M & Oc

MW & OC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
SPHOORTHY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Nadargul (V), Saroornagar (M), R.R. (Dist.), A.P.
LABORATORY MANUAL For MICROWAVE & OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS

(FOR IV ECE-REGULATION R05)
Department Of
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Academic Year: 2009-2010.
SPHOORTHY Engg.College.
MW & OC LAB MANUAL
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INDEX
S.NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12 13 14 15 16 NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT STUDY OF REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS STUDY OF GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT VSWR MEASUREMENT DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS CIRCULATOR MAGIC TEE WAVEGUIDE PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT CHRACTERISATION OF 660 & 850 nm LEDs CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER DIODES
INTENSITY MODULATION OF LASER
PAGE NO. 3 9 13 17 21 26 31 36 42 47 51 54 57 59 62 66
NUMERICAL APERTURE LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBRES DIGITAL OPTICAL TRANSMISSION LINK
Principal (Dr.SYED S BASHA, M.E., Ph.D.)
Head of the Department (Mr.T.RAVICHANDRA BABU)
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STUDY OF REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS

Experiment No. 1 AIM: 1. To study the mode characteristics of a Reflex Klystron 2. To determine transit time and electronic tuning. EQUIPMENT: 1. Klystron power supply 2. Klystron mount with Klystron 723 A/B or 2K25 3. Variable attenuator 4. Frequency meter 5. Detector mount 6. VSWR meter 7. Fan or blower 8. Wave guide support 9. Multi meter 10. Isolator THEORY: The Reflex Klystron is a microwave device that makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous electron beam into microwave power. It is easily tuned. Its oscillation frequency can be varied over a wide band and it can be pulse and frequency modulated. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated and passed through the positive resonator grids towards the reflector. The reflector is at a negative voltage w.r.t. cathode and consequently it retards and finally reflects the electrons which then turn back through the resonator grids. Suppose the Klystron starts to oscillate. Then a high field exists between the resonator grids. The electrons traveling forward will be either accelerated or retarded as the voltage between the grids changes in amplitude. Accelerated electrons leave the grids will need different time to return (i.e., have different transit times). As a result electrons group together in bunches. This variation in velocity of the electron is called velocity modulation.
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As the electron bunches pass through the resonator grids they interact with the voltage between the grids. If the bunches pass through at a time such that the electron are slowed down by the grid voltage, energy will be delivered and the Klystron will oscillate. Strongest oscillation will occur when the transit time in the reflector resonator region is (n+3/4) cycle of the resonator frequency, where n is an integer including zero. If the bunches pass through the grids as a time such that electrons are accelerated by the grid voltage, energy will be removed from the resonator and no oscillation will occur. It can be seen that oscillations will occur at many different reflector voltages (Corresponding to different transit times). The Klystron is said to be oscillate in different modes. The dimensions of the resonator of the resonator cavity primarily determine the frequency. So, by the variation of the resonator cavity, mechanical tuning of the Klystron is possible. But as can be seen, as a small frequency change can also be obtained by adjusting the reflector voltage (or the resonator voltage). This is called electronic tuning.
MW & OC LAB MANUAL SET UP FOR REFLEX KLYSTRON BLOCK DIAGRAM:
ECE DEPARTMENT
Klystron power supply Klystron Mount Frequency Meter Variable Attenuator Detector mount
Isolator
Multi meter VSWR meter
Oscilloscope
PROCEDURE: 1. The equipment is setup as shown in the block diagram. 2. The attenuator is set to the maximum position. 3. The Mod Switch of KPS is set to CW position, beam voltage control knob to fully anticlockwise and reflector voltage control knob to fully clockwise and the meter switch to OFF Switch. 4. The knob of frequency meter is rotated at one side fully. 5. The multi meter is kept in D.C. A range of 250 A. 6. The KPS, VSWR and cooling fan for the Klystron tube are switched on. 7. The meter switch is set to beam voltage position and the beam voltage knob is rotated in clockwise direction slowly up to 300V meter reading and the beam current position is observed. The beam current should not increase more than 30mA. 8. The reflector voltage is changed slowly. The voltage is set to max deflection in the meter. If no deflection is obtained multi meter switch is changed to position of 50 A. 9. The plunger of klystron mount is tuned for the maximum o/p. 10. The knob of frequency meter is rotated slowly and stopped at a position, where there is less o/p current on multi meter. Read directly the frequency between two horizontal line and vertical marker from frequency meter. 11. For different values of the reflector voltage the corresponding current and frequency are tabulated. 12. Graph is plotted between repeller voltage and current.
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MODEL WAVEFORMS mw OUTPUT POWER 20
VOLTS FREQUENCY CHANGE MHz -50 -100 -150 -200 REFLECTOR VOLTAGE
50 VOLTS 0 -50 fig -2 MODES OF 2K25
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OBSERVATIONS: Initial Beam Voltage Beam Current = Repeller Voltage = _________________ _________________ = _________________
S.No. Reflector Voltage Output power Frequency in (volts) in mW in GHz

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.
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CALCULATIONS: Transit time tr = (n+3/4)/fon where n is any integer n=1 (assume) fon operating frequency in GHz Electronic tuning = (f2-f1)/v2-v1 PRECAUTIONS: 1. For stable operation the Klystron is allowed to warm up to 10 minutes before the experiment is conducted. 2. The attenuator position should not be disturbed after adjusting for maximum power output. 3. Loose connections between the components should be avoided. RESULT Thus the followings are observed & studied 1. The transiting time and electronic tuning of the Reflex Klystron are found. 2. V- I Characteristics of Reflex Klystron Oscillator is studied.
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STUDY OF GUNN OSCILLATOR

Experiment No: 2 AIM: To study the V- I characteristics of Gunn Oscillator EQUIMENT: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. THEORY: The Gunn diode is embedded in a single structured crystal assembly which oscillates by it self at microwave frequencies. The diode assembly known as Gunn diode consists of Gallium Arsenide sandwich made of intermediate resistivity material placed between two other low resistivity materials. Gunn power Supply Gunn oscillator Variable attenuator Wave guide support Frequency meter Detector mount Ammeter
When a Gunn diode is biased the disturbance created at the cathode gives raise high field region which travels towards anode. At anode this domain disappears while another is originated. The time taken by the domain to travel between the two electrodes determines the oscillation frequency. When the diode is placed in a resonant frequency of the cavity rather than the diode itself. In this case the mode oscillations are not transit time mode.
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SET UP FOR GUNN OSCILLATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
Gunn Oscillator
Gunn power supply
Isolator
Variable attenuator
Frequency meter
Matched Termination
FIG NO 1
Threshold Voltage I
V Fig 2 V I Characteristics of Gunn Oscillator
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PROCEDURE: I. GENERAL: 1. The equipment is set as shown in the block diagram. 2. The attenuator is set to the maximum position. 3. The Gunn diode Oscillator is connected correctly to the BNC connector 4. The two knobs on the power supply are turned fully in anti-clock wise direction. 5. The micrometer on the wave guide cavity Gunn oscillator is set approximately to 13.63 mm. II. THE VOLT- AMPERE CHARACTERISTIC: 1. The equipment is set as shown in figure. 2. The voltage is increased in steps of 0.5V and corresponding current from the Gunn power supply is noted by switching alternatively to current and voltage position. 3. The readings are tabulated. 4. Graph is drawn with voltage on the X axis and input current on the Y axis. 5. Graph is drawn with voltage on the X axis and output current on the Y axis. OBSERVATIONS: S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Voltage(in volts) Input Current (in mA)
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PRECAUTIONS: 1. The bias is kept course and the fine control knobs of the power meter are kept in the maximum position before the meter is switched on. 2. The attenuator position should not be disturbed after adjusting for maximum power output. 3. Loose connection between the components should be avoided. APPLICATIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. RESULT: The Volt ampere characteristics of Gunn oscillator is observed. Broadband linear amplifier (replacing TWTs). As pump source in parametric amplifiers. Low and medium power oscillator in microwave receivers. In Radar transmitters (Police Radar, CW Doppler Radar).
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FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT

