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Various Approaches to Achieve Energy Efficiency in Mobile Wireless Communication Networks

A. Kumar1, 4, T. Singh2, P. Verma3, and Y. Liu4
1 JNV Theog, Shimla, HP (India) Department of ECE, IET Bhaddal Technical Campus, Ropar, Punjab (India) 3 Department of ECE, RBIEBT, Kharar, Mohali, Punjab (India) 4 College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu (China) 2

ABSTRACT The mobile subscriptions are growing rapidly on global basis which has triggered the need for high data rates with minimum latency. Consequently, this is driving the need for continued innovations in wireless data technologies to provide more capacity and higher quality of service. In order to fulfill the increased needs, energy is consumed at high scale. Hence, there is a strong need of Green Communication due to increasing concern of energy optimization and environmental sustainability. Researchers around the globe should realize this need and come forward to work in this direction in order to achieve sustainable development by reducing increased energy consumption by mobile wireless communication networks. In this paper, we have discussed about the growing concern about the energy efficiency and various approaches like Sleep Scheduling, OFDMA networks, MIMO techniques, relay transmission and resource allocation for signaling, to achieve the goal of Energy Optimization in mobile wireless Communication networks.
Keywords: Energy Efficiency, Green Communication, MIMO, OFDMA, Sleep Scheduling.

in developing countries. Internet users are 2.7 billion which correspond to 39% of world's population. 31% of population is online in developing world whereas 77% of population is online in developed world. Highest Internet penetration rate in the world is of Europe which is 75%, America is at second position with 61% after Europe [9]. Fig.1 shows Growth of Mobile Cellular Subscriptions approaching towards total population.

Fig. 1. Mobile Cellular Subscription and PopulationSource: ITU World Telecommunication /ICT Indicators database Note: * Estimate.

INTRODUCTION Everyone wants high data rates and smart applications which consumes more energy in order to provide demanded data rates. On the other side, companies are in hurry of taking carbon credits, so they have to pay attention towards the communication which require lesser amount of energy and will provide same demanded data rates. This situation is forcing researchers around the world to think over the problem and give solutions which will support green communication. More than 3 percent of total electric energy is consumed by infrastructure of cellular wireless networks, wired communication networks, and the Internet consumes energy [8]. Green Communication is becoming an important factor due to increasing concern of energy consumption [7, 18]. In this paper, we have discussed different approaches to achieve energy efficiency in wireless communication networks. GLOBAL MOBILE SUBSCRIPTION GROWTH Numbers of Mobile Cellular Subscriptions are almost equal to population in the world according to ICT Facts and Figures-2013. Mobile-cellular penetration rates stand at 96% globally; 128% in developed countries; and 89%

NEED FOR GREEN COMMUNICATION In order to serve 400 million new mobile subscribers around the world, 1,20,000 new base stations are deployed which directly translates in to a massive amount of GHG emission and makes the need of green communication inevitable [11, 12]. To implement green communication, Operators has to reduce their energy bills and they should reduce CO2 emissions to get the carbon credits [10, 19]. Goal of Green Communication should be such that proposed solutions improve energy efficiency but not affecting productivity of any other part of system. Earlier, operators have focused on advancements in technology to provide better coverage, capacity and quality but due to recent concern of energy costs, their focus deviates to cut the energy costs by using different approaches. As the energy costs account for as much as ating Expenses), so various green approaches that improve energyefficiency are not only good for the environment, they also make commercial sense for operators which support sustainable and profitable business [15, 20].
           

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VARIOUS GREEN COMMUNICATION APPROACHES Several approaches like Sleep Scheduling, OFDMA networks, MIMO techniques, relay transmission and resource allocation for signaling, to achieve the goal of Energy Optimization in mobile wireless Communication networks are discussed in this section of the paper. A. MIMO MIMO (multiple inputs and multiple outputs) is an antenna technology for the wireless communication systems. In this technique, multiple antennas are used on both transmitter and receiver side [1]. In conventional wireless communications, a single antenna is used at the source, and another single antenna is used at the destination. But in MIMO, the antennas at each end of the communication circuits are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. MIMO technology has attracted attention in wireless communication as it offers the significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or increased transmit power. Better reliability and higher transmission rates are always anticipated in communication systems. MIMO is one of the several forms of the smart antenna technology [2]. MIMO technology uses multiple antennas to make the use of reflected signals to provide gains in channel robustness and throughput [3]. MIMO technology has stimulated the efficacy of internet because of its possible applications in digital television (DTV), wireless local area networks (WLANs). Basic Diagram of MIMO is shown in Fig.2.

