Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH

Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

15. Fluid flow in solidification 2


15.1 Governing equation for fluid flow

Motion of fluid is governed by a set of equations called the Navier-Stokes
equations. These equations are derived by Navier in 1831, and more rigorously
by Stokes in 1845. The Navier-Stokes equations describe the physics of a large
number of phenomena, for examples, blood flow in vessels and pollution
spreading. Its importance in alloy solidification has been promoted by the
recently developed semisolid metal processing technology.

To demonstrate the derivation of the Navier-Stokes equations we consider an
infinitesimal volume of fluid as illustrated in figure 1. The derivations are based
on conservations of mass, momentum and energy.

Figure 1. An infinitesimal volume of fluid considered here


Conservation of mass

The principle of the mass conservation states that mass cannot be created or
disappeared in the infinitesimal volume. The rate at which mass changes within
the volume = The rate at which mass enters or leaves the volume through its six
boundaries.

Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH

Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

The mass within the volume = z y x , where xyz is the volume and is
the average density in the infinitesimal volume.

The rate at which mass changes within the volume
( )
( )
t
z y x
t
z y x

=



Suppose that the fluid flows with a velocity of z w y v x u V + + =
r
, the rate at which
mass moves through boundary

1 z y u S V = =
1 1 1 1 1

r r


The negative appears from the definition of that the flow-in is positive and is
opposite to the surface normal. The rate at which mass moves through other
boundaries are:
2: z y u S V = =
2 2 2 2 2

r r

3: z x v S V = =
3 3 3 3 3

r r

4: z x v S V = =
4 4 4 4 4

r r

5: y x w S V = =
5 5 5 5 5

r r

6: y x w S V = =
6 6 6 6 6

r r


The mass conservation gives

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y x w y x w z x v z x v z y u z y u
t
z y x =

5 5 6 6 3 3 4 4 1 1 2 2

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(

=
z
w w
y
v v
x
u u
z y x
5 5 6 6 3 3 4 4 1 1 2 2

(15.1)

Because the considered volume is infinitesimal, equation (15.1) reduces into

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) V w
z
v
y
u
x t
r

(15.2)

Or the continuity equation
( ) 0 = +

V
t
r

(15.3)
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH

Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

Conservation of momentum

Fluid can be continuously deformed when a shear stress is applied. The stress is
identified by two subscripts such as
xy
, where the first subscript indicates the
plane on which they act and the second subscript identifies the direction of the
force associated with the force.
xy
implies that the plane is normal to the x-axis
and the shear force is pointing in the y-direction. The total stress requires three
pieces of information (its magnitude, its direction and the plane on which it acts)
to completely specify it. For Newtonian flow where stress and strain rate has
linear relationship is expresses as

y
u
yx

= (15.4)

Stokes extended Newton's idea from simple 1-D flow to 3D flow. He developed
the following relations, collectively known as Stokes relations.

(15.5)

The conservation of the momentum states that the change of the momentum in
the volume equals to the net rate of momentum enters or leaves the volume +
forces acting on the control volume. We consider the momentum change along x
direction firstly.
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH

Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

The rate of change of momentum in the volume ( ) z y x u
t

=
The rate at which u-momentum enters through those boundaries are:
1. z y u u
1 1 1

2. z y u u
2 2 2

3. z x v u
3 3 3

4. z x v u
4 4 4

5. y x w u
5 5 5

6. y x w u
6 6 6


The pressure force acting on left and right boundaries are

1. z y P
2. z y P

The viscous forces on boundaries are

1. z y
xx

1

2. z y
xx

2

3. z x
yx

3

4. z x
yx

4

5. y x
zx

5

6. y x
zx

6


Summing up these contributions, dividing through x y x and taking the
assumption of infinitesimal volume, it has:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
z y x z
uw
y
uv
x
P uu
t
u
zx
yx
xx

+
+

(15.6)

With same algorithm, we can obtain

Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH

Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
z y x z
vw
x
vu
y
P vv
t
v
zy yy xy

+
+

(15.7)
and
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
z y x y
wv
x
wu
z
P ww
t
w
zz
yz
xz

+
+

(15.8)

Conservation of energy

The conservation of energy, or the first law of thermodynamics, states that: The
rate at which the total energy (i.e. internal + kinetic) increases within a volume
equals to the rate at which the energy enters into the volume + the rate at which
work is done on the system (via surface and body) + the rate at which heat is
generated or sunk. The mass specific energy is defined as

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1
2
1
w v u CT w v u e E + + + = + + + = (15.9)

where e is the mass specific internal energy and C is the specific heat capacity.

