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Advanced Digital Wireless Communications MSEE 18 &19

Instructor: Dr. Adnan A. Khan adnankhan@mcs.edu.pk Fall 2013 Week-1

Instructor
Graduated as a Telecommunications Engineer in 1993 from Military College of Signals, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Received MS in Computer Engineering from the Centre of Advanced Studies in Engineering (CASE) Islamabad, University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Taxila in 2005 Completed PhD from CASE in 2009 and became first PhD from CASE and became an HEC approved Supervisor 2010. Several years experience in planning and optimization of wireless systems Conducted several trainings on 3G Systems around the country. These trainings under PEC CPD program were attended by several hundred participants

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Instructor
Research interests include Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) wireless communications systems, MIMO-Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), CDMA-MUD, Software Defined Radios (SDR), MIMO-SDR development, Satellite Communication systems, etc Developed a state of art satellite communications lab and completed two funded projects for MIMO-SDR test-bed development and Micro-Satellite space program He has recently received funding on an Android base Home Automation System. 34 Research publications at his credit in MIMO systems including eight in Impact factor Journals and one Book on Advancements in Wireless Communications published in Germany.

Introduction to the students

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Course Details
Text1 : Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2/e, Theodore S. Rappaport, Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR, Copyright: 2002, 736 pp., ISBN: 0-13-042232-0 Chapter 3 available at:
http://vig.pearsoned.com/samplechapter/0130422320.pdf

Text2 : Wireless Communications by Andrea Goldsmith , Cambridge University press 2005 Reference R f T Text: t 1) Fundamentals of Wireless Communications by David Tse and Viswanath, Cambridge University press 2) Notes for advanced topics

Tentative Grading Policy

OHT-1 OHT-2 Homework/Matlab Research Paper Final Exam: 15% 15% 10% 20% 40%

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Course Details
Class Timings Tue 5:00 to 8:05 PM Pre-Requist Digital Communications Please adhere to class timings, no late submission of assignments Course Reseach Project Matlab Simulation will be a must Get Research paper/ project approved between fourth week from now Course project write up submission and presentations in last few weeks

Course Overview
This course is an introduction to the design, analysis, and fundamental concepts of wireless communications. co u ca o s. Topics op cs to o be cove covered ed include: c ude: cellular system design, wireless channel modeling; fading and diversity, equalization, multiple-antenna and MIMO systems; space-time codes and decoding algorithms; multiple-access techniques and multiuser detection; OFDM and spread spectrum communications. A thorough understanding and practice to simulate advanced wireless systems for performance analysis will be covered in this course

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Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems The Cellular Concept: System Design Fundamentals Mobile Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Path Loss Mobile Radio Propagation: Small-Scale Fading and M li h Multipath Statistical channel models Multipath fading: Rayleigh fading, Rician Fading and their simulation in MATLAB Spread Spectrum Systems, Spreading and Modulation, Coding and Error Control Multiple Access Techniques, Channels and their capacities Antenna Diversity (Receive and Transmit Diversity) Introduction to Multiple Antenna Systems, OFDM , Cooperative communications and Cognitive Spectrum Sensing

Course Outline

This Weeks Course

Introduction to Wireless Communication pp and Examples p of Wireless An Overview of Applications Communication Historical Evolution and Trends in Wireless Communications A survey of 3G and WiMAX Terminology and Definitions of Wireless Communication Systems

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Introduction to Wireless Communication

Cut the WIRE

Digital Communication: Transmitter

From Other Channels 1010010 Analog g to Digital Converter Source Encode 10110 Encrypt Encoded Bits Encrypted Data 01101 Multiplexed Data Pulse modulated waveform Channel Encoded Data Channel Encode 1001101 Scrambled data Scrambler 01010 10101 Digital Bandpass waveform p Bandpass modulate 01101 M lti l Multiplex

Analog input

Bits

Bit to Sym.

10001

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Digital Communication: Receiver

Digital Bandpass waveform De-modulate Digital Baseband waveform Bits Equalizer, Timing and Sym. to Bits Channel Decode Channel Decoded Data 01101

De-scramble

Descrambled Bits

10001

Digital Baseband waveform Analog output D/A 1010010

Decrypted Bits Source Decode 10110 Decrypt

De Demultiplexed Bits

DeMultiplex

To other Channels

Wireless History
Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons, Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi
z z

Many sophisticated military radio systems were developed during and after WW2 Cellular has enjoyed exponential growth since 1988, with almost 3 billion users worldwide today
z z z

Ignited the wireless revolution Voice, data, and multimedia becoming ubiquitous Use in third world countries growing rapidly Wide area networks (e.g. Wimax) and short-range systems other than Bluetooth

WiFi also enjoying tremendous success and growth

z

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Historical Background
Evolution of Voice Oriented Wireless Networks
Marconis demonstration in 1897 Radios communication ability to provide continuous contact with ships sailing the English channel. Mobile telephone service was first offered by AT&T in 1946. This service was mobile, but not cellular. The base station had a coverage of about 100 km. Early systems, based on FM, required 120 KHz of spectrum for an information bandwidth of 3 kHz. Large equipment (mounted in cars) Low capacity: p y 50 users or more cause overloading g High call blocking probability. Multiple Access method used was FDMA.