Experiment No: 3 AIM: To determine the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working in TE10 mode. EQUIPMENTS: 1. Klystron Power Supply 2. Klystron mount with Klystron tube 3. Variable attenuator 4. Frequency meter 5. Isolator 6. Slotted section 7. VSWR meter 8. Movable short 9. Termination 10. Waveguide stand THEORY: For dominant TE10 mode in rectangular waveguide o, g and c are related as 1/ o2 = (1/ g2 + 1/ c2) Where g guide wave length o free space wave length c Cutoff wave length and its formula is given below as c = 2ab/ (m2b2 +n2a2) For TE10 mode m=1 and n=0 therefore cutoff wavelength will be c = 2a where is a broader dimension of waveguide. Frequency is measured by using formula f= c/ o Wavelength of a wave guide can be calculated by formula g = o/ (1-(o/ c)2). The above formula shows that guide wavelength is greater than the free space wavelength. At the cutoff wave length no field variations occur along the waveguide i.e. no energy is propagated. Other parameters i.e. Phase velocity, phase constant, intrinsic impedance group velocity can be calculated by using below formulas:
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p = / = c/(1- [fc/f]2) where c velocity of light = 3x 108 m/sec g p= c2 ZTE = / (1- [fc/f]2) where intrinsic impedance of free space =120 or 377 noted. Graph is drawn between 1/ g2 on X- axis and 1/ o2 on Y axis. The Y intercept is Graph is drawn between on X- axis and on Y axis.
SET UP FOR FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Klystron power supply
Tunable Prote Slotted Line
VSWR meter
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Variable Attenuator
Frequency Meter
Matched Termination Movable Short
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PROCEDURE: I. GENERAL: 1. The equipments are set as shown in the block diagram. 2. The variable attenuator is set at maximum position. 3. The control knobs of VSWR meter are kept as below: i. Range 50db position ii. I/P Switch Crystal low impedance. iii. Meter switch Normal position iv. Gain ( coarse & fine) Mid position. 4. The control knobs of klystron power supply are kept as below: i. Meter switch OFF ii. Mod switch AM iii. Beam voltage knob fully anticlockwise iv. Reflector voltage fully clockwise. v. AM amplitude knob around fully clock wise. vi. AM frequency knob around mid position. 5. The klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan are switched on. 6. The meter switch of power supply is turned to beam voltage position and beam voltage is set to 300V with help of beam voltage knob. 7. The reflector voltage is adjusted to get some deflection in VSWR meter. 8. The deflection in VSWR is maximized by adjusting AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply. 9. The plunger of klystron mount is tuned for maximum deflection. 10. The probe is also tuned for maximum deflection in VSWR meter. II . FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT: 1. The frequency meter is tuned to get dip on the VSWR scale. 2. The frequency meter is tuned to obtain minimum deflection. 3. The corresponding frequency is noted. III. WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT: 1. The termination is replaced with the movable short. 2. The frequency meter is detuned. 3. The deflection in VSWR is varied by moving the probe along the slotted line. 4. The probe is moved to a minimum deflection point. Accurate reading is got by increasing the VSWR meter gain when close to minimum. 5. The probe position is recorded. 6. The probe is moved into the next minimum point and the probe position is recorded.
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7. The guide wavelength is equal to twice the distance between the minima. 8. The waveguide inner broad dimensions a is measured which will be around 2.286cm. 9. The frequency is calculated using formula f=c/[(1/g)2 +(1/2a)2]. OBSERVATIONS: Operating Observed frequency(in minima in
GHz) cm
g/2 in cm
in GHz cm
f in =2f 1/o2 1/g2 =2/g

in 109 rad/s
in cm-2
in cm-2
in rad/cm
x1010 x1010cm/s cm/s
1 2 3 2- 3- Avg 1 2
PRECAUTIONS: 1. For stable operation the Klystron is allowed to warm up to 10 minutes before the experiment is conducted. 2. The attenuator position should not be disturbed after adjusting for maximum power output. 3. Loose connections between the components should be avoided. RESULT: Frequency, free space wavelength, guide wave length, phase shift constant, phase velocity, group velocity are calculated and compared the theoretical and practical values. Theoretical Value of g = __________________. Practical value of g= __________________ .
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IMPEDENCE MEASUREMENT
Experiment No: 4 AIM: To measure an unknown impedance with smith chart. EQUIPMENTS: 1. Klystron Power Supply 2. Klystrons mount with Klystron 2K25. 3. Variable attenuator 4. Frequency meter 5. Isolator. 6. Slotted Line. 7. VSWR meter 8. Termination 9. Waveguide stand 10. Probe 11. S-S Tuner THEORY: The standing wave is the result of interaction between the incident wave and the reflected wave. In the matched case (i.e. no reflected wave) the ratio between the electric and magnetic field is sane at all the points along the line. This ratio is directly related to the characteristic impedance of the line Zo. if a reflected wave exists, the ratio is no longer same along the line i.e. the impedance level varies periodically. The impedance at any point of a transmission line can be written in the form of R+jX. For comparison SWR can be calculated as S= (1+||)/(1-||) where reflection coefficient = (Z-Zo)/ (Z+Zo) Zo characteristic impedance of w/g at operating frequency. Z impedance at any point.
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The measurement of impedance is done in following way: The unknown device is connected to the slotted line and the SWR =So and the position of one minima is determined. Then unknown device is replaced by movable short to the slotted line. Two successive minima positions are noted. The twice of the difference between minima position will be guide wavelength. One minima is used as reference for impedance measurement. Find the difference of reference minima and minima position obtained from unknown load. Let it bed. Take a smith chart, taking 1+j0 as centre, draw a circle of radius equal to So. mark a point on circumference of chart towards load side at a distance equal to g. join the centre with this point. Find the point where it cuts the drawn circle. The co-ordination of this point will show the normalized impedance of load.
SET UP FOR IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Probe
VSWR meter
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Frequency Meter
Variable attenuator
Slotted Line
S-S tuner
Termination
Movable Short
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PROCEDURE: 1. The equipments are set as shown in block diagram. 2. The variable attenuator is set to maximum position. 3. The control knobs of VSWR meter is set as below: a. Range db 50db position b. Input Switch Crystal low impedance c. Meter Switch Normal position d. Gain (Coarse and fine) Mid position 4. The control knobs of klystron power supply is set as below: i. Meter switch OFF ii. Mod switch AM iii. Beam voltage knob fully anticlockwise iv. Reflector voltage fully clockwise. v. AM amplitude knob around fully clock wise. vi. AM frequency knob around mid position. 5. The klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan are switched on. 6. The meter switch of power supply is turned to beam voltage position and beam voltage is set to 300V with help of beam voltage knob. 7. The reflector voltage is adjusted to get some deflection in VSWR meter. 8. The deflection in VSWR is maximized by adjusting AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply. 9. The plunger of klystron mount is tuned for maximum deflection. 10. The probe is also tuned for maximum deflection in VSWR meter. 11. The reflector voltage knob is tuned for maximum deflection. 12. The frequency meter is tuned to get dip on the VSWR scale and the corresponding frequency is noted. 13. The depth of pin of S-S tuner is kept around 3-4 mm and it is locked. 14. The probe is moved along the slotted line to get maximum deflection. 15. VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator is adjusted until, the meter indicates 1.0 on the normal upper SWR scale. 16. The probe is moved to next minima point and corresponding SWR = So and probe position (say d3) is noted. 17. The S-S tuner and matched termination is replaced by movable short at slotted line. At this point the plunger of short should be at zero. 18. The position of two successive minima is noted. Let it be d1 and d2. Hence g = 2(d1-d2). 19. Calculate d/ g. 20. The normalized impedance is computed using smith chart as described in theory.
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OBSERVATIONS: With Movable short: Dip in VSWR is Observed at = _____________GHz. First minima, d1 = _____________cm. = _____________cm. Second minima, d2 Guide wave length g = 2(d1-d2) = _____________cm. With unknown impedance: Let d1 be the reference point. VSWR Value at minima position= _____________. = _____________cm. Minima position d3 = _____________cm. d = d3-d1 RESULT: The impedance of unknown load is measured. Measured impedance value is _____________ ohms.
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VSWR MEASUREMENT
Experiment No: 5 AIM: To determine the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient. EQUIPMENTS: 1. Klystron tube 2. Klystron power supply 3. VSWR meter 4. Klystron Mount 5. Isolator 6. Frequency meter 7. Variable attenuator 8. Slotted line 9. Tunable probe 10. Wave guide stand 11. S-S tuner 12. Movable short 13. BNC Cable THEORY: The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line, may be considered as a traveling waves: Incident Wave propagates from generator and the reflected wave propagates towards the generator. The reflected wave is set up by reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedance. The magnitude and phase of reflected wave depends upon amplitude and phase of the reflecting impedance. The presence of two traveling waves, gives rise to standing wave along with the line. The maximum field strength is found where two waves are in phase and minimum where the two waves adds in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minimum(or maximum) is half the guide wave length on the line. The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident wave is called reflection coefficient. The voltage standing ratio (VSWR) is defined as ratio between maximum and minimum field strength along the line. Hence VSWR, S= Emax/Emin = (|Ei|+|Er|)/ (|Ei| -|Er| ) Reflection Coefficient, =Er/Ei = {Z Zo}/ {Z + Zo} Where Z is the impedance at a point on line, Zo is characteristic impedance. The above equation gives following equation: || = [S-1]/[S+1]
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SET UP FOR VSWR MEASUREMENT BLOCK DIAGRAM

