Class 14: Outline

Hour 1:
Magnetic Fields
Expt. 5: Magnetic Fields

Hour 2:
Charges moving in B Fields
Exam Review
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 A New Topic:
Magnetic Fields

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 Gravitational – Electric Fields
Mass m Charge q (±)
G m G q
Create: g = −G 2 rˆ E = ke 2 rˆ
r r
G G G G
Feel: Fg = mg FE = qE
Also saw… Dipole p
Create:

Feel: G G G
τ = p×E P14- 3
Magnetism – Bar Magnet

Like poles repel, opposite poles attract

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 Demonstration:
Magnetic Field Lines
from Bar Magnet

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 Demonstration:
Compass (bar magnet) in
Magnetic Field Lines
from Bar Magnet

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 Magnetic Field of Bar Magnet

(1) A magnet has two poles, North (N) and South (S)
(2) Magnetic field lines leave from N, end at S
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 Bar Magnets Are Dipoles!
• Create Dipole Field
• Rotate to orient with Field

Is there magnetic “mass”

or magnetic “charge?”

NO! Magnetic monopoles do not exist in isolation

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 Bar Magnets Are Dipoles!
• Create Dipole Field
• Rotate to orient with Field

Is there magnetic “mass”

or magnetic “charge?”

NO! Magnetic monopoles do not exist in isolation

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 Magnetic Monopoles?
GElectric Dipole Magnetic Dipole
p G
-q q µ
When cut:
2 monopoles (charges) When cut: 2 dipoles
Magnetic monopoles do not exist in isolation
Another Maxwell’s Equation! (2 of 4)
G G qin G G
∫∫
wS
E ⋅ dA =
ε0 ∫∫ B ⋅ dA = 0
wS
Gauss’s Law Magnetic Gauss’s LawP14- 10
Fields: Grav., Electric, Magnetic
Mass m Charge q (±) No
G m G q Magnetic
Create: g = −G 2 rˆ E = ke 2 rˆ Monopoles!
r r
G G G G
Feel: Fg = mg FE = qE
Also saw… Dipole p Dipole µ
Create: G G
E→ ←B
Feel: G G G G G G
τ = p×E τ = µ×B P14- 11
What else is magnetic?

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 Magnetic Field of the Earth

Also a
magnetic
dipole!

North magnetic pole located in southern hemisphere

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 Earth’s Field at MIT

We will measure these components

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 Experiment 5:
Bar Magnet &
Earth’s Magnetic Field

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 Visualization: Bar Magnet &
Earth’s Magnetic Field
(http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/magnetostatics/27-barmagontable/27-
barmag320.html)

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 Magnetic Field B Thus Far…
Bar Magnets (Magnetic Dipoles)…
• Create: Dipole Field
• Feel: Orient with Field

Does anything
else create or feel
a magnetic field?

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Demonstration:
TV in Field

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Moving Charges Feel Magnetic Force

G G G
FB = q v × B
Magnetic force perpendicular both to:
Velocity v of charge and magnetic field B
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 Magnetic Field B: Units
G G G
Since FB = q v × B
newton N N
B Units = =1 =1
(coulomb)(meter/second ) C ⋅ m s A ⋅ m
This is called 1 Tesla (T)
4
1 T = 10 Gauss (G)

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 Recall:
Cross Product

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Notation Demonstration

X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X

OUT of page INTO page

“Arrow Head” “Arrow Tail”

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 Cross Product: Magnitude
Computing magnitude of cross product A x B:
G G G G G G
C = AxB C = A B sin θ

G
| C |: area of parallelogram
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 Cross Product: Direction
G G G
Right Hand Rule #1: C = AxB
1) Curl fingers of right hand
in the direction that moves A
(green vector) to B (red
vector) through the smallest
angle
2) Thumb of right hand will
point in direction of the cross
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizat
product C (orange vector) ions/vectorfields/14-CrossProduct/14-
crossprod320.html

P14- 24
 Cross Product: Signs

ˆi × ˆj = kˆ ˆj × ˆi = −kˆ
ˆj × kˆ = ˆi ˆk × ˆj = −ˆi
kˆ × ˆi = ˆj ˆi × kˆ = −ˆj

Cross Product is Cyclic (left column)

Reversing A & B changes sign (right column)
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PRS Questions:
Right Hand Rule

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 Putting it Together: Lorentz Force
Charges Feel…
G G G G G
FE = qE FB = q v × B
Electric Fields Magnetic Fields

G G G G
(
F = q E + v×B )
This is the final word on the force on a charge
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Application: Velocity Selector

What happens here?

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 Velocity Selector

Particle moves in a straight line when

G G G G E
Fnet = q(E + v × B) = 0 ⇒ v =
B P14- 29
PRS Question:
Hall Effect

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Exam Review

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