AUDIO TRANSFORMERS Audio transformers improve sound quality by removing interference from audio signals.

This interference, or ground noise, is caused by voltages from other devices and produces a humming or buzzing sound. Typically, audio transformers are encased in a magnetic shielding which is filled with an epoxy resin that provides insulation, protects the windings, and prevents vibration of the core material. Some audio transformers do not have a center tap, while other devices have a center tap in only the primary side, only the secondary side, or in both the primary and secondary sides. For audio transformers, the impedance ratio equals the square-of-the-turn ratio.

IR LED

Light-emitting diode, usually called an LED , is a semiconductor diode that emits incoherent narrow-spectrum light when electrically biased in the forward direction of the p-n junction, as in the common LED circuit. An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of 760 nm wavelength. Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminium gallium arsenide.

The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see the infrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is working or not, unlike a common LED. To overcome this problem, the camera on a cellphone can be used. The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated from the IR LED in a circuit.

PHOTO DIODE OR TRANSISTOR:. They receives the IR Silicon photodiodes are semiconductor devices responsive to high energy particles and photons. Photodiodes operate by absorption of photons or charged particles and generate a flow of current in an external circuit, proportional to the incident power. radiations and produce corresponding electrical signals. This is given to audio amplifier where it is amplified . It give the input to the headphone where the transmitted audio signal is receieved. An IR headphone has two parts. One is the transmitter and the other is the receiver

The Transistor as an Amplifier

Amplification is the process of linearly increasing the amplitude of an electrical signal. A transistor can act as an amplifier directly using the gain, . when a transistor is biased in the active (linear) region, the BE junction has a low resistance due to forward bias and the BC junction has a high resistance due to reverse bias. A transistor amplifies current because the collector current is equal to the base current multiplied by the current gain, .

The ac collector current produces an ac voltage across RC, thus producing an amplified, but inverted, reproduction of the ac input voltage in the active region.

WORKING: TRANSMITTER The transmitter has an audio input from tv, radio etc. IR transmitter uses two-stage transistor amplifier to drive two series-connected IR LEDs. An audio output transformer is used (in reverse) to couple audio output from TV to the IR transmitter so as to amplify signals and offer impedence matching.. Transistors T1 and T2 amplify the audio signals received from TV through the audio transformer. Lowimpedance output windings (lower gauge or thicker wires) are used for connection to TV side while high-impedance windings are connected to IR transmitter. This IR transmitter can be powered from a 9-volt mains adapter or battery. Red LED1 in transmitter circuit functions as a zener diode (0.65V) as well as supply-on indicator. RECEIVER The transmitted IR rays are received by a photo transmitter and converted to corresponding electrical signals. IR receiver uses 3-stage transistor amplifier. The first two transistors (T4 and T5) form audio signal amplifier while the third transistor T6 is used to drive a headphone. Adjust potmeter VR2 for max. clarity. Direct photo-transistor towards IR LEDs of transmitter for max. range. A 9-volt battery can be used with receiver for portable operation.