August 15, 2011

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enr.com
Cooperation crucial
to achieving 9/11
memorial deadline
CRITICAL
PATHS
WO R L D T R A D E C E N T E R
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The $18-billion redevelopment of the orig-
inal World Trade Center, destroyed on Sept. 11,
2001, by terrorists, is loaded with memories of
the tragedy. But for the thousands rebuilding the
16-acre site, the work also is loaded with patrio-
tism, indomitable spirit and a collective will to
succeed. Thats fortunate because, depending on
who is counting, there are at least seven major
projects currently under way, each with its own
team and schedule but not its own site, at least
not below grade. All the projects overlap in a
four-level basement. Consequently, the work is
also loaded with challenges.
To have the opportunity to work on this proj-
ect is deeply emotional but also something were
proud of, says Nicholas Holt, a director of Skid-
more, Owings & Merrill, which is the architect
for the sites iconic skyscraper, the up- and-com-
ing 1,776-ft-tall One World Trade Center. We
knew there would be lots of opinions and that it
would be politically charged. But now that the
Esprit de corps buoys
World Trade Center
teams during
coordination challenges
inside Ground Zeros
16-acre shared bathtub
By Nadine M. Post
Photos by Joe Woolhead
4 ll The WTC Over Time
6 ll The National September 11th
Memorial
8 ll One World Trade Center
14 ll The WTC Transportation Hub
18 ll Lower Manhattan Transit
COVER STORY
WTC
MORE WTC COVERAGE
DECLARATIONS OF
INTERDEPENDENCE
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building is visible, there is a sense of opti-
mism in the air, he says.
That optimism is keeping others, still in
the trenches, going. The most intense con-
ditions are out of sight, in the warren of the
basement that lls the sites expanded bath-
tub, formed by the sites 90-ft-deep perim-
eter walls. In the four-level structure, dif-
ferent projects share the same mechanical
spaces, both horizontally and vertically. In
effect, one teams ceiling is anothers oor.
We build to one point, and the next
stakeholder builds to another, says David
Worsley, senior vice president for Silver-
stein Properties, the developer of 2 WTC,
3 WTC and 4 WTC, which together rep-
resent a $7-billion investment.
The idea was to disburse all the facilities
through the site to make it extremely dif-
cult to knock out the services, says Gary
J. Negrycz, a vice president of the local
Turner Construction Co., which is building
the 88-story 2 WTC.
Things are even more complicated be-
cause of the recession. Two WTCs base-
ment is home to the power supply for all
three Silverstein towers. However, because
of the economy, Silverstein is building only
the basement at this time.
The Port Authority of New York & New
Jerseythe landowner investing $11-bil-
lion in the projectis responsible for the
entire site. This work includes the agencys
own projects: the $3.4-billion World Trade
Center Transportation Hub, the $3.2-bil-
lion 1 WTC, the WTC Vehicle Screening
Center and the shared WTC infrastructure
and utilities, among them. The port author-
ity is also keeping tabs on Silversteins
buildings.
Complicating matters fur-
ther, there is a major effort in
the immediate area to improve
streets and transit services, cen-
tered on the $1.4-billion Ful-
ton Street Transit Center.
The hub and the office
buildings ank the complexs
heart and soul: the $700-mil-
lion National September 11th
Memorial and Museum. The
local Lend Lease is building the
memorial and museum. Cur-
rently, all other project teams
are standing aside so that 80%
of the eight-acre memorial will
be able to open on Sept. 11.
We take a lot of pride in
the effort, says Kevin P. Mur-
phy, Lend Leases museum-
memorial project executive.
For us, its more than a proj-
ect. Its another icon for Manhattan.
One of the most commonly heard words
at the site is stakeholders. Its really a eu-
phemism for competitors or competing
teams working for the same client or the
same company working for two clients on
several projects, with different consultants.
Thats the case for the local Tishman
Construction Corp., a unit of AECOM
Technology. Tishman is the string that runs
through most of the projects. It is managing
construction for three of the four towers
under way, excluding 2 WTC. In addition,
Tishman is in a joint venture with Turner
Construction Co. for the hub, which sits
next to 2 WTC.
We have a pretty good relationship with
Tishman, says Murphy. You really have to
play nice in the sandbox to survive, every-
thing is so interdependent. The spirit of
work is terric for the most part.
Its not always fun and games in the sand-
box. Were all very focused on our own
projects, says James Durkin, Tishmans se-
nior vice president for the hub. Theres a
lot of ghtingthere has to be.
For exampl e, t he bas ement of
3 WTC, which sits between the hub and 4
WTC, contains mechanical space that be-
longs to most of the stakeholders. The
challenge here is that everyone has a differ-
ent team, and we are given different draw-
ings from different consultants, says Mike
Goldberg, Tishmans senior vice president
for 3 WTC, which is still in the basement
construction stage.
Its very difcult. Theres a lot of calling
up different stakeholders, jockeying differ-
ent systems, trying to get them to t, he
says.
BUILT OUT Rendering shows the future for the 16-
acre World Trade Center Development, including the
1,7776-ft-tall One World Trade Center.
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Lower Manhattan
Redevelopment Proposal
The Downtown Lower Manhattan
Association releases a master
plan to revitalize two sections of
New York Citys nancial district.
One area was along the East
River, and the other, which
included the 15-acre site that
would become the World Trade
Center (WTC), was along the
Hudson River.
ENR 10/23/58 P. 77
Record-Tall Skyscrapers
in the Works for WTC
On Jan. 18, the port authority
unveils plans for 1,350-ft-tall
twin towers. Each would beat
the Empire State Building by
100 ft. Consultants for the
$350-million WTC include
structural engineer Worth-
ington, Skilling, Helle &
Jackson, mechanical engineer
Jaros Baum & Bolles and
electrical engineer Joseph R.
Loring and Associates.
ENR 1/23/64 P. 33
WTC Groundbreaking
Port authority selects
Tishman Realty &
Construction Co. as WTC
consultant-contractor in
February. (Tishman became
general contractor in 1967.)
Demolition of low-rise
buildings on-site begins
in March, followed by an
Aug. 5 groundbreaking.
ENR 3/3/66 P. 15
WTC Enabling Legislation,
Architects Named
New York and New Jersey laws
direct the Port of New York Authority
to erect the WTC and acquire and
renew the commuter rail, currently
known as the PATH, whose trains to
New Jersey pass under the site.
Projected cost: $470 million.
The port authority names architect
Minoru Yamasaki & Associates and
associate architect Emery Roth &
Sons to design $270-million WTC,
including a 72-story high-rise.
ENR 9/27/62 P. 13
First Skyscraper Wind Tunnel Tests
Tests at Colorado State University, led by wind
engineer Alan G. Davenport, launch new tool
for tall-building design. Plans for each twin
tower call for an extruded square, some
209 ft on a side, framed in structural steel.
Perimeter moment frames would form
Vierendeel trusses so that the frame acts like
a giant hollow tube, cantilevered vertically
from the ground.
From left: Davenport, architect Yamasaki,
port authority planner Malcolm P. Levy,
structural engineer John Skilling, wind
engineer Jack E. Cermak, structural engineer
Leslie E. Robertson.
WORLD TRADE CENTER
OVER TIME
VIDEOS
ON
ENR.COM
WTC
redevelop-
ment leaders
talk about
the historic
cooperation
required to
coordinate
the complex,
intertwined
projects.
OVERVIEW
COVER
ST ORY
WTC
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To help nd conicts in the shared
spaces, Goldberg and Negrycz are each
using building information models for
their respective basements.
Durkin says the teams rely on the
port authority to be the cop. Everyone
thinks theirs is the most important proj-
ect, says Carla Bonacci, a port author-
ity assistant director in charge of man-
aging and enforcing the WTC master
plan, which calls for 10 million sq ft of
replacement ofce space. But everyone
has neighbors [and] boundaries and
must work together.
Much time is spent communicating.
Bonacci says her motto is FUBB, or
Follow up beyond belief.
The port authoritys head cop is
Steven Plate, deputy chief of capital
planning and director of WTC con-
struction. I have everyone check their
rsums at the door, he says, referring
to the frequent coordination meetings
he leads with the principals of the hun-
dreds of contractors and consulting
rms involved with the development.
Most decisions that cross boundaries
are made by consensus, Plate adds, say-
ing, Making real-time decisions is im-
portant. You cant get into analysis pa-
ralysis, or you will have 1,000 people
idling, waiting for a decision.
