory assistance i
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Overview of Field Tool IP Test Capabilities
Application pp Raw Upload Raw Download Raw Loopback
Description p Uploads data with no overhead (no headers, no handshaking beyond the normal TCP handshaking) Downloads data with no overhead (no headers, no handshaking beyond the normal TCP handshaking.) A loopback (data is sent to the remote server which returns the same data) application with no overhead (no headers, no handshaking beyond the normal TCP handshaking.) Ping does not use the TCP protocol, but rather uses the connectionless and unreliable ICMP protocol. Sends small echo request packets to a remote server server, which responds with an echo reply. A standard web page browse request. A web-based upload (similar to how web-based email p files as attachments). ) sites allow users to upload A standard FTP file download. Many file downloads on the Internet use FTP. A FTP file upload. The file is generated by the Invex3G platform and sent to the server. Retrieves all the mail for a given mailbox (e (e-mail mail address) from an e-mail server. Note: does not delete the e-mail messages from the mailbox. Waits a specified amount of time.
Purpose p Testing uplink throughput Testing downlink throughput Simultaneous exercise of the uplink and downlink
Ping (ICMP ECHO)
Determining round-trip-time between the user and the remote server, as well as general link integrity (by counting the number of missing echo reply packets) packets). If Raw Download is unavailable, testing downlink throughput; modeling typical customer use. If Raw Upload is unavailable, testing uplink throughput. If Raw Download and HTTP GET are unavailable, testing downlink throughput; modeling typical customer use. If Raw Upload and HTTP POST are unavailable, testing uplink throughput Modeling typical customer use.
HTTP GET HTTP POST FTP GET FTP PUT Mail GET (POP3)
Wait
Testing idle timers, timeouts, etc.
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Agilent Drive-Test Tools

Agilent offers Drive-Test tools Serial interfaces for up p to four CDMA phones or cards A very flexible digital receiver with several modes PN Scanner Fast, GPS-locked, can scan two carrier frequencies Spectrum Analyzer Can scan entire 800 or 1900 mHz. Bands Base-Station Over-Air Tester (BOAT) Can display all walsh channel activity on a specific sector Useful for identifying hardware problems, monitoring instantaneous traffic levels, etc. Post-Processing tool: OPAS32
1xEV-DO Setup Performance: Sessions and Connections
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Session Configuration Parameters

In initial Session and Connection setup, the access channel and control channel carry the messages If L3 messages and RF indications are available, problems usually can be identified Check the access parameters The range of powers should step through a range from the idlemode noise floor up to about 20 db above it A smaller power range can result in missed probes Check AP/BTS reverse receive levels, peak and average looking for indications of interference Ensure sector size and acquisition search windows are adequate
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Long Setup Times and RF Failures

Long setup times, often seen as bad latency in VOIP and PTT applications, can result when extensive probing occurs. This can be the result of: RF reverse link interference External interference or rogue terminals Incorrect Access Parameters, having mobiles start probing at low RF levels
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Forward Link Throughput Optimization
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PDSN/Foreign Agent
Forward Link Scheduler

data Buffer
R-P Interface
AP
PCF SEL
User Data Rate

EVM
EVDO device
t1
DO-RNC or FMS
The main bottleneck is forward link available C/I and timeslots Each connected data User has a buffer in the PDSN/PCF complex When data is in the buffer, a Data Ready message is sent to the mobile The mobile then requests data from the desired sector on DRC/DSC The scheduler fairly divides slots among the active users Proportional Fairness applies applies, always trying to give slots to each user when that users link is better than average This substantially improves (40%+) both user and overall sector throughput QOS (Quality of Service) rules also may be implemented, giving preference to some users and some types of traffic
So S L O W ! !
T
Wheres My Data?!!
PDSN Home Agent
AAA
R-P Interface
AP
SEL
t1
DO-RNC DO RNC / FMS
EVM
EVDO IOS PPP
Coverage Holes Pilot Pollution Missing Neighbors Rev Pwr Ovld Search Windows Island Cells Island Wireless Slow Handoff Mobile Device
Some sessions have long latency and slow throughput Where is the problem? Anywhere between user and distant host: Is the mobile users data device mis-configured and/or congested? Is the AP congested, with few timeslots available? Poor RF environment, , causing g low rates and p packet retransmission? Congestion in the local IP network (PCU, R-P, PDSN FA)? Congestion in the wireless operators backbone (OSSN) network? Congestion in the PDSN HA? Congestion in the outside-world internet or Private IP network? Is the distant host congested, with long response times?
IP D Data Environment
EVDO RF Environment
Finding Causes of Latency and Low Throughput

