CHNG I: KHI QUT CHUNG V ANTEN CHN T I

XNG
1. Khi nim, cu to v ng dng ca Anten chn t i xng:
Chn t i xng l loi Anten n gin nht v l mt trong nhng ngun
bc x c s dng kh ph bin. Chn t i xng c th s dng nh mt Anten
c lp hoc c th c s dng cu to cc Anten phc tp khc.
Chn t i xng l mt cu trc gm hai on vt dn c hnh dng tu
( hnh tr, hnh chp, elipsoit) c kch thc ging nhau, t thng hng trong
khng gian, v gia chng c ni vi ngun dao ng cao tn.

Hnh 1.7: Chn t i xng
Chn t c dng nh hnh v trn, vi mt dy gm hai na thng hng, chiu
di l v 2l hoc l/2 v l. Gi thit
2
0.01
a

vi a l bn knh dy.
Trong mt s ti liu k thut, ngi ta dng thut ng Anten dipol ( Anten
lng cc) ch cho chn t i xng.
Anten chn t i xng l vic cc di sng cc ngn, sng ngn, sng di v
sng trung. Nhng ch yu c ng dng trong di sng ngn v sng cc ngn
lm Anten thu v pht. Trong cc di sng ny Anten c th lm vic c lp hoc
lm vic phi hp. Trong di sng cc ngn chn t i xng cn c s dng
lm b chiu x cho cc Anten phc tp khc(vd: Anten gng parabon).
1
2. Cc dng khc ca Anten chn t :
a. Cc dng khc ca chn t n gin:
Chn t n gin c ng dng ph bin nht l chn t na sng. Ph thuc
vo cch tip in ta c cc dng Anten sau:
Chn t kiu Y
Chn t kiu Y l chn t na sng c tip in bng dy song hnh mc
song song. Hai nhnh chn t c ni ngn mch gia cn dy song hnh c
ni vo 2 im A-A trn chn t.
Chn t kiu Y cho php phi hp tt chn t v fide song hnh mt tn s
nht nh, khng cn mc thm phn t iu chnh ph. Ngoi ra ta c th ni trc
tip im gia ca chn t vi ct hoc gi kim loi m khng cn cch in v
im gia chn t trong trng hp ny chnh l im nt din p.
Chn t kiu T
Cng l mt chn t na sng c tip in bng dy song hnh mc song
song. im khc l trong trng hp ny on fide chuyn tip bin dng thnh
dy dn song song vi chn t nn c s kahcs bit v tr khng sng.
Chn t kiu T l mt hnh thc trung gian. N c th bin i to thnh s
chn t kiu khc, trong c chn t vng dt v chn t omega.
b. Mt s k thut gim nh kch thc chn t lm vic di sng di v sng
trung:
Yu cu gim nh kch thc Anten l mt trong nhng yu cu cp bch i
vi k thut vin thng hin nay. di sng di v sng trung, do bc sng ln
nn kch thc Anten kh s, rt tn km trong xy dng v bo qun. gim
nh kch thc ca Anten ta c mt s bin php nh sau:
1. Dng ti in khng(dung tnh hay cm tnh) iu chnh phn b dng
in.
2
2. Thc hin Anten bng kt cu c vn tc pha nh(kt cu sng chm).
3. Kt hp Anten vi mch tch cu.
Phng php dng ti in khng
Mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nh hng quyt nh n vic hnh thnh
th phng hng bc x l quy lut phn b dng in dc theo chn t.
phng php ny thay i phn b dng in trn chn t ta mc u cui ca
n ti thun khng dung tnh c dng khi kim loi hnh a hoc hnh cu.
Phn b dng in trong trng hp ny c th c xc nh theo phng
php gn ng, khi coi chn t tng ng vi mt on dy song hnh mc ti
in dung u cui. Do mc ti nn tr khng u cui c gi tr hu hn, dng
in u cui s khc khng, ngha l phn b dng in s tng t trng hp
chn t c ko di thm mt on
td
l
. Nh vy mt chn t i xng c ti
chiu di mi nhnh
2
l
c th c thay th bng mt chn t i xng khng
ti vi di mi nhnh bng:
2 2
L l
k

+
. Trong : Asin

=1
Acos
1
C

Hm phn b dng in:

( ) sin ( )
2
sin
2
Ic L
I z k z
kL

Trong : Ic l dng in cui chn t(ch mc ti).
z l ta im kho st tnh t u vo chn t.
Cng bc x ca chn t:
( )
W
2
R
ik
i Ib e
E
R

Trong :
( )
os os os os sin os sin os
2 2 2
sin
kL kl kL
c c c c c c

_ _
+

, ,

3
Hnh v v th phng hng ca chn t i xng mc ti in dung c
0, 42
2
l

;
0
150
2
kl
_

,
ng vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca ti (
0 0
45 ;80 ). Trn
hnh cng v th phng hng ca chn t khng ti vi
0.5
2
l

(ng gch
chm).
Kho st th trn rt ra c mt s kt lun thc t, quan trng l c th
bo ton dng ca th phng hng ca chn t khi gim nh kch thc ca
chng bng cch mc ti in dung thch hp u cui chn t. Phng php ny
c ng dng rng ri thit lp cc Anten sng di v sng trung, cho php
gim nh kch thc ca Anten khong 20-30%.
trn ta kho st phng php gim nh kch thc bng cch mc ti dung
tnh u cui phn b dng in. Vic ny cng c th thc hin c bng
cch mc ti cm tnh ni tip ti im gia trn hai nhnh chn t. Trong mt vi
trng c th s dng hn hp c hai cch c hiu qu cao hn.
Phng php dng ng dy sng chm
Vic gim nh kch thc ca chn t c th c thc hin bng cch s
dng cc ng dy sng chm.
V nguyn tc c th s dng bt c ng dy sng chm no m i vi n
c th p dng khi nim tr khng b mt (hay ipedang b mt), ngha l khi trn
mt ngoi ca n c cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca in trng v t trng c gi
tr khc khng. Tuy nhin vic la chn loi ng dy sng chm xut pht t cc
yu cu c lin quan n thong s cu cc kt cu y, trong hai thng s quan
trng l h s chm v h s suy gim ca kt cu. Thng s h s chm c nh
hng n kh nng rt ngn kch thc ca Anten, thng s h s suy gim nh
hng n hiu sut ca Anten.
4
Cc ng dy sng chm thng gp l cc dy dn kim loi c ph lp in
mi hoc ferit, trc kim loi hnh rng lc. Cc chn t s dng loi dy sng
chm ny c gi l chn t impedang.
S dng cc ng truyn sng chm thit lp Anten chn t cho php
nhn c h s rt ngn Anten khong 2-5 ln (h s rt ngn Anten c nh
ngha bng t s gia tn s cng hng ca chn t kim loi thng c cng chiu
di v tn s cng hng ca chn t lm bng ng dy sng chm).
Cc chn t impedang c nhc im l phi s dng cc vt liu in mi t
mi gy tn hao trong cc mi trng y v do lm gim hiu sut ca Anten.
khc phc c th thay th mi trng bao quanh dy dn(in mi hay ferit) bi
ng dy xon.
Kt hp Anten vi cc phn t tch cc
Bit rng khi n thun gim nh kch thc ca Anten th di hiu dng
ca Anten cng ng thi gim i v s dn n gim sc in ng nhn c
u ra Aten khi Anten lm vic ch thu v gim cng trng bc x ca
Anten khi Anten lm vic ch pht.
m bo c tnh ca Anten khi gim nh kch thc cn c bin php b
li s gim di hiu dng ca Anten. Mt trong nhng bin php c hiu qu
khc phc nhc im khi gim nh kch thc Anten l kt hp Anten vi cc
phn t (hay mch) tch cc. Ta gi Anten l Anten tch cc.vic hp nht Anten v
mch nu thc hin tt s to ra mt cu trc hp l ci thin c tnh ca Anten,
v trong mt s trng hp cn c th to ra cho Anten mt s chc nng mi m
cc Anten thng khng c. Ngoi ra khi kt hp Anten v mch th gia Anten v
my thu hay my pht khng cn cc phn t phi hp iu chnh nh cc trng
hp thng thng, gim bt chiu di fide mc gia Anten v thit b thu pht, do
gim tn hao cao tn v gim tp m nhit ca Anten.
Cn lu rng kt hp Anten vi mch tch cc th s ci thin h s tng ch
Anten khng c lin quan n vic ci thin gin hng tnh. Trong cc trng
hp ny hm phng hng chun ha ca Anten vn ch c quyt nh bi
5
di thc ca Anten v do gim nh kch thc Anten cng vn dn n gim
hng tnh, ngha l dn n m rng th phng hng.
Tuy nhin, vic kt hp Anten vi phn t hay mch tch cc trong mt s
trng hp cho php d dng s dng Aanten lm phn t ca cc h thng bc x
thit lp th phng hng theo yu cu cho trc, thit lp Anten iu
khin th phng hng bng phng php in hay h thng bc x c thc
hin bc u vic s l tn hiu.
Chng II:CC C TNH CA ANTEN CHN T I
XNG
1 .PHN B DNG IN TRN ANTEN CHN T I XNG:
Mt trong nhng vn c bn khi kho st cc Anten l xc nh trng bc
x to ra trong khng gian v cc thng s ca Anten. Nh vy cn bit phn b
dng in trn Anten . C th s dng l thuyt ng dy song hnh xc
nh phn b dng in trn chn t i xng da trn suy lun v s tng t gia
chn t v ng dy song hnh h mch u cui khng tn hao.
Mt ng dy song hnh h mch du cui, nu m rng hai nhnh ca ng dy
ra 180
0
ta s c chn t i xng. Vic m rng ny lm mt tnh i xng ca ng
dy song hnh v lm cho sng in t bc x ra khng gian bn ngoi to thnh Anten.
6
l
z
a) b)
Hnh 2.1: S tng quan gia chn t i xng v ng dy song hnh
Gia hai h thng ny c nhng im khc bit, l:
- Cc thng s phn b ca ng dy khng bin i dc theo dy, cn cc
thng s phn b ca chn t th bin i ng vi cc v tr khc nhau trn chn t.
- ng dy song hnh l h thng truyn dn nng lng sng in t cn
chn t i xng l h thng bc x.
- Trn ng dy song hnh khng tn hao, h mch u cui, dng in ch
bin i theo quy lut sng ng thun ty, dng sin, cn i vi chn t lun c s
mt mt nng lng do bc x (mt mt hu ch). Do ni mt cch chnh xc th
phn b dng in trn chn t s khng theo quy lut sng ng hnh sin. Tuy
nhin vi cc chn t rt mnh (ng knh << 0,01) khi tnh trng khu xa da
theo gi thit phn b dng in hnh sin cng nhn c kt qu kh ph hp vi
thc nghim. V vy, trong phn ln cc tnh ton k thut c th cho php p dng
gi thit gn ng v phn b dng in sng ng hnh sin.
2. CC THAM S CA CHN T I XNG:
2.1. Hm tnh hng v th phng hng
So snh cng thc (2.9) v (2.10) ta thy hm tnh hng bin ca chn t
i xng trong mt phng E s l:

cos( cos ) cos( )
( , ) sin
2
sin
kl kl
f

(2.11)
Trong mt phng H (mt phng vung gc vi trc chn t) gc 0 l hng s
mi hng nn trong cng thc sin v cos bng hng s, bi vy hm tnh
hng trong mt phng ny ch ph thuc vo gias tr k/l. Ni chung trong mt
phng H chn t bc x v hng.
Nu mt phng kho st i qua tm chn t th trong mt phng H ta c:

( ) 1 oskl f c
(2.12)
7
2.2.Cng sut bc x, in tr bc x v h s tnh hng:
Cng sut bc x ca chn t i xng c th c xc nh theo phng php
vec t Poyting, ging nh khi tnh ton cho dipol in.
Ta tnh tng thng lng ca vec t Poyting qua mt mt cu bao bc chn t,
khi mt cu c bn knh kh ln so vi bc sng cng tc, hnh 2.4

Hnh 2.4 Xc nh cng sut bc x ca chn t i xng
8
Tng t nh i vi dipol in, ta cng c nh ngha v cng sut bc x
ca chn t i xng l i lng biu th quan h gia cng sut bc x v bnh
phng dng in trn chn t. Tuy nhin, do dng in c phn b khng ng
u dc theo chn t nn khi biu th cng sut bc x qua bin dng in ti v
tr no trn chn t (v d qua dng in u vo, hay qua dng in ti im
bng sng ng) th s c in tr bc x tng ng (in tr bc x ng vi
dng in im vo, in tr bc x ng vi dng in im bng).
2.3. Tr khng sng ca chn t i xng:
Tng t nh ng dy song hnh, i vi chn t i xng cng c th
a vo khi nim tr khng sng. Theo l thuyt ng dy, tr khng sng ca
ng dy song hnh khng tn hao c xc nh theo cng thc:

1
1
A
L
Z
C

(2.18)
Trong L
1
in cm phn b ca ng dy
C
1
in dung phn b ca ng dy
Mt khc ta c:
1 1
1 1
v
LC

l vn tc sng truyn trn ng dy

Nu ng dy c t trong khng gian t do th =
0
, =
0
. Tr khng
sng ca ng dy c th c biu th qua thng s ca mi trng v mt
trong hai thng s phn b L
1
, hoc C
1
ca ng dy:

0 0
1
A
Z
C

(2.19)
i vi ng dy song hnh, C
1
l i lng khng bin i theo chiu di
ca dy v c gii hn bng kch thc ca ng dy. Khi biu th tr khng
sng qua cc kch thc hnh hc ca ng dy, cng thc (2.19) s c dng:

276lg
A
D
Z
r
_

,
(2.20)
D: khong cch gia hai dy dn (tnh t trc dy)
r: bn knh dy dn
i vi chn t i xng hoc cc loi anten dy khc, c th p dng cng
thc (2.20) tnh tr khng sng ca anten nhng cn ch rng in dung phn
b C
1
lc ny khng phi l hng s m thay i dc theo chiu di chn t. V
vy khi tnh C
1
cn ly gi tr trung bnh ca n, ngha l ly in dung tnh tng
cng ca anten chia cho chiu di ca n.
Cng thc tnh tr khng sng ca chn t i xng khi chiu di chn t
nh hn bc sng cng tc s l:

2
120 ln 1
A
l
Z
r
1 _

1
, ]
() (2.21)
Khi tng chiu di chn t th sai s tnh theo cng thc trn s tng. Nh
vy khi chiu di chn t ln hn bc sng cng tc th tr khng sng ca chn
t s c tnh theo cng thc Kesenich:

120 ln
A
Z E
r
1 _

1
, ]

() (2.22)
Trong E = 0,577 l hng s Euler
2.4. Tr khng vo ca chn t i xng
Nh cp trong phn e ca mc 1.2.3 chng 1 tr khng vo ca
chn t i xng bao gm c phn thc v phn khng.
vA vA vA
Z R jX +
Phn thc bao gm in tr bc x v phn in tr tn hao ca chn t. i
vi chn t i xng, in tr tn hao khng ng k (c th coi bng 0) phn
cng sut thc a vo anten hu nh c chuyn thnh cng sut bc x
A bx
P P

(2.23)
Nu biu th cng sut bc x theo dng in u vo I
a
th cng thc
(2.23) c th vit:
2 2
0
2 2
a bx a vA
I R I R

(2.24)
R
bx0
l in tr bc x tnh theo dng in u vo
2
0 2 2
sin
b bxb bxb
bx
a
I R R
R
I kl

Ta c:
2
sin
bxb
vA
R
R
kl

(2.25)
Phn khng ca tr khng vo ca chn t i xng chnh l tr khng ca
ng dy song hnh h mch u cui v c tnh theo cng thc:

cot
vA A
X iZ gkl

(2.26)
Trong Z
A
l tr khng sng ca chn t i xng.
Thay cc cng thc (2.24) v (2.25) vo cng thc (1.17) ta c cng thc
tnh tr khng vo ca chn t i xng:
2
cot
sin
bxb
vA A
R
Z iZ gkl
lk


(2.27)
Cng thc ny nhn c khi tnh ton theo gi thit dng in trn chn t
phn b hnh sin. Khi di ca chn t gn bng na bc sng cng tc th
cng thc (2.26) cho kt qu hp l nhng khi chn t c di ln hn th
chnh xc ca cng thc s gim i. n khi di ca chn t bng ng bc
sng cng tc th cng thc ny khng cn ngha v lc c phn thc v phn
o ca tr khng vo u c gi tr v cng ln.
Cng thc (2.26) cho php ng dng khi im nt dng in nm cch u
vo chn t mt khong ln hn (0,1 0,15) ngha l khi t s
l