Of late, the port authority is writing
checks for over $160 million a month,
says Plate. This year, he expects port
authority contractors to put almost $2
billion worth of work in place. Last
year, the number was $1.6 billion. In
2009, it was $1.2 billion.
Plate says there are between 3,200
and 3,400 workers on-site each day.
Worker safety is a big concern.
After analyzing fall protection, the
port authority issued a two-clip pol-
icy so that a worker in a hazardous
area is never without a tether. We
have a three-strike policy, says
Plate.
The third time anyone is caught
without two clips on, the person is
sent home. Plate says there have
been no deaths, only some broken
bones.
Keeping the WTC secure from
terrorist attacks is a constant theme.
During construction, the port authority has
around-the-clock surveillance. At gate
checkpoints, there is a system that runs a
workers Social Security number, and there
is an iris scan.
For securitys sake, WTC players are
mum on many details of the complex. We
follow guidelines generated by experts,
says Plate.
In the end, even among competitors,
there is an esprit de corps. This is not
about me or about individuals, says Plate.
This is about giving back to the region, the
country and to the people lost on 9/11, he
says. n
INTERTWINED UNDERGROUND
Overlapping infrastructure at the World Trade Center is complicating construction
STAKEHOLDERS On one level
of the World Trade Centers 16-
acre, four-level basement, there
are multiple and often competing
stakeholders (each represented
by a different color on the map).
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Lower Manhattan
Redevelopment Proposal
The Downtown Lower Manhattan
Association releases a master
plan to revitalize two sections of
New York Citys nancial district.
One area was along the East
River, and the other, which
included the 15-acre site that
would become the World Trade
Center (WTC), was along the
Hudson River.
ENR 10/23/58 P. 77
Record-Tall Skyscrapers
in the Works for WTC
On Jan. 18, the port authority
unveils plans for 1,350-ft-tall
twin towers. Each would beat
the Empire State Building by
100 ft. Consultants for the
$350-million WTC include
structural engineer Worth-
ington, Skilling, Helle &
Jackson, mechanical engineer
Jaros Baum & Bolles and
electrical engineer Joseph R.
Loring and Associates.
ENR 1/23/64 P. 33
WTC Groundbreaking
Port authority selects
Tishman Realty &
Construction Co. as WTC
consultant-contractor in
February. (Tishman became
general contractor in 1967.)
Demolition of low-rise
buildings on-site begins
in March, followed by an
Aug. 5 groundbreaking.
ENR 3/3/66 P. 15
WTC Enabling Legislation,
Architects Named
New York and New Jersey laws
direct the Port of New York Authority
to erect the WTC and acquire and
renew the commuter rail, currently
known as the PATH, whose trains to
New Jersey pass under the site.
Projected cost: $470 million.
The port authority names architect
Minoru Yamasaki & Associates and
associate architect Emery Roth &
Sons to design $270-million WTC,
including a 72-story high-rise.
ENR 9/27/62 P. 13
First Skyscraper Wind Tunnel Tests
Tests at Colorado State University, led by wind
engineer Alan G. Davenport, launch new tool
for tall-building design. Plans for each twin
tower call for an extruded square, some
209 ft on a side, framed in structural steel.
Perimeter moment frames would form
Vierendeel trusses so that the frame acts like
a giant hollow tube, cantilevered vertically
from the ground.
From left: Davenport, architect Yamasaki,
port authority planner Malcolm P. Levy,
structural engineer John Skilling, wind
engineer Jack E. Cermak, structural engineer
Leslie E. Robertson.
WORLD TRADE CENTER
OVER TIME
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T
he building team for the eight-
acre urban park of the $700-mil-
lion National September 11
Memorial & Museumthe emotional
focal point of the $19-billion World
Trade Center redevelopment in
Lower Manhattanis obsessed with
something as mundane as surfaces:
ground, water, stone and metal. But
the team has a huge burden on its
shoulders, one that goes deep down.
In the hubbub of activity at the 16-
acre WTC site, crews have to deliver
80% of the structured parka giant
green roof topping the sites ve-level
basement in pristine condition for
the looming Sept. 11 ceremonies
marking the 10th anniversary of 9/11.
The memorial team is giving extra-
special care to the heart and soul of
the project: the 2,983 names of the 9/11
victims etched into the surface of bronze-
covered parapets bordering each of the me-
morials pools. The poolseach of which
is 31,264 sq ft and contains 485,919 gallons
of waterare set into the footprints of the
original 110-story Twin Towers, destroyed
by the terrorists.
While each pool has a pumping system
powerful enough to recycle 52,000 gallons
of water per minute, it is the surface of the
nearly 1,600 lineal ft of parapets that had to
be robust enough to withstand rain, scorch-
ing heat, snow and ice as well as the wear
and tear of three million annual visitors.
For the comfort of the millions of hands
that will touch the etchings, the parapets
have a heating and cooling system.
The [National September 11 Memorial
& Museum non-prot foundation] was very
ON THE
SURFACES OF IT
9/11 Memorial Builders Keep Low Prole Delivering
WTCs Emotionally Charged Heart By Esther DAmico
MEMORIALS
COVER STORY
WTC
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Clearing the Site
Soil from the excavation is moved directly
west to extend Manhattan Island into the
Hudson River, creating a 23-acre landll
for the future Battery Park City.
ENR 4/18/68 P. 44
One WTC Surpasses
Worlds Tallest
On Oct. 19, 1970, the
frame for 1 WTC hits
1,254 ft, surpassing the
Empire State Building.
One WTC steel tops out
at 1,368 ft at the end of
December, when the
towers rst tenants
move in.
ENR 11/5/70 P. 36
One WTC Steel Frame Moves on Up
Crews begin erecting megacolumns
shaped like short-handled pitchforks
currently called tridentsnear base.
ENR 3/13/69 P. 21
Two WTC Catches Up
In July, 2 WTC, called
the south tower, tops out at
1,362 ft. The developments
cost has grown to $650
million. ENR 7/15/71 P. 3
Rened Design for the Base
Yamasaki unveils a new design for the
WTC complex, which would grow in cost
to $575 million by 1967. Otis Elevator
wins a record $35-million contract for
46 of the largest high-speed elevators
ever built, plus 154 other elevators
and 49 escalators. The twin towers
192,000 tons of structural steel will be
erected under a $20-million contract
awarded to Karl Koch Erecting Co. The
$21.2-million curtain-wall contract
called for Alcoa to fabricate and erect
43,600 windows. ENR 3/24/66 P. 17
WTC Slurry-Wall
Bathtub
Seven-story steel
cages, each almost
25 tons, are lowered
into the ground to
reinforce the
3,300-ft-long,
80-ft-deep cutoff
basement wall
around an 11-acre
section of the site.
ENR 4/13/67 P. 62
WORLD TRADE CENTER OVER TIME
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concerned about making the experi-
ence as pleasurable as possible for
visitors, many of whom will want
to touch the engraved names, says
Robert Downward, an associate
with the projects local MEP engi-
neer, Jaros Baum & Bolles.
JBB and Service Metal Fabricat-
ing, the parapets Rockaway, N.J.-
based supplier, knew of no proto-
type for a project like this, so they
started from scratch to build a back-
mounted tubing system that would
work within the parapets and the
nameplate system. The fabricator
built a prototype of the panel, tested
it under sunlight and then analyzed
the results using computational
uid dynamics modeling.
We calibrated the model so that
it produced results in line with real
eld conditions, Downward says.
The result is a network of tubes
that feed water behind the bronze
plates. The tubes, nearly camou-
flaged, are underneath the plates
and parallel to the rows of names.
The spacing between the tubes
was critical to maintaining comfort-
able temperatures at the panel sur-
face, Downward says.
Each parapet s ect i on was
shipped to the site with the tubes
attached. Then, using a series of
manifolds, workers connected the
tube sections to the piping. The
piping is connected to below-grade
equipment that supplies the heated
or chilled water.
With all 152 parapet sections in-
stalled, crews should be nishing
up backlighting by Aug. 20, says
Kevin P. Murphy, project executive
for construction manager Lend
Lease, formerly known as Bovis
Lend Lease.
The memorial, at the sites plaza
level, is a green roof that covers the
185,000-sq-ft subterranean mu-
seum as well as the PATH com-
muter rail line from New Jersey.
More than 400 swamp white-oak
treeseach nearly one tonsur-
round the pools. The memorials
designers are local architect Mi-
chael Arad and landscape architect
Peter Walker, Berkeley, Calif.
(ENR 1/12/04 p. 7).
