1538

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS,VOL. 29, NO. 2, MARCH 1993

Constitutive Equation of Magnetic Materials and Magnetic Field Analysis

M. Enokizono and K. Yuki
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-11, Japan
Abstract The conventional fleld analysis methods neglect the e l a t i o n between the magnetic flux density B and the phase r magnetic fbld vector H under a rotating fleld. Magnetic properties have been measured as scalar relationshipunder an alternatingmagnetic field, and only the scalar values have been applied to analyze the two-dimensional magnetic field problems. In thSs paper, the B- and H-values have been measured as vector relationships under the influence of a rotating fleld, using the two-dimenstonal magnetic measurement apparatus. The magnetic properties are represented by a tensor exprsslon tm a function of magnetic s then applied for the rotating relnctivitks This expression i fleld analysi&

---

usually written as

where Xm is the magnetic susceptibility,and c1, is the relative permeability. , the Having a phase difference between B and H constitutive equation is written as

where, pjj is the permeability tensor. . In conventional field analysis, the magnetic properties in I. INTRODUCTION arbitrary directions are modeled by only using magnetic properties of the easy axis and its perpendicular direction. In Generally, rotational power loss, which is generated in the other words, off-diagonal terms of the tensor hj have been T-joints of three-phase transformer cores and in rotating machines, is larger than the alternating power loss [l]. assumed to be zero. However, this modeling can't suggest a Consequently, it is necessary to clarify the magnetic substantial characteristic of the magnetic material. Therefore properties and iron loss values under rotational the permeability should be treated as a tensor. magnetization, and to design an optimum structure which has B. Two-Dimensional Magnetic Measurement small rotational power loss. We have proposed a new measurement technique in which Recently, as a means of elucidating these problems, the finite element method has been applied to magnetic field the relationship between H and B is measured as a vector problems. For this method of analysis, we need to use the relation [2-51. We call these "twodimensional magnetic magnetic properties of the core materials as input data. The measurements." The magnetic properties obtained by such magnetic properties, which are obtained by conventional measurements are also called "two-dimensional magnetic measurement, are partially effective for an analysis of properties." The structure of the two-dimensional magnetic measure alternating magnetic field problem, because, in this type of i g .1. The measurement system measurement, the magnetic properties have been evaluated ment apparatus is shown in F such that the direction of the magnetic flux density B is is shown in Fig. 2, The sample used in this measurement is parallel to that of the magnetic field vector I11 The obtained non-oriented silicon steel sheet H30, and the exciting characteristic values by such measurements, represent the frequency is 50 Hz. The measurement conditions in the alternating magnetic properties in a given direction only. Therefore these properties do not apply to problems under rotating field field are as follows: conditions. For analyzing rotating field problems, we were able to measure the B and H-values which have a vector relationship using the two-dimensional magnetic measurement apparatus. In this paper, the twodimensional magnetic properties are formulated with the magnetic reluctivities in a tensor form, and then this tensor expression is applied to two-dimensional magnetic field analysis. A comparison of the results obtained using the new method to those of the conventional one is shown.

n. cbNSlTmrrrvE EQUATION
A. Permeability Tensor When B is parallel to J 3 , the constitutive equation is
M a n u s c r i p t received on August 3,1992.

zc
X
Fig. 1. Two-dimensionalmeasurement apparah~~.

0018-9464/93$03.000 1993IEEE

1539

where rpis the inclination angle, and a the axis ratio. We assume that the elements of the tensor are'a function of I B m d , rp, and a Then the elements of the tensor are of a constant value in a single loop. When it is premised on these hypotheses, each element is calculated from the I 11 I + L l l l I I various conditions. Fig. 3 shows the magnetic curves when the axis ratio is 1 by using the comp expression. As is evident from Fig. 3, the off-d I vxy is nearly equal to -vyx in pure circular rotational I When the maximum flux density is l.OT, the relationships among the off-diagonal terms, the axis ratio, and the inclination angle are shown in Figs. 4,5. In this figure, as the value of the axis ratio decreases, vxyincreases sharply in the Fig. 2 . Measurementsystem. rolling direction and vyx shows a sharp decrease along the perpendicular direction to the rolling direction. (a) Exciting direction is from 0 to 175 degrees; (b) Maximum magnetic flux density is from 0.1 to 1.5 T. The measurement conditions in the rotating magnetic field are as follows: (a) Maximum magnetic flux density is fiom 0.1 to 1.5 T; (b) The axis ratio is from 0.1 to 1.0; (c) The inclination angle is 0,30,45,6D and 90 degrees. where the axis ratio is the ratio of maximum flux density to minimum flux density, the inclination angle is the angle from the rolling direction to the direction of maximum flux density. The rotating direction of B and His clockwise.

C . Numerical Modeling for Two-Dimensional Magnetic Properties In this paper, we use the magnetic reluctivity v in place of permeability 1.1 As was stated previously, in the past, offdiagonal terms of the tensor have been assumed to be zero. In short, calculating a tensor from the results of the conventional measurement was impossible. First, we consider the conventional expression of magnetic properties under rotating flux. The expression is obtained from the data of the parallel and the perpendicular directions to the rolling direction under an alternating magnetic field by using

0 1 2 Square of magnetic flux density @]

x
-200
1 1

(3)
where, v, is the magnetic reluctivity in the rolling direction, vy is in the perpendicular direction to the rolling direction. Next, consider the tensor expression of the magnetic reluctivity in our study. The magnetic reluctivity tensor is represented by

Square of magnetic flux density

p]

Fig. 3 . Magnetic reluctivitycurves in tensor form.

