POLLUTION ECONOMIC

OF

LEATHER

INDUSTRY

AND

ITS

SOCIOA

AND

ENVIRONMENTAL

EFFICACIES.

EXPERIENCE FROM ERODE DISTRICT CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The most critical environmental problems being by developing countries include water air and oil pollution. At these due to its impact on a large number of economic activities. It is universal understanding that large scale industrial units generate more effluent and small-scale enterprises causes loss damage to the environment. This is general myth. The ground reality is that small scale units through production processing and manufacturing generates pollution and impose damage to the environment. Small Scale Industries are a special feature at state economy and these play and important to be in pollution. This process is necessarily generated effluent and discharged into the water bodies and agricultural lands. This is main causes for negative externalities on human health, animal health and plants. This is a grey area where there is death at study warranted to investigate the problems pertaining to SSI pollution in general, the SSI lack pollution control mechanisms, while the large industries are better organized to adopt pollution control measure the SS sector is poorly equipped to handle this problem. They have a very high aggregate pollution potential. Emission discharged from industrial units irrespective at whether large or SS will cause

damage to the receiving media not with standing the variation in the quantity at discharge between large and small. Sewage is not the only cause at water pollution: Industrial waste is also significant polluter. Industrial pollution has been one at the most important factors causing water pollution: Industries release into water effluent containing chemical and biological matter that impose high demand polluted water contains low levels at dissolved oxygen (DO). The result at heavy biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Apart from this industrial waste contains chemicals and heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury cadmium and zinc. Heavy concentration at chemical and metals in both surface and ground water causes serious damage to the ecology at river system. The consequences at water pollution due to heavy discharge at industrial effluent are now being experienced by many at the industrial boom town at India. The leather Industry in Tamilnadu state stands first in India with more than was units at small scale Tanneties and 75 large scale Tanneties providing employment potential for more than one million population accounting for six per cent at world leather production. These industries let out huge quantities at effluent into the common and which had effected the land and water sources heavily (Ramasamy 1997). About 3000 Tanneties are operated in India at which 60% at the Tanneties are in the state at Tamilnadu, Erode finds a place as a centre for

leather manufacture in the leather map at the world for heavily a century. The goat skins available in erode are considered to be at be at the best quality in world and has the prestigious name as erode glaced of kids in the world leather stock exchange in London. Though quality raw goat skins are still available the tanning and cutting at goat skins are restricted and finally banned by the government asset 1965. Around so small and large tanneries are located along the year 600 year old Kalingarayan canal that runs parallel to the Cauvery River near erode. Together these tanneries generates about 5000m3/d effluent a day which is discharged into the canal. The Kalingarayan canal farmers association is concerned that these effluent have polluted in yield reduction. The information provided by the TV ground water board do indicate that region. A sample at groundwater has been tested biannually since 1985 from an observation well in an area of Erode. More than 60 Tannery units are located in western part at Erode Town. A majority at them carry out processing at hides which requires a considerable amount at water over 90% at the waste is discharged as a waste water, which amount to 2,800 m3/d. Future expansion at the cluster mix likely generate waste water in the range at 7.500 M3/d at the 60 units. 40 adopt vegetable tanning, 10 chrome tanning and other operations the daily BOD, COD, TDS and TSS are estimated to be 3.5 tonnes. 14 tonnes, 50 tonnes and

23 tonnes respectively. The daily chromium load in the waste water is about 10 Kg. The Tannery industry concerned to have important environmental effect on both water and air, primarily because at Toxic waste generated by the large amounts at chemical employed during the various phases at the tanning process. The main pollutants are being chromium III, Sulphur, chlorides, solvents and organic wastes (Vicenza 1997). The Tanning industries had been existing in Erode District for over 40 years mechanization and large scale production at the Tamilnadu. Although the exact quantity varies widely between tanneries, a normal requirement of around 50-60 liters at water per kilogram at hide is suggested. With scarce and resources, pollution also effect large number at people which live close to the tanneries. The effluent contaminates in the land water supply and pollution at the water supply in turn the supply food in population. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The present research intends to raise issue pertaining to polluation and its impact on the society, the exercise on a case study basis is undertaken with a view make on to impact assessment on human animal and agricultural lands. There exists divergent view point in this team. Mostly SSI units get situated within the premises at city / corporation. All spin off effect would naturally be borne by the local inhabitants. Another view is that hazards are due to

Industries which produce, intermediate some would argue that small scale units have little access to research and development results. This is no excuse for non-adoption at pollution control measures. The whole idea is not to develop prior impressions on SS units. The socio economic problems relating to Industrial pollution and its impacts on the society remain an unexploited area at research. Regarding negative externalities on human health, animal health and agricultural crops loss owing to Industrial pollution is yet to be assessed fully. So far, little effort has taken to measure the damage cost due to Industrial pollution (IP). The Environmental economic components of the study addressed the issue like depletion at natural resources deterioration at potable water quality due to industrial pollution, agricultural production loss in the rural areas, and negative externalities on human health due to IP. Agricultural production loss in the rural area and negative externalities on human health due to industrial pollution. NEED OF THE STUDY Most of the rural people in India depend on natural resources at least to meet part of their livelihood sustenance. All unsustainable exploitation or pollution on natural resources takes place in such a way that the agricultural productivity becomes zero over a time. If on agricultural filed has profound influence on food sustainability at developing economics. Lack of water and

deterioration at water quality due to If on human health gets sickness. This is main causes for poor people have been exposed to high degree at risk and uncertainty of their life. It is therefore, necessary to understand the IP on human health, animal health and agricultural damage through measuring the loss at opportunity cost. In this context the present study was designed to assess socio damage cost due to Industrial pollution and how its impact on the poors employment, health, income and their livelihood life. This damage need to analyse in terms at their occurrence, impact and other related aspects. The scientific aspect of pollution control alone can not possible to solve any environmental problems but also incorporate the socio-economic and environmental dimension at IP to find out the appropriate solution, The solution may be helped to solve environmental problems in the comprehensive manner. RESEARCH QUESTIONS This study is concentrates only impacts at in industrial pollution, impact such as the socio-economic and environmental related issues involved are profound, as many at them still remain unresolved., issues like, what is the loss at agricultural productivity die to IP. What extended the negative externalities are imposed on human and animal health. A crucial quotations is extended opportunity cost loss through man-day loss due to IP. Above set question have to be addressed, through empirical research.

OBJECTIVES The present study proposes to set out the following objectives Principal Objectives To understand the socio-economic and environmental dimensions at IP on natural resources with the help of secondary and primary sources at information with respect to depletion at ground water resources, degradation of water quality and health impact the real and loss of productivity. SUPPLEMENTARY OBJECTIVES To assess the socio-economic and environmental impact of Industrial pollution on society owing to tannery industry. To account the pattern of Industrial location in Tamilnadu with help of secondary sources information To elucidate the problem of industrial effluent from tanneries units in Erode To estimate the loss of productivity in agriculture, employment and income of the responded. To adopt the externalities theory of to evaluate the environmental damage cost owing to industrial pollution. To understand environmental dimension of Industrial pollution with respect to deposing at ground water resources.

HYPOTHESIS Housing land value (Per cent), varies across the polluted & nonpolluted area and before and after pollution owing to Industrial pollution. Agricultural and value (Per cent) varies across the polluted and nonpolluted regions and also land value differ from before of after pollution. Impact of Industrial pollution on farm land in terms at poor water quality, soil condition, farm and proximity at Industry, number at industry located, No at acres affected. CPR proximity loss at productivity farm size are the key determinants at farm land value. Distance from Industry agricultural land, farm size and agricultural land value per acre, suitable for cultivation 1. yes and 2.No (Due to water pollution) depends and averting polluted crop land. No. of Industry. CPRS promixity distance are key factor of determined the loss at productivity. Number of days taken treatment drinking water quality, number of children and loss at opportunity cost are the foremost parameters, which influenced the health damage extensively. Potable water feeding livestock, number of live stock death, drinking water quality and livestock population declined are the foremost parameters, which influenced the livestock damage cost extensively.