nm trong
khong 0 0,35 v 0,65 0,85.
Hnh 2.6 S ph thuc ca Z
vA
vo
l

Nhn xt: Tr khng vo ca chn t i xng ph thuc vo chiu di tng

i ca chn t.
- 300
- 400
- 200
- 100
0
100
200
300
400
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
X
VA
()
l/r=40
l/r=20
l

l/r=60
100
-100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,7 1,0 1,2
R
VA
()
l

l/r =40
l/r =20
l/r =60
0
- Khi chiu di ca chn t (2l ) bng bi s ca /2 th lc tr khng ca
chn t c th xem gn ng ch c in tr thun. Cng hng ni tip xy ra khi
chiu di chn t bng 0,5; 1,5; 2,5;v tr khng vo R
vA
l thc v c gi
tr bng tr khng bc x ca anten. Trong trng hp ny s c gi tr l 73,1
i vi chn t na sng v 200 i vi chn t ton sng.
- Cng hng song song xy ra khi chiu di chn t (2 l ) bng bi s ca
bc sng cng tc (, 2, 3,). Tr khng vo trong trng hp ny cng l
in tr thc v c gi tr v cng ln, c th t n 5000 . Gi tr ca tr
khng vo thc ph thuc vo t s chiu di trn bn knh chn t v tr khng
sng ca chn t.
- Khi chiu di ca chn t khng phi l bi s ca /2 th lc tr khng
vo ca anten bao gm c phn thc v phn khng. Thnh phn khng ca tr
khng vo ca chn t i xng gn cc im cng hng ni tip ( l = /4)
tng t nh thnh phn khng ca mt mch cng hng ni tip: vng tn s
thp hn tn s cng hng n mang tnh dung khng v cc vng tn s cao
hn tn s cng hng n mang tnh cm khng. cc im gn im cng hng
song song ( l = /2) tr khng ca chn t tng t nh thnh phn khng ca mt
mch cng hng song song: vng tn s thp hn tn s cng hng n mang
tnh cm khng v cc vng tn s cao hn tn s cng hng n mang tnh
dung khng.
Thng thng tr khng vo ca chn t i xng c chn bng phng
php thc nghim. Bng cch thay i chiu di v ng knh ca dy chn t
ng vi tn s trung tm ca di tn cng tc, khi tr khng s thun tr .
Khi bit gi tr ca tr khng vo ca anten ta c th d dng thc hin vic
phi hp tr khng gia anten v my pht hoc my thu.
2.3.5 Chiu di hiu dng ca chn t i xng
Bc x ca anten ph thuc vo s phn b dng in trn anten. xem
xt quan h gia phn b dng in v chiu di chn t, ngi ta a vo khi
nim chiu di hiu dng,
hd
l
.
Chiu di hiu dng l chiu di ca mt chn t tng ng vi chn t
tht, c dng in phn b ng u trn chn t v bng dng in u vo ca
chn t tht, vi din tch phn b dng in trn chn t tht bng din tch phn
b dng in trn chn t tng ng.
Cu trc ca anten cng tt nu nh chiu di hiu dng ca anten c gi tr
gn bng chiu di thc ca anten.
Chiu di hiu dng ca chn t i xng c xc nh theo biu thc:

t
2
hd
kl
l g

(2.28)
Vi chn t na sng c chiu di
2
2
l

, do
1 tgkl
v chiu di hiu
dng ca chn t s l
hd
l

. Nu l chn t ton sng c chiu di 2l , th

chiu di hiu dng ca chn t s l
2
hd
l

.
I
m
I
m
2 = /2

Hnh 2.7. Chiu di thc v chiu di hiu dng ca chn t
i xng
CHNG III: C TNH PHNG HNG CA
ANTEN CHN T I XNG TRNH BY BNG
MATLAB
3.1: C TNH PHNG HNG CA ANTEN CHN T
3.1.1: M hnh ton
Gi s chn t c di l, c t dc theo trc 0z, tm pha trng vi gc
ta . Ta im kho st l (R, ,

