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Prof. L. Umanand
Chapter - 2
1. Traditional energy systems (2 hours) a. Sources b. Applications i. Transport bullock cart, horse carriage, camels ii. Agriculture ox plough, water lifting devices iii. Human power bicycle, cycle rickshaw etc. iv. House hold cooking (bio mass), lighting etc
Prof. L. Umanand
Chapter Objective
1. To understand the relevance of muscle power 2. To enable students to contemplate system designs that includes muscle power as one of the hybrid energy components.
Chapter Motivation
Applications for pumping up water and mass transport.
Sample Questions
1. What is muscle power? 2. Describe the energy capital and its comparative values for muscle power based system. 3. What is draught power? 4. What are the draught animals? 5. Give a comparative table of the power delivering capability of the various draught animals.
Prof. L. Umanand
CEDT
Considering the example of energy required for ploughing a field: When a tractor is used there energy spent on Ecapital. The various relative values can be tabulated as follows: Eplough KWh Traditional farming Modern farming 6000 6000 Ecapital KWh 60 60000 Energy efficiency 90% 10%
From above it is clear that though the energy efficiency for traditional farming is high the time required for modern farming is less. Sources The working speed for most draught animals is about 1 metre/second (3.6 km/h, 2 mph). A bull consumes about 3.3 Joules for each Joule of work. There are limitations on the performance of animals, such as sensitivity to food supply, getting sick etc. Sustainable power of individual animals in good condition
Animal Typical Pull- Typical Typical Power Working Energy weight weight pull N working output hours output kN (kgf) ratio (kgf) speed W per day per m/s day MJ Ox 4.5(450) 0.11 0.12 500(50) 650 (65) 0.9 0.8 450 520 6 5 10 9.5
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Prof. L. Umanand
Indian Institute of Science Horse Donkey Mule Camel 4.0 (400) 1.5 (150) 3.0 (300) 5.0 (500) 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 500 (50) 200 (20) 400 (40) 650 (65) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 500 200 400 650 10 4 6 6 18 3 8.5 14
CEDT
Note: For animals of different weight the power output and energy output per day may be adjusted proportionately Source: Tools for Agriculture, 1992
http://www.fao.org/sd/EGdirect/EGan0006.htm
Force Force Velocity Power Standard Velocity Power Exerted Exerted (ft/sec) (ft-lbs/sec) Horsepower (m/s) (W) (lbs.) (N.) 120 120 60 30 18 3.6 2.4 3.6 3.6 2.5 432 288 216 108 45 0.864 0.576 0.432 0.216 0.090 535 535 267 134 80 1.1 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.8 587 391 293 147 61
For a hard day's work the horse reigns supreme, delivering 500W for 10 hours. The ox is known for its compliance and is less fussy about food - a good choice for the less demanding applications. The camel has the highest power output. Forget the donkey.
http://geoimages.berkeley.edu/GeoImages/Powell/Afghan/100.html
Camel powered pump in Afghanistan: For millenia waterwheels have been used to lift water for irrigation and domestic use. This camel keeps walking in a tight circle to turn an axle which powers the waterwheel.
http://private.addcom.de/asiaphoto/burma/bdia085.htm
An ox crushes peanuts on a tiny mill in Thailand. Note the two arms - one steering the animal at the neck, while the other takes the power from behind the animal.
Power for common activities Energy Consumed Activities Moving a body of unit mass with an acceleration 2m/s2 on a smooth horizontal plane Moving a body of unit mass with an acceleration 2m/s2 on a horizontal plane with coefficient of friction =0.2 Moving a body of unit mass with uniform velocity on a horizontal L.Umanand 2/3 555.56x 10-6 Whr/kg/m 1100x10-6 Whr/kg/m 544x10-6 5/11/2007
Prof. L. Umanand
CEDT
plane with coefficient of friction =0.2 Lifting a body of unit mass by unit height
Energy required for rotating a disc of J=2kg-m2 with an angular acceleration =2 rad/sec2 per unit radian Energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of water from 250 to 750 Energy required to deliver water from a horizontal pipe with a delivery rate of 0.1lt/sec at a pressure of 20N/m2 Energy required to move a body up an inclined plane inclined at an angle 45o with an acceleration of 2m/s2 with a frictional coefficient of =0.2 Energy required for physical activities of human being (M=68kg) Walking at a speed of 7 km/hr for a time of 1hr Running at a speed of 10 km/hr for a time of 1hr Cycling at a speed of 16 km/hr for a time of 1hr Swimming at a speed of 2.4 km/hr for a time of 1hr Energy Storage Typical rechargeable batteries Electrochemical capacitor Spring
1111x10-6 Whr
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Transportation - walking
Women
Transportation ox power
Bull
Rickshaw
to transport people
Camel
Some
Some
Transportation bicycle
Human
OX power
OX power
Lifting water for irrigation
ploughing
Flour mill
Bicycle power
Bicycle for loads other than for human transportation
Firewood power
Heating/ cooking
Heating/ lighting
Considering the example of energy required for ploughing a field: When a tractor is used there energy spent on Ecapital. The various relative values can be tabulated as follows: Eplough KWh 6000 6000 Ecapital KWh 60 60000 Energy efficiency 90% 10%