Probe
VSWR meter Frequency Meter Variable attenuator Slotted Line S-S tuner
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Termination
PROCEDURE: I. GENERAL: 1. The equipments is set as shown in block diagram. 2. The variable attenuator is set to maximum position. 3. The control knobs of VSWR meter is set as below: a. Range db 40db/50db position b. Input Switch Crystal low impedance c. Meter Switch Normal position d. Gain (Coarse and fine) Mid position 4. The control knobs of klystron power supply is set as below: vii. Meter switch OFF viii. Mod switch AM ix. Beam voltage knob fully anticlockwise x. Reflector voltage fully clockwise. xi. AM amplitude knob around fully clock wise. xii. AM frequency knob around mid position. 5. The klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan are switched on. 6. The meter switch of power supply is turned to beam voltage position and beam voltage is set to 300V with help of beam voltage knob. 7. The reflector voltage is adjusted to get some deflection in VSWR meter. 8. The output is tuned by tuning reflector voltage, AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply. 9. The plunger of klystron mount is tuned for maximum deflection.
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10. The probe is also tuned for maximum deflection in VSWR meter. 11. To get deflection in the scale of VSWR the range db switch, variable attenuator position and gain control knob is adjusted if necessary. 12. The deflection in VSWR can be varied by moving the probe along the slotted line. . MEASUREMENT OF LOW AND MEDIUM VSWR: 1. The probe is moved along the slotted line to get maximum deflection in VSWR meter. 2. VSWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator is adjusted until, the meter indicates 1.0 on the normal upper SWR scale. 3. The probe is moved to next minima point with out disturbing all the control knobs and corresponding VSWR is recorded. 4. The above step is repeated for change of S-S tuner probe depth and corresponding VSWR is recorded. 5. If the VSWR is between 3.2 and 10, then range dB switch is changed to next higher position and VSWR is read from this second scale ranging from 3 t0 10. III. MEASUREMENT OF HIGH VSWR (Double Minimum Method): 1. The depth of S-S tuner is set slightly more for maximum deflection. 2. The probe is moved along the slotted line till a minimum is indicated. 3. The VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator is adjusted to obtain a reading of 3db of normal db of VSWR Meter. 4. The probe is moved to the left on slotted line, until full scale deflection is obtained, i.e. 0db on 0-10db scale. The corresponding probe position is noted. Let it be d1. 5. The step 3 and 4 are repeated and then the probe is moved to right along with slotted line until full scale deflection is obtained on 0- 10 db normal db scale. Let it be d2. 6. The S-S tuner and terminator is replaced by movable short. 7. The distance between two successive minima position of probe is measured. Twice this distance gives guide wavelength g. 8. VSWR is computed by following equation: S = g/[ (d1-d2)].
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MODEL WAVEFORMS
O/p Voltage Vx = 2 Vmin
Vmin d1 d2 Probe position Double Minimum method
O/p Vmax Vmin g/4 g/2 Standing Wave
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OBSERVATIONS: With S-S tuner and Termination: First minima position d1 Second minima position d2 With Movable Short: First minima position d3 Second minima position d4 Guide wavelength, g = 2(d3-d4) VSWR is computed as follows: VSWR = g/(d1-d2) RESULT: Thus The VSWR is measured. Measured value of VSWR = _______________. = ____________________cm. = ____________________cm. = ____________________cm. = ____________________cm. = ____________________cm =____________________.
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DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
Experiment No: 6 AIM: To study directional coupler and to find their S matrices. EQUIPMENTS: 1. Gunn power supply 2. Gunn Oscillator 3. Isolator 4. Variable attenuator 5. Frequency meter 6. Directional Coupler 7. Detector 8. VSWR meter 9. Matched load 10. Fan 11. Waveguide support THEORY: DIRECTIONAL COUPLER: A director coupler (fig1) is a junction between 4 pairs of terminals having such characteristics that there is free transfer of power with out reflection between terminals C & D and no transfer of power between terminals A & C or between B & D. Degree of coupling between A & D and between B & C depends upon the structure of the unit. The important performance factors of a directional coupler are: a. Coupling factor b. Directivity c. Insertion loss
d. Bandwidth
e. Frequency sensitivity f. TWO HOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER: g. h. The two hole directional coupler is a four port component (fig2). Two holes P & Q are located inside the coupler. The holes P& Q are spaced g/4
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apart. As there is flow of energy from port1 to port2, there is some diversion of energy into holes P&Q. If diameters of P&Q are same, then the amount of energy through P&Q will be same. At P&Q, the energy is further bifurcated into two portions going towards port3 and port4. Now the phase difference between the portions of energy going from P & Q towards port3 is zero, hence the two signals components add up; where as the components having the direction towards port4 are out of phase by (2/g)* 2*PQ = radians. Hence they cancel each other if their magnitudes are same, and this is the reason for absence of signal for port4. Coupling factor in db, C=10log10(P1/P3) Where P3 power delivered to a matched load at terminal3 when power P1entersthrough terminal1 with matched loads at 2 & 4. l. Directivity in db, D =10log10 (P3/P4) m. Where P3 and P4 are powers delivered in matched loads at terminals 3 & 4 respectively with a matched load at terminal2. n. o. Coupling factor is a measure of energy levels in primary and secondary waveguides. Directivity is a measure of how well the forward traveling wave in primary wave guide couples only to the desired terminals of a secondary wave guide. p. q. The Scattering matrix of an ideal directional coupler is r. s. 0 C1 jC2 0 t. C1 0 0 jC2 u. [S] = jC2 0 0 C1 v. 0 jC2 C1 0 w. x. where C2 = (1-C12)1/2 i. j. k.
SET UP FOR DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
A C
Directional Coupler
B D
Fig 1 27 SPHOORTHY Engg.College.
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3 P g/4 1 Q
2 TWO HOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER Fig 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Gunn Oscillator
Gunn power supply
Isolator
Variable attenuator
Directional Coupler
Detector
VSWR
Fig 3
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PROCEDURE: I. GENERAL: 1. The equipment is set up as shown in fig 3. 2. The rotary wane attenuator is set at 20 db and the variable attenuator is set at approximately 10 db. 3. The Gunn oscillator is tuned to 9 GHz. II . MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING AND DIRECTIVITY: The Gunn oscillator is tuned to 9 GHz. The attenuator is kept in the maximum position. A bias voltage of 7v is applied to the Gunn. The power is fed through port 1 and the powers at port2 and port 3 are measured. Let the powers of port 2 and port 3 be P2 and P3. 5. The directional coupler is reversed and the power is fed through port2. The power in port 4, P4 is measured. 6. The coupling factor and directivity of the directional coupler are calculated. OBSERVATIONS: Operating frequency= Power at port1 P1 Power at port1 P2 Power at port1 P3 Power at port1 P4 Coupling factor C Directivity D = = = = = = ___________GHz. ___________ mw. ___________ mw. ___________ mw. ___________ mw. 10 log10(P1/P3) 10 log10(P4/P3) = _______________dB. = _______________dB. 1. 2. 3. 4.
To determine Scattering matrices parameters S12, S13, S14 1. 20 log10 S12 = -10 log (P1/P2) = _________________. S12 =100.5(log (P1/P2) S13 =100.5(log (P1/P3) S14 =100.5(log (P4/P3)
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=__________________ =__________________. =__________________.