SCOPE OF STUDY Primarily this study discusses the various aspects of pollution from tanneties and pollution impact on the health at the people, live stock, agricultural and drinking water quality in the selected area. The study also discusses a brief account at the theoretical aspect connected with pollution This might help in providi9ng a sound theoretical back ground to solve the leather industries problems. METHODOLOGY In order to realize the set at objectives Erode District at Tamilnadu was selected for the present study. A typical problem village where impact of pollution is acute, was chosen for empirical study. The multistage sampling methods viz., purposive proportionate random sampling methods have been adopted to selected. The study village and the households problems faced by village with respected to loss productivity, employment, income, health and social damage cost vary related to proximity. A micro level investigation on a case study basis will help understanding socio-economic and environmental constraints will a village. 73 sample household have been chosen. The important reason was that the tannety pollution problem in the district very severe. One village was selected to collected detailed information regarding the damage cost due to industrial pollution. Information was gathered with the help of a structured questionnaire and also through participatory rural

appraisal methods such as informal group discussion with the senior citizen at the village. In this backdrop, a hypothesis are set and tested. The secondary sources of information from the Tamilnadu pollution control board was collected to analysed to understand the availability at industries at the district level. The primary survey would address the issues relating to quantity, quality reduction, loss productivity. Social cost in the concerned village. SAMPLING DESIGN For the present study, one of the wayside village at Kalingarayan canal was chosen where the polluted water from tanning industries in Erode imparts to the Cauvery River. The primary survey was conducted in way side village at Kalingarayan canal and analysis. The proximity at Industry and its implications at social damage cost owing to Industrial pollution on society with the help at interview schedule containing all relevant queries. METHODS OF SAMPLE COLLECTION The multistage sampling methods have been used. Specifically, systematic stratified, purposive, proportionate random sampling techniques were used for selection at study village and the households. Besides several informal discussion are made with the native dwellers to elict historical information regarding the loss occurred for the past decade and B.O.

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The criterion adopted to stratify the selected village in order to choose 75 households is based on proximity distance from industrial location along with river basin and its implications. The Kalingarayan canal has been selected as sample region. This Kalingarayan canal covers the important village at Erode district at Tamilnadu. This district is well known for Taming leather production. Norm the village 5 per cent at the sample households were selected for investigation. Data for the study were collected from sources. From the purpose at discussing about study area profile data were collected from respective office at the village administrative officer in the district. The present study analyses the impact of pollution by comparing certain factors in village, The factor analysed were land area cultivated income, income from livestock, income from other sources, man days lost due to sickness, human medical treatment cost productivity lose and cost incurred for other damage. Generally and impact study analysed by comparing the situation prior to the implementation at the project and after. STATISTICAL TOOLS Statistical tools such as analysis at variance hypothesis testing and regression were considering the nature at the data. The Thrust at the analyses were to empirically assess the magnitude at the damage at society. Regression model were used to establish causl relationship between damage cost and

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socio-economic and environmental variables. Further, appropriate statistical tools were used to analysed the environmental dimension at IP such as depletion at ground water, loss at productivity, man-days loss opportunity cost, degradation at water quality and the health impacts threat. VARIABLE TO BE USED Heaving identified the problem, the data on theoretical variables relating to impacts of industrial pollution on society have been collected from the sample village on the basis at systematic stratified and proportionate random sampling methods. The household survey covering variable such as productivity loss, yield loss, cropping pattern, man days loss, land value reduction, ground water quality, soil quality, health damage cost loss at opportunity cost, proximity from industry, drinking water quality, and livestock population was conducted. PRIMARY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY PERIOD The primary survey was conducted through a prepared questionnarire among the selected respondents during May and June 2006. Data Source The study used primary data, the primary data were collected from 75 household by using interview schedule method. For the purpose at collecting primary data, the interview schedule was prepared in such a way that the respondents were able to understand clearly and give their opinion freely and

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frankly. The interview schedule had been tested and validated so as to the accuracy and liability. ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC THEORY Hedonic pricing theory was adopted for valuing the environmental benefits and externality theory has been adopted to evaluate the social damage cost owing to industrial pollution. These two theories have been incorporated to find out solution to the environmental problems. CHAPTERISATIONS The present study has been derived into six chapter, The first chapter deals with the statement at the problem. Objectives methodology, hypothesis, collection of data and tools used. The second chapter defines the concepts and reviews the related literatures. (3) Third chapter gives a brief profile of the study area. The fourth chapter highlights the national and state level scenario at Industrial pollution and its impacts. The primary data collected from the sample respondents were analyzed in the fifth chapter. The last chapter present some of the important finding and concluding found from the analysis.

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Bakyavathy et al (1986) in their work effect of Tannic acids on transport in liver intro chrondria Arch stress the fact that the heavy concentration of tanneries in the Ambur zone posses a serious health problem. According to them the local doctors in Ambur and Vaniambadi reported that the tannery workers had terrible skin related aliment and weak lower respiratory tract infection are very common in children. This leads to primary complex x T.B. it has been found that women working in the fameties get demerits while the women engaged in sorting wool are chronic victims at fever skin irritation and respiratory problem. Venkataramani (1987) states in his article slow poisoning how effluent from Tanneries in worth Arcot district, Tamilnadu rain land and people, two decades ago Vaniyambadi was one of the Tamilnadus richest agricultural area but due to Tannery pollution major land area has converted into vast barren track. The number at families depended on agricultural was 24000 decades ago, but bow it is reduced to 8000 cultivable lands in the Taluk has declined from 6800 hectares to 22000 hectares besides and estimate 2000 drinking water wells in the Taluk have turned repugnantly brackish (only to wells produce tolerable water). The tanneries negligence led to respiratory disease and even menstrual problem from women.

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ERIK LICHTENBERG AND DAVID ZILBERMAN (1988) Efficient Regulation of environmental health risk This paper introduces a decision framework for regulating environmental health risk which incorporate the characteristic uncertainty about the determination and toxicological impact at environmental contaminates and the behavioral restrictions commonly encounted. Analyses indicates that increase in uncontrollable uncertainly will increase emphasis on average performance that more potent or less controllable risk will be regulated more stringently and that increasing aversion to uncertainly may result in poorer average performance. SINGRAM P AND POTHIRAJ (1989), carried out a study on soil health care in Tannety pollution areas at North Arcot District on the Sai Health Care in Tannety polluted areas at North Arcot District. The founded that the location at 75 percent at Tanneties in North Arcot district has caused severe damage to soil fertility and quality of water. The confirmed a fact of earlier study that is the dynamic of harmful salt movement found in Tannety effluent traversed a distance at 8Kmn from source and caused pollution to under ground water sources. Among the field crop 3m co maize to 43 paddy, Co 771 sugar cane, Co 13 rage and BN2 grass were found suitable for the tannety affected soil, reduction in land value due of degradation of soil fertility was also observed.

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Ratna Reddy et al (2002) Studies the effect of various diseases arising out water pollution however it was observed that most of the diseases are water brone, such as skin infection teeth corrosion, Joint pains, loss of appetite, detective vision fever, abdominal pain, respiratory diseases and diarrhea general muscular weakness, stunted growth chromic cold and cough among the middle age and children are noticed in the village. The most important feature is that women are the worst affected. MENAKA GANDHI (2003) Suggested that the benefits of Concessional sales Tax ($7) on inputs, mainly chemical was made available only to those tanners who manufactured fished leather from how hides. It was denied to those, tanners who took up tanning from the stage of semi finished leather. Also he draws attention to the levy of one percent additional tax on many tanneries who exported leather and did not sell outside the state. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Thabaraj a. Jet al 1964, Tannety effluent reported stunted growth at Tomato plants when they irrigated with Tannery effluents

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Raja Gopalan R. 1967 Tannery waste water need for agricultural purpose found that the productivity at the soil decreased when tannery waste are applied on field and some part of the land become completely. According to Hariharan A.S. 1968 : leather Industrial waste discharge and pollution at ground water and surface ground water has been found to be affected where the waste water tanneries. The survey showed that the back ground concentration at total dissolved solids increased from about 64040000 mg /lit and chlorides from 88 to 100 mg/lit about 8 kms from the effluent falls. Eye And Lawrence (1971): Treatment at waste from a sole leather tannery reported that the tanneries industries tank first among the most polluting at all industrial waste about 150 toxic chemical are freely used in tanneries to obtain attractive leather product. The sanity of reservoirs have been increased from 85 to 219 mg/1 and 96 to 686 mg /1. Department at Industrial Development (1979) : in its report on leather revealed that the chloride in the waste water from the Tannery Industry cause colorize in the plant i.e., destruction at plant tissues. Guruprasanda Rao and Nanda Kumar N.V. 1981 in their work Analysis at irrigation reservoir contamined by tannery effluent reveals that an irrigation reservoir was contaminated by the untreated. Sreenivasan et al. (1984) report in their work ground water pollution due to Tannery effluent in north Arcot District, Tamilnadu that the effluent discharge

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from the tanneirs located in North Arcot District have caused serious disterioration in he quality at ground water. Venkataramani (1987) states in his article Slow how effluent from Tanneirs in North Arcot district, Tamilnadu rain land and people, two decades ago Vaniyambadi was one at the Tamilnadu, richest agricultural areas but due to tannery. Erik Lichtenberg and David Zilberman (1988) Efficient Regulation at environmental health Risk this paper introduces a decision frame work for regulating environmental health risks which incorporates are characteristic about the dissemination and toxicological impact at environmental. Sharnya Rajan (1990) A survey who will Tame the errant Tanneries Tanneries are not found in Development Nations because it is an ecologically disastrous Industry. So strongest laws have passed for banning the establishment of Tanneries. But the consumerism in the west has its repercussion in the developing economics. To meet the galloping demand in their consumerist society, western entrepreneurs have turned to countries for their cheap labour and untapped natural resources and they have found willing partner ness in the entrepreneurs and even government of the third world. Amarvath, J.S. and K.N. Chinna Swami (1992): Impact of Tannery pollution in Ambedkar District in Tamilnadu The discharge of huge volume of effluent in the open land and Palar river basin polluted the cultivatable soil and made them unsuitable for cultivation over the years the production of