). Khi kho st trng vng xa ta lun c

R ? .
Hnh 3.1: Biu din chn t i xng trong ta cu
Theo quy c nh hnh v trn, gc

c xc nh bi hnh chiu ca
R
ur
trn mt phng x0y v 0x
uur
, cn gc c xc nh bi gc gia
R
ur
v 0z
uur
, tc
l mt phng x0y c
0
90 t .
T hnh v ta thy rng:
Hm phng hng ca anten chn t ng hng vi mt phng vung
gc vi trc ca chn t (mt phng ).
Hm phng hng bc x bng khng ti =0
0
hoc =180
0
.
c tnh hng ch xc nh trong mt phng cha trc ca chn t.
Vy ta c hm phng hng ca anten chn t c xc nh bi :

kl kl
os( cos )-cos
2 2
( , )
sin
c
f

: l bc sng.
2
k

: l tr khng sng.
Xt hm tnh hng v th phng hng ca chn t c chiu di tng
i khc nhau:
Chn t ngn ( l << )
T cng thc (2.11) ta c:
( )
( )
2
kl
sin
2
f
Khi hm tnh hng bin chun ha trong mt phng in trng s l
( ) sin F
(3.3)
Chn t phn t sng ( l = /4)
T cng thc (2.11) ta c:
( )
os cos os os cos
2 2 2
sin sin
c c c
f
_ _

, ,

(3.4)
Chn t na sng ( l = /2)
T cng thc (2.11) ta c:
( )
( )
2
2 os cos
os cos 1
2
sin sin
c
c
f
_

+
,

(3.5)
Khi hm tnh hng bin chun ha l:
( )
2
os cos
2
sin
c
F

_

,

(3.6)
Chn t c chiu di ln hn
Trong trng hp ny do trn mi nhnh chn t xut hin dng in ngc
pha nn hng vung gc khng c sai pha v ng i ca cc on dz nhng
v dng in c on ngc pha, do cng in trng tng hng ny s
gim xung, ng thi xut hin cc bp ph cc hng c sai pha ng i b
ht cho sai pha dng in. Nu on dng in ngc pha ln dn, ngha l l tin
dn ti , bp ph s ln dn, bp chnh nh dn. Khi l = , on ngc pha trn
mi nhnh chn t l bng nhau, bc x hng chnh (tc hng vung gc vi
trc chn t) s bng 0, bn bp ph tr thnh bn bp chnh.

Hnh 3.2 th phng hngca chn t i xng trong mt phng E
90
o
0
o
180
o
a) 0,1

90
o
0
o
180
o
b) 0,25

90
o
0
o
180
o
c) 0,5

90
o
0
o
180
o
d) 0,75

90
o
0
o
180
o
e)

T th phng hng ta c nhn xt: Tnh hng ca chn t i xng

ph thuc vo chiu di in
l

. V vy khi nghin cu v anten chn t ngi ta

thng s dng di tng i so vi bc sng. K hiu:
l

Xt trong mt s trng hp:

0
l

: dipol in

0.5
l

: chn t na sng

1
l

: chn t ton sng
3.1.2: th phng hng trnh by bng Matlab
Phn code lnh trng trnh v th phng hng ca Anten chn t i
xng bng Matlab:
Lnh v th phng hng Anten chn t i xng trong khng gian 2
chiu (2D):
L=input('\n nhapl /lamda='); % Nhp gi tr
teta=0:0.01*pi:2*pi;
tuso=(cos(pi.*L.*cos(teta))-cos(pi.*L));
if L==2
mauso=sin(teta)*2.5;
else
mauso=sin(teta).*(1-cos(pi.*L))*1.5;
end
f=abs(tuso./mauso);
polar(teta,f); % V th
Lnh v th phng hng Anten chn t i xng trong khng gian 3
chiu (3D):
[teta,phi]=meshgrid(0:2.*pi./180:pi, 0:4.*pi./180:1.5.*pi);
L=input('\n nhap l/lamda=');
tuso=(cos(pi.*L.*cos(teta))-cos(pi.*L));
if L==2
mauso=sin(teta)*2.5;
else
mauso=sin(teta).*(1-cos(pi.*L))*1.5;
end
f=abs(tuso./mauso);
x=f.*sin(teta).*cos(phi);
y=f.*sin(teta).*sin(phi);
z=f.*cos(teta);
surfl(x,y,z);
Phn kt qu chy trng trnh v th phng hng ca Anten chn t
i xng ng vi cc trng hp kho st:



a: l/ 0 (Trng hp dipol in).