Next step was the introduction of trunking - relaxing the constraint of using a channel for each user. Frequency-agile radio to search for free channels. p emerges g in early y 1970s. Replication p of the Cellular concept wide-area network concept. Cellular concept leads to frequencyreuse concept. By late 60's there were 70,000 users throughout US Digital control link emerged, regulatory obstacles were cleared and 1 st generation (1 G) systems were deployed in 1983.
d generation (2G) Early 1990s digital voice was developed - 2nd systems. Smaller and longer-life batteries. Miniaturization of the handset.

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Mobile telephone penetration

History and Growth

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Mobile Companies

The current status of Wireless Communication

Modern era has seen extremely rapid growth in Wireless Communication, especially in Cellular communication. Wireless Wi l Communication C i ti is i enjoying j i th the f fastest t t growth th period in history. It is also the fastest growing field, by any measure, of todays world. Wireless mobile services grew from 11 million subscribers worldwide in 1990 to more than 3 billion in 2005 Income of wireless industry surpasses that of wired telephone industry.

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Subscriber growth

Examples and Applications of y Mobile Radio Systems

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Examples of Wireless Communication Systems

Paging Amateur Radio Citizen C Band (C (CB) ) Radio Cordless Phones Mobile Cellular System Satellite Communication Systems Radio Communication with aircrafts and ships Global Positioning System (GPS) Wireless Networks (both LANs and WANs)

Mobile devices

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Multiple Access
Multiple access techniques
Multiple users to share a finite spectrum To achieve high capacity (to accommodate more users) Without severe performance degradation

Types of multiple access

FDMA: frequency division multiple access TDMA: time division multiple access CDMA: code division multiple access

Multiple Access and Duplexing

Multiple access and duplexing
Multiple access: cell-wide frequency sharing Duplexing: system-wide frequency sharing

Duplexing techniques
FDD: frequency q y division duplexing p g TDD: time division duplexing

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Multiple Access Overview - A Party !

Consider a number of students at a party.The goal of the students is to have intelligible conversation.The conversation The house at which the party is being held is the resource available. FDMA : Each pair of students has a separate room to talk TDMA : Everyone is in the same room and each pair has a limited time slot to converse CDMA : Everyone is in the same room,talking room talking at the same time,but each pair talks in a different language.

Current Wireless Systems

Cellular Systems Wireless LANs WIMAX Satellite Systems Paging Systems Bluetooth Ultrawideband radios Zigbee radios

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Paging Systems
Broad coverage for short messaging Message broadcast from all base stations Simple terminals Optimized for 1-way transmission Answer-back hard Overtaken by cellular

A Wide Area Paging System

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Cellular Systems:
Reuse channels to maximize capacity
Geographic region divided into cells q y reused at spatially-separated p y p locations. Frequency/timeslots/codes/ Co-channel interference between same color cells. Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden

BASE STATION

MTSO

Cellular Phone Networks

San Francisco
BS

BS

Internet MTSO PSTN MTSO

New York

BS

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UNIVERSAL FREQUENCY REUSE

Why 3G?
Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!! For the consumer Video streaming, streaming TV broadcast Video calls, video clips news, music, sports Enhanced gaming, chat, location services For business High speed teleworking Video conferencing Real-time financial information

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Evolution of Mobile Systems to 3G

- drivers are capacity, data speeds, lower cost of delivery for revenue growth
market share

TDMA GSM PDC GPRS

EDGE
3GPP Core Network

EDGE Evolution

90%
HSDPA

WCDMA

cdmaOne

CDMA2000 1x
First Step into 3G

CDMA2000 1x EV/DV CDMA2000 1x EV/DO

3G phase 1 Evolved 3G

10%

2G

Services roadmap
Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery
3G-specific services take advantage of higher bandwidth and/or real-time Q QoS Broadband in wide area

Video sharing Vid telephony Video t l h Real-time IP Multitasking multimedia and games WEB browsing Multicasting Corporate data access Streaming audio/video

