Chemistry 140 Fall 2002

Dr. Habib Nasir 16/06/09

Dr. Habib Nasir

School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
NUST
1

This lecture

• Ge
General
e a Chemistry
C e s y
• Principles and Modern Applications
Petrucci • Harwood • Herring

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Chemistry 140 Fall 2002

Dr. Habib Nasir 16/06/09

Contents

14-1 Types of Solutions: Some Terminology

14-2 Solution Concentration

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Types of Solution:
Some Terminology
• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures.
– Uniform throughout.
• Solvent.
– Determines the state of matter in which the solution
exists.
– Is the largest component.
• Solute.
– Other solution components said to be dissolved in the
solution.

Slide 6 of 46

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Chemistry 140 Fall 2002

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Components of solutions

• Solute- The substance that is dissolved.

• Solvent-
Solvent The substance which dissolves the
solute and is normally present in excess.

Properties of solutions

• Homogeneous
• Components do not separate on standing
• Cannot be separated by filtration
• Do not scatter light

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Types of Solutions

Gas – gas
Gas – liquid
Gas – solid
Liquid – liquid
Liquid – solid
Solid – liquid
Solid – solid

Types of Solutions

Gas dissolved in gas

- air (O2, H2O, etc. in N2)

- natural gas (butane, propane in methane)

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Types of Solutions

Gas dissolved in liquid

- Carbonated water
H2O(l) + CO2(g) H2CO3(aq)

- natural
t l waters
t (dissolved
(di l d O2)
H2O(l) + O2(g) O2(aq)

Types of Solutions

Gas dissolved in solid

- hydrogen in palladium

(interstitial H2)

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Types of Solutions

Liquid dissolved in liquid

- ethanol in water
C2H5OH(l) + H2O(l) C2H5OH(aq)

-antifreeze ((ethylene
y gglycol
y in water))

- windshield washer (methanol in water)

Types of Solutions

Liquid dissolved in solid

- dental amalgam (Hg in Ag, Sn)

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Types of Solutions

Solid dissolved in liquid

- beer (salts, flavorings in water)

- sugar solution
- ocean water (salts in water)

Types of Solutions

Solid
S lid dissolved
di l d iin solid
lid
- brass, steel, 10 karat Au

Cu (Sn) Au (Ag)

Fe (C, Ni, Cr,…)

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Table 14.1 Some Common Solutions

Slide 17 of 46

Types of Solutions

• Saturated
– In a saturated solution,
the solvent holds as
much solute as is
possible at that
temperature.
– Dissolved
Di l d solute l t iis iin
dynamic equilibrium
with solid solute
particles.

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Types of Solutions

• Unsaturated
– If a solution is
unsaturated, less solute
than can dissolve in the
solvent at that
temperature is dissolved
in the solvent.

Types of Solutions

• Supersaturated
– In supersaturated solutions, the solvent holds more
solute than is normally possible at that temperature.
– These solutions are unstable; crystallization can usually
be stimulated by adding a “seed crystal” or scratching
the side of the flask.

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Chemistry 140 Fall 2002

Dr. Habib Nasir 16/06/09

Types of Solutions

• Supersaturated
– In supersaturated solutions, the solvent holds more
solute than is normally possible at that temperature.
– These solutions are unstable; crystallization can usually
be stimulated by adding a “seed crystal” or scratching
the side of the flask.

Factors Affecting Solubility

• Chemists use the axiom “like dissolves like."
– Polar substances tend to dissolve in polar solvents.
– Nonpolar
l substances
b tendd to dissolve
di l in i nonpolar
l solvents.
l

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Chemistry 140 Fall 2002

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Factors Affecting Solubility

The more similar the

intermolecular
attractions, the more
likely one substance is
to be soluble in
another.

Factors Affecting Solubility

Glucose (which has

hydrogen bonding) is
very soluble in water,
while cyclohexane
(which only has
dispersion forces) is
not.

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Factors Affecting Solubility

• Vitamin A is soluble in nonpolar compounds (like

fats).
• Vitamin C is soluble in water.