2. 20 log10 S13 = -10 log10(P1/P3) =__________________. 3. 20 log10 S14 = -10 log10(P4/P3) =__________________.
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PRECAUTIONS: 1. Loose connections must be avoided. 2. The directional coupler should carefully handled while inserting it into the circuit. APPLICATIONS: Directional couplers are widely used in impedance bridges for microwave measurements and for power monitoring. RESULT: The characteristic of the directional coupler is studied.
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CIRCULATOR
Experiment No: 7 AIM: To study Circulator and to find their S matrices. EQUIPMENTS: 1. Klystron power supply 2. Klystron mount with Klystron 2K25 3. Isolator 4. Variable attenuator 5. Frequency meter 6. Circulator 7. Detector 8. VSWR meter 9. Matched load 10. Fan 11. Waveguide support THEORY: A Circulator is a multi port junction in which the wave can travel from one port to next immediate port in one direction only as shown in fig (1). Three port circulator: A three port circulator is formed by a 120 degree H-plane wave-guide or strip line symmetrical Y-junction with a center ferrite post. A steady magnetic field Ho is applied along the axis of post as shown in (wave guide type circulator) fig 2. For a perfectly matched, loss less, non reciprocal three port circulator, the S matrix is 0 [S] = 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
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The important circulator parameters are: 1. Insertion loss: Insertion loss is the ratio of power detected at the output port to the power supplied by the source to the input port, measured with other ports terminated in the matched load. It is expressed in db. 2. Isolation: Isolation is the ratio of power applied at the output to that measured at the input. The isolation of a circulator is measured with the third port terminative in a matched load. It is expressed in dB. 3. The input VSWR: The S input VSWR of a circulator is the ratio of voltage maximum to voltage minimum of the standing wave existing in the line with all ports expect the test port are matched. Since in practical losses are always present, the performance is limited by finite isolation and non zero insertion loss. Typical characteristics can be represented by Insertion loss < 1 dB Isolation = 30 40 dB VSWR < 1.5
SET UP FOR CIRCULATOR
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
Fig 1 32 SPHOORTHY Engg.College.
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HO
1 Conductor Effect of biased ferric
Ferrite
fig 2: Waveguide type circulator
SET UP FOR CIRCULATOR
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Klystron Power Supply
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Variable Attenuator
Frequency Meter
Tunable Crystal Detector
VSWR Meter
Fig - 3 33 SPHOORTHY Engg.College.
MW & OC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
SETUP FOR CIRCULTOR FOR MEASURING ISOLATION BLOCK DIAGRAM:
VSWR meter
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Variable Attenuator
Frequency Meter
Circulator
Fig - 4
PROCEDURE: I.GENERAL: 1. The equipment is set up as shown in fig 3. 2. The Gunn oscillator is switched on and tuned to 9 GHz II . MEASUREMENT OF ISOLATION IN A CIRCULATOR: 1. The equipment is set up as shown in fig 4. 2. A reference power of 8mW is fed to port1. The powers at port2 and port 3 are measured. 3. 8mW is fed to port 2. The powers at port3 and port1 are measured. 4. 8mW is fed to port 3. The powers at port2 and port1 are measured. 5. Isolation between the ports is calculated. OBSERVATIONS: [S] = S11 S12 S21 S22 S31 S32 S13 S23 S33
Input power at P1
= 8mW or -20dB
Output power at P2 = _______________.(say x db). Output power at P3 = _______________.(say y db).