Voice & SMS

Typical peak dara rates

MMS picture / video xHTML browsing Application downloading E-mail

GSM 9.6 kbps

GPRS 171 kbps

CDMA 2000 1x

EGPRS 473.6 kbps

WCDMA 2 Mbps
CDMA 2000EVDO CDMA 2000EVDV

HSDPA 1-10 Mbps

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GSM evolution to 3G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data Maximum data rate per timeslot=14.4 Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ (4x14.4)=57.6 kbps (maximum rate) Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent N t as popular Not l as GPRS (many ( skipping ki i g HSCSD) Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution Uses 8PSK modulation 3x improvement in data rate on short distances Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances Maximum data rate for one TS= 59.2Kbps For 8 TSs data rate upto 8 x 59.2=473.6 kbps

GSM 9.6kbps (one timeslot) GSM Data Also called CSD

HSCSD

GSM

GPRS EDGE

WCDMA

General Packet Radio Services Typical Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps (average) Max data rates= 160 Kbps (Theoretical) Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays

Integrating GPRS
Mobile Station Base Station Subsystem Network Subsystem Other Networks MSC/ VLR GMSC PSTN

SIM

ME

BTS

BSC

EIR

HLR

AUC

PLMN

SGSN
SD

GGSN

Internet

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

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EDGE
EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
EDGE is add-on to GPRS Uses 8-PSK modulation in good conditions Increase throughput by 3x (8-PSK 3 bits/symbol vs GMSK 1 bit/symbol) Offer data rates of 384kbps, theoretically up to 473.6kbps Modulation Bit rate 810kbps Uses 9 Modulation coding schemes (MCS1-9) MCS(1-4) uses GMSK, while MCS(5-9) uses 8PSK modulation. Uses Link adaptation algorithm User data rate per time slot 59.2kbps (MCS9) User data rate (8 time slots) 473.6kbps

New handsets / terminal equipment; additional hardware in the BTS, Core network and the rest remains the same EDGE access develops to connect to 3G core

CDMA2000 Evolution to 3G
IS-95B Uses multiple code channels Data rates up to 64kbps Many operators gone direct to 1xRTT CDMA2000 1xEV-DO: Evolved Data Optimised Third phase in CDMA2000 evolution St d di d version Standardised i of f Qualcomm Q l High Hi h Data D t Rate R t (HDR) Adds TDMA components beneath code components Good for highly asymmetric high speed data apps Speeds to 2Mbps +, classed as a 3G system Use new or existing spectrum

IS-95B CDMA IS-95A

IS-95A 14.4 kbps C Core network t k re-used in CDMA2000

1xEV-DO 1xRTT
CDMA2000 1xRTT: single carrier RTT First phase in CDMA2000 evolution Easy co-existence with IS-95A air interface Release 0 - max 144 kbps Release A max 384 kbps Same core network as IS-95

1xEV-DV

CDMA2000 3xRTT

CDMA2000 1x Evolved DV Development Terminated due to lack of demand (source wikipedia)

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3G Cellular Systems
Mobile operators have/are upgrading their networks to 3G/4G technology. Mobile operators using GSM are deploying
UMTS (universal mobile telephone system) and HSDPA (high speed downlink packet access) technologies as part of their 3G evolution. HSPA, LTE

CDMA operators are deploying 1x EV-DO (1x evolution data optimized) as their 3G solution In China hi and d parts of f Asia, i several l operators look l k to TD-SCDMA (time division-synchronous CDMA) as their 3G solution. All these 3G solutions provide data throughput capabilities on the order of a few hundred kilobits per second to a few megabits per second.

HSDPA
HSDPA is a downlink-only air interface defined in the Thirdgeneration Partnership Project (3GPP) UMTS Release 5 specifications HSDPA - peak user data rate (layer 2) 14.4Mbps on 5MHz channel HSDPA is a downlink-only interface
until an uplink complement the peak data rates on the uplink < 384kbps averaging 40kbps to 100kbps

An uplink version, HSUPA (high-speed uplink packet access), supports peak data rates up to 5.8Mbps and is standardized as part of the 3GPP Release 6 specifications HSDPA and HSUPA together are referred to as HSPA (highspeed packet access)

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3GPP is developing the next major revision to the 3G standards. The long-term evolution (LTE) will support
A peak data rate of 100Mbps in the downlink and 50Mbps in the uplink An average ave age spect spectral a e eff t that at is s 3/4 3/ t times es t that at of o Release e ease 6 HSPA. S .

In order to achieve these high data rates and spectral efficiency, the air interface will likely be based on
OFDM/OFDMA MIMO (multiple input/ multiple output) with similarities to WiMAX.