800
A

(4)
?

We introduce a new function defined by the following equations.

(y "'I(")
-Sin'COsrp

cosrp

By

b 2 = & .2

+-B;"

a 2.

(5)

Fig. 4 . Relation among ~ y a , and 9.

1540

2
x

9 0
-200

-400

Here, the components of the magnetic flux density can be written as

-600

I
Fig. 5. Relation among VYX, a and q.

Next, substituting (12) into (ll), we obtain

m.MAGNETIC FIELD ANALYSIS

A. Fomularion In the case when magnetic reluctivity is treated in a tensor form, the Poisson equation for the two-dimensional magnetic field problem including the offdiagonal terms is written as

- JO aAc")\ &**
aAie i From the minimization conditions of (13), we may carry out a linear analysis using the finite element method. B. Results and Discussion This analytical method was applied to the model of the two-dimensional measurement apparatus. The grade of the sample is equivalent to non-oriented silicon steel H30. The distribution of flux density in the sample is nearly uniform, because this apparatus has air gaps (0.1 mm) between the sample and each yoke.

&(v&)+$(vmG)-"(& a x

aYaY

vv$)=-Jo.(6)

where A is the magnetic vector potential, and Jo the source current density. The following equation is the functional xto correspond to (6).

xj-1[

/:HdB)dxdy-//

JoAdxdy.

(7)

The relationship between B and His given by

Substituting (8) into (7), and rewriting with the values in each element, the following equation is obtained.

where the subscript Ye" shows points that compose an element. Next, rewriting the first term of the right hand side in (9), we get

Equation (9) can be rewritten using the tensor v as follows:

___ . calculated _ . results with conventional expression

Fig. 6. Flux distribution.

-: calculated results with tensorexpression

1541

Locus of B

Locus of H

8(c) are in good agreement with the measured values. As a result, it is shown that the two-dimensional magnetic properties can be expressed by using the tensor expression.

000 000 000

Locus of B

Locus of H

Iv.CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the constitutive equation of magnetic materials and the associated magnetic field analysis have been presented. The results can be summarized as follows: 1)The magnetic properties in the conventional measurement are acceptable to analysis of the alternating magnetic field problem. However these properties cant be applied to problems with rotational magnetization. 2) The off-diagonal terms of the magnetic reluctivity tensor when the axis ratio is 1.O, are anti-symmetric. 3) The calculated results with the tensor expression of the loop and ofthephasedifference are in good agreement with the measured results. 4) Not only the magnetic properties of anisotropic materials but also those of the non-oriented materials under rotating magnetic fields, should be dealt with using the tensor form.
REFEXENCIS

-Fig. 7. Locus of B-vector and H-vector. (a) caldated results with conventional expression (b) calculatedr d t s with tensor expression

F,FI>-:-;pjp,p
at
Scale: Scale: Scale X-direction:(~LI[rad]div.) (0.5fTjldiv.) (loO[A/m]/div.) Scale Y-direction:(~r/4[rad]/div.)

Loss in Electrolytic Sheet Steel, J. Inst. Elec. Engrs., vol. 84, pp. 399-407, 1939. [2] M. Enokimno, T. Suzuki and J. D. Sievert, M Using Rotational Magnetic Loss Measurement Mag.in Japan., vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 455-458, 1990, Japan, vol. 6, No. 9,1991. [3] M. Enokizono,T. Suzuki,J. Sievert and J. Xu,Rotational Silicon Steel Sheet, IEEE Trans. Magn, vol. 26, No. 5, pp 1990 [INTERMAG90]. [4] M. Enokimno,G. Shirakawa,T. Suzuki and J. Sievert,T\Ho-di Magnetic Fropefties of Silicon Steel Sheet, J. Applied Mag. VO~.15, NO. 2, pp. 265-270, 1991. [5] A.J. M o s e s and T. Meydan, Results of H-coil a t e r i a l s , Rotational Lossin Soft Magnetic M Oita, pp. 60-741992
Massto Enokizono w a s born in Oita, Japan, on Feb

[11F. Brailsford, Alternating Hysteresis

Pig. 8. E-loop, Sloop and phase difference.

(a) measurementresuits

(b) calculated d t s w i t h conventional expression

(c) calculated r d t s w i t h tensor expression

The calculated results are shown in Figs. 6, 7 and 8. Fig. 6 shows the magnetic flux distribution. Fig. 7 shows the locus of the Bvector and H-vector. Fig. 8 shows the Bloop, the E-loop, and the phase difference between B and H-vectors. The conditions used in this analysis are; The axis ratio is 0.5 and the inclination angle is 45 degrees. On the measured rotational flux, the phase difference always changed over at 0 degree. This change indicates that B lags behind E The phase difference of the conventional result as shown in Fig. 8(b) has some angle of lag or lead with the rotating direction. Therefore, in the conventional expression, it is found that the calculated results differ completely from the measured results as shown in Fig. &a). On the other hand, the new calculated results as shown in Fig.

He is at present an associate professor at the and Electronic Engineering, faculty of Enginee Oita, Japan, and he has been engag computational electromagnetic engineering, and the twodimensional magnetic measuring methods, and research work on the electricalmachine. He is a member of the IEEE MagneticSociety.
Kenji Yuki w a s born in Oita, Japan, on Septemb at present a second-year student of the master

Engineering, Oita university, Oita, Japan, and in improving the computational electromagn magnetic field analysis method by using magnetic properties, and research work on the electricalmachine.