MW & OC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
Input power at P2
= 8mW or -20 db.
Output power at P3 = _______________.( say z db). Output power at P1 = _______________.(say a db). Input power at P3 = 8mW or 20db. Output power at P2 = ________________.(say b db). Output power at P1 = ________________.(say c db). To determine Scattering matrices parameters S12, S13, S21, S23, S31, S32 1. 20 log10 S12 = -10 log (P1/P2) = (-20-x)db S12 =100.5(log (P1/P2) = 100.5(-20-x) =____________. 2. 20 log10 S13 = -10 log10(P1/P3) = (-20 y)db S13 =100.5(log (P1/P3) = 100.5(-20-y) =____________. 3. 20 log10 S21 = -10 log10(P2/P1) = (-20 z)db S21 =100.5(log (P2/P1) = 100.5(-20-z) =____________. 4. 20 log10 S23 = -10 log10(P2/P3) = (-20 a)db S23 =100.5(log (P2/P3) = 100.5(-20-a) =____________. 5. 20 log10 S31 = -10 log10(P3/P1) = (-20 b)db S31 =100.5(log (P3/P1) = 100.5(-20-b) =____________. 6. 20 log10 S32 = -10 log10(P3/P2) = (-20 c)db S32 =100.5(log (P3/P2) = 100.5(-20-c) =____________. .PRECAUTIONS: 1. Loose connections must be avoided. 2. The Circulator should carefully handled while inserting it into the circuit. RESULT: The characteristics of the circulator is studied
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MAGIC TEE
Experiment No: 8
AIM: To study Magic Tee and to find their S matrices. EQUIPMENTS: 1. Klystron power supply 2. Klystron mount with Klystron 2K25 3. Isolator 4. Variable attenuator 5. Frequency meter 6. Circulator 7. Detector 8. VSWR meter 9. Matched load 10. Fan 11. Waveguide support THEORY: A magic T is a combination of an E plane tee and an H plane tee. It acts as a 4 port hybrid circuit, which in general form is shown in fig 1. The characteristic of the hybrid circuit are such that if power enter the circuit through arm A or C; the power is delivered entirely to arms B & D, with no power transmission from port A to port C or C to A. Also power entering through arm B or arm D is entirely to arms A & C, with no direct transfer from B to D. Fig 2 show a magic T with a combination of an E plane and an H plane. The collinear arms are called the side arms implying that it is usually one of the other two arms which face the viewer. The arm which makes on H plane tee which side arm is called H arm or shunt arm. The forth arm makes an E plane tee with the side arm and is called as E arm. The shunt and series arms are cross polarized that is the voltage vectors in these two arms are perpendicular to each other. Therefore as long as there is nothing within the junction to the polarization, there can be no coupling between these two arms. The E & H arms are matched by employing posts & irises to minimize the reflections from these two ports. The magic T associated with hybrid junction is the way in which the power divides in the various arms. The signal fed into the shunt or H arm divides itself equally and in phase in the two side arms with no coupling in the E arm. When the signal is fed into series
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ECE DEPARTMENT
or E arm it also divides itself equally in the two arms but this time the two halves are 180oout of phase and there is no coupling to the H arm. If the power fed into one of the side arms, it divides equally into the shunt & the series arms and there is no combine in phase o/p at in the H arm & 180o out of phase in the E arm. A magic T is normally characterized by two quantities: 1. Isolation between E & H arms 2. Power division in the collinear arms. Isolation between the E & H arms: If PE is the power into E arm and PH is the power flowing out the H arm, the isolation between the E & H arms is given by Isolation (db) = 10 log10(PH/PE). It is assumed that both the collinear arms are terminated. In the other case Isolation (db) = 10 log10(PE/PH). For a well designed magic T, the isolation between E & H arms could be greater than 20 db. Power division: The power fed into either the E arm or H arm should divide itself equally in both the side arms, when the opposite arms are terminated. If PE is the power into E arm and Pc1 and Pc2 are the power in the side arms, then the ratio of the power coupled inside arms to that the relation gives entering in the E- arm. Coupling in db = 10 log10(PC1/PH) = 10 log10(PC2/PH). The Scattering matrix of the magic T shown in figure is given by 0 2 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 -1 0 1 -1 0
[S] =
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MW & OC LAB MANUAL SET UP FOR MAGIC TEE
ECE DEPARTMENT
A
Hybrid Circuit
B D Fig 1
(3) E arm (2) Collinear arm
(4) H - arm (1) Collinear arm fig - 2
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MW & OC LAB MANUAL SET UP FOR MAGIC TEE BLOCK DIAGRAM
ECE DEPARTMENT
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Variable attenuator
Frequency meter
VSWR Meter
Fig 3
SET UP FOR MAGIC TEE FOR MEASURING ISOLATION AND COUPLING BLOCK DIAGRAM
VSWR Meter Variable attenuator Frequency meter Magic Tee Tunable Crystal Detector
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Fig 4
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PROCEDURE: I. GENERAL: 1. The equipment is set up as shown in fig 2. The oscillator is tuned and switched to 9 GHz. 3. The Gunn power supply is set for square wave operations. II. MEASUREMENT OF ISOLATION BETWEEN E & H ARMS: 1. 2. 3. 4. The equipment is set up as shown in fig A reference power of 8mW is fed through collinear arm 1. The power at the collinear arm2and H arm are measured. Isolation between E & H arm are calculated.
III. MEASUREMENT COUPLING IN COLLINEAR ARMS: 1. 2. 3. 4. The equipment is set up as shown in fig A reference power of 8mW is fed through H arm. The power at the collinear arm1and arm2 and at E arm are measured. Coupling between H & collinear arm are calculated.
OBSERVATIONS: 1. Power fed to port1(side arm1) Power at port2(side arm2) Power at port3(H arm ) Power at port4(E arm ) 2. Power fed to port3 (H arm) Power at port1(side arm1) Power at port2(side arm2) Power at port4(E arm ) 3. Power fed to port 4(E arm) Power at port1(side arm1) Power at port2(side arm2) Power at port3(H arm ) 20 log S12 S12
40
= = = = = = = = = =
8mW or -20db. __________db. = P21 __________db. = P31 __________db. = P41 = 8mW or -20db. __________db. = P21 __________db. = P23 __________db. = P24 = 8mW or -20db __________db. = P41 __________db. = P42 __________db. = P43
S Parameters are determined as follows: = P12 db. = 100.05P12 = _______________.