When completed, the memorial and
museum will contain 8,151 tons of steel
and about 49,900 cu yd of concrete, ac-
cording to the WTC landowner, the Port
Authority of New York & New Jersey.
About a year ago, New York City Mayor
Michael Bloomberg, the chairman of the
foundations board of directors, decided to
open the Reecting Absence memorial
plaza to commemorate the 10th anniver-
sary of the 9/11 attacks. That decision
jolted the memorial team into overdrive.
Some 525 workers from about 50 firms
have been putting in 12-hour days, seven
days a week, since last August to nish 80%
of the park, says Salvatore Adinol, execu-
tive vice president of design and construc-
tion for the foundation, which is charged
with developing the project. Completion
is set for September 2012, after work on
the other WTC projects is further along.
A lot of ingenuity went into this, Adi-
nol says. Workers labored through ex-
treme summer temperatures to get the job
done. He says they were mindful that this
is a once-in-a-lifetime project. n
TRIBUTES Panels with 2,983 victims names (left)
can be heated or cooled for the comfort of visitors. Sole
surviving tree from 9/11 (above).
31,264
sq ft is the
size of each
pool
485,919
gallons of
water
per pool
49,900
cu yd of
concrete
overall
8,151
tons
of steel
overall
6,000
tons
of rebar
overall
400
trees
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Clearing the Site
Soil from the excavation is moved directly
west to extend Manhattan Island into the
Hudson River, creating a 23-acre landll
for the future Battery Park City.
ENR 4/18/68 P. 44
One WTC Surpasses
Worlds Tallest
On Oct. 19, 1970, the
frame for 1 WTC hits
1,254 ft, surpassing the
Empire State Building.
One WTC steel tops out
at 1,368 ft at the end of
December, when the
towers rst tenants
move in.
ENR 11/5/70 P. 36
One WTC Steel Frame Moves on Up
Crews begin erecting megacolumns
shaped like short-handled pitchforks
currently called tridentsnear base.
ENR 3/13/69 P. 21
Two WTC Catches Up
In July, 2 WTC, called
the south tower, tops out at
1,362 ft. The developments
cost has grown to $650
million. ENR 7/15/71 P. 3
Rened Design for the Base
Yamasaki unveils a new design for the
WTC complex, which would grow in cost
to $575 million by 1967. Otis Elevator
wins a record $35-million contract for
46 of the largest high-speed elevators
ever built, plus 154 other elevators
and 49 escalators. The twin towers
192,000 tons of structural steel will be
erected under a $20-million contract
awarded to Karl Koch Erecting Co. The
$21.2-million curtain-wall contract
called for Alcoa to fabricate and erect
43,600 windows. ENR 3/24/66 P. 17
WTC Slurry-Wall
Bathtub
Seven-story steel
cages, each almost
25 tons, are lowered
into the ground to
reinforce the
3,300-ft-long,
80-ft-deep cutoff
basement wall
around an 11-acre
section of the site.
ENR 4/13/67 P. 62
WORLD TRADE CENTER OVER TIME
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F
or workers raising the Western
Hemispheres soon-to-be tallest
skyscraper, fast food has an extra
dollop of meaning. With hundreds of
eateries in Lower Manhattan, crews
erecting the frame of the $3.2-billion
One World Trade Centeron schedule
to stand 1,776 ft when substantially
complete in fall 2013have only two
options when the lunch bell rings: They
can frequent a Subway sandwich shop on
high or brown bag it. However, they cant
leave the premises.
The 36 shipping containers that house the
shop are dubbed the hotel because they
also contain lockers and restrooms. The ho-
tel scheme not only minimizes vertical com-
mute times, it prevents hoist congestion.
The goal is to make the whole tower job
move up as if workers are on the ground,
not 900 or 1,200 ft in the air, says Mel
TOWER CREWS GET
ROYAL TREATMENT
Hotel on high serves food, shields and stabilizes
while cocoon keeps workers safer By Nadine M. Post
ICTON RISING One World Trade Center in Lower
Manhattan, currently 960 ft tall, is on
target to grow to 1,776 ft before the end
of 2013.
TALL BUILDINGS
COVER STORY
WTC
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3
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First Terrorist
Attack, Feb. 26
Truck bomb explodes in WTCs
underground garage, killing six
people, creating a giant crater
in the basement oor slabs and
damaging the Vista Hotel, which
is part of the WTC complex.
ENR 3/8/93 P. 8
2 WTC reopens in March,
1 WTC reopens in April.
ENR 3/29/93 P. 3
WTC Basement
Rebuild Complete
WTC underground rebuilding
wraps up on March 30. The
rebuilt Vista Hotel reopens
for business on Nov. 1.
ENR 2/28/94 P. 30.
1
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One WTC Complete
In January, rst tenants for 1,362-ft-
tall 2 WTC move in. The port authoritys
name changes to the Port Authority of
New York & New Jersey. One WTC is
completed in December.
Sears Tower Grabs Record
In May, when the Sears Tower
(far right) is complete at a record
height of 1,451 ft, 1 WTC becomes
the second-tallest building in the
world. Two WTC nishes up in July.
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7
2
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7
3
Original 7 WTC
Well Under Way
The 47-story building,
developed by Silverstein
Properties, will open in
1987.
ENR 11/28/85 P. 30
WORLD TRADE CENTER OVER TIME
1
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9
3
1
9
9
4
First Terrorist
Attack, Feb. 26
Truck bomb explodes in WTCs
underground garage, killing six
people, creating a giant crater
in the basement oor slabs and
damaging the Vista Hotel, which
is part of the WTC complex.
ENR 3/8/93 P. 8
2 WTC reopens in March,
1 WTC reopens in April.
ENR 3/29/93 P. 3
WTC Basement
Rebuild Complete
WTC underground rebuilding
wraps up on March 30. The
rebuilt Vista Hotel reopens
for business on Nov. 1.
ENR 2/28/94 P. 30.
1
9
8
5
One WTC Complete
In January, rst tenants for 1,362-ft-
tall 2 WTC move in. The port authoritys
name changes to the Port Authority of
New York & New Jersey. One WTC is
completed in December.
Sears Tower Grabs Record
In May, when the Sears Tower
(far right) is complete at a record
height of 1,451 ft, 1 WTC becomes
the second-tallest building in the
world. Two WTC nishes up in July.
1
9
7
2
1
9
7
3
Original 7 WTC
Well Under Way
The 47-story building,
developed by Silverstein
Properties, will open in
1987.
ENR 11/28/85 P. 30
WORLD TRADE CENTER OVER TIME
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Rufni, project executive for the local Tish-
man Construction Corp., a unit of AECOM
Technology. The construction manager is
under contract with the Port Authority of
New York & New Jersey to build 1 WTCs
$2.1-billion core and shell.
The hotel is novel in its own right, but it
serves more than one purpose. As part of its
$256-million contract, local steel contractor
DCM USA Erectors Inc. also designed the
hotel to stabilize the towers steel perimeter-
tube moment-resisting frame. Under Tish-
mans steel rst scheme, the hotel mini-
mizes the needed erection-steel until the
structural concrete core, 10 oors behind the
steel, catches up.
Theres more. Each half of the three-level
hotel sits in the core void like two square
donuts, each with a tower-crane mast that
rises through the donuts center. The loca-
tion puts a protective roof over Collavino
Construction Co.s concrete crews, who
work below the ironworkers. The roof is also
a shield that allows the slower concrete op-
eration to continue in the rain, allowing the
concrete to keep pace with the steel. And
hatches in the hotel oors let crews install
risers on weekends, when the steel and con-
crete operations are idle.
The hotel is but one prop in a meticu-
lously staged play to meet a demanding
schedule for the 3.5-million-sq-ft 1 WTC,
originally named the Freedom Tower. Hav-
ing two tower- crane hooks for two steel op-
erations is another prop that lets DCM jump
each crane separately, followed by each hotel
half. And that avoids a shutdown of steel
erection. Its like a vertical freight train,
says Rufni.
A sky-lobby hoist system is another part
of Tishmans efficiency plan. To
avoid disruptive exterior-hoist shut-
downs when winds exceed 30 mph,
Atlantic Scaffolding, LaPorte,
Texas, is providing hoists inside the
building. The hoist scheme had to
be planned with the structural en-
gineer because creating a 70-story
shaft to oor 100 required leaving
out permanent oor beams tempo-
rarily and adding temporary beams.
Tishman also developed a tactic
to keep the core and curtain-wall
operations out of each others hair.
