Politehnica Univeristy of Bucharest, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages

Lab 3: 16QAM Modulator/Demodulator

[Frant Oana, 1232E]

I.The serial to parallel convertor for 16 QAM

First, the source data is converted from serial to parallel on 4 bits, such that, if the source generates data with the rate Rb, the 4 sequences generated should have the rates Rb/4. The serial to parallel converter is shown in figure 3. The source data generator has the period of 0.25s, a duty factor of 1/4 and a period of 1s and the three delay circuits (Transport Delay blocks from Continuous library) delays the signal with 0.25s. The three delay circuits (Transport Delay blocks from the Continuous library) delays the signal with 0.25s. The sample & hold circuits (Sample and Hold blocks from Blocksets & Toolboxes / DSP Blockset / Signal Operations library) samples the signal on the rising edge of the clock signals. Their initial conditions have to be set to 0. The data are then combined in order to generate the inphase and quadrature data.

E.1.1. The role of each block from the previous scheme is: Analog Filter Design creates a filter (in this case, a Butterworth Band-pass Filter) Multiplexor takes several inputs and combines them without modifying them; here it is used in order to be able to see in the same display the carrier and the recovered carrier. Sign block- places at the output the sign of the input number (-1 for negative inputs and +1 for positive inputs). Product computes the product of the two input signals (random signal and the sine carrier), resulting in the modulated signal. Gain blocks - blocks, which add gain value in order to place the signal again in the (1, 1) interval. The Sample/Hold block - sample and memorizing circuit: it samples the received signal as an input parameter: for the phase component on the positive side and for the quadrature component on the negative side. Pulse generator block - generates the tact signal in order for the signal to be sampled by the Sample & Hold block which will generate the signals in phase and in quadrature. Transport Delay block delays the input by a specified amount of time.

E.1.2 The original signal:

The signal at the output of the sample/hold

The signal for phase component:

Signal for the quadrature component

The spectrum of the original signal:

Output sampling signal

II.16 QAM modulator

The inphase data are modulated by the carrier (cosine) and the quadrature data the same carrier shifted in phase with 900 (sine). a)In phase component

In quadrature component:

Total signal:

b) In phase:

In quadrature:

Global

III.16QAM demodulator

For carrier recovery a PLL block will be used (the block Phase Locked Loop from the Blockset & Toolboxes / Communications Blockset / Synchronization library). The PLL will have the following settings: lowpass filter numerator: [1]; lowpass filter denominator: [1 1]; VCO input sensitivity (Hz/V): 0.001; VCO quiscent frequency (Hz): 10; VCO initial phase (rad): 0; VCO output amplitude: 2

The PLL output has to be shifted in phase by 900 and 1800 respectively, using the Transport Delay blocks from the Continuous library.

We visualize in time domain the recovered carrier from PLL output and compare it with the original one. The phase delay between the modulated signal and the local recovered one is of 0.025s.We visualize in freq domain the output signals at the end of the adding circuit, respectively of the filter pass through a branch down of the circuit. (in phase or quadrature) The multiplier output and the low-pass filter outputs :

The demodulated signals in phase and quadrature

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E3.1 The delay between the carrier recovered by the PLL and that of the modulated signal is 0.025s, corresponding to a /2. The modulated signal and the original carrier are out of phase with /4. E3.2 It has to be shifted in phase with 90 degrees because at the demodulation the 2 overlapping signals the original and recived will not be out of phase as usually when performing a demodulation which introduces a delay of radians . E3.3 The minimum cut off frequency is equal to 5Hz and the maximum one is equal to15Hz.

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