Test Server Test Server IP Data Environment
T
Test Server
PDSN/Foreign Agent
Internet VPNs
Backbone Network SECURE TUNNELS Authentication Authorization Accounting
PDSN Home Agent
AAA
R-P Interface
BTS
v SEL
DO-RNC DO RNC or FMS
t1
CE
EVDO IOS PPP
Coverage Holes Pilot Pollution Missing Neighbors Fwd Pwr Ovld Rev Pwr Ovld Search Windows Wireless Island I l dC Cells ll Mobile Device Slow Handoff
IP network performance can be measured using test servers Problems between mobile a local test server? The problem is local check RF conditions, stats: poor environment, SCH blocking? if the RF is clean, investigate BSC/PCU/R-P/PDSN-FA Local results OK OK, problems accessing test server at PDSN PDSN-HA? HA? problem is narrowed to backbone network, or PDSN-HA Results OK even through test server at PDSN-HA then th th the problem bl i is i in th the public bli l layers b beyond. d
IP D Data Environment
EVDO RF Environment
Pinging Network Nodes to test Latency

Simple ping commands from a command prompt line can detect latency to and from particular servers Notice in the example, the first ping in the second attempt is delayed more than others because the user was in dormant state immediately prior, and a new connection had to be established
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Using Tracert to Identify Delays

The command Tracert at the command prompt will show the identification and timing details of all non-firewalled non firewalled nodes in the network.
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Forward Link Speed No Dominant Server
When there are many y equal q servers, the C/I values of each server are very poor and the forward link data speed from any of the servers is very low This is the equivalent of pilot pollution in 1xRTT CDMA
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Forward Link Speed Very Dominant Server
When one server stands head and shoulders above the other sectors, its C/I is excellent and it can deliver very fast data However, if this server is overloaded with traffic, the mobile has no alternative sector and the blocking will have a large impact
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Forward Link Speed Three Equal Servers
When three sectors are approximately equally strong, their C/I values l are medium-to-poor. di t A of Any f these th sectors t could ld d deliver li data to the mobile at 307 Kb/s If one of these sectors becomes saturated and puts up its DRC Lock bit against our mobile, the mobile could choose another Lock sector and avoid most blocking
Single User Traffic Statistics from Invex
The average bit speed obtained by a mobile on downlink is affected by: RF conditions (this determines the instantaneous bit speed when a slot is being sent to the mobile) Fraction of time during which the mobile owns the sector The above tabulation from the Andrew Invex tool shows the bit speed for all slots to the mobile, allowing independent identification of RF problems and traffic congestion effects due to others
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Reverse Link Throughput Optimization
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Reverse Link Throughput Considerations
Reverse Link throughput is influenced by Instantaneous RF conditions, dictating selected packet speed and Hybrid-ARQ speedup, if any Congestion on the reverse link, link as indicated by the sector limiting the available slots from the mobile T-1 or other backhaul limitation, imposing ceilings on the number of reverse p packets which can be uploaded p from an AP to the AN
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Reverse Link Rate Control in Rev. A