A slider crane, which cantilevers off
the towers sloping-in northwest corner,
is used exclusively for concrete rebar and
lumber. The slider and its mast travel up
just above the curtain wall.
These strategies facilitate the erec-
tion of two oors every two weeks. The
pace is needed to keep the steel frame,
currently at 960 ft, on course for topping
out in March at 1,386 ft.
Tishman, which reports no deaths or
major injuries to date, is obsessed with
worker safety. To protect crews, ex-
pected to peak at 1,500 this year, Tish-
CONGESTION Site is hemmed in by streets and
adjacent projects. Two tower cranes speed steel erection
(right, bottom). A sandwich shop provides lunch in the
tower (bottom, far right).
215,000
cu yd of
concrete
48,000
tons of
structural
steel
47,000
tons of
rebar
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Composite deck
Shipping containers
Steel perimeter
Concrete core
Podium
Slider
crane
Steel
structure
3 floors
Metal deck
2 floors
Concrete
on deck
3 floors
Concrete
shear walls 2 floors
Concrete
core slab
& concrete
stairs 4 floors
Spray
fireproofing
6 floors
Tower
curtain wall
Tower
cranes
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man devised another rst for a steel frame in
New York City: A two- story, lightweight-
steel traveling system, called a cocoon,
wraps the upper limits of the frame in heavy
netting and drapes nets down 16 to 20 oors.
The cocoon, lifted by crane as the steel
grows, contains work platforms that hang off
the steel. Ironworkers no longer have to bal-
ance on beams.
The skyscraper sits in the northwest cor-
ner of one of the worlds busiest and most
congested construction sites: the 16-acre
WTC replacement for the 10-million-sq-ft
ofce complex destroyed by terrorists on
Sept. 11, 2001. The port authoritys PATH
rail tunnel crosses under the site. Construc-
tion gates have to be shared with seven major
projects under way, complicating deliveries.
Security is tight. Deliveries are screened.
Before construction began in 2006, Tish-
man spent months plotting operations,
schedules and logistics to determine how to
deliver a 1,368-ft ofce tower, topped by a
441-ft spire, on time, on budget and safely.
We micromanage to the max, says Tish-
mans Rufni. Any delay has a cascading ef-
fect on the rest of the operations coming up
behind it, he adds.
Tishman tracks everything, down to each
piece of steel, without the help of a construc-
tion building information model because,
when the project started, BIM was not very
advanced. But DCM used a steel BIM to de-
termine tonnage. The project will contain
48,000 tons of structural steel.
Other quantities are equally
mind-blowing. The 215,000 cu yd of
concrete would ll a string of con-
crete mixers stretching from New
York City to Providence, R.I. The
nearly 47,000 tons of rebar, com-
bined with structural steel, adds up to
13 Eiffel Towers.
Memory is a theme of 1 WTC,
which was designed by the local ofce
of architect Skidmore, Owings &
Merrill in an early collaboration with
the local ofce of Studio Daniel Libes-
kind. The towers mechanical podium
has a 205-ft-square footprint to recall
those of the original 110-story twin tow-
ers. The upper 6 ft of the 33-ft-tall roof
parapet is 1,368 ft above grade to mark
the height of the original 1 WTC. The
bottom of the parapet is 1,362 ft above
grade to mark the height of 2 WTC. The
stainless-steel-clad corners of the new,
104-story tower are chamfered like the
twin towers.
Tapers and Twists
Unlike the originals, the new tower ta-
pers and twists. The twist is created by
rotating each oor plate slightly, for a
total of 45 degrees. Floors shrink one
foot per story, creating a perfect octagon
in plan at midheight. The roof is nearly
a 150-ft square, with clipped corners.
The rst ofce oor is 42,000 sq ft; the
90th is 25,000 sq ft. We wouldnt, in
good conscience, carry the World Trade
Center square up because too much
of the 42,000 sq ft is taken up by the core
at great heights, says Kenneth A. Lewis,
SOMs project manager.
The tower is likely one of the worlds
most terrorist-resistant. We cant talk
about the security aspect too much, [but]
we can say that the building will behave
equal to or better than U.S. embassies,
says Ahmad Rahimian, the principal in
charge for the projects local structural
engi neer, WSP Cant or Sei nuk
(WSPCS).
According to SOM, the life-safety
systems encased in the cores 3-ft-thick
walls will exceed local code require-
STEEL FIRST SEQUENCE The
construction manager is applying a technique
it rehearsed on Seven World Trade Center,
which opened in 2006. Most technical and
labor issues for the unusual approach were
resolved then.
TALL BUILDINGS
COVER STORY
WTC
IN
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September 11, 2001
Six weeks after Silverstein Properties signs a 99-year real
estate lease with the port authority for the 10-million-sq-ft
WTC, suicide terrorists, using two hijacked planes as missiles,
bring down the twin towers and destroy the entire WTC,
including the terminus for the PATH. Nearby buildings and
subway lines sustain damage as well. Terrorists also crashed a
plane into the Pentagon in Virginia. In total, 2,982 victims perish
that day, including 2,753 in New York City, 184 at the Pentagon
and 45 near Shanksville, Pa., where a fourth hijacked plane
crashed. ENR 9/17/01 P. 10

WORLD TRADE CENTER OVER TIME
enr.com August 15, 2011
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ments. There is structural redundancy. Ce-
mentitious reproong is dense and highly
adhesive. The air supply system has biologi-
cal and chemical lters. The core has extra-
wide, pressurized stairwells. There are mul-
tiple backup systems for emergency lighting
and concrete protection for re sprinklers.
Emergency risers are provided. There are
interconnected, redundant exits, additional
stair exit locations at all adjacent streets and
direct exits from tower stairs to the street.
The tower also has a dedicated stair for use
by reghters and an elevator to evacuate
people with disabilities.
Even the curtain wall is hardened. During
blast tests, the mock-up wall moved only 3.5
in. Only two lights of glass broke, says Lewis.
WSPCS selected a hybrid structure to
reap the benets of both steel and concrete.
The moment frames perimeter tube is con-
nected to a concrete spine of shear walls
through a system of steel beams rigidly con-
nected via shear studs to composite floor
diaphragms of the concrete-on-metal deck.
Foundations, 20 ft into rock, consist of
spread footings under columns and strip
footings under the core. Outriggers near the
roof will connect the tube and the core.
The core, up to 110 ft square in plan, is as
big as many residential buildings, says Ra-
himian. The core is stiffer than the tube, so
it resists most of the wind and seismic load.
The taper and twist break up the wind,
which minimizes the negative sail effect. The
building is designed for a 1,000-year hurri-
cane event.
The 441-ft-tall spires tapered mast will
consist of stacked steel rings made from solid-
plate or lattice steel, joined by cast-steel ele-
ments. The mast is designed to support anten-
nas and satellite dishes, but due to
changes in the broadcast industry, there
are no tenants to date. However, the sys-
tem meets broadcast-industry criteria,
including limits on lateral movement.
Near the towers tip, deection is kept to
0.5 degrees under a sustained 50-mph
wind, says Christian Rieser, an associate
in the local ofce of spire structural en-
gineer, Schlaich Bergermann.
Made from a synthetic ber that does
not interfere with broadcast signals, guy
cables will anchor the mast to the roof
slab. A radio-frequency transparent
material will cover it. Fins on the cover
will mitigate vortex shedding, which
creates whirlpool wind eddies that in-
duce movement, which can cause
metal fatigue.
The skyscrapers core contains up
to 14,000-psi concrete. Previously, the
highest strength used in New York
City was 12,000 psi. The pumped
concrete mix, which had to meet the
engineers strength and stiffness re-
quirements, presented flow chal-
lenges. The mix selected replaces 50%
to 75% of the cement with slag, which
increases the heat of hydration pro-
duced as the concrete cures. Temper-
CHOREOGRAPHED Before a shovel hit the ground, the construction manager plotted a highly
detailed logistics plan to keep each operation running smoothly.
VIDEO ON
ENR.COM
See the view
from the
50th oor of
1 WTC and
hear from the
supertowers
construction
team.
2
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1
September 11, 2001
Six weeks after Silverstein Properties signs a 99-year real
estate lease with the port authority for the 10-million-sq-ft
WTC, suicide terrorists, using two hijacked planes as missiles,
bring down the twin towers and destroy the entire WTC,
including the terminus for the PATH. Nearby buildings and
subway lines sustain damage as well. Terrorists also crashed a
plane into the Pentagon in Virginia. In total, 2,982 victims perish
that day, including 2,753 in New York City, 184 at the Pentagon
and 45 near Shanksville, Pa., where a fourth hijacked plane
crashed. ENR 9/17/01 P. 10

WORLD TRADE CENTER OVER TIME
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ature requirements for the core walls are
more typical of mass concrete for dams,
says Juan Estevez, a Tishman project
manager.