The rate at which total energy increases within the volume
( )
z y x
t
E

The rate of energy enters and leaves the boundaries of the volume are:

1. z y E u
1 1 1

2. z y E u
2 2 2

3. z x E v
3 3 3

4. z x E v
4 4 4

5. y x E w
5 5 5

6. y x E w
6 6 6


Totally as
( ) ( ) ( )
z y x
z
wE
y
vE
x
uE

|
|

\
|

At the surfaces of the control volume, there are pressure and viscous forces that
do work on the fluid, as the fluid particles cross the boundary. For examples, on
face 1, the pressure forces and viscous forces may be expressed as
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH

Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

( ) z y z y x x P
xz xy xx
. The fluid velocity at this boundary is z w y v x u + + . The
rate at which work is done by the surface forces acting on surface 1 is
( ) z y w v u Pu
xz xy xx


Summation of all six boundaries and considering of the infinitesimal volume gives

( ) ( ) ( )
(

x
v u w Pw
y
w u v Pv
x
w v u Pu
z y x
zy zx zz yz yx yy xz xy xx


The rate of work done by body force z g y g x g g
z y x
+ + =
r
is

z y x
wg vg ug + +

The rate at which heat flows across a surface of unit area is proportional to the
negative of the temperature gradient normal to this surface. As we learned before,
the heat conduction effects at all six boundaries are

(
(
(
(

\
|

|
|

\
|

\
|

z
z
T
k
y
y
T
k
x
x
T
k
z y x

The heat generation and sinking rate is

z
q
y
q
x
q
z
y
x

Summing up all the terms we get the energy equation.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
z
wP
y
vP
x
uP
z
wE
y
vE
x
uE
t
E

( ) ( ) ( )
z
w v u
y
w v u
x
w v u
zz zy zx yz yy yx xz xy xx

+ +
+

+ +
+

+ +
=


Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH

Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

( ) ( ) ( )
z
q
y
q
x
q
wg vg ug
z
z T k
y
y T k
x
x T k
z
y
x
z y x

+ + +
(

+
(15.10)

15.2 Temperature distribution for planar coquette flow

Consider a case as illustrated in figure 2. The bottom and top plates are at
temperature of T1 and T2, respectively. The top plate is moving at the velocity V.
The pressure gradient satisfies 0 / = dx dP . We can solve the temperature
distribution in the fluid between the plates, and compute the rate at which heat is
transferred from the hot plate to the cold plate, as follows.

Figure 2. Temperature between moving heat plates

The energy equation for this case is obtained by reducing of equation (15.10)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
y
vP
x
uP
y
vE
x
uE
t
E

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(

+
+

+
=
y
y T k
x
x T k
y
v u
x
v u
yy yx xy xx


For our parallel flow, we can set /x =0 and v = 0. For the case where 0 / = dx dP ,
the velocity profile is linear. One has
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH

Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)


When these expressions are substituted into the energy equation, and when all
x-derivatives are set to zero, and when v is set to zero, the following form results.



Integrating the above equation twice, we get



where C and D are constants of integration. These constants may be found by
applying the boundary condition T= T1 at y=0, and T = T2 at y= h. The final form
is


The first two terms in the above expression are linear in y, and model the effect
of conduction on the temperature distribution. The third term models the effect of
heat generation due to viscous work.


References

1. http://www.ae.gatech.edu/labs/windtunl/classes/hispd/hispd06/ns_eqns.html
2. http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/AERO/Flow2.htm