Discussion of Reverse Link rate control algorithm Dependence on Observed C/I of serving sector Bucket control mechanism Available packet scheduling parameters vary by manufacturer Extreme sensitivity to reverse link interference, like 1xRTT
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QOS Quality of Service
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Quality of Service
Quality of Service allows a network to provide differentiated service to specific groups of users and/or for specific types of traffic, so that users may meet their service needs while efficiently using the resources of the network In EV-DO Rev. A, QOS is provided by the Enhanced Multi-Flow Packet Application (EMPA) (EMPA). Its main features: Spectral Efficiency Packet-based RLP-EMPA enables packet streams to carry packets between AT and AN. p Packet-based RLP reduces the overhead. Single VoIP frames can fit in single air-interface frames, by using Robust Header Compression (RoHC). Inter-RNC Handoff Two parallel routes can be terminated at different RNCs simultaneously, reducing interruption in VOIP and other sensitive applications during inter inter-RNC RNC handoff. handoff
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QOS Control Techniques in 1xEV-DO

Admission Control at the RAN The 1xEV-DO Rev. A RAN may y perform p admission control techniques q to maintain QoS Admission Control A technique to block or deny an incoming QoS flow request in order to satisfy QoS requirements with a very high p probability y Forward Link QoS via Scheduler Forward Link QoS at the AN may be achieved via the scheduler. QoS and serving of users is based on: QoS flow requirements Delay bound, throughput, and reliability. Priority of application flow Best Effort, Assured Forwarding, Expedited Forwarding AND/OR Priority Level 0 7 Amount of data in Forward link queue Channel conditions of AT Number of active users in the sector
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Priority Levels and Classes

A priority level (0-7) is assigned to each applications traffic The QOS algorithm uses these levels in prioritizing traffic An operator usually sets these priorities b based d on it its own business philosophy, with help from its network vendor
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Forward Link Queue Management

Proportional Fairness (effectively Best Effort) Exploit channel quality variations (multi (multi-user user diversity). diversity) Average user throughput is proportional to DRC. As load increases, users suffer even degradation. Delay Fairness (QoS flows) Different priorities for different users/traffic. Users traffic delay y varies inversely y with channel conditions Uneven degradation occurs, based on user priority
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Forward Congestion Avoidance: RED

Random Early Detection (RED) Typically used when there is a single queue buffer Drops incoming packets based on current load statistics Advantage: Gracefully slows a congested link Works as a function of three parameters: Min Thresh Max Thresh Drop Probability. Intended for undifferentiated Best Effort type traffic, or on highly congested g links
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Forward Congestion Avoidance: WRED

Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED) Same philosophy as RED, RED but with IP precedence precedence. Selectively discards lower priority traffic during congestion. Attempts to predict and manage congestion. WRED-Considered parameters for each traffic class or weight: Min thresh Max thresh Drop probability Drops more packets from large users than small. Appropriate for Assured Forwarding kinds of data flows
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Rev. A Reverse Link MAC Enhancements

EV-DO Rev. A provides many reverse link performance and QOS enhancements Hybrid ARQ on Reverse Link Physical and MAC layer Early termination and new higher and lower payload sizes Larger payload sizes give higher rates for delay delay-tolerant tolerant applications Lower latencies through smaller payload sizes for delaysensitive applications Comprehensive AN control of AT resource allocation QoS sensitive resource allocation across multiple data flows Independent I d d t trade-off t d ff per fl flow b between t capacity it and d latency l t Improved Reverse link stability at higher occupancy
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Reverse Link QOS

In 1xEV-DO Rev A, Reverse link QoS is maintained by the AT and the RTCMAC Algorithm. QoS and flow transmissions are based on: QoS requirements of flow Payload size, size delay bound bound, etc etc. RTCMAC flow priority functions Amount of data in Reverse link queues Channel conditions of AT and sector loading Available T2P resources
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Intra-AT QOS
An AT may have multiple MAC flows existing at the same time (for example, live video, live audio, and text MAC parameters control allocation for each of the flows Performance of delay-sensitive flows is not degraded by competition from delay-tolerant delay tolerant data flows flows. MAC flow behavior is uniform whether within the flows of one AT or across many ATs. In general general, AT resource allocation is the sum of its MAC flow allocations.
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QOS Implementation for 1xEV-DO ATs

