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MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS
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Elements of Vibrating system

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Spring Elements Mass/Inertia Elements Damping Elements

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Mass/Inertia Elements
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Mass/inertia element is assumed to be a rigid body It gains/lose KE with the change in the velocity Newtons 2nd Law of motion

F = ma

Workdone

W=Fx

Work is stored in the form of KE Mass/Inertia mass elements are identified in mathematical model How?

17-Sep-13

Mass/Inertia Elements
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Identify the mass element

Assumptions?

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Combination of mass Elements

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Translational Masses Connected by a Rigid Bar

Find the Equivalent Mass attached at point A. The Velocities of all the masses plus meq should be expressed at the velocity at point A Equating KE of all the three masses (Assuming small displacement)

Solution

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Combination of mass Elements

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Translational and Rotational Masses Connected together

Find the Equivalent Mass (Translational/Rotational)

Solution

KE of two masses

Equivalent KE in case of Translational Mass (v = R*omega) Equivalent KE in case of Rotational Mass

Calculate!!!!

17-Sep-13

Example 1.7 (Cam-Follower)

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Masses: mr, mp, mv, Jr

Meq=? @ point A Find all the displ./velocities in terms of that of point A Kinetic Energy

Solution

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Problem 1.9
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Find the equivalent torsional spring constant of the system shown in Fig. 1.70. Assume that k1, k2,k4 and k3 are torsional and k5 & k6 are linear spring constants. PE rot = k (theta)^2 PE Lin = k x^2

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Problem 1.13
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Find the equivalent spring constant and equivalent mass of the system shown in Figure with references to theta. Assume that the bars AOB and CD are rigid with negligible mass.

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Damping Elements
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In many practical systems, the vibrational energy is gradually converted to heat or sound. Due to the reduction in the energy, the response, such as the displacement of the system, gradually decreases. The mechanism by which the vibrational energy is gradually converted into heat or sound is known as damping. Important for the prediction of vibration response of a system A damper is assumed to have neither mass nor elasticity Damping exists only if there is relative velocity between two ends of the damper

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Damping Constant
(Parallel plates seperated by viscous fluid)
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According to Newton s law of viscous flow, the shear stress developed in the fluid layer at a distance y from the fixed plate is given by

The shear or resisting force (F) developed at the bottom surface of the moving plate is For A Damper The Damping Constant becomes

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Types of Damping
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Viscous Damping

Damping is offered by viscous material like air, oil, water, gas etc. fluid film between sliding surfaces e.g. piston and cylinder, fluid film around a journal in a bearing. It is caused by friction between rubbing surfaces that either are dry or have insufficient lubrication. Damping force is constant in magnitude but opposite in direction to that of the motion of the vibrating body. When a material is deformed, energy is absorbed and dissipated by the material Material Damping material subjected to vibration!!

Coulombs or Dry Friction Damping

Material or Solid or Hysteretic Damping

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Viscous Damper (Construction)

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when a plate moves relative to another parallel plate with a viscous fluid in between the plates, a viscous damper can be obtained.

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Given data

F=400N

v= 10 m/s
A=0.1 m^2 h=?
= 0.3445 Pa-s

Solution

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Assumption CG is located symmetrically

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Harmonic Motion
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Oscillatory motion may repeat itself regularly, as in the case of a simple pendulum, or it may display considerable irregularity, as in the case of ground motion during an earthquake. If the motion is repeated after equal intervals of time, it is called periodic motion. The simplest type of periodic motion is harmonic motion. simple harmonic motion is a type of periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement

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Scotch yoke mechanism

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The mass m of the spring-mass system are displaced from their middle positions by an amount x (in time t ) Velocity and Accelerations can be written as

The acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement. Such a vibration, with the acceleration proportional to the displacement and directed toward the mean position, is known as simple harmonic motion. Projection of OP in horizontal and vertical plane??

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Vectorial Representation of HM
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The projection of OP vector on the vertical axis is given by And on the horizontal axis by

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Complex Number Representation of HM

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The vectorial method of representing harmonic motion requires the description of both the horizontal and vertical components. It is more convenient to represent harmonic motion using a complex-number representation. Any vector in the xy-plane can be represented as a complex number:

i = Sqrt (-1), a, b= x and y comp of X a is called Real part while b is called imaginary part of vector X

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Complex Number Representation of HM

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Vector X can also be expressed in terms of angle as While A & theta are

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Complex Number Representation of HM

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It is known that Cos (theta) and Sin(theta) functions can be Expended in series as

HM in vectorial form can be simplified as

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Exponential Function
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In terms of Power Series

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Complex Algebra
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Complex number with vector notation Complex number without vector notation

z = a + bi

Complex numbers What will be magnitude and Angle of each vector? How to add/subtract complex numbers??

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Harmonic Functions
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Differentiation of Harmonic motion wrt time gives

2nd Derivative gives
Real component of displacement
Real component of velocity Real component of acceleration

This shows that the velocity vector leads the displacement by 90 while acceleration leads displacement by 180

Displacement, velocity and acceleration relation of HM

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Elaborate the figure

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Vectorial Addition of HM
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Two HM are given

Im

The Resultant vector will be X Magnitude of vec (X)

w A2

Angle (Alpha)

wt

A1
A Cos(wt+)

Re

Original given functions are Complex, Real or Imaginary? The real part of resultant would be

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End