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20 log S14 S14 20 log S13 S13 20 log S34 S34 20 log S32 S32 20 log S42 S42 . PRECAUTIONS:
= = = = = = = = = =
P14 db. 100.05P14 = _______________. P13 db. 100.05P13 =________________. P34 db. 100.05P34 =________________. P32 db. 100.05P32 =________________. P42 db. 100.05P42 =________________.
1. Loose connections must be avoided. 2. The magic - Tee should carefully handled while inserting it into the circuit. APPLICATIONS: 1. It is used as a mixer. 2. It is used as a duplexer. 3. It is used in measurement of impedance. RESULT: The characteristics of the magic T is studied
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WAVEGUIDE PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT Experiment No: 9
AIM: To determine the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working in TE10 mode. EQUIPMENTS: 1. Klystron Power Supply 2. Klystron mount with Klystron tube 3. Variable attenuator 4. Frequency meter 5. Isolator 6. Slotted section 7. VSWR meter 8. Movable short 9. Termination 10. Waveguide stand THEORY: Important waveguide parameters include: 1. Cut off wavelength 2. Guide wavelength 3. Group and phase velocities 4. Characteristic impedance Cut off Wavelength: It is defined as wavelength of a wave above which wave does not exist in the waveguide. Both for the TEmn and TMmn cut off wavelength is given by c = 2ab/(m2b2 +n2a2) In the experiment rectangular waveguide is working in TE10 mode hence cut of wavelength in above formula get reduce to c = 2a. Guide Wavelength: Guide wavelength is the wavelength of the traveling wave propagating inside the waveguide. It is always different from the free space
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wavelength. The guide wavelength, free space wavelength and guide wavelength is related by: g = o/ (1-(o/ c)2) Group and Phase velocities: Phase velocity is defined as velocity with which wave changes its phase. It is the product of guide wavelength and frequency. Since g > o it appears as if p is greater than speed of light. This appears to contradict the law that no signal can be transmitted faster than the speed of light. In waveguides also, it is found that modulation does not travel at a phase velocity. When modulated carrier travels through a waveguide, the modulation envelope travels with a velocity much less than that of carrier and even less than speed of light. The velocity of modulation envelope is called Group velocity. The relation between group velocity and phase velocity is given as g p= c2 p = / = c/ (1- [fc/f]2) g = d/d = c(1- [fc/f]2) where c velocity of light = 3x 108 m/sec Characteristic Impedance: The generalized expression for the characteristic impedance of waveguide for TE mode is given as: ZTE =[377(/)(bgo)] The characteristic wave impedance for TEmn modes is related to free space impedance is given by: ZTE = / (1- [fc/f]2) where intrinsic impedance of free space =120 or 377 The frequency of a wave is calculated by formula f = c/o Where 1/ o = (1/ g2 + 1/ c2) g guide wave length o free space wave length c Cutoff wave length
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SET UP FOR MEASUREMENT OF WAVEGUIDE PARAMETERS BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Detector
VSWR meter
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Variable Attenuator
Frequency Meter
Slotted Line
Termination
Movable Short
PROCEDURE: I. GENERAL: 1. The equipments are set as shown in the block diagram. 2. The variable attenuator is set at maximum position. 3. The control knobs of VSWR meter are kept as below: i. Range 50db position ii. I/P Switch Crystal low impedance. iii. Meter switch Normal position iv. Gain ( coarse & fine) Mid position. 4. The control knobs of klystron power supply are kept as below: i. Meter switch OFF ii. Mod switch AM iii. Beam voltage knob fully anticlockwise iv. Reflector voltage fully clockwise. v. AM amplitude knob around fully clock wise. vi. AM frequency knob around mid position. 5. The klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan are switched on. 6. The meter switch of power supply is turned to beam voltage position and beam voltage is set to 300V with help of beam voltage knob. 7. The reflector voltage is adjusted to get some deflection in VSWR meter.
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8. The deflection in VSWR is maximized by adjusting AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply. 9. The plunger of klystron mount is tuned for maximum deflection. 10. The probe is also tuned for maximum deflection in VSWR meter. II . WAVEGUIDE PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The frequency meter is tuned to get dip on the VSWR scale. The frequency meter is tuned to obtain minimum deflection. The corresponding frequency is noted. The termination is replaced with the movable short. The frequency meter is detuned. The deflection in VSWR is varied by moving the probe along the slotted line. 7. The probe is moved to a minimum deflection point. Accurate reading is got by increasing the VSWR meter gain when close to minimum. 8. The probe position is recorded. 9. The probe is moved into the next minimum point and the probe position is recorded. 10. The guide wavelength is equal to twice the distance between the minima. 11. The waveguide inner broad dimensions a is measured which will be around 2.286cm. 12. The frequency, impedance, group velocity, phase velocity and characteristics impedance is calculated. OBSERVATIONS: Operating frequency
(GHz)
Observe d minima
(cm)
g/2 (cm)
(cm)
f
GHz
=2f
in 10 rad/s
9
in cm
1/o2
-2
1/g2
(cm-2)
(rad/cm)
=2/g
x1010 cm/s
x1010c m/s
ZTE=
/(1[fc/f]2)
21
32
Avg
Theoretical Value of Practical value of Phase velocity Characteristic impedance Group velocity
45
g g p ZTE g
= __________________. = __________________. =___________________. =___________________. =___________________.

MW & OC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
Cutoff wavelength PRECAUTIONS:
=___________________.
1. For stable operation the Klystron is allowed to warm up to 10 minutes before the experiment is conducted. 2. The attenuator position should not be disturbed after adjusting for maximum power output. 3. Loose connections between the components should be avoided. 4. Detuning the frequency meter should not be forgotten
RESULT: Thus the Frequency, free space wavelength, guide wave length, phase shift constant, phase velocity, group velocity are calculated and compared the theoretical and practical values.
XXX
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MEASUREMENT OF ATTENUATION OF VARIABLE ATTENUATOR

Experiment No:10 AIM: To study attenuation characteristic of Variable attenuator. EQUIPMENT: 1. Klystron Power Supply 2. Klystron mount with Klystron tube 3. Isolator 4. Variable attenuator 5. Frequency meter 6. Isolator 7. Detector mount 8. Slotted section 9. VSWR meter 10. Movable short 11. Attenuator 12. Waveguide stand THEORY: The attenuator is a two port bidirectional device which attenuates some power when inserted into the transmission line. Attenuation (dB) = 10 log(P1/P2). line. line. Where P1 = Power absorbed or detected by the load without the attenuator in the P2 = Power absorbed or detected by the load with the attenuator in the
The attenuators consist of a rectangular waveguide with a resistive Vane inside it to absorb microwave power according to their position with respect to side wall of the waveguide. An electric field is maximum at centre in TE10 mode, the attenuation will be maximum if the vane is placed at center of the waveguide. Moving from center towards the side wall, attenuation decreases in the fixed
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ECE DEPARTMENT
attenuator, the vane position is fixed where as in variable attenuator, its position can be changed by the help of micrometer or by other methods.
SET UP FOR MEASUREMENT OF ATTENUATION OF VARIABLE ATTENUATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM:
VSWR meter
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Variable Attenuator
Frequency Meter
Slotted Line
Detector Mount
Movable Short
Detector
PROCEDURE: GENERAL: 1. The equipments is set as shown in block diagram. 2. The variable attenuator is set to maximum position. 3. The control knobs of VSWR meter is set as below: a. Range db 40db/50db position b. Input Switch Crystal low impedance c. Meter Switch Normal position d. Gain (Coarse and fine) Mid position 4. The control knobs of klystron power supply is set as below: i. Meter switch OFF ii. Mod switch AM iii. Beam voltage knob fully anticlockwise
MW & OC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
iv. Reflector voltage fully clockwise. v. AM amplitude knob around fully clock wise. vi. AM frequency knob around mid position. 5. The klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan are switched on. 6. The meter switch of power supply is turned to beam voltage position and beam voltage is set to 300V with help of beam voltage knob. 7. The reflector voltage is adjusted to get some deflection in VSWR meter. 8. The output is tuned by tuning reflector voltage, AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply. 9. The plunger of klystron mount is tuned for maximum deflection. 10. To get deflection in the scale of VSWR the range db switch, variable attenuator position and gain control knob is adjusted if necessary. 11. The deflection in VSWR can be varied by moving the probe along the slotted line. ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT: 1. The detector mount connected to the slotted line is tuned for maximum deflection on VSWR meter. 2. Set any reference level on the VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator (not the test attenuator) and gain control knob of VSWR meter. Let it be P1. 3. Now carefully disconnect the detector mount from slotted line with out disturbing any position obtained in step2. Place the test attenuator to the slotted line and detector mount to the other port of test attenuator. Record the reading of VSWR meter. Let it be P2. The attenuation value of tested variable attenuator for any particular position of micrometer reading is obtained by P1 P2 dB. OBSERVATIONS: VSWR value without test attenuator P1 = _____________. VSWR value with test attenuator P2 = _____________. Attenuation of test attenuator = P1 P2 = _____________.
PRECAUTIONS: 1. For stable operation the Klystron is allowed to warm up to 10 minutes before the experiment is conducted. 2. The attenuator position should not be disturbed after adjusting for maximum power output. 3. Loose connections between the components should be avoided.
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RESULT: The attenuation of test attenuator is measured Attenuation of test attenuator = _____________.
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CHRACTERISATION OF 660 & 850 NM LEDS
ExperimentNo:11 AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to study the relationship between the LED dc forward current and the LED optical power output and determine the linearity of the device at 660nm as well as 850nm. The conversion efficiencies of the two LEDs will also be compared.
EQUIPMENT:
1.Fiber optic analog transmission Kit TNS 20EA-TX 2.Fiber optic analog transmission Kit TNS 20EA-RX 3.One meter PMMA fiber patch card 4.Inline SMA adaptors
THOERY:
LEDs and laser diodes are the commonly used sources in optical communication systems, whether the system transmits digital or analogue signals. In the case of analogue transmission, direct intensity modulation of the optical source is possible, provided the optical output from the source can be varied linearly as a function of the modulating electrical signal amplitude. LEDs have a linear optical output with relation to the forward current over a certain region of operation. It may be mentioned that in many low-cost, shorthaul and small bandwidth applications, LEDs at 660 nm, 850 nm and 1300nm are popular. While direct intensity modulation is simple to realize, higher performance is achieved by fm modulating the base-band signal prior to intensity modulation. The relationship between an LED optical output Po and the LED forward current IF is given by Po = K.IF (over a limited range), where K is a constant.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
The schematic diagram for characterization of the LED is shown below and is self explanatory. The step by step procedure is given here: Step1: Connect one end of Cable 1 to the 660nm LED port of TNS20EA TX and the other end to the FO PIN (power meter) port of TNS20EA-RX. Step2: Set DMM 1 to the 2000mV range and connect it to the terminals Po (Po1 & Po2) on the RX unit. The power meter is ready for use. Po = (Reading)/10 dBm Step3: Set DMM2 to the 200.0 mV range and connect it between the Vo1 and Gnd terminals in the TX unit. If1 = Vo1 (mv)/100 in ma. Step4: Adjust the SET Po knob on the TX unit to the extreme anticlockwise Position to reduce If1 to 0. The reading on the power meter should be out of range. Step 5: Slowly turn the SET Po knob clockwise to increase If1. The power meter should read -30.0dB approximately. From here change If1 in suitable steps and note the power meter readings, Po. Record up to the extreme clock-wise position. Step 6: Repeat the complete experiment for 850nm LED and tabulate the Readings for Vo2 (between terminals Vo2 and Gnd) & Po. If2=Vo2(mv)/100 in ma. Apply the correction of 2.2 dB discussed in Experiment1 for the 850nm LED.
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OBSERVATIONS FOR 660nm