RF interference, lower multi-path distortion, enables orthogonality in the uplink, enables single frequency network coverage, adaptive modulation, frequency diversity, reduces the amount of crosstalk in signal transmissions, boost the speed of an Internet connection over a standard telephone line. The two most commonly used classes of dynamic resource allocation schemes are rate adaptation (RA), which maximizes throughput, and margin adaptation (MA), which minimizes total transmit power. Thus, reducing the amount of energy consumed which leads to energy efficient wireless communication. Fig.3 shows the concept of OFDMA and Resource Allocation.

Fig. 3. OFDMA and Resource allocation.

Fig. 2. MIMO System.

MIMO antenna systems are a stupendous component in the pursuit for broadband wireless systems with higher capacity, performance, reliability, higher peak data rates, high SNR, low level of latency which simply means increased productivity with minimal resources to achieve energy efficiency in wireless communication networks. B. OFDMA and Resource Allocation OFDMA refers to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access, a special kind of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), which is used to allow the transmission of high data rates with less complexity. In OFDMA, carriers are orthogonal to each other which makes it different from FDM [13]. In other words, we can say that OFDM is multicarrier transport technology in which frequency spacing is created using Fast Fourier Transform [4, 5]. In OFDMA, system resource, such as subcarriers and transmit power, needs to be properly allocated to different users to achieve high performance. OFDMA results in high spectral efficiency, resistant to

C. Sleep Scheduling The large number of Base Stations (BSs) contributes a significant portion of the whole network energy consumption which mainly comes from the data server, backhaul routers and the BSs. Therefore, it will be critical to reduce the energy consumption of the BSs. Sleep Scheduling is an energy efficient approach pertaining software of BS, aiming at intelligent control of the network elements which can conserve the battery energy by switching ON or OFF the BS by monitoring the peak time or high traffic hours/busy hours. The objective of BS energy saving is to dynamically minimize the number of active BSs to meet the traffic variation in the network. This requires the traffic distribution information of the whole network, both on the space and time dimension to dynamically wake up sleeping BSs according to the load condition of the active BSs [6, 16]. D. Relaying To achieve higher data rates, denser infrastructure is needed by which distance between transmitter and receiver can be decreased but if the concept of relaying is implemented, then there will be no need of denser infrastructure [14]. Apart from high data rates, other benefits of deploying the concept of relaying are improvement in coverage, coverage at cell edge and coverage in shadow areas. A relay is similar to a repeater and are basically low power base stations which enhance coverage in areas where coverage is poor or to provide coverage in rural areas without the need for a wired

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backhaul connection showing in fig.4. Relaying can be classified into three ways as discussed below: a. Layer 1 Relaying This is the simplest relaying in which repeaters are used to receive the signal, and that signals are ampified with the help of repeaters. Also, Black holes can be covered inside the cells. b. Layer 2 Relaying In this type of relaying, one more stage is added which is processing of signal. In this case, signal is received, processed and then regenerated to transfer to next hope. In this way, signal quality can also be achieved for better link performance. c. Layer 3 Relaying This layer allows the relay to perform as base station which means relay will perform the same functions as by base station. For instance, scheduling, mobility, HybridARQ retransmission, etc. It uses LTE radio access in backhaul.

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Fig. 4. Basic Diagram of Relaying [17].

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CONCLUSION Due to increasing concern of energy consumption in wireless communication networks, researchers around the globe need to shift their focus towards the green communication. The technological growth and innovation can contribute to this vital aspect to achieve environmental sustainability. In this paper, we have discussed about the growing concern about the energy efficiency in wireless communication networks and various approaches like Sleep Scheduling, OFDMA networks, MIMO techniques, relay transmission and resource allocation for signaling; have been deliberated to achieve energy efficiency in wireless communication networks. REFERENCES
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Communication Technology, IJECT Vol. 3, Issue 3, July Sept 2012. [20] Amit Kumar; Dr. Yunfei Liu; Dr. Manu Sood; Tanvir Singh; Sunder Gopal Singh, Sustainability In Wireless Mobile Communication Networks Through Alternative Energy Resources , International Journal of Computer Science and Technology, IJCST Vol. 1 Issue 2 December 2010. pp: 196 201
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