Collavino, which has a $237-million
contract for above-grade concrete, is
using a climbing-form system, Crews
must follow guidelines to handle dif-
ferential shortening between steel and
concrete during construction. To keep
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Reinforced
concrete core
Basement
Steel tube
frame
Superdiagonals
Core
Shear
Walls
1,368 ft
Podium
Ofce
oors
(20-90)
Typical low-rise
oor plan
Typical high-rise
oor plan
*Spire enclosure and
beacon not shown
Outrigger
(mechanical)
Mechanical
TALL BUILDINGS
COVER STORY
WTC
The hybrid steel-and-concrete
frame takes advantage of
the best characteristics of
both materials, and the mast
design meets strict criteria.
TAPERED,
TWISTED,
TOPPED
Observation
decks
101-102
Lattice
steel
Spire Mast
(411 ft)
Lattice
steel
Guy
cables
Solid
plate
Cable
anchorage
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Rescue, Recovery, Cleanup
In February, workers begin
rebuilding the No. 1 subway line,
damaged in the attacks. In May,
works begins on a new 7 WTC,
designed by Skidmore, Owings
& Merrill with Tishman Construction
as construction manager. On May
22, Beyer Blinder Belle Architects
& Planners, with civil engineer
Parsons Brinckerhoff, is named to
plan a 16-acre WTC development.
ENR 6/3/02 P. 11
Ground Zero Cleanup Ends
Also in May, the $650-million
cleanup ends, under budget and
without a serious injury. The
bathtub is stabilized by July, when
the Lower Manhattan Development
Corp. is formed to oversee the
planning for the rebuild. On July 16,
LMDC releases six land-use
proposals in preparation for an
unprecedented public hearing. The
July 20 town hall draws 4,000
people.
ENR 7/22/02 P. 7
Rebuilding
In August, the restored
Pentagon is reoccupied.
Brookeld Properties,
owner of the damaged
the World Financial Center,
the WTCs neighbor,
completes a $50-million
reconstruction and
improvement of the
Winter Garden, the WFCs
showpiece, in time for the
rst anniversary of 9/11.
ENR 9/9/02 P. 8
WORLD TRADE CENTER OVER TIME
Typical mid-rise
oor plan
www.aecom.com
Rising from the ashes of Ground Zero in New York City, a new and vibrant World Trade
Center is taking shape. AECOM and its Construction Services arm, Tishman Construction,
are proud of their work at the World Trade Center site, which includes the new transit hub,
vehicle security center, retail component, One World Trade Center, 3 World Trade Center,
4 World Trade Center and 7 World Trade Center.
AECOM is a global provider of professional technical and management support services
to a broad range of markets. With approximately 45,000 employees around the world,
AECOM serves clients in more than 125 countries with revenues in excess of $7 billion.
AECOM is the #1 ranked design rm in the U.S. and globally by ENR.
To learn more about AECOM and our work at the World Trade Center site, go to our
e-publication ONE at one.aecom.com.
To see more photos of the World Trade Center site, go to aecom.com/WTCsite.
Rendering credit: dbox, courtesy of Silverstein Properties Inc.
RISING
slabs level, each oor is installed at a slightly
higher elevation. Early core work was
tough, but its gone remarkably well, says
Estevez.
Rehearsal
For SOM, WSPCS, the local mechanical-
electrical-plumbing engineer Baros Baum
& Bolles and Tishman, construction of
the replacement for 7 WTC, which col-
lapsed on 9/11, was a rehearsal for 1
WTC. The 52-story 7 WTC, open since
2006, was also a steel-first building (ENR
9/12/05 p. 37). For it, Tishman worked
out both technical and labor issues.
The steel-first sequence begins with
three floors of steel trailed by two of deck.
Three floors of deck concrete follow. Two
floors of shear walls come next, trailed by
four floors of core slab and stairs. For six
floors below that, workers fireproof steel.
The curtain wall brings up the rear.
To date, the only big snafu concerns a
redesign of podium cladding, prompted
by the glass makers inability to meet the
specification. SOM says a redesign will be
ready this fall. Solera/DCM holds the
cladding contract.
The individuals building 1 WTC re-
port that the job has changed them and
their firmsand not only due to emotions
associated with building a tower rising
from Ground Zero. Estevez sums it up,
saying, This is not a cookie-cutter build-
ing. n
www.aecom.com
Rising from the ashes of Ground Zero in New York City, a new and vibrant World Trade
Center is taking shape. AECOM and its Construction Services arm, Tishman Construction,
are proud of their work at the World Trade Center site, which includes the new transit hub,
vehicle security center, retail component, One World Trade Center, 3 World Trade Center,
4 World Trade Center and 7 World Trade Center.
AECOM is a global provider of professional technical and management support services
to a broad range of markets. With approximately 45,000 employees around the world,
AECOM serves clients in more than 125 countries with revenues in excess of $7 billion.
AECOM is the #1 ranked design rm in the U.S. and globally by ENR.
To learn more about AECOM and our work at the World Trade Center site, go to our
e-publication ONE at one.aecom.com.
To see more photos of the World Trade Center site, go to aecom.com/WTCsite.
Rendering credit: dbox, courtesy of Silverstein Properties Inc.
RISING
BELOW GRADE,
A TRANSIT TANGO
Agile designs and just-in-time deliveries are vital to
the interwoven facets of the WTC hub By Aileen Cho
for PATH trains, underground transit con-
nections, access to the ve WTC towers
for the memorial and museum, and 200,000
ft of retail space. For now, it is a temporary
access link for construction on every other
site project.
The hub branches out to everywhere,
says Mark Pagliettini, program director for
the Port Authority of New York & New
Jersey, which is the project owner. When
the memorial builders needed backll and
tower cranes, we coordinated all that.
Crews are building not only the avian-
themed terminal, designed by Santiago
R
eadying part of the World Trade
Center memorial in time for its
Sept. 11 debut is driving much
of the projects construction sequenc-
ing. At the same time, the WTC
Transportation Hub interconnects
with every facet of the entire project.
If the WTC site were a solar system,
then the 800,000-sq-ft transportation
hub would be its sun.
The hub, estimated at $3.4 billion,
will be a key permanent link to every
other facility on the WTC site. It in-
cludes four platforms and ve tracks
DOWN UNDER Spectators see roof arches, but not so
much the vast work beneath.
TRANSI T
COVER STORY
WTC
2
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3
2
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Damaged Subways Restart
On Sept. 15, three of the four WTC subway
stations, damaged as a result of the terrorist
attacks on 9/11, reopen. ENR 9/9/02 P. 23
Planning Competition Heats Up
In October, LMDC selects six design teams from
among 407 submissions as part of the master-
plan competition for the replacement WTC.
ENR 10/7/02 P. 7
2
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2
Master-Plan Winner
Studio Daniel Libeskinds winning
WTC master plan, unveiled on
Feb. 26, envisions a transportation
hub, memorial, museum, garden,
performing-arts center, four
commercial ofce high-rises and
an iconic broadcast tower rising
to 1,776 ft and joined at the hip
to a 70-story ofce tower. Libeskind
calls his skyscraper the Freedom
Tower. ENR 3/10/03 P. 12
Two Architects for Freedom Tower
LMDC announces that Libeskind will
collaborate, through schematic design,
with Skidmore, Owings & Merrills David
Childs on the Freedom Tower. SOM was
already working for Silverstein for the
replacement 1 WTC, as well as the
replacement 7 WTC, which collapsed
on 9/11. ENR 7/28/03 P. 9

On Nov. 23, the $323-million temporary
PATH station opens. ENR 12/1/03 P. 10
Reecting Absence Wins
The concept by unknown architect
Michael Arad with landscape architect
Peter Walker centers around acre-size
reecting pools to mark the footprints
of 1 and 2 WTC. ENR 1/12/04 P. 7
On Jan. 22, the conceptual design by
architect-engineer Santiago Calatrava
is unveiled for the port authoritys planned
$2-billion, multimodal WTC Transportation
Hub. ENR 2/2/04 P. 12
WORLD TRADE CENTER OVER TIME
14
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August 15, 2011 enr.com
Calatrava, but also are working on below-
grade mechanical/electrical rooms, parking
spots, and other facilities for the memo-
rialoften without knowing until the last
minute what will go where.