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paddy, sugar and ground nut has been decreased, Due to Tannery pollution the following effect are noticed in this region. Shift cropping pattern Decreased cropping intensities Increased tallow land and decline in yield Decline in crop income and land value Decline in quality of natural resources increased averting of defensive expenditure for quality improvement in affected forms. Migration of farm labour to urban centres. D.C. Sharma et al (1996) Environmental impact of Tannery effluents on heavy metal phytotoxicity and health hazards an environmental impact assessment study was carried out on Phytotoxicity and possible health hazards due to Tannery effluent around Jammu are of Kanpur and Unnao district. The concentration of Pb and Fe in the treated effluent at Jaimau were found to be some what lower (1.60 and 1.51 ppm respectively) than in the undetated unnao effluent (2.40 ppm Pb an Fe). Mukul 1997 Polluting industries, Environmental and workers health. A case for intervention the polluting expose both the workers and the environment to hazardous substance. These industries are characterized by an insufficient and

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hazardous use of labour and an

excessive use of natural resource. The

awareness regarding the inter linkage of workers interests occupation health and environmental protection is increasing, as reflected in the some recent initiatives and legal interventions. Milenko Ro and Anton Gantar (1998) Possibilities of reduction of recipient loading of Tannergy waste water in solvenia the leather industry is well known as a high consumer of water (30 to 80m3 1 ton of proceesed raw skins). At the same times his industry is known for the high specific pollution of waste water. The main characteristics of Tannery waste water are : high salinity, high organic loading (COD, BOD), high content of ammonia and organic nitrogen and presence of specific pollutants. O. Tuany, L. Kabdall, D. Orban and G. Consever (1999) se and minimization of water in leather tanning processes minimization of water use and rescue application within industry has recently gained importance within the context of water conservation efforts. The leather tanning industry is one of the subject Industries due to large amount of water to be disposed together with a high pollution load. The leather tanning industry has a complex structure in terms of materials processes and manufacturing practices.

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CHAPTER III PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA - ERODE

ERODE DISTRICT: Erode district was carved out from the erstwhile Coimbatore District and its functions as a separate district from 24the September 1979, Erode was named after the great social reformer and nationalist late Thiru. E.V.Ramasamy Naicker Popularly as Thanthai Periyar and recently renamed as Erode District. It consist at 539 revenue villages spread over 20 community development blocks located in 7 taluks. It has an area at 8,76,675 hectares. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE DISTRICT: Erode District is located on the banks of river Cauvery. The river flows on the northern and eastern parts at the district, erode district is surrounded by Karnataka state in north-west. Coimbatore District in the West. Dindugul and Karur in the South, Salem and Namakkal district in the east. This district lies between 10.35 and 1.60 at north latitude and 76.49 and 77.85 at East Longitude and 171.91 meters above the sea level. The total geographical area at the district is about 1209 sq.km with 7 taluk namely Erode, Perundurai, Kangayam, Dharapuram, Bhavani, Gobi and Sathy the districts is divide in to 20 blocks erode is the head quarters in the district.

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SOIL AND RAINFALL The soil at the district varies from red sandy to red gray. The district in general has a dry climate with scanty rainfall. The normal rainfall at district is 717mm. CLIMATE The climate at Erode District varies from place to place but it is fairly pleasant during the south-west monsoon. Bhavani and Other parts at Erode Hectic Industrial activity adds to the heat and Erode town swats under very hot spells during summer. By the end of August the south-west monsoon becomes moderate and during September there is slight and variable wind. The river at the district get their fresh supply mainly from the south-west monsoon the maximum temperature observed is 39.9oC minimum. ADMINISTRATORS SET UP There are 9 taluks in this district Erode, Perundurai, Bhavani, Kavundapadi, Dharapuram, Gobi, Sathy and three revenue division erode, Gobi, Dharapuram, Erode is administrative headquarters at district. There are 53a village in the district spread over 20 community development blocks the names at the blocks are follows.

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TABLE : THE NAME BLOCKS

S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Erode Bhavani Sathy Nambiyur T.N.Palayam Anthiyur Bhavanisagar Gobi Kavundapadi Iyyampalayam Chennimalai Modakuruchi Kodumudi Kunnathur Kundadam

Block Name

There are five municipal towns, own township and 59 town Panchayat in this district. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE AT ERODE DISTRICT As per 2001 Census, the population at Erode District was 25,74,067 which constitute about 4.16 percent at the total population at the state the density population is around 314 person per sq. km as against the 428 in the state. The urban population at the total population at the district as per the

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2001 census. The occupational pattern at the district shows there are 2,76,824 cultivators and 3,83,574 agricultural labourers act at the Total 1,31,045 workers. 11850 have engaged in the allied agricultural activities and 5,17,692 workers and engaged in non-agri industries such as cottage and household industries trade and commerce. RIVERS The agricultural activity in the district is well supported by some perennial rivers. Cauvery and Bhavani are the two main rivers in the district. The rivers Bhavani extensively benefits agricultural in Sathymangalam and Gobi Taluks. The Bhavanisagar dam has been constructed below the confluence at river Bhavani and moyal about 16 Km for Sathy. It extensively benefits cultivation in all the taluks excepts, Bhavani is benefited by the Mettur canal which takes water from river Cauvery. Table Detail at area irrigated by various canal, crops grown etc are given Name of Irrigation Project Thodapalli canal Arakkankottai Canala Permugai Athani Old Amaravathi Kalingarayan Canal New Amaravathi Canal Mettur West Bank Canal Lower Bhavani Project Lower Bhvani Project II Turn Parambikulam Aliyar Vattamalaikkarai zone Area covered crops grown 6464 2466 420 3947 5296 3851 6117 36695 37762 14613 1140

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Upper Dam Cuniavi Pallam Varattupallam 3.8 AGRICULTURAL

2424 989 1169

Agricultural is major occupation at the district. According to recent agricultural census. The number at operational and holding wasa 3,01,471 covering an area of 494615.92 hectares. Total cultivated areas are 346100 hector. Out of which net area down is 308192 hector and an area at 37908 Hector is shown more than once. Details at major crops grown and their area in hectares for the year 2003-2004 area shown in the Table. One regional agricultural research station at Tamilnadu Agricultural university is also functioning in the district at Bhavanisagar. Vegetables like Brinjal, tomato, ladies finger and onions, are also grown in considerable area at district in Anthiyur blocks at Bhavani Taluk.

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TABLE 3.3 TYPES AT CROPS GROWN S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Name of Crop Paddy Millet Other Cereals Cotton (Sales) Pulse Sugarcane Groundnut Gingelly Sunflower Castor Area Hectares 31.03.2004 1614 123354 3271 35006 13889 34445 10345 881 1853 Production LMT 31.03.2004 0.66 1.00 0.080 0.17 1.60 0.619 0.08 0.009 0.009

Brinjal and Tomato are grown extensively and the produces is sent to Chennai market regularly. Flower cultivation is also pocking up in Sathy block, Request market committee are functioning in all taluk head quarters. The market committees arrange for storage at produce in their godowns also. 3.9 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY The Animal husbandry department has contributed immensely to live stock development in Erode district. Erode district is highly rich in cattle wealth and poultry development activities. This district is famous for the Kangeyam breed burgur Breed, Kollegal breed and other albodies, the

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Tamilnadu milk products federation has a milk collection centre and processing plant at Erode from where milk is transported to different parts at the state every day. 3.10 TRADE AND INDUSTRY Trade and industry naturally occupy a place of prominence in the economy at the district. Industries that flourished in early days in the areas were hand 100m weaving, carpet, manufacturing oil pressing, brass vessel manufacturing, Tannery screen printing, oil refinery, plastic, chemical electric industry etc., The industry which has been able to totally with stand the on slaughter at modernization has been the hand 100m weaving Erode, Chennimalai, etc., still hold their way and the district is noted for handloom products, which include cotton sarees, bedspreads, towels furnishing fabrics and also power loom products two other important production centers Bhavani and Jambai. It is reported that more than 52000 looms are functioning in Erode district. There are also important dye works in Erode, Chennimalai, and Bhavani. A number of factories engaged in cotton fabric printing are functioning in Erode. These are a number if leather tanneries in Erode area large quantities of leather are brought here for tanning and leather are exported to foreign countries.

