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08/29
Chapter 1 – Verbs
Present Active Infinitive – ex: to love (amare), to praise, to warn (monere), etc.
Verb conjugation -
1st ends –are
2nd ends –ere
Conjugation 1st Ex (laudo) 2nd Ex (mone)
1st singular –o/m laudo moneo
2nd singular –s laudas mones
3rd singular –t laudat monet
08/30
Complimentary infinitive – ex: debemus cogitare = We ought to think.
Parsing/Translation exercise:
Amamus – 2nd Plural Present Active Indicative / We love
Debetis – 2nd Plural Present Active Indicative / We owe
Erra! – 2nd Singular Present Active Imperative / (You) Make a mistake!
Terrent – 3nd Plural Present Active Indicative / They are terrified
Valete! – 2nd Plural Present Active Imperative / Be strong! (Goodbye!)
Salveo – 1st Singular Present Active Indicative / I am well.
Laudat – 3rd Singular Present Active Indicative / He/She/It praises.
Monent – 3rd Plural Present Active Indicative / They warn.
Videtis – 2nd Plural Present Active Indicative / We see.
Vocas – 2nd Singular Present Active Indicative / You call.
08/31
Nouns
All nouns are feminine
Except for: (occupations, in antiquity, generally held by men)
• Poeta – poet
• Agricola – farmer
• Incola – inhabitant { It is a P.A.I.N. to remember these! }
• Nauta – sailor
• (pirata) - pirate
• (auriga) – chariot driver
When parsing, there are only 3 parts:
• Number
o Singular
o Plural
• Case
o Nominative – subject
o Genitive – “of” Possessive Case or Modifier
o Dative – Indirect Object “to” or “for”
o Accusative – Direct Object / Object of certain prepositions
o Ablative – Object of certain prepositions (involving stasis)
“by” / “with” / “from”
o Vocative – Direct Address
• Gender
o Masculine
o Feminine
o Neuter (ne/ueter = not either)
Ex:
A. The poet is giving large roses to the girl.
B. The girls are giving the poet’s roses to the sailors.
C. Without money the girls’ country is not strong.
In sentence A:
• The poet is nominative.
• To the girl is dative.
• Roses is Accusative.
In sentence B:
• The girls is nominative.
• The poet’s is genitive.
• To the sailors is dative.
• Roses is accusative.
In sentence C:
• Country is nominiative.
• Girls’ is genitive.
First Declension Example (gate) Translation
Nominative* port-a
Genitive port-ae of the gate
Dative port-ae to/for the gate
Accusative port-am
Ablative port-aa by/with/for the gate
Plural Example
Nom* port-ae
Gen port-aarum
Dat port-iis
Acc port-aas
Abl port-iis
*The Vocative has the same declension as the Nominative and will be identified by
commas. (ex: O, fortuna! = O fortune!)
An adjective must agree in number, case and, gender with the noun it modifies.
In sentence structure, the noun precedes the adjective. (There are 36 different ways to say
“red”!)
09/04
Homework review
09/06
Missed class
09/07
Substantive Adjective– an adjective standing on its own / stands in as a noun
09/10
Neuter nouns
Clues to determine masculine/feminine declensions:
• Check the ending!
o Donum; doni (n) = gift
This is in masculine declension, though it is a neuter noun
(Singular)
Nom: +um
Gen: +i*
Dat: +o* } Nom/Voc/Acc take the same form!
Acc: +um
Abl: +o*
(Plural)
Nom: +a
Gen: +orum* }“ “
Dat: +is*
Acc: +a
Abl: +is
Irregular verbs
09/11
Review:
Aposition (Relative Clause w/o Relative Pronoun)
• Ex: The boy (who is) tired. Puer
09/12
Future Indicative Actives & Imperfect Indicative Actives
For Future Indicative Active and Imperfect Indicative Active verbs, form = stem +
infix + endings
Future Indicative Active: infix = BI (BO for 1st singular; BU for 3rd plural)
Ex: laudare trans. monere
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1st: laudaBo I shall praise monebo
nd
2 : laudaBIs You will monebis
3rd; laudaBIt He/she shall monebit
09/13
Review
When translating:
• Imperfect
o “was/were ______ing”
• Future
o “will/shall _______”
09/14
Oct. 20th: Translating the Aenid
Principal parts:
First p.p.: 1st Person / Singular / Present / Indicative / Active
Second p.p.: Infinitive
Third:
Fourth:
09/17
Translation Review
09/18
Sum: future and imperfect tenses
Present Imperfect Future
Sum Sumus eram eramus ero erimus
Eres Estis eras eratis eris eritis
Est Sunt erat erant erit erunt
Complimentary infinitives
Ex: Amo laudare pueros et paellas. I love to praise girls and boys.