Bids and Bathtubs
In 2008, the port authority revised its con-
struction-manager general contract with
Phoenix Constructors, a joint venture of
Skanksa USA Civil Northeast, Granite
Construction Inc., Fluor Corp. and Bovis
Lend Lease. By then, the original $2.1-bil-
lion cost for the hub had risen to $3 billion.
That year, a joint venture of Tishman
Construction Corp., now a unit of AE-
COM Technology, and Turner Construc-
tion Co. came aboard for construction-
management support services for the port
authority.
Phoenix, bidding out subcontracts with
port authority oversight, completed about
$1 billion worth of work, including ex-
panding the existing bathtub protecting
the WTC from the Hudson River, to cre-
ate room for new tower foundations and
the hub.
The 1,000 ft x 350 ft east bathtub, as
deep as 75 ft, is separated by the existing
west bathtub by the No. 1 line subway
structure. It involved some 700,000 cu yd
of excavation and was built with reinforc-
ing cages. Crews poured slurry mix into the
cages, with multistrand tiebacks anchored
into the walls sides, says Gary Winsper,
Skanska senior vice president.
The t eam al so underpi nned t he
1,000-ft-long section of the No. 1 line box,
driving 550 mini-piles through its roof,
platforms and base into bedrock. Crews did
the work around weekend closures for that
line.
Tutor-Peri ni , worki ng under a
$213-mi l l i on contract, excavated
through those temporary piles in incre-
ments and worked on alternating 50-ft
sections to maintain stability while
pouring concrete slabs beneath the sub-
way line. This spring, the team trans-
ferred the structural box onto its perma-
nent support slab.
Then came the PATH station work.
Skanska and Granite Construction,
Watsonville, Calif., won a $542-million
contract last year to build the new PATH
station. The work entails placing 63,000
cu yd of cast-in-place concrete and
10,000 tons of reinforcing steel to build
the four-level mezzanine and the hubs
platforms, 36 ft deep, just west of the
No. 1 subway lines structural box.
Hidden by plywood walls, crews toil
just feet from the 70,000 daily users of
the temporary PATH station, which the
team eventually will demolish for
the new one. They also work side
by sideand below and above
DCM Erectors, which holds the
$338.8-million contract to fabricate
and erect 22,305 tons of structural
steel for the hubs below-grade sec-
tions, including the transit hall, the
permanent underpinning of the No.
1 subway box and Greenwi ch
Street, and walkways to other WTC
stops.
A 1,500-ton east box steel girder
will support the No. 1 subway as
PATH commuters walk beneath it.
Shipped in 30-ton sections and
erected on-site, it will link the main
hall with the east-west underground
connector that will take travelers
west to the World Financial Center
and east to the Fulton Street Tran-
sit Center.
800,000
sq ft of
total hub
space
300,000
sq ft
PATH
station
and hall
100,000
daily
users
of hub
22,000
tons of
steel for
hub
ARCHES ARISING Calatravas arching roof will guide
the way as future passengers travel underground beneath
the WTC.
2
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3
2
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Damaged Subways Restart
On Sept. 15, three of the four WTC subway
stations, damaged as a result of the terrorist
attacks on 9/11, reopen. ENR 9/9/02 P. 23
Planning Competition Heats Up
In October, LMDC selects six design teams from
among 407 submissions as part of the master-
plan competition for the replacement WTC.
ENR 10/7/02 P. 7
2
0
0
2
Master-Plan Winner
Studio Daniel Libeskinds winning
WTC master plan, unveiled on
Feb. 26, envisions a transportation
hub, memorial, museum, garden,
performing-arts center, four
commercial ofce high-rises and
an iconic broadcast tower rising
to 1,776 ft and joined at the hip
to a 70-story ofce tower. Libeskind
calls his skyscraper the Freedom
Tower. ENR 3/10/03 P. 12
Two Architects for Freedom Tower
LMDC announces that Libeskind will
collaborate, through schematic design,
with Skidmore, Owings & Merrills David
Childs on the Freedom Tower. SOM was
already working for Silverstein for the
replacement 1 WTC, as well as the
replacement 7 WTC, which collapsed
on 9/11. ENR 7/28/03 P. 9

On Nov. 23, the $323-million temporary
PATH station opens. ENR 12/1/03 P. 10
Reecting Absence Wins
The concept by unknown architect
Michael Arad with landscape architect
Peter Walker centers around acre-size
reecting pools to mark the footprints
of 1 and 2 WTC. ENR 1/12/04 P. 7
On Jan. 22, the conceptual design by
architect-engineer Santiago Calatrava
is unveiled for the port authoritys planned
$2-billion, multimodal WTC Transportation
Hub. ENR 2/2/04 P. 12
WORLD TRADE CENTER OVER TIME
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Four super col umns, each
weighing more than 200 tons and as
high as 46 ft, will support the truss
girder.
Logistical Labyrinth
In standard construction projects,
plans usually build the substructure
rst, then the rst oor, then the sec-
ond oor, and so on. But here, crews
are building hub components on
multiple levels simultaneously.
In 2008, the Downtown Design
Partnership (DDP), a joint venture
of the New York City ofces of STV
Inc. and AECOM, redesigned the
No. 1 subway line underpinning to ensure
the work would be done in time for the
10th anniversary of 9/11 and employed a
top-down approach that was applied
throughout the hub.
We literally turned the approach up-
side down, says Christopher Ward, the
port authority executive director. It would
DOVE OF PEACE SOARS
ABOVE TRANSIT HALL
Challenges ahead include fabricating the
curving, sloping bones of the dove in heavy
steel in Italy, transporting them to the site and
stabilizing them during erection
The expressed steel framing for the grand-scale sculptural transit hall
of the WTCs Transportation Hub, designed by architect-engineer Santiago Cala-
trava to evoke a dove of peace, already has been simplied to keep it from literally
apping its wings. Yet it still is going to be as challenging a steel project as it gets,
says Dan Payea, vice president of operations for Skanska Koch, a Carteret, N.J.-
based division of Skanska Civil USA. SK won a $221-million contract to fabricate
and erect the doves skeleton.
The dove is the only part of the hub visible at grade, and it curves, slopes and
tapers. It looks bilaterally symmetrical but isnt. The heaviest member, 200 ft long,
will weigh 85 tons, and no two pieces are the same. The only consistent dimension
is the 1-ft thickness of the steel skeletons bonesa giant ribcage with splayed
wings. Most of the skeleton remains the same, in concept, as the original (ENR
9/11/06 p. 26). But instead of a pair of piggyback arches, the redesign calls for
parallel arches that spring from east and west abutments at grade and span 340 ft
along the longitudinal axis of the hall. Instead of the upper arch, a skylight between
the arches will open and close. Each wing is made from 55 tapered rafters, 30 to
180 ft long, that cantilever from a tapered rib.
SK and its team now are working out the geometry and detailing connections.
Plans call for fabricating the bones into one long piece, consisting of a rib, its arch
segment and a rafter. Italian fabricator Cimolai, Pordenone, which has experience
with Calatrava structures, faces the huge quantity of welding and welding stainless
steel to carbon steel, says Payea. Some 600 pieces will be shipped to the U.S. and
trucked to the site at night.
The framing will not be self-supporting during construction. The goal is to mini-
mize erection steel and bracing, but even the ribs will have to be guyed because of
their inward slope. Nadine M. Post
TRANSI T
COVER STORY
WTC
W
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Area Improvements Coming
To improve subway connections for
lines converging near the WTC,
construction of the Fulton Transit
Center begins in February. On Sept.
6, work begins on the WTC
Transportation Hub.
Security Redesign Delay
New York Citys police department
orders a Freedom Tower security
redesign, involving a greater setback
from West Street and other changes
at the base. ENR 7/11/05 P. 10
Fatal Fire at Vacant Deutsche Bank Building
On Aug. 18, a demolition-related blaze at the vacant
building, due south of the WTC, kills two reghters. The
port authority had acquired the site for a future 5 WTC.
ENR 8/27/07 P. 14
Federal WTC Study Triggers Debate
In June, the National Insitute of Standards &
Technology releases its nal draft of a $16-million
study of the twin towers collapse scenario, triggering
a debate over the reports 30 recommendations for
changes to tall-building codes, standards and design
practice. ENR 6/28/04 P. 12
In October, the 10,000-page NIST study concludes
that the twin towers structural frame, though severely
damaged by the planes, would likely have withstood
the heat of the jet-fuel-triggered res had the planes
and the debris from the impact not compromised
perimeter-column reproong. ENR 11/1/04 P. 10
WTC Ceremony
The ceremonial cornerstone
for the Freedom Tower
is placed on July 4. In
December, the nal 9/11
memorial design is unveiled.