b: l/=0.5 (Trng hp chn t na sng)

c: l/=1 (Trng hp chn t ton sng)

d: l/=1.25

e: l/=1.5


f: l/=2

Hnh 3.3: c tnh phng hng ca anten chn t i xng
3.1.3: Nhn xt v kt lun
T cc th phng hng ta nhn thy:
Khi anten c di l/ nh, th phng hng c dng gn ging
th phng hng ca dipol in (hnh 3.3.b), ch khc l n c rng hp hn
(so snh 3.3.a vi 3.3.b).iu ny c gii thch nh sau:
- V trng bc x ca dy dn ti im kho st bng tng vecto ca trng
to bi cc dipol thnh phn (anten l tp hp ca cc dipole). Khi di l/ rt
nh, dng in mi im trn anten ng pha nhau. ng thi v c th coi
khong cch t cc dipol n cc im kho st bng nhau nn trng bc x ca
cc dipol ring r s ng pha v c cng i s vi nhau. Bin trng bc
x ca dy dn cc im trong khng gian u tng ln mt s ln ging nhau so
vi cng trng bc x ca mt dipol in ring r. V vy m th phng
hng ca anten khng khc so vi th phng hng ca dipol in.
- th phng hng ca n hp hn l do sai pha khong cch gia cc
dipol thnh phn.
Khi tng dn di anten (trong gii hn vn m bo ng pha dng
in trn anten, ngha l l/ 1) th th phng hng s hp dn li (hnh
3.3.b, 3.3.c)
- Tht vy, s tng di anten trong gii hn ni trn s tng ng vi
vic tng s dipol ng pha sp xp theo ng thng . Cng trng khu xa
theo hng vung gc vi anten s bng tng i s cng trng ca cc
dipole in ring r, v theo hng ny khng c sai pha khong cch. Bc x
c tng cng theo hng = 90. Khi dch chuyn im kho st khi
hng ny s xut hin sai pha khong cch. Cng trng ti im kho st
trong trng hp ny s nh hn trng hng = 90. Tng vecto s gim
nhanh nu im kho st cng dch chuyn xa hng = 90.
Khi tng di anten qa gii hn mt bc sng (l>) s xut hin khu
vc dng in ngc pha. th phng hng c xu th hp li nhng ng thi
s xut hin cc cc i ph (hnh 3.3.d, 3.3.e). S xut hin cc cc i ph l do
bc x theo hng vung gc vi trc dy dn ca cc dipol thuc khu vc dng
in ngc pha s b trit tiu bi bc x ca cc dipol thuc khu vc dng in
mang du dng, v theo hng ny khng c sai pha khong cch nhng sai pha
dng in bng

. Nu dch chuyn im kho st khi hng = 90 th s

xut hin gc sai pha khong cch ca trng to bi cc dipol thuc hai khu vc
ni trn.Ta c th tm c hng m theo hng sai pha khong cch ca
trng to bi hai khu vc dng in s bng

. Tng sai pha ca trng s bng

2

, ngha l trng bc x to bi cc dipol thuc hai khu vc dng in ngc

pha s tr nn ng pha nhau, v hng s xut hin cc i ph.
Tip tc tng di dy dn th cng trng theo hng = 90 s
gim (do nh hng bc x ca cc dipol c dng in ngc pha gy ra), ng
thi bin cc i ph s tng.
Khi
l

=2 trng bc x theo hng = 90 s hon ton b trit tiu, cn

cc cc i ph s tr thnh cc cc i chnh ca anten.(hnh 3.3.f)
Nh vy th phng hng ca anten chn t s thay i khi thay i
di ca ca n. C th nh sau:
Khi
l

bin i, tng t gi tr rt nh (tng ng vi mt dipol in)

n mt gii hn nht nh th anten chn t cng tng nh hng gc
0
90 t tc l hm phng hng t cc i
0
90 t , v gi tr
3
cng nh(
3

l l gc to bi hai hng m ti cng sut bc x suy gim mt na so vi
hng bc x cc i) cng thay i theo. ), bp sng chnh cng hp (hnh 3.3.a,
3.3.b, 3.3.c v 3.3.d).
Khi gi tr
l

kh ln (
l

=1.5 hnh 3.3.e) hm phng hng khng cn

t cc i gc
0
90 t .
Khi
l

=2 ( hnh 3.3.f) th cc i chnh theo hng

0
90 t cn b trit
tiu hon ton.