Conjugation
Present Imperfect Future
Possum poteram potero
Potes poteras poteris
Potet poterat poterit
Possumus poteramus poterimus
Potest poteratis poteritis
Possunt poterant poterunt
09/25
Chapter 7 – Third Declension Nouns
For 1st and 2nd Declension Nouns
Dat/Abl Plural nouns end in is. (Ex: Tyrannis / Rosis)
Gen Plural nouns end in rum.
Accusative Plural nouns end in s.
Accusative Plural nouns end in m.
Litotes
09/28
Third Conjugation Verbs
Ex: ago, agere, egi, actum (to do)
Third conjugation verbs can be identified by the lack of macron over the ending vowel in
the infinitive.
Ex: agere
(Sing) Present Future Imperfect Imperative
st
1 ago agam agebam
2nd agis ages agebas age!
rd
3 agit aget agebat
(Plural)
1st agimus agemus agebamus
nd
2 agitis agetes agebatis agite!
3rd agunt* agent agebant
rd
*For 3 Plural, change e to u.
10/01
Study third conjugation verbs!!
Homework: Sententiae and Cicero translation
10/02
Demonstratives
Pronouns in Latin: Words that replace nouns
Arranged in terms of proximity*: this / that / that over there (Like Japanese!!)
Ille/Illa/Illud Declensions
(Sing) Masc. Fem. Neut. (Plu)* Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom Ille Illa Illud** Nom Illi Illae Illa
Gen Illius Illius Illius*** Gen Illorum Illarum Illorum
Dat Illi Illi Illi*** Dat Illis Illis Illis
Acc Illum Illam Illud** Acc Illos Illas Illa
Abl Illo Illa Illo Abl Illis Illis Illis
Iste/Ista/Istud Declensions
(Sing) Masc. Fem. Neut. (Plu)* Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom Iste Ista Istud** Nom Isti Istae Ista
Gen Istius Istius Istius*** Gen Istorum Istarum Istorum
Dat Isti Isti Isti*** Dat Istis Istis Istis
Acc Istum Istam Istud** Acc Istos Istas Ista
Abl Isto Ista Isto Abl Istis Istis Istis
10/04
Fourth Conjugation and –io Verbs of the Third
Third conjugation verbs end with –io, such as audio (to hear), capio (to capture), and
facio (to make)
10/09
Personal Pronouns Ego, Tu, and Is; Demonstratives Is and Idem
Similar to chapter 10 demonstratives
10/10
The Perfect System
You find the perfect stem by locating the 3rd principal part, MINUS the final i.
Ex: Perfect stem for moneo is monu. PS for laudo is laudav.
Translation
Perfect: I have, I did, I ____-ed (denotes completion)
Future Perfect: I will have ____-ed
Pluperfect: I had ____-ed
10/15
Chapter 13 – Reflexive Pronouns and Possessives; Intensive Pronoun
Reflexive pronouns – to reflect the subject of the sentence; to “curve back” to the subject.
Ex: I gave a present to myself. / Cicero praised himself.
Because reflexive pronouns reflect the subject, it cannot be the subject. Therefore, there
are no reflexive pronouns in the nominative case.
Differences
Laudavit me = He/She/It praises me. (This is the use of a personal pronoun.)
Laudavi me = I praise myself. (Use of a reflexive pronoun)
Reflexive Possessives
Reflexive Possessives are adjectives that show possession of the subject.
Examples:
Cicero laudat suum librum = Cicero praises his own book.
Cicero laudat suam sororem = Cicero praises his own sister.