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The government has also come foreward to provide incentive to small entrepreneurs etc., declaring, blocks of the district as industrially backward Industrial estates have been set up at Erode, Perundurai and other places where full facilities are offered to small unit have been setup note for the manufacture of steel furniture etc., Both manufacture items as well as agriculture commodities are include in the Trade item. Major items at export from the district etc. While the items imported are mostly oil seeds coal leather etc. The following table no shows the type of Industry, number at industry and number at workers in the study area. TABLE NO 3.4 INDUSTRIES IN THE STUDY AREA Serial No. of Industries Group No Industries 1 Food & Beverage 1345 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Textile ( Spinning weaving Textile product) Wood products Paper Products Leather Product Petroleum product and chemical No metal & Mineral product Basic Metal & Metal product machinery product Electrical & Electronic Automobile, Transport equipment Other 2530 147 336 532 420 269 846 221 214 389 No. of Workers 5977 27843 741 1927 3732 1682 4302 3457 717 684 1202 53286

Total 7249 PROGRESS OF THE LEATHER INDUSTRY IN ERODE:

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Tanning Industry is one of the oldest Industries in the world. During olden time, the tanning activities were handled only to meed the local demands of leather footwear, drum and musical instruments with the change in time and growth of population. The increasing demand at leather and leather goods let to establishment of large commercial tanner. Tanning at raw hide/skin to get the leather is done by 2 methods namely vegetable tanning and mineral tanning was introduced more than 100 year ago. Today chrome tanning accounts for 90 percent global leather production by vegetable tanning which is thousand at years old, still retains a significant place in tanning for which global production at vegetable tanning extract is about 0.3 million tones annually. Vegetable tanning is particularly significant in china, italy, CIS and India. ( sykes 1997 ) Global output at leather has risen by about 55 percent over the past 30 years. Expansion has taken place in the developing of in many cases, newly industrialized countries rather than in the other developed economics. Four countries namely Italy, Korea, China and India now account for 40 percent at the global leather production India also occupies a predominant position. Erode finds a place as a centre for leather manufacture in the leather map of the world for nearly a century. The goat skins available in erode are considered to be of be at the best quality in world and has the prestigious name as Erode glaced of Kids in the world leather stock exchange in London though quality raw goat skins are still available the tanning and

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curing at goat skins are shifted from erode other centre particularly after the export at raw goat skins was hardly does and tanners concentrated mainly a tanning at cow hides, cow calf puff calf skins and buffalo hides all the tanners were engaged, only the manufacturing at east India tanned leather for the exported and indigenous sole leather from buffalo hides. The restriction in the export of EI tanned leather implemented by government on India was a big on slaught on the tanning industry at the area. Over the last few years only very few bug tanners have credited the infrastructured for. The restriction in the exported of EI tanned leather implemented by the government at India was a big onslaught on the tanning industries at this area. Over the last few years only very few big tanneries have credited in infrastructure for the manufactures at finished leather from low hides and calf skins with great efforts many at the tanneries are in the small scale and cottage sector and small tanners do not have the capacity to convert the production from EI leather to finished leather making finished leather from low hides require heavy and costly machineries like splitting from 1950s and 60 as erode tanners concentrated more in bovine hide ( cow & ox ) and partly buffalo EI tanning owing to several favorable factor like climate water recourse. Industries human resourses heatness to national highway bearness to railway station, proximate to kerela oriented hides, geographical location etc.,

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1960s very few local tanners with great enterprise awareness and foresighted introduced chrome tanning in erode. Which higher to was unknown here. A tanner with leather technology base nade to work extremely hand to convince and introduce chrome tanning at a time when the highly illiterate work force was scared and unwilling to open a sulphuric acid jar, in 1950s but it gained pace in erode in 1962 because of the local tanners who introduced valued added product like industrial / textile after leather double oak tanned picking band compressed sole leather from buffalo national chrome split leather glazed Katter leather etc. One very significant reason for its growth and good image is the establishment of leather finishing centre by goat in India in 1960s. the land which houses LFC was offered to government at India at a very cheap price by a local tanners. This was the foresightedness of vertex supreme who calculated in 1960, what would be the phase of Erode leather in 1990. Another important reason for the good and rapid growth is the restrictions imposed by government of India in 1972 on the exported at semifinished leather (Ei Tanned / chrome Named) the government offered all facilities in 1970 for making value added product and this policy worked well, thus finished leather and leather product government good incentives in Tamilnadu and such trends passed on to Erode. In 1996 all tanneries in Erode were closed along with other tanneries in Tamilnadu as a measure to constract ETP either individually or collective by

31

tanneries. This was done to check the polluting effluents from Tannery whose soiled waste, waste discharge badly affected infrastructure which are very sophisticated and very expensive construction of ETP also are very expensive and in many cases it is expensive than the Tannery itself. No Govt. assistance has imparted knowledge, finance and assistance etc., to the Tanners. There are uniform policy among govt. offices, no communications from judiciary to offices to the tanners and hence the fall prevailed in 1996, 97, 98. Some erode Tanners have put up ETP in their tanneries and obtained temporary constent from Govt. offices to run the Tannery could permanently run or not. Inspite of having spent huge amount on ETP. Erode Tanners and leathers producing businessman are panicky about their future about their assets, about their welfare so much so the working class allied mass and society as a whole in Erode. Twenty five are awaiting the green signal of high court for starting operation in SIPCOT at Perundurai. The Tannery form the Perundurai leather Industries eco security Private Ltd. 25 Tanneries had purchased 35 acres in the lather zone and granted five acre site forth installation of common effluent treatment plan, the building construction for the leather industries would be started soon and machineries be erected within three months.

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TABLE 3.5 LEATHER TANNERIES IN ERODE DISTRICT Place B.P. Agraharam Maravapalayam Sunampu Odai Marippallam K.N.Pudur Asokapuram Nasiyanur Total Small Scale 18 11 5 5 1 1 1 42 Medium Scale 1 2 Total 19 11 5 5 2 1 1 44

There are nearly 42 small scale and 2 medium scale tanneries in Erode. 7 Tanneries processing Tradition vegetable Tanned EI leather, Tannery and remaining 36 tanneries have adopted chrome tanning process. 3.12 Summary of Observation (i) Demographic Details The population growth Rate in Erode District has been in an increase at about 2.40% per annum (between 1981-1991) the literacy rate in Erode District has marginally increased and it is encouraging to note that the female literacy rate has significantly increased for the past 20 years.

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Land Resources Utilization of land area in Erode District I up to 56.8% only. There is a considerable increase in the consumption at biofertilizer. The use at chemical fertilizer and pesticides has increased considerably. The trends in the production at total cereals is more when compared to pulse and oilseeds. Red loam soil 78.9 per cent, sandy Alluvium 4.7 per cent, Red Sandy Soil 15.1 per cent and other 1.3 per cent are the soil type of the Erode district. Generally there have been about 92 new construction at wells, 35 percolation ponds and 3 check dams. Forest Resources The extend of forest area is about 240895 Ha. The different types are tropical semi-evergreen, moist deciduous, dry deciduous, dry deciduous, dry thorn, tropical hill forest and dry tropical forest. The vellode bird sanctuary records about 20 migratory birds. The man made forest plantations have been restricted to the existing forest area in the district the main sources at irrigation in the district canals. Tanks wells, and other sources on an average 18 about 40 percent of the total cropped area is irrigated from these sources. There have been 7 tourist places in the district only domestic tourist visited the district and no record at foreign Tourist visit.

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URBANISATION Process in Erode district has been taking place at a higher rate. However, Certain needs at urban areas like drinking water, public convenience drainage, roads, health centre etc., have not been increased, keeping the peace with the process of urbanization. (2) The sum population in the district decreased considerably due to several poverty alleviation programmes undertaken by Government gastroenteritis, Dysentery and meningitis are the most commonly reported water borne, disease. TRANSPORTATION There has been a significant growth of two, three and four wheelers in the district over the 10 year. Thus resulting in an increased quantity in the emission at suspended air particles. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT The Red and orange categories of Hazardous Industries are identified by TNPCB, However, orange category industry are more in the district. ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTION There is only 6 environment education institute in the district. There were 20 environmental NGOs which may be involved in environmental protection of the district.