Rel. 0 ATs support Default protocols, protocols Default Packet Application Rev. A ATs support default protocols Multi-Flow Packet Application Enhanced Multi-Flow Packet Application Different make and model ATs support pp different OSI applications: pp VoIP, VT, PTx, etc. QoS requirements are expressed in terms of Latency, Latency Throughput, Throughput Reliability, Reliability and Jitter
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FlowProfile IDs
ATs support specific FlowProfile IDs Flow Profiles must be mutually defined on AT and RAN All the flows within a application should be bundled to maintain application integrity Traffic Flow Templates Information Elements (TFTs IE) specify the QOS filter requirements TFTIEs must be coordinated with PDSN and AAA.
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Traffic Flow Templates

Traffic Flow Template The PDSN needs to know the A-10 A 10 connection (main or auxiliary) on which to put the IP packets. Traffic Flow Templates convey: A-10 A 10 to IP flow mapping information QOS Parameters at the IP Layer Actions to take on IP packets This group of information is called a Packet Filter
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Module 340

Background and Introduction To 1xEV-DO Technology

(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates

(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates

Global and US Wireless Subscribers 1Q 2008

Total GSM CDMA IDEN

Global 3,051,659,279 2,571,563,279 451,400,000 28,696,000

USA 252,018,131 84.3% 102,200,000 14.8% 132,243,131 0.9% 17,575,000

40.6% 52.5% 7.0%

World Wireless Subs by Technology 2006

(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates

US Wireless Subs by Technology 2006

19 844 904 19,844,904

(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates

A Quick Survey of Wireless Data Technologies

12000 6000 kb/s

19 2 19.2 19.2 19 2 kb/s

The CDMA Migration Path to 3G

IS-95A/ IS-95B J-Std008

1250 kHz. 59 active users

None, , Data Capabilities 2.4K by modem Features: Incremental Progress

2.4 Mb/s DL 1.0 Mb/s 153 Kb/s

First Fi t CDMA, Capacity, Quality

Improve I d Access Smarter Handoffs

Faster data rates on shared 3-carrier bundle

High data rates on data-only CDMA carrier

High data rates t on Data-Voice shared CDMA carrier

(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates

Modulation Techniques of 1xEV Technologies

(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates

GSM Technology Migration Path to 3G

200 kHz. kH 7.5 avg.

9-160 Kb/s 384 Kb/s (conditions mobile user determine)

Features: Incremental Progress

Europes first Digital wireless

(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates

TDMA IS-136 Technology Migration Path to 3G

the familiar GSM path!

30 kHz. kH 1 None, 2.4K by modem First System, Capacity & Handoffs

30 kHz. 30 kHz. kH Many 3 users Pkt Usrs 19.2 19 2 kbps none

200 kHz. kH 7.5 avg.

9-160 Kb/s 384 Kb/s (conditions mobile user determine)

Features: Incremental Progress

US Packet Data Svc.

USA s USAs first Digital wireless

(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates

SPEED: 1xEV-DOs Purpose

(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates

(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates

Why Cant 1xRTT do high speeds?

(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates

Mobile RF Channel Conditions Change Rapidly

Path Loss, db 0.2 0.3 Time, Seconds

Slow Fading due to obstructions and user motion ti

1xRTT Data Burst Control Lags RF Conditions

DATA RAT D TE DECIS SION

DATA BURST ACTUALLY OCCURS NOW

(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates

1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT at the Same Time-Scale

Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.

T 0 0.1 0.2 Time, Seconds 0.3 0.4 0.5

Thoughput: 0.15 or 0.31 Mb/s max, 0.06 Mb/s typ.

1xEV-DO Handles Data at the level of Packets and Subpackets