INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

The emphasis of this topic is on engineering materials in general and civil engineering materials in particular. 1.1 Engineering Materials: The engineering materials are the materials that engineers use in different tasks of their profession, which can be summarized as follows: Construction (e.g. stones, bricks, cements, concrete, timber, tiles, plastics, rubber, metals, glass) Manufacturing tools and instruments (e.g. iron, copper, aluminum). Maintenance of structures and machines (e.g. paints, lubricating oils). Extracting and making the materials used for construction and making machines (e.g. lime stone for extracting iron, aggregates for making concrete) Producing energy (e.g. water, coal, oil products, nuclear energy substances). Classification of Engineering Materials: Engineering materials can be classified into: Metallic materials: which can further sub-divided into: o Ferrous metals: steel, wrought iron, cast iron, stainless steel. o Non-ferrous metals: copper, nickel, aluminum, lead, tin. Non-metallic materials: o Building materials: stones, bricks, concrete, cement, gypsum, lime, timber. o Miscellaneous materials: plastics, rubber, paints, insulation materials. Energy producing materials: water, oil products, uranium, coal. Civil Engineering Materials: The main materials, a civil engineer deals with are: Soil: most civil engineering structures are constructed on or under some kinds of soils or clays (e.g. buildings, bridges, dams, roads, water distribution systems.) Aggregates: fine and coarse aggregates are essential materials in making the concrete. Metals: steel is the most important metal used in civil engineering. It can be used as a building material in its own or as reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures. Cement: different cement types are used as constituent material of concrete and as an adhesive material for construction work. Timber: is used as a building material and for making forms for reinforced concrete buildings and for shoring. Bituminous materials: Mainly asphalt (for paving roads and for water insulation.) Masonry materials: include different kinds of bricks and blocks. Composite materials: mainly used for repair and rehabilitation of structures. (See Table 1)

1.2

1.3

Table 1: Structure type Buildings: High-rise building Commercial buildings Homes Transportation: Highway pavements Bridges Airport pavements Airport structures Pipelines: Petroleum, gas Water Water-control Structures: Pipes Canal linings Dams Irrigation structures Sewage systems Water treatment plants Miscellaneous: Piers, waterfront structures Tunnels Sidewalks Driveways Outside walls Floors Foundations Nuclear reactors

Principal Materials used in Construction 1 2 Miscellaneous

Steel Concrete Wood Asphalt Concrete Concrete Concrete Steel Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete Wood Concrete Concrete Concrete Brick Wood Concrete Concrete

Concrete Steel Concrete Concrete Steel Asphalt Steel

Wood, glass, plastics, clay Wood, glass, aluminum, clay Steel, aluminum, clay, plastics

Wood, aluminum Wood, glass, aluminum, plastics

Steel Steel Asphalt Soil Steel Clay Clay Concrete Steel Asphalt Asphalt Wood Concrete Steel

Wood Plastics, clay pipe

Plastics

Concrete, stone, aluminum, clay tiles Asphalt, clay tiles Soil