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CHAPTER - IV POLLUTION OF LEATHER INDUSTRY IN INDIA

INTRODUCTION The tanning industry is known to be very polluting especially through effluents high in organic and inorganic dissolved and suspended solids content accompanied by propensities for high oxygen demand and containing potentially toxic metal salt residues. Disagreeable odour emanating from the decomposition of protein solid waste, presence of hydrogen sulphide, ammonia and volatile organic compounds are normally associated with tanning activities. A significant part of the chemical used in the leather processing is not actually absorbed in the process but is discharged into the environment. Liquid effluent from light leather processing contains organic matter, chromium, sulphide, and solid waste includes fleshing, wet blue splits, trimmings and shavings, buffing dust etc. The substantial relocation of leather production from the industrialized countries to the developing countries which occurred between the 1960s and the 1980s (known as "The Big Shift") in effect moved the most highly polluting part of the process away from the OECD countries.This occured under the pressure of increasing cost of labour and cost of effluent treatment installations and operations. This process was accelerated by a combination of restrictions in exports of raw hides and skins

36

and various incentives for higher processing levels provided in developing countries. Since over 80 per cent of the organic pollution load in terms of BOD comes from early wet processing, this is the primary target of most pollution control measures. Low waste technologies, generally speaking, require better skilled personnel and closer technical control than conventional processing. Thus, the lack of properly trained staff at different levels remains one of the crucial constraints. The main barriers to the adoption of more environmentally acceptable methods of leather processing and effluent treatment are the additional costs as follows: specialty chemicals required in reducing or eliminating the use of the main polluting chemicals; the cost of purchase and installation of water conservation devices, wastewater collection and reuse equipment; effluent treatment chemicals and process and effluent monitoring equipment; extra personnel and training to maintain technical control of low waste technologies and effluent treatment. Another factor is the traditional conservatism derived from hesitation over process alterations especially when satisfactory leather is being currently produced. This is particularly the case in small to medium scale semi-mechanized family owned units. Another barrier is the frequent remoteness of government-backed R & D facilities from everyday practicalities of leathermaking, together with reluctance on the part of traditional tanner groups where resistance to change is compounded by political influence.

37

Environmental Impact of Leather Industry The leather sector is well known for its effluent problems. The polluting nature of tanneries is evident from the notorious odour that characterizes tanneries and tannery zones. While local populations are daily aware of the air pollution, local authorities are equally, if not more concerned about tanneries' liquid effluents which tend to be high in organic and inorganic suspended solids content accompanied by propensities for high oxygen demand and containing potentially toxic metal salt residues. Treatment technologies in effect reduce pollutants in the liquid form and convert them into semi-solid or solid forms. Threat is being transferred from receiving waters to receiving land. Because sludge can affect the quality of soil and groundwater, it is understandable that local authorities and governments should be concerned that the disposal of sludge to soils and dry wastes to landfill should not adversely affect the fertility of soil, nor that metal salt residues, such as chromium, should inhibit crop growth in any way. CHALLENGES Technical Barriers By nature, tanners are very conservative. This is not simply obstinacy against change; it is because the quality and character of leather is prone to change when the parameters of processing are altered. Changes in the length of processes, process temperatures, float volumes, uptake of chemicals etc.

38

influence the ultimate character of the leather. Leather being produced from a complex, non-uniform natural protein material still requires considerable craft in its manufacture. The adoption of low waste technology often requires a radical alteration of most tannery processes while, at the same time, ensuring that the ultimate product retains its marketable properties. Therefore if a tanner is producing consistent quality of leather which satisfies his customers using a process which may be wasteful in water, energy and chemical utilization, he may resist altering his operations to comply with environmental demands. Small and Medium Enterprises In most developing countries tanning operations is a family business, carried out in small to medium scale semi-mechanized units, very frequently grouped tightly in clusters which used to be outside residential areas. Tanners in such units have no formal education and have little or no understanding of the complexities of the leather processing, their skills acquired from their elders with hardly any perception of environmental protection Low waste technologies, generally speaking, require better skilled personnel and closer technical control than conventional processing. Thus, lack of properly trained staff at different levels remainsone of the crucial constraints. Economic Barriers In developing countries, leather industry suffers from economic constraints. They suffer the often inordinately high cost of capital or inflation

39

rates. Amount of capital tied up in work in-progress has increased along with the necessity to keep higher inventories of chemicals, machinery spares, etc. Because of problems with poor infrastructure in many developing countries, the tanneries have always kept higher stocks of chemicals than their counterparts in developed countries, against the contingency of delays in delivery from ports. Another disadvantage is the imposition of import duties on chemicals and machinery. Few specialty chemicals for tanning are produced in developing countries, although basic chemicals such as salt, lime, sulphuric acid, sodium sulphate or sodium carbonate may be available indigenously. Most tanning materials, dyes, fat liquors, special auxiliaries and finishes need to be imported. Major production Centres The major production centers for leather and leather products are located in Tamil Nadu -Chennai, Ambur, Ranipet, Vaniyambadi, Trichy, Dindigal; West Bengal Kolkata; Uttar Pradesh - Kanpur, Agra and Noida; Maharashtra Mumbai; Punjab Jallandhar; Karnataka Bangalore; Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad; Haryana - Ambala, Gurgaon, Panchkula and Karnal and Delhi.

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TABLE 4.1 TOP 8 STATES IN TERMS OF MANUFACTURING UNITS

States Tamil naud West bengal Uttar pradesh Haryana & Punjab New delhi Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Maharashtra Footwear Units 160 230 268 163 112 128 48 20 Leather Garments 598 436 22 8 43 10 40 48 Total 758 666 290 171 155 138 88 68

Export Performance of Leather Products TABLE 4.2 INDIAS EXPORT OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS FOR SIX YEARS
2003-04 Finished Leather Footwear Leather Garments Leather Goods Saddlery &Harness Total % Growth 416.78 575.8 225.81 404.4 39.53 1662.32 18.20% 2004-05 455.8 683.08 247.08 439.29 46.28 1871.53 12.58% 2005-06 477.2 783.93 249.98 495.13 58.14 2064.38 10.30% 2006-07 543 927.68 232.43 529.71 61.75 2294.57 11.15% 2007-08 605.39 1117.01 259 600.34 79.64 2661.38 15.99% 2008-09 505.03 1150.24 319.61 654.98 69.11 2698.97 1.41%

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The Problem Over the years the groundwater in the areas where the tanneries are located, has become intolerably polluted. The industry is highly waterintensive. Each tonne of hide/skin tanned requires over 40,000 liters of water. Hence even a small tannery with a capacity to process 3 to 4 tonnes a day uses up well over 100,000 liters of water a daythe daily household requirement of at least 2,500 people. The pollution control authorities have been following their routine procedures in bringing the pollution from the tanneries under control. The industry has been making the plea that available technology does not permit it to adhere to the legal requirement. Process economics do not allow them to treat their effluents adequately. This is particularly so as the units are very small. The investment in pollution abatement systems as a proportion of the investment in the plant is very high. Some parts of the local community have taken the issue to court and the matter is the subject of an intense legal battle. The industry has been using to advantage the fact that the legal processes in India are slow and it could take years before the Government can act. In the meantime, the problem persists.

42

The Issue of Water The availability of water has become another worry for the industry. Earlier, the River Palar in North Arcot provided enough water for the process. Failing this, the plentiful availability of groundwater had been sufficient to meet their needs. Now, over the years, the surface water sources have dried up. The increasing population competes with the growing industry for this scarce resource. The groundwater table in most places has been going down with overexploitation. The available groundwater is polluted with effluents and highly saline. The industry most often brings in water by truck from distant places, where the well water is still of acceptable quality. The industry can still afford the cost of transporting water, but ordinary citizens, who are often from the poor sections of society, face the brunt of the scarcity of water.

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CHAPTER V ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

5.1 SOCIO ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF INDUSTRIAL

POLLUTION ON SOCIETY Small scale Industrial pollution and its effect on human, animal and plants have been taken into the account in the present study. However, over the years a different picture emerges on the nature and extent of damages caused by Industrial effluent / emissions. Water pollution from tannery industries and their devastating impact on the entire environment is a case in point intensive field survey has been conducted for two months and so many issues about the impact of pollution on the society were assessed. They include the estimation of social damage cost due to Tannery industries in Erode district. To assess the damage cost Suriyapalayam village has been selected. The question is there any loss of agricultural productivity due to Industrial Pollution. To what extent the negative externalities are imposed on human and animal health. A crucial question is that is their any loss of opportunity cost through measuring man-day due to Industrial pollution. In this backdrop, This chapter intends to analyse the primary data for understanding the various aspect to socio-economic and environmental implication of industrial pollution and its effect on human, animal and plants.

44

To

understand

the

above

views.

The

socio-economic

and

environmental variables such as family size, land use pattern, income earned from farm activities and non-farm activities, externalities on human health, animal health. Agricultural land owing Industrial pollution, water quality cropping pattern changes, housing land value. Shift over form farm business to non farm business, opportunity cost loss due industrial pollution were analysed in this section. The result of the analysis are reported below.