1xEV-DO
1x EV-DO is a high-speed data standard defined as an evolution to second-generation IS-95 CDMA systems by the 3GPP2 standards organization pp ap peak downlink data rate of 2.4Mbps p in a 1.25MHz It supports channel. Typical user-experienced data rates are in the order of 100kbps to 300kbps. Revision A of 1x EV-DO supports a peak rate of 3.1Mbps to a mobile user Revision B will support 4.9Mbps. 4 9Mbps These versions can also support uplink data rates of up to 1.8Mbps. 1x EV-DO Rev A enables voice and video telephony over IP

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3GPP2 also has longer-term plans to offer higher data rates The objective is to support:
Upto 70Mbps to 200Mbps in the downlink and Upto 30Mbps to 45Mbps in the uplink in EV-DO Revision C, using up to 20MHz of bandwidth.

UMTS & CDMA-2000 TIMELINE

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STANDATDS OVERVIEW
2.5G-GPRS 2 75 G-EDGE 2.75 3 G-HSDPA 3.5 G-HSPA 4G WiMAX 4G-WiMAX 4G-LTE
280 Kbps , 200 KHz , GMPSK 384 Kbps p , 200 KHz , 8PSK
384 Kbps , 5.0 MHz , QPSK 2.0 Mbps , 5.0 MHz , QPSK
5.76 Mbps , 5.0 MHz , Adaptive 14.4 Mbps , 5.0 MHz , Adaptive

70 Mbps , 1 1.75 75-20 20 MHz , 64 QAM

50 Mbps , 1.25-20 MHz , 16 QAM 100 Mbps , 1.25-20 MHz , 64 QAM

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

01011011 0101 1011 Internet Access Point

z z z z

WLANs connect local computers (100m range) Breaks data into packets Channel access is shared (random access) Backbone Internet provides best-effort service z Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)

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Wireless LAN Standards

802.11b (1990s)
Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz) Direct Di sequence spread d spectrum (DSSS) Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 500 ft range
Many WLAN cards have all 3 (a/b/g)

802.11a/g (Middle Age mid-late 1990s)

Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz) OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 100-200 ft range

802.11n (Recent)
Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHzband Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas) Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 200 ft range Other advances in packetization, antenna use, etc.

Broadband Wireless
It is about bringing the broadband experience to a wireless context, which offers users certain unique benefits and convenience. services Two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services.
The first type attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional fixed-line broadband but using wireless as the medium of transmission. This type, called fixed wireless broadband, can be thought of as a competitive alternative to DSL or cable modem. The second type of broadband wireless, called mobile broadband, offers the additional functionality of portability, nomadicity, and mobility.

WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access) technology, is designed to accommodate both fixed and mobile Broadband applications.

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What is WiMAX Technology?

WiMAX has two Flavors
802.16d (Not Forward Compatible) 802.16e 802 16e 802 16m 802.16m

Fixed WiMAX is expected to deliver

Mobile WiMAX is expected to deliver

40 Mbps in 3-10 Km cell

Last mile broadband connections Hotspots and Cellular backhaul OFDM

15 Mbps in 1.3-3 Km cell Vehicular speeds > 120 / km/hr

NLOS OFDMA

802.16j is another Standard for Multi-hop relay

Fixed/Mobile Scenario

52 of 106

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Wimax (802.16)
Wide area wireless network standard
System architecture similar to cellular Hopes H t to compete t with ith cellular ll l

OFDM/MIMO is core link technology Operates in 2.5 and 3.5 MHz bands
Different for different countries, 5.8 also used. Bandwidth is 3.5-10 3 5-10 MHz

Fixed (802.16d) vs. Mobile (802.16e) Wimax

Fixed: 75 Mbps max, up to 50 mile cell radius Mobile: 15 Mbps max, up to 1-2 mile cell radius

Bluetooth
Cable replacement RF technology (low cost) g (10m, ( , extendable to 100m) ) Short range 2.4 GHz band (crowded) 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and consumer electronics companies Few applications beyond cable replacement

8C32810.61-Cimini-7/98

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Ultrawideband Radio (UWB)

UWB is an impulse radio: sends pulses of tens of picoseconds(10-12) to nanoseconds (10-9) Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a technology for transmitting information spread over a large bandwidth (>500 MHz) Low emission levels currently allowed by regulatory agencies y tend to be short-range g and indoors UWB systems applications However, due to the short duration of the UWB pulses, it is easier to engineer extremely high data rates

IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Radios

Low-Rate WPAN Data rates of 20, 40, 250 kbps Star clusters or peer-to-peer operation Support for low latency devices CSMA-CA channel access Very V l low power consumption ti Frequency of operation in ISM bands

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Emerging Technologies
SDR & Cognitive Communication systems MIMO & STBC Cooperative Networks Pico Cells Ad h hoc/mesh / h wireless i l networks t k Sensor networks HARQ

Few Topics of Research Interest

Cooperative Communications Virtual MIMO MIMO OFDM MIMO-OFDM Sensor/Adhoc Networks IEEE 802.16e Software Defined Radios STBC / MIMO MIMO in Satellite Comm Spread Spectrum Systems etc

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