Intensive Pronoun/Adjectives
(Sing) Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom ipse ipsa ipsum
Gen ------------------ipsius------------------
Dat -------------------ipsi-------------------
Acc ipsum ipsam ipsum
Abl ipso ipsa ipso
Homework: Practice and Review 13-17, Translate Alexander the Great and the Power of
Literature (p. 87)
Pejorative = negatively
10/17
3rd Declension Nouns
(Sing)
Nom rex (m) corpus (n)
Gen regis corporis
Dat regi corpori
Acc regem corpus
Abl rege corpore
(Plu)
Nom reges corpora
Gen regum corporum
Dat regibus corporibus
Acc reges corpora
Abl regibus corporibus
Rules:
1. Masculine and Feminine nouns, where:
• Nominative Singular ends –is or –es
• Genitive Singular has same number of syllables as Nominative Singular
o hostis, hostis (m) = hostile
o navis, navis (f) = ship
o moles, molis (f) =
2. Masculine and Feminine nouns where:
• Nominative Singular ends –s or –x
• Base ends in a double consonant
o ars, artis (f)
a. dens, dentis (m)
b. nox, noctis (f)
3. Neuter nouns where:
• Nominative Singular ends -al, -ar, or -e
o animal, animalis (n)
o mare, maris (n)
10/18
Latin tidbits:
ferro = sword
10/22
Numerals
# Latin Eng. Span. Ital. French Cardinal Latin
1 I One Uno Uno Une unus-a-um
2 II Two Dos Dues Deux duo-ae-o
3 III Three Tres Tre Trois tres-tria
4 IV Four Quatro Quarto Quatre quattuor
5 V Five Cinco Cinque Cinqe quinque
6 VI Six Seis Seis Six sex
7 VII Seven Siete Siette Sept septem
8 VIII Eight Ocho Otto Huit octo
9 IX Nine Nueve Nuovo Neuf novem
10 X Ten Diez Dieci Dix decem
Declension
For duo-ae-o (Plural only)
M F N
Duo duae duo
Duorum duarum duorum
Duobus duabus duobus
Duos duas duos
Duobus duabus duobus
For tres-tria
M+F N
Tres Tria
Trium trium
Tribus tribus
Tres tria
Tribus tribus
Plural Neuter
Nom milia
Gen milium
Dat milibus
Acc milium
Abl milibus
10/31
Relative pronouns – qui, quae, quod
They follow in number and gender, but vary in case based on the use within the relative
clause.
Ex:
Diligo puellam quae ex Italia venit. = I esteem the girl whom came from Italy.
Homo de quo dicebas est amicus carus. = The man about whom you were speaking is a
dear friend.
Puella cui librum dat est fortunata. The girl to whom he is giving a book is fortunate.
Puer cuius patrem iuvabamus est fortis. = The boy of who (whose) father we used to help
is brave.
Vitam meam committam eis viris quorum virtutes laudabas. = I shall entrust my life to
those men whose virtues you were praising.
Timeo idem periculum quod timetis. = I fear the same danger, which you fear.
11/2
First and Second Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System
Translation: to be ______-ed (speaking in the passive voice)
When forming a verb in the passive voice, use the present stem + passive endings
11/5
No class tomorrow!
Homework: Passage handout
Quiz Wednesday on 1st and 2nd passive conjugations
11/7
Perfect Passive conjugations
Reivew: To form perfect active conjugations, use the third principal part, remove the –i,
and add the endings.
Ex: laudatum
(Singular)
1st: laudatus-a-um + sum = I have been praised
2nd: “ “ + es = You have been praised
rd
3 :“ “ + est = He/She/It has been praised
(Plural)
1st: laudati-ae-a + sumus = We have been praised
2nd: “ “ + estis = You (all) have been praised
rd
3 :“ “ + sunt = They have been praised
For future perfect passive:
1. Same
2. Same
3. Add future form of sum
When translating, notice whether a fourth principle part is used before the form of sum.
11/9
The Interrogative Pronoun
Quis?; Quid? (Who? Whom? Whose? Which?)
Typically embedded in the sentence
Masculine and Feminine have the same form (in the singular)
It declines like the relative pronoun, except for Quid? In place of neuter quod.
a vs ab: ab is used when the following word begins with a vowel. Otherwise, use a.
11/26
Chapter 21 – Third and Fourth Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System
11/27
Homework: Virgil passage (English Latin), Practice & Review 14-17 / Quiz: Passive
forms
12/7
11/29
Chapter 22 – Fifth Declension Nouns
11/30
Homework: 145 poem, passage on literature on p. 146
12/6