Table 5.1 Distribution of family size and composition of population Farm Size Family Size 3.7059 63.00 (21.2) 3.9655 115.00 (38.8) 3.9231 102.00 (34.4) 5.3333 16.00 (5.4) 3.9467 296.00 (100) Male adult member 1.8824 32.00 (22.2) 1.8966 55.00 (38.1) 1.9615 51.00 (35.4) 2.0000 6.00 (4.1) 1.9200 144.00 (100) Male children member 0.2353 4.00 (16) 0.4138 12.00 (48) 0.3077 0.3077 (32) 0.3333 1.00 (4) 0.333 25.00 (100) Female Female adult child member member 1.2353 21.00 (19.8) 1.4138 41.0 (38.6) 1.4615 38.00 (35.8) 2.0000 6.00 (5.6) 1.4133 106.00 (100) 0.3529 6.00 (27.2) 0.2759 8.00 (36.3) 0.2308 6.00 (27.2) 0.6667 2.00 (9.0) 0.2933 22.00 (100)

Landless Marginal Small Large Total

Mean Sum % Sum Mean Sum % Sum Mean Sum % Sum Mean Sum % Sum Mean Sum % Sum

The average family size and composition of family size by farm holding size are presented in the table.1. These factor are determining the

45

farm size. In general, land less people have family members in higher number to collected the scare resource and earn money. And children population also are greater in number. Because children are having economic values in term of earning and assists their family in household activities. This is myth. Dagupta and Maller (1995) shared a similar reasoning and developed further theoretical arguments. According to them, the children are devoted to that part of family income which is derived from the exploitation of natural resources for which the primary cost is in the time required to collect the goods. Hence, as the implict price of those goods goes, up the marginal value product of children relative to adults rises, parents, Then may have the incentive to have more children in spite of the worsening environmental conditions and in spite the fact that an additional child might further worsen these conditions for all other families. But the presented analysis shows a different picture. There is positive relationship between family member and farm size, the average family size of these responded is 3.9 among the four categories. It is less than the all India average. While large landholders are greater all India average.

46

TABLE NO. 5.2 : DISTRIBUTION OF LANDHOLDING BY CASTE WISE Caste SC BC Total Farm Size Landless Marginal (86.6) (76.4) (6.6) (23.5) (22.6) (100.0) 6.6 (3.4) (46.6) (96.5) (38.6) (100.0) Small 6.6 (3.8) (41.6) (96.1) (34.6) (100.0) Large 0.0 (0.0) (5.0) (100.0) (4.0) (100.0) Total 100.0 (20.0) (100.0) (80.0) (100.0) (100.0)

The above table portraits the community wise landholding pattern. Only 20 percent of the respondents belong to SC in Suriyampalayam. Among them, 76.4 percent are landless, 7.2 percent are landholders and no one is a large farm holders, About 80 percent of the respondents belong to the backward class. Among them 93.2 percent of the respondents own the agricultural land. More than 5 percent of responded are large farmers and 6.6 percent of them are landless.

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TABLE 5.3 : RESPONDENT OCCUPATION Farm size Farm Employmen t 17 100.0 23.6 26 Marginal (89.7) (36.1) 26 Small (100.0) (36.1) 3 Large (100.0) (4.2) Grand total 50 (96) Non-form employmen t 0 0.00 0.00 3 (10.3) (100.0) 0 (0.00) (0.00) 0 (0.00) (0.00) 3 (4.0) Total 17 100.0 22.7 29 (100.0) (38.7) 3 (100.0) (34.7) 3 (100.0) (4.0) 75 (100.0) Farm Employmen t 1 5.9 2.0 23 (76.3) (46.0) 3 (100.0) (6.0) 3 (100.0) (6.0) 50 (66.7) Non-form employmen t 16 94.1 64.0 6 (2.07) (24.0) 0 (0.00) (0.00) 0 (0.00) (0.00)( 25 (33.3) Total 17 100.0 38.7 29 (100.0) (38.7) 3 (10.0) (4.0) 3 (100.0) (4.0) 75 (100.0)

Landless

(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) % change from farm to Non-farm Due to pollution (1) 94.7 (2) 13.4 (3) 11.5 (4) 0.00 (5) 29.3 The Table 5.3 The respondents occupational between before and after pollution and shifted from farm to non-farm employment due to Industrial pollution, land less people were mainly depends on the farm employment before pollution (100 percent) and after pollution they are shifted over to nonfarm employment (94.1) percent, Among the respondents 23 percentage of landless are employed before pollution while, after pollution it goes down roughly 2 percent. The land holder are engaged in farm employment range

48

from 100 by large farmers and 100 percent by small farmers followed by medium farmer (89 percent) before pollution. In the case of after pollution, these groups switch over to business and non-form employment from farm work except large farmers. In these 95 percent of the landless respondents switchover from farm to non-farm where as landhold are shifted only 25.9 percent, except large farmers. This is because landless laboures received higher salary in the nonform employed this is due to loss of productivity in the agricultural sector. Moreover, irrigation system are worsening due to pollution as a result low productivity. TABLE NO. 5.4 DISTRIBUTION OF MAN-DAYS Farm Size Landless Mean Sum % of Total Sum Mean Sum % of Total Sum Mean Sum % of Total Sum Mean Sum % of Total Sum Mean Sum % of Total Sum Male Man days 36.4118 619.00 (20.8) 39.3448 1141.00 (38.4) 39.2692 1021.00 (34.3) 15.6667 47.00 (4.9) 39.5867 2969.00 (100) Female Man days 16.6471 283.00 (29.6) 13.8966 403.00 (42.1) 8.5385 222.00 (23.2) 15.6667 47.00 (4.9) 12.7333 955.00 (100) Total Man days 53.0588 902.00 (22.9) 53.2414 1544.00 (39.3) 47.8077 1243.00 (31.6) 78.3333 235.00 (5.9) 52.3200 3924.00 (100) Percapita Man days 21.5590 366.50 (20.9) 23.4397 679.75 (38.8) 24.3045 631.92 (36.1) 23.9167 71.75 (4.1) 23.3223 1749.92 (100)

Marginal

Small

Large

Total

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The Table 5.4 shows that distribution of man days. The average per capita man-days by landless is 21.5 days per month at the same time the average man-days of employment by householders range from 24.3 days (Small farmer) followed by large and medium 23.9, 23.4 days respectively. Moeover the percentage of the male man-days is higher than that of female workforce. Landless female is mostly engaged in non-farm employment so that they have more man-days when compare to the landholder working women. They are engaged in the both farm business and non-farm business. Large handholder with respect to male man-days are higher when compared with other. But large farmers have 62.66 days of man days they are engaged in the both farm business and non-farm business.

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TABLE 3.5 DISTRIBUTION OF MAN DAYS OF EMPLOYMENT RECEIVED FROM FARM AND NON-FARM BUSINESS Farm size Working Man populations days S.Nf P/M p / hhs 2.4706 42.00 (24.7) 2.2759 66.00 (38.8) 2.0000 52.00 (30.5) 3.3333 10.00 (5.8) 2.2667 170.00 (100.0) 46.6471 793.00 (41.3) 24.0690 698.00 (36.3) 13.8077 359.00 (18.6) 23.3333 70.00 (36.5) 25.6000 1920.00 (100.0) Man days s.f. P/M p/ hhs 6.4118 109.00 (5.4) 28.4828 826.00 (41.6) 34.0000 884.00 (44.5) 55.0000 165.00 (8.3) 26.4533 1984.00 (100.0) Man days STotal P/M p/hhs 53.0588 902.00 (23.1) 52.5517 1524.00 (39.0) 47.8077 1243.00 (31.8) 78.3333 235.00 (6.0) 52.0533 3904.00 (100.0) Man days Man Man days Per ply from days ply ply total capita Non-farm total employed man days employmen employed p/y NFE t 559.7647 76.9412 636.7059 226.5882 9516.00 1308.00 10824.00 3852.00 (41.3) (5.4) (23.1) (42.0) 288.8276 341.7931 630.6207 113.8966 8376.00 9912.00 18288.00 3303.00 (36.3) (41.6) (39.0) (36.0) 165.6923 408.000 573.6923 66.5000 4308.00 10608.00 14916.00 1729.00 (18.6) (44.9) (31.8) (18.8) 280.0000 660.0000 940.0000 92.0000 0 840.00 1980.00 2820.00 276.00 (3.6) (8.3) (6.0) (3.0) 307.2000 317.4400 624.6400 122.1333 23040.00 23808.00 46848.00 9160.00 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) Per Per Man captia days play man days from TE play from FE 32.1176 116.4706 546.00 1980.00 (4.6) (17.6) 165.3103 147.1121 4794.00 4266.25 (40.6) (38.0) 225.1538 180.4583 5854.00 4691.92 (49.6) (41.8) 195.0000 97.7500 585.00 (4.9) 157.0533 11779.00 (100.0) 293.25 (2.6) 149.7522 11231.42 (100.0)