Solubility of Gases in Water

• The solubilityy of a ggas in

a liquid is directly
proportional to its
pressure.
• The solubility of a gas in
a liquid is inversely
proportional to
temperature.

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Solubility of Gases in Water

– Carbonated soft drinks

are more “bubbly”y if
stored in the
refrigerator.
– Warm lakes have less
O2 dissolved in them
than cool lakes.

Solubility of Solids in Water

Generally, the
Generally
solubility of solid
solutes in liquid
solvents increases with
increasing
p
temperature.

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Concentrations

Slide 29 of 46

Concentrations
• Qualitative description
• Quantitative notation
– Mass percentage
M t (f
(fraction)
ti )
– Mass-volume percentage
– Volume-volume percentage
– Mole fraction
– Molarity
– Molality
– Normality
– "Parts-per" notation

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14-2 Solution Concentration.

• Mass percent. (m/m)

• Volume percent
percent. (v/v)
• Mass/volume percent. (m/v)

• Isotonic saline is prepared by dissolving 0.9 g

of NaCl in 100 mL of water and is said to be:
0.9% NaCl (mass/volume)

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10% Ethanol Solution (v/v)

Slide 32 of 46

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Percent of Solute
• Calculate the mass of nickel(II) sulfate, NiSO4,
contained in 200. g of a 6.00% solution of NiSO4.

Prentice-Hall © 2002 Slide 33 of 46

Example
• A 6.00% NiSO4 solution contains 40.0 g of
NiSO4. Calculate the mass of the solution.

Prentice-Hall © 2002 Slide 34 of 46

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Example
• Calculate the mass of NiSO4 present in 200. mL of
a 6.00% (w/w) solution of NiSO4. The density of
the solution is 11.06
06 g/mL at 25°C
25 C.

Prentice-Hall © 2002 Slide 35 of 46

Mole Fraction and Mole Percent

Amount of component i (in moles)

χ=
Total amount of all components (in moles)

χ1 + χ2 + χ3 + …χn = 1

Mole % i = χI x 100

Slide 36 of 46

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Molarity and Molality

Amount of solute ((in moles))

Molarity (M) =
Volume of solution (in liters)

Amount of solute (in moles)

Molality (m) =
Mass of solvent (in kilograms)

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Molarity

• Calculate the molarity of a solution that contains

170 g
grams of NaNO3 in 2 liters of solution.

• First, change grams to moles:

170 g = 170 = 2 moles
formula mass 85
• 2 moles = 1 M
2 liters

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Molarity

• How many grams of HCl are present in 5 liters of

a 6 M solution?
• First, solve for moles using: moles = M * L
moles = 6*5= 30 moles
• Now change to grams by multiplying by the
formula mass
30 molesl * 36 g/mole
/ l = 1080 grams

Molarity
• Calculate the molarity (M) of a solution that
contains 3.65 grams of HCl in 2.00 liters of
solution.

Prentice-Hall © 2002 Slide 40 of 46

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Molarity
• Calculate the mass of Ba(OH)2 required to prepare
2.50 L of a 0.0600 M solution of barium hydroxide.
• 171.3
171 3 g Ba(OH)2/mol Ba(OH)2

Prentice-Hall © 2002 Slide 41 of 46

• A sample of commercial sulfuric acid is 96.4%

H2SO4 by mass, and its specific gravity is 1.84.
• Calculate
Calc late the molarity
molarit of this sulfuric
s lf ric acid
solution.

• Homework

Prentice-Hall © 2002 Slide 42 of 46

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Changing Molarity to Molality

If we know the density

of the solution, we can
calculate the molality
from the molarity, and
vice versa.

ppm, ppb and ppt

• Very low solute concentrations are expressed as:

ppm: parts per million (μg/g, mg/L)

ppb: parts per billion (ng/g, μg/L)
ppt: parts per trillion (pg/g, ng/L)

ppm, ppb, and ppt are properly m/m or v/v.

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