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Is there an optimum type of foundation for deeper, more hostile waters? Which are the best technologies and is standardisation possible?
Investigating the most cost-effective foundation installation methodologies available and being developed today new technologies, speed installation, project optimisation, cost reductions Analysing the design and installation constraints and structural integrity issues related to foundation loads, dynamic loads and the increased weights of larger turbines in deeper waters
Jackets
Gravity Base Structures (GBS) (Tripods, Tri-Piles)
Ormonde (30)
Site conditions: Jackets can be used in nearly all conditions. Waves can be very high and soil conditions are much less relevant as for a monopile.
Source: http://www.gaga1.be/EN/Projects_post.html?postId=61
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Photo: http://www.foundocean.com/webpac_content/global/documents/more/Case%20Studies/Case%20Study%20-%20Ormonde%20Offshore%20Wind%20Farm.pdf
Bremerhaven prototype
Bremerhaven Prototype REpower-owned design All structural calculations performed in-house no external consultants Newly developed Transition Node Very light and slender construction: Transition node: Jacket tubulars: Castings: Total: 48t 206t 61t 315t
(Weights are without internals, secondary items, etc.; weights for tubulars will increase for offshore applications)
Bremerhaven prototype
Advantages of cast design Only simple circumferential welds Quality control can be automated and is more reliable Cast elements have a high fatigue and ultimate capacity Nodal angles can be varied on a broader scale
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Skirt variants to suit seabed soil conditions Self-buoyant, installed with standard tugs
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No under-water pile driving Low weight Most of the weight is in the cheap piles
Disadvantages: Pile splices required Several grouted connections Two different pile sizes Inclined pile driving Noise mitigation difficult due to complex structure
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Extreme wave 20.8m Sandy soils Model built in ANSYS ASAS(NL), based on Keystone SACS model
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Disadvantages: Relatively complex steel structure at seabed (difficult to inspect) Fabrication cost and weight? Large wave loading due to large diameter structure
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Standardisation
Is standardisation possible? Jackets: Standardisation only possible for construction principles Difficulties for more general standardisation are variations in water depths, differences in loading and pile capacities (footprint) GBS: Standardisation of bottom part possible if ground conditions sufficiently homogenous Variation in water depth can be easily accommodated Universal foundation / Twisted jacket: Standardisation probably similarly difficult as for standard jacket
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ANSYS ASAS(NL)
Flex 5
Input format is precisely defined by REpower, such that external models can be directly used within our environment without any further modification This has worked very well for four projects already
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GBS / Keystone / Universal Excitation of global vibrations by waves in fundamental mode significant Misaligned waves may cause large fatigue loads in support structure Detailed consideration of wind-wavemisalignment is required Soil data most important parameter for load simulations (stiffness and damping contribution)
Conventional jacket Stiff jacket structure prevents global vibrations to be excited Wind-wave-misalignment completely meaningless! Only local (quasi-static) wave loads on jacket and appurtenances must be considered Soil properties do not have significant influence on the design
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Summary
Summary Currently jackets are the most mature option for deeper water Several GBS options are offered to the market all of them are specific to one supplier Key factors are fabrication and logistics may be attractive depending on the project specific conditions Promising new concepts are the Keystone jacket and the Universal foundation
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