Landless Marginal Small Large

Total

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TABLE 5.6 DETAILS OF INCOME FROM FARM AND NON-FARM Farm Size Landless Income from Non-farm (Per year) 69434.1176 1180380.00 (34.2) Marginal 37315.8621 1082160.00 (31.4) Small 39489.2308 1026720.00 (29.8) Large 51200.0000 153600.00 (4.4) Total 45904.8000 3442860.00 (100) Income from Farm (PE) 0.0000 0.00 (0) 4441.8448 128813.50 (11.1) 21140.769 549660.00 (47.6) 158126.67 474380.00 (41.1) 15371.380 1152853.5 (100) Total income Per month 69434.117 6 1180380.0 0 (25.6) 41757.706 9 1210973.5 0 (26.3) 60630.000 0 1576380.0 0 (34.3) 209326 627980.00 (13.6) 61276.180 0 4595713.5 0 (100) Monthly income 5786.1765 98365.00 (25.6) 3479.8089 100914.46 (26.3) 5052.5000 131365.00 (34.3) 17443.89 52331.67 (13.6) 5106.3483 382976.13 (100) Percapital income per month 1534.9650 26094.40 (25.06) 846.5772 24550.74 (23.5) 1562.7316 40631.02 (39.0) 4280.6296 12841.89 (12.3) 1380.2407 104118.05 (100)

It is clearly observed from the table 5.6 that the respondents has been receiving income from various sources. The per capital income of the large farming community is Rs.4280.62 followed by small and holder and marginal Rs.1562.73, Rs. 846.57 respectively. The respondents have generated income

52

from farm and Non-farm activities such as employment from leather industry and other non-farm employment like shop keeper, weaving nad teacher. The income from non-farm is greater than the farm income. Landless farmers are not earning from farm employment. Their income from non-farm is greater than the other, because they are working as an Industrial labour, in order that the land less people as affected by industrial pollution and there is high risk like occupation hazard which lead to health problem. Agri are engaged both non-form and farm activities but they are not willing work as Industrial labour per capita income of large landholder are greater analysis of variance was used to understand the per capital income earned by the farmer groups. It was proved through ANOVA test that per capital income has been varied among the respondents. Specifically Duncan Test was grouped as two categories. Land less people, Marginal and small farmers consist as a one group land and large farm holder on the other group. The result implies that the large landholder are earning high income of Rs.4280.62 and when compare to other income earner. The ANOVA result suggest that there is a significant difference in variation between Two groups (Table 5.6)

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5.7 ANOVA RESULT PERCENTAGE DESCRIPTIVE

N Landless Marginal Small Large Total 16 29 26 03 14 Mean 1565.9003 846.5772 1562..7316 4280.6296 1392.9467 Std Deviation 1029.97224 866.65830 2868.73890 4059.35792 2062.763.79 Std Error 257.49306 160.93.441 562.60599 2343.671 239.76379 Lower Bound 1017.0668 516.9180 404.4403 5803.3745 915.0981 Upper Bound 2114.7338 1176.2364 2721.4403 14364.633 7 1870.7952 Minimum Maximum 587.50 -266.46 -901.39 1500.00 -901.39 4437.50 2500.00 12114.98 8938.89 12114.58

ANOVA PERCAPITA
Sum of Squares 34901313 2.76E + 08 3.11 E + 08 Df 3 70 73 Mean Sqaure 11633771.05 3937738.470 F 2.954 Sig 0.038

Between groups With groups Total

PER CAPTIA WALLER DUNCAN FARM SIZE Marginal Small Landless Large N 29 26 16 3 Subset for alpha = 0.05 1 846.5772 1562.7316 1569.9003 2 4280.6296

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means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed (a) used Harmonic Mean sample size = 8.533 (b) The group size are unequal. The harmonic mean on the group size is used. Type error level are not guaranteed. (c) Type 1 / type 2 Error Seriousness Ratio = 100.

TABLE : 5.8 POVERTY LINE Landless Marginal (11.1) 58.6 Small (41.6) 57.6 (41.6) Large (7.6) 48.0 Total (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) 52.0 (4.0) 100.0 (30.7) 42.3 (28.2) (100.0) (38.6) 100.0 (34.6) (100.0) (33.3) 41.3 (22.6) 100.0 Below (23.52) Above (76.4) Total (100.0)

The Table 5.8.1, 5.8.2 clearly shows that poverty lime. Poverty line is defined on the basis of calories intake and expenditure on food & non-food mohan.

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In contrast, the landless respondents are going above poverty line in greater extend while expect large farmer. Small and medium farmers are living below poverty line in considerable proportion. i.e., marginal 58 percent and 57.6 small among the relevant categories. This is because, landless labour are mostly belong SC people those who are working in the non-farm activities particularly tanners industry as a labour. But the field survey confirms that there is health risk as a result at occupational hazards. TABLE 5.9 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING LAND VALUE Farm Size Sum Landless Mean % Total sum Marginal Sum Mean % Total sum Small Sum Mean % Total sum Large Sum Mean % Total sum Total Sum Size of the housing plot 48.75 2.8676 (15.8) 121.30 4.1828 (39.3) 118.10 4.5423 (38.3) 20.00 6.666 (6.4) 308.15 Before and value per cen 105500 6205.88 (17.2) 255500 8810.34 (41.7) 228300 8780.77 (37.3) 22000 7333.33 (3.5) 611300 Present land value per cen 231500 13617.65 (20.9) 443000 15275.86 (40.1) 391000 15030.46 (35.4) 38000 12666.67 (3.4) 1103500 9580000.0 0 33394.482 8 (39.6) 104000.00 34666.666 7 (4.3) 850000.00 32692.307 7 (35.1) 2417000.0 0 Land value non polluted area 505000.00 29705.882 4 Present house value 1889000 111117.65 (12.1) 6040000 208275.86 (38.8) 5920000 227692.31 (38.0) 1700000 566666.67 (10.9) 15549000

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32226.666 207350.00 7 % Total sum (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) Average housing land value which varies in the polluted and non Mean 4.1087 8150.67 14713.33 polluted regions are presented in the table 5.9. Its observed that the housing land value is Rs.14713.33 per cent polluted regions whereas in non-polluted regions. The housing land value is 32226.66 per cent. It implies that the higher housing land in non-polluted regions when compared to polluted regions, The housing land value is Rs.8150 per cent before pollution and after pollution it is 14713 per cent. This is because there is a high demand for land to establish and developing the new industry for the purposes. The industrial owners are willing to purpose housing land which are available in and around the industry. As result that the above said factor cash push up the housing land value. It is not uncommon to learn that land value will be higher in nonpolluted areas. Hypothesis testing too confirms this phenomenon with respect to polluted & non-polluted and before & after pollution.

HYPOTHESIS I Housing land value (per cent) varies across the polluted and nonpolluted area and before after pollution owing to IP The following are the null and alternative hypothesis

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Null hypothesis :

There are no significant difference between the polluted & non polluted area and before and after pollution with respect to housing land value percent

Alternative hypothesis H1:

There is a significant difference between the polluted and non-polluted area and before after pollution with respect to housing land value percent.

Analysis of paired t test was used to verify the hypothesis. The paired t results suggest that there is a significant difference between two means. The implies that the housing land value are varying across the polluted and non-polluted regions in the village. And also housing land value varies between before and after pollution. This test has confirmed that the land value has been affected due to Industrial Pollution from leather industry. In polluted region, the housing land value Rs.14713 percent whereas in non-polluted area, the land value Rs.32226 percent in addition, before pollution. It was Rs.8150 percent. This implies that the land value has increased considerably between before and after pollution, the marginal rate of escalation of land values in the polluted area is comparably less in non-polluted region. And also the polluted water soil conditions and odor are the key factor to determine the housing land value.

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TABLE : 5.10 PAIRED T TEST RESULT-HOUSE LAND VALUE IN POLLUTED POLLUTION PAIRED SAMPLE STATISTICS Mean Before polluting-housing land value per cent After pollution- Housing land value percent Present land value percent Land value in non-polluted area (Rs.) 8150.67 14713.33 14713.33 32226.67 N 75 75 75 75 Std. Deviation 6244.660 6710.305 6710.305 2269.50008 Std. Error Mean 721.071 774.839 774.839 262.05930 AND NON-POLLUTED AND BEFORE AFTER

PAIRED SAMPLE TEST

Mean Before-housing land -6562.67 value percent. After Housing land value per cent Present land value -17513.3 percent land value in non-polluted area (Rs.) Std Deviation 4769.973 St Error 550.789 Lower 7660.14 19081.9 Upper -5465.20 T -11.915 Df 74 Sig 0.000

6817.5911

-19081.9

-15944.7

-22.247 74

0.000

ESTIMATION OF AGRICULTURAL DAMAGE COST 5.2 Negative Externalities on agriculture productivity The damage function links to the functional relationship between industrial pollution and its impact on agricultural yield. The agricultural damage function were estimated the degrees of damage caused by industrial