ENR 1/12/04 P. 7
Freedom Tower Gears Up
On April 27, two days after the
lease agreement is formalized,
Freedom Tower construction
begins. In May, budget hikes
threaten the $750-million Fulton
Street Transit Center. The extra
costs are associated with land
acquisition. On May 23,
Silversteins 52-story
replacement for 7 WTC opens.
ENR 9/12/05 P. 37
Insurance Dispute Ends
The state announces a
resolution to the dispute
between Silverstein and the
port authority over insurance
claims, clearing the way for
Silverstein to build 2, 3 and 4
WTC. ENR 4/4/07 P. 7
More Progress
In February, construction
begins on 4 WTC. In
November, NIST releases
its ndings related to the
causes of the collapse of
the original 7 WTC on 9/11.
ENR 12/1/08 P. 15
WTC Lease
Restructure
In April, a month after
construction begins on the
National September 11th
Memorial and Museum,
Larry Silverstein and the
port authority strike an
agreement that restructures
Silversteins 99-year WTC
lease and removes him as
developer of the Freedom
Tower. ENR 5/1/06 P. 7
WORLD TRADE CENTER OVER TIME
enr.com August 15, 2011
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take another two years if we did not do
top-down construction.
Thus, the hub roof was built rst, since
it serves as the eastern part of the memorial
plazas oor. When we started, we laid out
hub construction in such a way that was
best for the hub, says Ira Levy, AECOMs
principal for DDP. But in order to accom-
modate the memorial, we had to rese-
quence everything.
That move meant postponing work on
every structure abutting the memorial
while prioritizing utilities and mechanical
and electrical facilities that will power the
memorial and the reecting pools. They
also provided a temporary entrance for the
9/11 anniversary participants. One fast-
track item is a 12,500-ton chiller system
that will provide air-conditioning for the
hub, the memorial, museum and retail
spaces. Snaking into the site are 60-in.-dia
pipes that bring water from the Hudson
River.
Its all coordinationcoordi-
nating with PATH, the memorial,
the streets, towers 1, 2, 3 and 4,
and the vehicle security center,
says James Durkin, Tishman se-
nior vice president. Certain
amounts of mechanical systems
and structural steel have to be
done in time for [the anniver-
sary].
Skanska/Granite is demolish-
ing the jungle of steel-and-con-
crete mini-piles that once sup-
ported the No. 1 subway box,
mere inches from crews with
DCM, which is erecting sections
of the PATH stations west and
east arch trusses.
Working over active PATH
trains, the team built last year, out
of sequence, a spot-network of
rooms to house electrical systems
that power the south reflecting
pool, says Winsper. Since the roof
over the active station has to be
watertight, crews erected a trape-
zoidal, concrete waffle slab, 144
ft x 90 ft, that sits atop the Cala-
trava arches. Five-ft-high cavities
create the waffle cells, used as
pits for the memorial trees. The
spaces between are filled with
high-grade Styrofoam for water-
proofing.
For many scenarios, agility and
design are vital, says AECOMs
Levy. The job is layered. At each
level, what happens is critical. On
all these levels there are mechani-
cal, electrical, utilities, supports
and open spaces for buildings. Se-
quencing is enormous. What do I
build and when? What is tempo-
rary or permament? n
SQUEEZED Structural work surges on between two
subway lines and multiple other building contracts
(left). A massive girder is brought to the site by crane
with little room to spare (above).
VIDEO ON
ENR.COM
Tour
Calatravas
intricate
steel arches
for the PATH
hall and
see other
massive
underground
structures.
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Area Improvements Coming
To improve subway connections for
lines converging near the WTC,
construction of the Fulton Transit
Center begins in February. On Sept.
6, work begins on the WTC
Transportation Hub.
Security Redesign Delay
New York Citys police department
orders a Freedom Tower security
redesign, involving a greater setback
from West Street and other changes
at the base. ENR 7/11/05 P. 10
Fatal Fire at Vacant Deutsche Bank Building
On Aug. 18, a demolition-related blaze at the vacant
building, due south of the WTC, kills two reghters. The
port authority had acquired the site for a future 5 WTC.
ENR 8/27/07 P. 14
Federal WTC Study Triggers Debate
In June, the National Insitute of Standards &
Technology releases its nal draft of a $16-million
study of the twin towers collapse scenario, triggering
a debate over the reports 30 recommendations for
changes to tall-building codes, standards and design
practice. ENR 6/28/04 P. 12
In October, the 10,000-page NIST study concludes
that the twin towers structural frame, though severely
damaged by the planes, would likely have withstood
the heat of the jet-fuel-triggered res had the planes
and the debris from the impact not compromised
perimeter-column reproong. ENR 11/1/04 P. 10
WTC Ceremony
The ceremonial cornerstone
for the Freedom Tower
is placed on July 4. In
December, the nal 9/11
memorial design is unveiled.
ENR 1/12/04 P. 7
Freedom Tower Gears Up
On April 27, two days after the
lease agreement is formalized,
Freedom Tower construction
begins. In May, budget hikes
threaten the $750-million Fulton
Street Transit Center. The extra
costs are associated with land
acquisition. On May 23,
Silversteins 52-story
replacement for 7 WTC opens.
ENR 9/12/05 P. 37
Insurance Dispute Ends
The state announces a
resolution to the dispute
between Silverstein and the
port authority over insurance
claims, clearing the way for
Silverstein to build 2, 3 and 4
WTC. ENR 4/4/07 P. 7
More Progress
In February, construction
begins on 4 WTC. In
November, NIST releases
its ndings related to the
causes of the collapse of
the original 7 WTC on 9/11.
ENR 12/1/08 P. 15
WTC Lease
Restructure
In April, a month after
construction begins on the
National September 11th
Memorial and Museum,
Larry Silverstein and the
port authority strike an
agreement that restructures
Silversteins 99-year WTC
lease and removes him as
developer of the Freedom
Tower. ENR 5/1/06 P. 7
WORLD TRADE CENTER OVER TIME
Transportation links to Ground Zero play a key role in
Lower Manhattans rebirth By Aileen Cho
RECONNECTIONS,
REVITALIZATION
T
he opening of a new subway en-
trance i n l ower Manhattan
would, nine times out of 10, be
no big deal. But in terms of 10th anni-
versary of 9/11, it was momentous.
On Aug. 1, the New York Metropol-
itan Transportation Authoritys Capital
Construction Co (MTACC) opened a
new William Street entrance that will
ease passenger access to 10 subway lines
at the site of the future Fulton Street
Transit Center. The event marks a mile-
stone in the progress of the $1.4-billion
structure that will link directly to the
World Trade Center Transportation
Hub. Another marker will be the re-
opening of the southbound platform of
the Cortlandt Street Station, damaged
in the attacks on Sept. 11, 2001. The
station will reopen in time for the 10th
anniversary of 9/11. It is historic from
that point of view, says Uday Durg,
MTACCs program executive.
The four-story Fulton Street Transit
Center is one of the key elements in an
overall Lower Manhattan transportation
improvement plan, which also includes
the $3.4-billion WTC Transportation
Hub, improvements to Route 9A/West
Street along the west side of the WTC,
the completed South Ferry subway sta-
tion, and potential transit links to area
airports.
Work on the Fulton Street project is
half done, says Durg. When complete, the
150,000-sq-ft transit center will provide
seamless connections for ve subway sta-
tions. The project is on schedule for com-
pletion in the summer of 2014.
Getting to 50% completion was not
easy. Active subways border to the south
and west. Buildings border to the east and
south. Busy streets border to the north
and west. Were surrounded by struc-
tures while excavating and dewatering,
EYE TO THE SKY Iconic oculus will illuminate the
multiple levels of the Fulton Street Transit Center,
which will link thousands of subway commuters
directly to the World Trade Center transit hub.
TRANSI T
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Second WTC Development
Stalemate Ends
Silverstein and the port authority
announce an agreement in principle
for Silverstein to redevelop the WTC
commercial space in stages rather than
concurrently. The move is prompted by
the Great Recession. Two WTC
foundations start in June; 3 WTC
foundations start in July. In August,
Plaza/Schiavone joint venture wins
$160-million contract for the Fulton
Street Transit Center.
Museum Exhibits Installed
During Construction
The entrance stair to the underground
museum offers view of one of the columns,
called a trident, from the original towers.
