Robotics isthe branch oftechnologythatdealswiththedesign,construction,operation,anda s t po b p o r l ,i c a t i o n o f [1] aswell ascomputer systemsfor their control,sensoryfeedback,andinformationprocessing.Thesetechnologiesdealwithautomatedmachinesthatcantaketheplace of humansin dangerousenvironmentsor manufacturingprocesses,or resemblehumansinappearance,behavior,and/or cognition.

Manyoftoday'srobotsareinspiredby naturecontributingtothefieldofbio-inspired robotics.Theconceptofcreating c machinest t a h anoperateautonomouslydatesbacktoclassical e s e r times, t u b archinto thefunctionalityand potentialusesofrobotsdid notgrowsubstantiallyuntilthe20th century. [2

] Throughout history, roboticshas beenoftenseentomimichumanbehavior,and often manage tasksin a similarfashion.Today,roboticsisa rapidlygrowing field, astechnological advances continue,research,design, and building newrobotsservevarious practicalpurposes,whetherdomes t ,commercially, i c a l l or militarily.Manyrobotsdojobsthatare hazardousto people such asdefusing bombs,minesand exploring shipwrecks. Etymology T h e w o r d robotics wasderivedfromtheword robot , which was introduced to the public byC z writer e Kc a h r e i ln p l h a i y a s p e k R.U .R.(Rossum'sUniversal Robots) , w h i c 1920. h w a s p u b l i s h e d i n [3] T h e w o r d robot comesfromtheSlavicword a t o b o r , which means labour. The playbeginsin a factorythatmakesartificialpeople called s t o b o r ,creatureswhocanbemistakenfor humans similarto the modern ideasofandroids. Karel apek himself did notcoin the word. Hewroteashortletter inreferenceto anetymologyin the Oxford English Dictionary i n named w h hisbrother i c Josef h apekas h e itsactualoriginator. [3 ]

According to the Oxford English Di ctionar y e h t , robotics wasfirstused in printbyIsaac " Asimov, y r o t s science i t n r fictions o hh i sLiar!", published in May 1941 in Astounding ScienceF i c t i o n . Asimovwasunaware thathe wascoining the term;since the science and technologyofelectrical devices is electronics ,heassumed robotics o b o r already f osreferred ye ghtot o l o cn h i c e t n c e a n d robotics wasin hisshortstory Runaround . ( ) Astounding 2 4 9 1 Science h c r aFiction, M [4][5] However,the originalpublication of"Liar!" predatesthatof"Runaround" byfive months,so theformerisgenerallycited asthe word'sorigin. History of robotics 2 9 1 n I Maschinenmensch ("machine-human")g a m yu h n noid o robot(a i d l s o c "Futura", a l "Robotrix", l e d or the "Maria " P impersonator") a r o wasthe d firstdepiction y " of , arobotever to appear onfilmwasplayedbyGermanactressB r ei g inFritz H i Lang'sf e t l t m i Metropolis. l m In 1942 the science fiction writerIsaacAsimov formulated hisThree Laws of Robotics. In1948NorbertWienerformulatedtheprinciplesofcybernetics,thebasisofpracticalrobotics. F autonomous u l robotsonly l appeared y in the second halfofthe 20th century.The firstdigitallyoperated and programmable robot, theUnimate,wasinstalled in 1961 to lifthotpiecesofmetalfromadiecastingmachineand stackthem.Commercialandindustrialrobotsare widespreadtodayandusedtoperformjobsmorecheaply,ormoreaccuratelyandreliably,thanhumans.Theyare also employed in jobswhich are too dirty,dangerous,ordullto be suitable forhumans.R o b e o w t i smanufacturing, d a e rl assembly, y u packing s and e packaging, d i n transport,earthandspace exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, safety, and the mass production of consumer and industrial goods. [6 ] Components

P o w e r s o u r c e Further information:P o w andEnergy e r storage s u Atppresent p mostly l y (lead-acid)batteriesareusedasapower source.Manydifferenttypesofbatteriescanbe usedasapowersourceforrobots.Theyrangefromleadacidbatterieswhicharesafeandhaverelativelylongshelflivesbutareratherheavytosilvercadmiumbatteries thataremuchsmallerinvolumeandarecurrentlymuchmoreexpensive.Designingabatterypoweredrobotneedstotakeintoaccountfactorssuchassafety,cycle lifetimeandweight.Generators,oftensometypeofinternal combustionengine,canalsobeused.However,suchdesignsare often mechanicallycomplexand need fuel, require heatdissipation and arerelativelyheavy.Atetherconnecting the robot to a powersupplywould remove the powersupplyfromthe robotentirely.Thishasthe advantage ofsaving weightand space bymoving allpowergeneration and storage componentselsewhere.However,thisdesign doescome with thedrawbackof constantlyhavingacableconnectedtotherobot,whichcanbedifficulttomanage. [15 ] Potential power sources could be:pneumatic(compressed gases)hydraulics( l i flywheel q uenergy i storageorganic d s ) garbage(throughanaerobic digestion)faeces(human,animal);maybeinterestinginamilitarycontextasfaecesofsmallcombatgroupsmaybereusedfor theenergyrequirementsoftherobotassistant (seeDEKA'sproject Slingshot Stirling engine on how the system would operate)