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pollution. The presented studied focus the loss of agricultural production in rupees term due to deterioration of the Kalingarayan canal and 5.11 EXTERNALITIES ON AGRICULTURAL, HUMAN HEALTH ANIMAL HEALTH AND WATER QUALITY Farm Size Agricultural 0 Landless (0.00) (0.0( 29 Marginal (100.0) (50.0) 3 Small (100.0) (5.2) 58 Total (77.3) (100.0) Human Health 14 (82.4) (51.9) 4 (13.8) (14.8) 1 (33.3) (3.7) 27 (36.0) (100.0) Animal Health 12 (70.6) (17.4) 29 (100) (42.0) 3 (100.0) (4.3) 69 (92.0) (100.0) Water Qualify 17 (100.0) (22.7) 29 (100.0) (38.7) 3 (100.0) (4.0) 75 (100.0) (100.0)

The respondents were facing the problem at externalities since late eighties. Though it had been functioning from seventies itself. The externalities had also affected the socio-economic conditions of inhabitants in the village. Table 5.10 responded the externalities on agriculture productivity

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loss, human health, animal health and drinking water quality, externalities at leather industries have also created and changes in socio-economic and environmental conditions of inhabitations. The benefit may be either positive or negative. TABLE 5.12 AVERAGE AGRICULTURAL LAND VALUE PER ACRE Land Value per acre Difference In Non After from polluted polluted pollution and non area polluted area 15025000.0 32350000 20325000.00 518103.44 29 110981.12 (49.1) 13675000.0 0 325961.53 26 118683.94 (44.9) 1725000.00 57500000 3 108972.47 (5.7) 30425000.0 0 1218962.52 29 121312.608 (49.6) 32250000 1240384.62 26 84875.47 (45.2) 3700000 12333333.3 3 3 57735.02 (5.2) 71300000 700862.06 29 181939.29 (49.7) 18575000.00 714423.07 26 165253.30 (45.4) 1975000.00 658333.33 3 150692.84 (4.8) 40875000.00

Farm size

Before pollution 9025000.00 311206.89 29 110918.68 (51.2) 7685000.00 295576.92 26 115622.89 43.6 900000.00 300000.00 3 0.0000 (5.1) 17610000.0 0

Sum Mean Marginal N SD %Total Sum Mean Small N SD %Total Sum Mean Large N SD Grand Total %Total Sum

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Mean N SD %Total

303620.689 7 58 109391.43 (100)

524568.96 58 110866 (100)

1229310.34 58 103039 (100)

704741.3793 58 170876.02 (100)

It is absolutely understood through earlier discussion that the entire irrigation system are most affected due to Industrial pollution in the study area. As a result, the agricultural land value drastically changes in the polluted area comparised with non-polluted area. It is observed that the land value Rs.5,24,568.96 per acre in polluted areas. This is some what greater than the before pollution whereas in non-polluted are it is Rs.12,29,310.34. Regarding average agricultural land value difference between polluted and non-polluted is Rs.704741.37. Most of the leather Industries are located proximity to agricultural land where the Industrial wastes are discharged.

HYPOTHESIS 2 Agricultural land value (per cent) vary across the polluted and nonpolluted regions and also land value differ from before and after pollution Null Hypothesis Ho : There is no significant difference between the before pollution and after pollution and polluted regions and non-polluted regions with respect to the value at farm land.

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Alternative Hypothesis : There is significant difference between the before pollution and after pollution and polluted regions and non polluted regions with respect to the value at farmland. The paired sample T Test procedure compare the means of two variables for a single group. It computes the difference between values of the two variables for each cash and test whether the average differs from zero. It is strongly supported the arguments. The negative externalities due to pollution on agricultural land value statistically tuned significance in general and particularly pollution from leather industries. Table 5.13 : Paired T Test Agricultural land value before and after pollution and polluted and Non-polluted region Paired sample Statistics Pair 1 Before Pollution land value per acre After pollution land value per acre After pollution land value per acre, Agricultural value in non polluted area Mean 303620.7 524569.0 524569.0 1229310 N 58 58 58 58 Std Deviation 109391.4310 1 110866.9365 3 110866.9365 3 103039.18 Std Error Mean 14363.80 14557.54 14557.54 13529.699

Pair 2

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PAIRED SAMPLE TEST

Mean Before pollution farm land value per acre after pollution land per acre After Pollution Farm Land 220648

Std Deviation

Std Error Mean

Lower

Upper

Dt

Significant 2 tailed

76550.96282

10051.63

-241076

-200810

-21.981

57

0.000

170876.0256 value in non-polluted area per -704741 8 acre 22437.12 -749671 -659812 -31.40 57 0.000

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HEDONIC PRICE 5.3 Regression Model A hedonic model was chosen to study the influence of Industrial pollution and other factors and its effect on the characteristics at farm land with regard to declining the value of crop land, Miranowski (1984) Bartick (1987) and Palmquist (1989) in their studies had demonstrated the applications of hedonic techniques to value farmlands, farmland sales respectively. Literatures on hedonic pricing methods also suggest that quality attributed at land, distance between from land and common property resources (CPRS) and pollution sources. The hedonic regression model elucicadates the influence of farmland and associated other factor with land value. Theoretically large number of variable are determining the farm land value. This list includes industrial pollution. Caste, Proximity of CPRs irrigation facilitates, loss at productivity, land quality farm size. It may not be necessary that all variables are there influence on the agricultural land value.

Hypothesis : 3 Impact of Industrial farmland in Terms at poor water quality, soil conditions, farmland proximity at Industry, number of Industry located 100 of across affected, Cpf proximity, loss of productivity, farm size are the key determination at farm land value.

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The hedonic regression model elucidates the influence of pollution and other factors associated with farmland value. The present study, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Farm size, per capital man-days loss, no at industry, poverty line, caste, per capita man-days loss, income from farm, productivity loss, irrigation water quality, distance from Industry to farm land, CPRs close to agricultural land, CRPS such as water channel, river and river bed threshing ground, cart path, temple and garden and road.

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CHAPTER VI FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

In the foregoing chapter the objectives set out in the Introductory part, have been realized both with help of secondary and primary household survey. This chapter intends to make a presentation of the actual outcomes that have emerged in this study. The outcome of the study two fold. Firstly, the macro picture focuses at the national, state level and district level scenario of Industrial pollution and its impact on society with help of secondary information: Secondary, it estimate to social damage cost with respect to negative externalities on agricultural production, human health, animal health and natural resources such as land and water through household survey. For that a micro level investigation has been executed, 75 sample household were selected through adopting multi state sampling methods for investigations, specifically stratified, purposive and proportionate random sampling techniques were used for selection at study village and the household. To understand the socio-economic and environmental aspect of Industrial pollution. The variable such as productivity loss, man-days loss, loss of opportunity cost, health damage cost, both housing and agricultural land values reduction, ground water quality, soil quality cropping pattern change, proximity to industry, pollution point and livestock population were

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analysed to testing the hypothesis. The findings of the study are presented below. In national level during the past few decades Indian has made tremendous strides in various spheres of Industrialization over the last forty years. Consequently, ambient air and water quality is seriously affected which is far lower in comparison to the international standards the problem in worse in the case of water pollution. It is found that one third of the total water pollution comes in the form at effluent discharge, solid wastage and other hazardous wastage. The surface water in the main source of Industries for waste disposal. It is found that almost all rivers are polluted in most of the stretches by some Industry or the other. The common knowledge that the large scale industrial units generate moir effluent and the small enterprises causes less damage to environment. This is a myth. But the ground reality is small scale units through processing and manufacturing generates polluting and inflicts damage to the environment. When compared to large. For instance, the central pollution control board data has analysed and shows that there are altogether 3.226 Industries in the state but waste water data is available only for 2.115 Industries of these 1.522 are small, 388 medium and 205 large scales. The red category of Industries located in Tamilnadu is 22.08 percent (10004). Among these, the small-scale Industry (7.2 percent), Red category Industries are

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located more than 9 percent in the three district at Kancheepuram 948. Coimbatore 937, Thiruvallur 892, followed by Tiruppur 713, and Erode 682, About 3000 tanneries are operated in India of which 60% of the Tanneries are in the state at Tamilnadu, Erode finds a place as a centre for leather manufacture in the leather map at the world for nearly a century. A majority at them carry out-processing at hides, which requires a considerable amount of water over 90% of the water is discharged as waste water, which amounts to 2.800m3/d at the 60 units. 40 adopt vegetable tanning. 10 chrome tanning and other operations. The daily chromium load in the wastewater is about 10 Kg. Community wise landholding patterns indicates 20 percent at the respondents are belonging to SC in Suriyampalayam. Among then 76.4 percent are landless, 7.2 percent are land lords and no one is a large form holders. About 80 percent of the respondents belong to the backward class. Among them 93.2 percent owned the agricultural land, more than 5 percent of respondents are large farmer and 6.6 percent of them are landless. In these employment 95 percentage of the landless respondents switchover from farm to non farm whereas landholders are shifted only 25.9 percent. except large farmers. This is because loss of productivity in the agricultural sector and there are non sustainable employment in the farm sector. In addition to that landless labourers are received higher salary in the non-form employment and moreover irrigation system are worsening due to

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pollution as a result low productivity. This is clearly showed that there is loss of production and employment.

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