The survivor stair, covered during
construction, is anked by a new viewing
stairway. Part of the original bathtub wall
also will be on view in the museum.
First Lease for
One WTC
Conde Nast to lease
one million sq ft in 1
WTC. In July, Westeld
Group and port
authority agree on
joint-venture terms for
500,000 sq ft of retail
at the WTC.
Memorial and Museum
Construction Begins
Bovis Lend Lease starts
construction of the
185,000-sq-ft National
September 11th Memorial
and Museum. Federal stim-
ulus of $500 million funds
help revive the Fulton Street
Transit Center, designed
by Arup. The Freedom
Tower is renamed One
World Trade Center.
WORLD TRADE CENTER OVER TIME
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The road, between the WTC and
Battery Park City, is a main north-
south artery underlain by utilities.
In 1995, NYSDOT launched a
project to transform a 5.4-mile,
16-ft-wide stretch into a tree-lined
boulevard that would include a bike
path, walkway and a waterfront park.
Vollmer Associates, now part of
Stantec, provided the design.
The highway was damaged on
9/11, when it was virtually complete.
Crews from Stantec, under a $5-mil-
lion emergency reconstruction con-
tract with NYSDOT. In a separate
contract with the city, Skanksa mon-
itored the west side of the WTCs
cutoff wall, called the bathtub and
and 300,000 [daily commuters] are moving
through [the site] at the same time, says
Durg.
As part of the work, the MTA must not
only underpin the building, it must restore
the facade.
For the transit centers foundations,
crews from the local Skanksa, under an
$87-million contract, hand-dug 4 x 5-ft un-
derpinning pits and used the jet-grouting
method to build walls as deep as 70 ft, re-
quired to stabilize the soil and support the
vacant Corbin Building, a century-old land-
mark. Movement tolerances were a couple
of inches, says Durg. The work was com-
pleted without a hitch, he adds.
Secant-pile cutoff walls created a wa-
tertight bathtub, enabling dewatering
during foundation excavation. A system of
struts and braces supported the lateral
loads of adjacent structures while leaving
space for crews to excavate 40,000 cu yd
of soil.
Skanska has a total of $400 million in
contracts related to the transit center, in-
cluding the $123-million William Street
entrance. Skanska also will provide a transit
center mezzanine for the A/C subway lines,
nishes for two subway concourses and the
Dey Street Concourse. The 29 x 350-ft-long
pedestrian passage will cross below a street
and a subway tunnel to link to the WTC
hub.
A joint venture of Plaza Construction
and Schiavone Construction, both local, is
progressing rapidly on the superstructure of
the transit hall, and its glass dome, which
will bring daylight into the bottom levels of
the station, according to the transit center
designer, the local ofce of Arup.
Here Comes the Sun
The joint venture began work last August
under a $180-million contract. This fall,
crews will begin site-assembling the steel
members, which total 1,800 tons, of the
54-ft-dia oculus, which will culminate
100 ft above grade. Then, they will using
a tower crane to lift the pieces into place,
says Al l en Kasden, Pl azas proj ect
executive.
Farther west, work is progressing on
Route 9A/West Street, essentially the
driveway into the WTC. The strip may
well be the most complicated mile of road
in the country, says Kenneth Stigner, a
vice president of Stantec Consulting, the
projects designer for the New York State
Dept. of Transportation (NYSDOT).
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World Financial
Center
Winter
Garden
Battery Park
City
Financial
district
Fulton
Street
Transit
Center
Civic
center
World Trade
Center
Transportation
Hub
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9
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s
t

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w
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Liberty
Vesey
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Ferry
PATH tubes
Hudson
River
Subway lines
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CONNECTING DOWNTOWN MANHATTAN
A dark labyrinth of subway connections will give way to a clean, straight route linking Fulton
Streets multi-subway stop to the World Trade Center and all the way to the Hudson River.
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Second WTC Development
Stalemate Ends
Silverstein and the port authority
announce an agreement in principle
for Silverstein to redevelop the WTC
commercial space in stages rather than
concurrently. The move is prompted by
the Great Recession. Two WTC
foundations start in June; 3 WTC
foundations start in July. In August,
Plaza/Schiavone joint venture wins
$160-million contract for the Fulton
Street Transit Center.
Museum Exhibits Installed
During Construction
The entrance stair to the underground
museum offers view of one of the columns,
called a trident, from the original towers.
The survivor stair, covered during
construction, is anked by a new viewing
stairway. Part of the original bathtub wall
also will be on view in the museum.
First Lease for
One WTC
Conde Nast to lease
one million sq ft in 1
WTC. In July, Westeld
Group and port
authority agree on
joint-venture terms for
500,000 sq ft of retail
at the WTC.
Memorial and Museum
Construction Begins
Bovis Lend Lease starts
construction of the
185,000-sq-ft National
September 11th Memorial
and Museum. Federal stim-
ulus of $500 million funds
help revive the Fulton Street
Transit Center, designed
by Arup. The Freedom
Tower is renamed One
World Trade Center.
WORLD TRADE CENTER OVER TIME
VIDEO ON
ENR.COM
Take a tour
of the Fulton
Street Transit
Center with
MTACCs
Uday Durg
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surveyed the damaged Cortlandt
Street station. The rm also collected
data on the buried utilities that had to
be relocated or replaced.
After 9/11, the redesign of West
Street had to accommodate the WTC
reconstruction. Stantec shifted the
alignment to the west, away from the
WTC site, and raised the elevation 7
ft, says Karl Rubenacker, Stantecs se-
nior principal.
A joint venture of Tully Construc-
tion and E.E. Cruz has completed
most of the road reconstruction, un-
der a $200-million contract. But a sec-
tion directly abutting the WTC must
wait until the $16-billion development
is complete, because it serves as a cru-
cial access point for material deliveries
to the 16-acre development.
We cant nish it until theyre
out of there, says Joe Brown, NYS-
DOTs project director.
Among its many tasks, the DOT
builds temporary footbridges and site
access to make room for construc-
tion. It must relocate and provide
scores of utility lines, provide tempo-
rary access for the 9/11 anniversary
ceremonies, and ensure the final
streetscape ts the context of the new
WTC.
Transportation improvements in
Lower Manhattan underpin a long-
term plan to transform the area into
a livable community, with a residen-
tial population, services, cultural fa-
cilities and schools. The scheme was
hatched more than four decades ago
when the excavated soil for the WTC
complex created the 23-acre Battery Park.
The grand plan for Lower Manhattan
suffered a stinging setback on 9/11. But the
neighborhood is coming back. The Alliance
for Downtown New York says the popula-
tion of the district, at 56,000, has more than
doubled since 9/11.
Larry Silverstein, the developer investing
$7 billion at the WTC site, says: In every
situation of distress, there are circumstances
of opportunity. You have to nd a way to
bring the elements together.
Silverstein and all the others involved in
the rebuilding are combining all the ele-
ments to make Lower Manhattan living
better than ever. n
BRIGHT FUTURE FOR BIG APPLE
A decade after tragedy, new routes are pointing the way
to a renewed downtown Manhattan.
TRANSI T
COVER STORY
WTC
Tenth Anniversary of 9/11
Eighty percent of the 9/11
memorial, an eight-acre park in
the heart of the redevelopment,
is scheduled to open to the
public on Sept. 11.
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Anniversary of 9/11
The 9/11 museum is
scheduled to open by Sept. 11,
2012, to commemorate those
who died in the terrorist attacks.
Finishing Up
In 2014, the WTC Transportation
Hub and the Fulton Street Transit
Center, connected by an under-
ground pedestrian concourse,
are set to open.
Late Bloomers
Three WTC is set to open by
early 2015. There is no schedule
for the tower portion of 2 WTC.
Construction schedules for
5 WTC and a performing-arts
center are not set.
More Openings
In 2013, 4 WTC, 1 WTC and
the vehicle screening center
are scheduled to open.
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WORLD TRADE CENTER
THE FUTURE
By Nadine M. Post
with Scott Lewis
PHOTOS COURTESY OF PORT AUTHORITY OF
NEW YORK & NEW JERSEY AND ENR PHOTO
ARCHIVE UNLESS OTHERWISE LABELED (SEE P. 3).
300,000
Fulton
Street
Transit
Center daily
commuters
140,000
Route 9A
vehicles
and
pedestrians
per day
1,800
tons of steel
for oculus
150,000
sq ft in
transit
center
Posted from Engineering News-Record, August 15, 2011, copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. with all rights reserved.
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