Sl No 1 2 3 4 5 6 V01 (mV) If1=Vo1/100(ma) Po(dBm)
OBSERVATIONS FOR 850 nm

Sl No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vo2(mV) If2=Vo2/100(ma) Po(dBm) Po(dBm) Corrected
RESULT:
Studied the relationship between the LED dc forward current and the LED optical power output and determined the linearity of the device at 660nm and 850nm. The conversion efficiencies of the two LEDs are compared.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER DIODES ExperimentNo:12
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to study the Optical Power (Po) of a Laser Diode vs Laser Diode Forward Current (IF)
EQUIPMENT:
1. Laser Diode Design Module TNS 20EL-TX 2.Laser Diode Design Module TNS 20EA-RX 3.Two meter PMMA fiber patch card 4.Inline SMA adaptors
THOERY:
Laser Diodes (LDs) are used in telecom, data communication and video communication applications involving high speeds and long hauls. Most single mode optical fiber communication systems use lasers in the 1300nm and 1550 nm windows. Lasers with very small line-widths also facilitate realization of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for high density communication over a singe fiber. The inherent properties of LDs that make them suitable for such applications are, high coupled optical power into the fiber (greater than 1 mw), high stability of optical intensity, small line-widths (less than 0.05 nm in special devices), high speed (several GHz) and high linearity (over a specified region suitable for analogue transmission). Special lasers also provide for regeneration/amplification of optical signals within an optical fiber. These fibers are known as erbium doped fiber amplifiers. 54 SPHOORTHY Engg.College.
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LDs for communication applications are commonly available in the wavelength regions 650nm, 780nm, 850nm, 980nm, 1300nm and 1550nm.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
The schematic diagram for study of the LD Po as a function of LD forward current IF is shown below and is self explanatory. Step1: Connect the 2-metre PMMA FO cable (Cab1) to TX Unit of TNS20EL and couple the laser beam to the power meter on the RX Unit as shown. Select ACC Mode of operation. Step2: Set DMM 1 to the 200 mV range and connect it to the Vo/Gnd terminals. This will monitor if in ma, given by Vo (mV)/100. Set DMM2 to 2000 mV range and connect it to the Po1/Po2 terminals. This will provide Po in dBm when divided by 10. Step3: Adjust the SET Po knob to extreme counterclockwise position to reduce IF to 0 ma. The power meter reading will normally be below 50 dBm or outside the measuring limits of the power meter.
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Step4: Slowly turn the SET Po Knob clockwise to increase IF and thus Po. Note IF and Po readings. Take closer readings prior to and above the laser threshold. Current, Po will rapidly increase with small increase in If.
OBSERVATIONS (ACC Mode/PMMA Cable)

Sl No 1 2 3 4 Vo(mV) IF=Vo/100(ma) Po (dBm)
RESULT:
Studied the Optical Power (Po) of a Laser Diode vs Laser Diode Forward Current (IF) Characteristics
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INTENSITY MODULATION OF LASER OUTPUT THROUGH AN OPTIACL FIBER ExperimentNo:13 AIM:

The aim of the experiment is to study the Gain Characteristics of a FO linear Intensity Modulation System Vin(ac) vs Vout(ac) for fixed carrier power Po .
EQUIPMENT:
1. Laser Diode Design Module TNS 20EL-TX 2.Laser Diode Design Module TNS 20EA-RX 3.Two meter PMMA fiber patch card 4.Inline SMA Adaptors
THOERY:
Intensity modulation methods are the most popular of techniques used in optical communication, whether the input signal is in the analogue or digital from. The baseband signal, in number applications, is first modulated using one of the several electronic methods available prior to signal transmission. The electronically modulated signal is then used as the modulating signal for the light. While non-linear intensity modulation will be acceptable for digital or frequency modulated signals, linear intensity modulation is essential if a baseband signal is to be used for direct intensity modulation of a light source. An ideal linear intensity modulation/demodulation system would employ optoelectronic components and circuitry which will have linear characteristics in a specified range of operation. The optical output from the modulator, Po, will be directly proportional to Vin (modulating signal). The electrical output Vout, from the demodulator will be directly proportional to the incident optical power Pin. With the loss in the optical path (optical fiber cable etc) being a constant, we will obtain Vout directly proportional to Vin.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
(a) Select Rin such that the Vout(dc)=1Vdc (approximately) for carrier power, Po, corresponding to If=10ma(dc) at the modulator side. This will ensure distortion free reception of the optical signal. However the required gain and bandwidth may not be obtained in this case. (b) Alternately, select Rin such that the Vout(ac)=Vin(ac). This gives a unity gain for the full transmission system. However, clipping of the signal may appear if the Vout(dc) component is too high. Secondly, selection of bandwidth may not be possible as it varies inversely as Rin. We will now study these factors experimentally.
OBSERVATIONS: Vout Vs Vin

Frequency, fo =2KHz; Carrier Level Po=-15.0dBm Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 Vin (mVp-p) Vout (mVp-p) Vo/Vin
RESULT:
Studied the Gain Characteristics of a FO linear Intensity Modulation System Vin(ac) vs Vout(ac) for fixed carrier power Po .
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DETERMINATION OF NUMERICAL APERTURE OF OPTICAL FIBRES ExperimentNo:14 AIM:

The aim of the experiment is to determine the numerical aperture of the optical fibers available
EQUIPMENT:
1.Laser Diode Design Module TNS 20EL-TX 2.Laser Diode Design Module TNS 20EA-RX 3.Two meter PMMA fiber patch card 4.Inline SMA adaptors Numerical Aperture Measurement Jig
THOERY:
Numerical aperture of any optical system is a measure of how much light can be collected by the optical system. It is the product of the refractive index of the incident medium and the sine of the maximum ray angle. NA = ni.sinmax; ni for air is 1, hence NA = sinmax For a step-index fibre, as in the present case, the numerical aperture is given by N=(Ncore2 ncladding2)1/2 For very small differences in refractive indices the equation reduces to NA = ncore (2)1/2, where is the fractional difference in refractive indices. I and record the manufactures NA, ncladding and ncore, and .
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BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
The schematic diagram of the numerical aperture measurement system is shown below and is self explanatory. Step1: Connect one end of the PMMA FO cable to Po of TNS20EL TX Unit and the other end to the NA Jig, as shown. Step2: Plug the AC mains. Light should appear at the end of the fiber on the NA Jig. Turn the Set Po knob clockwise to set to maximum Po. The light intensity should increase. Step 3: Hold the white scale-screen, provided in the kit vertically at a distance of 15 mm (L) from the emitting fiber end and view the red spot on the screen. A dark room will facilitate good contrast. Position the screen-cum-scale to measure the diameter (W) of the spot. Choose the largest diameter. Step: 4 Compute NA from the formula NA = sinmax = W/(4L2 +W2)1/2. Tabulate the reading and repeat the experiment for 10mm, 20mm, and 25mm distance. Step5: In case the fiber is under filled, the intensity within the spot may not be evenly distributed. To ensure even distribution of light in the fiber, first remove twists on the fiber and then wind 5 turns of the fiber on to the mandrel as shown. Use an adhesive tape to hold the windings in position. Now view the spot. The intensity will be more evenly distributed within the core.
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OBSERVATIONS:
Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5
L (mm) 10 15 20 25 30
W(mm) 10 14 20 24 -
NA 0.447 0.423 0.447 0.432 -
(degrees) 26.5 25.0 26.5 25.64 -
RESULT:
Numerical aperture of the available optical fibers is Determined
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LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBRES AT 660NM & 850NM ExperimentNo:15 AIM:

The aim of the experiment is to study various types of losses that occur in optical fibers and measure losses in dB of two optical fiber patch cords at two wavelengths, namely, 660nm and 850nm. The coefficients of attenuation per meter at these wavelengths are to be computed from the results.
EQUIPMENT:
1.Fiber optic analog transmission Kit TNS 20EA-TX 2.Fiber optic analog transmission Kit TNS 20EA-RX 3.One meter& two meter PMMA fiber patch card 4.Inline SMA Adaptors
THOERY:
Attenuation in an optical fiber is a result of a number of effects. This aspect is well covered in the books referred to in Appendix II. We will confine our study to measurement of attenuation in two cables (Cable1 and Cable2) employing and SMA-SMA In-line-adaptor. We will also compute loss per meter of fiber in dB. We will also study the spectral response of the fiber at 2 wavelengths, 660nm and 850 and compare with the plot in Appendix II. The optical power at a distance, L, in an optical fiber is given by PL = Po 10 (-L10) where Po is the launched power and is the attenuation coefficient in decibels per unit length. The typical attenuation coefficient value for the fiber under consideration here is 0.3 dB per meter at a wavelength of 660nm. Loss in fibers expressed in decibels is given by -10log
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(Po/PF) where, Po is the launched power and PF is power at the far end of the fiber. Typical losses at connector junctions may very from 0.3 dB to 0.6 dB. Losses in fibers occur at fiber-fiber joints or splices due to axial displacement, angular displacement, separation (air core), mismatch of cores diameters, mismatch of numerical apertures, improper cleaving and cleaning at the ends. The loss equation for a simple fiber optic link is given as: Pin(dBm)-Pout(dBm)= LJ1+LFIB1+LJ2+ LFIB1+LJ3(db): where, LJ1(db) is the loss at the LEDconnector junction, LFIB1 (dB) is the loss in cable1, LJ2 (dB) is the insertion loss at a splice or in-line adaptor, LFIB2 (dB) is the loss cable2 and LJ3 (dB) is the loss at the connector-detector junction.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
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PROCEDURE:
The schematic diagram of the optical fiber loss measurement system is shown below and is self explanatory. The step by step procedure is given here: Step 1: Connect one and of Cable1 to the 660nm LED port of the TNS20EA-TX and the other end to the FO PIN port (power meter port) of TNS20EA-RX. Step2: Set the DMM to the 2000 mV range. Connect the terminals marked Po on TNS20EARX to the DMM the power meter is now ready for use. Step3: Connect the optical fiber patchcord, Cable1 securely, as shown, after relieving all twists and strains on the fibre. While connecting the cable please note that minimum force should be applied. At the same time ensure that the connector is not loosely coupled to the receptacle. After connecting the optical fibre cable properly, adjust SET Po knob to set power of 660nm LED to a suitable value, say, - 15.0dBm (the DMM will read 150 mV). Note this as P01 Step 4:Wind one turn of the fiber on the mandrel, and note the new reading of the power meter Po2. Now the loss due to bending and strain on the plastic fiber is Po1-Po2dB. For more accurate readout set the DMM to the 200.0mV range and take the measurement. Typically the loss due to the strain and bending the fiber is 0.3 to 0.8 db. Step5: Next remove the mandrel and relieve Cable1 of all twists and strains. Note the reading P01. Repeat the measurement with Cable2 (5 meters) and note the reading Po2. Use the in-line SMA adaptor and connect the two cables in series as shown. Note the measurement Po3. Loss in Cable1=Po3-Po2-Lila Loss in Cable2=Po3Po1-Lila Assuming a loss of 06 to 1.0dB in the in-line adaptor (Lila=1.0dB), we obtain the loss in each cable. The difference in the losses in the two cables will be equal to the loss in 4 meters of fiber (assuming that the losses at connector junctions are the same for both the cables). The experiment may be repeated in the higher sensitivity range of 200.0mV. The experiment also may be repeated for other Po settings such as -20dBm, -25 dBm, -30dBm etc.
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Sl No Po1 (dBm) Po2 (dBm) Po3 (dBm) Loss in Loss in Loss in 4 Loss per metres metre (dB) Cable 1 Cable2 (dB) (dB) fibre (dB) at 660nm
1 -15.0 2 -20.0 3 -25.0 4 Step6: Repeat the entire experiment with LED2 at 850nm and tabulate in 1.4.2 NOTE: The power meter has been calibrated internally to read power in dBm at 660nm. However the calibration has to be redone manually for measurements at 850nm. The PIN has a 66% higher sensitivity at850nm as compared to 660nm for the same input optical power. This corresponds to a sensitivity that is higher by 2.2dB. To calibrate the power meter at 850nm, deduct 2.2dB from the measured reading. In computing losses in cables and fibers this gets eliminated while solving the equations.

Sl No Po1 (dBm) 1 2 3 4 -15.0 -20.0 -25.0 Po2 (dBm) Po3 (dBm) Loss in Loss in Loss in 4 Loss per Cable 1 Cable2 metres metre (dB) (dB) (dB) fibre (dB) at 850nm
RESULT:
Studied the various types of losses that occur in optical fibers and measured the losses in dB of two optical fiber patch cords at two wavelengths, namely, 660nm and 850nm. The coefficients of attenuation per meter at these wavelengths are computed from the results.
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ExperimentNo:16 DESIGN OF FIBER OPTIC DIGITAL LINK FOR TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL SIGNALS
AIM : Design of optic digital transmission system EQUIPMENT: 1. Fiber optic digital transmitter receiver trainer. 2. Cathode ray oscilloscope 3. Probes. THEORY: The key sections of a optical fiber are a transmitter consisting of a light source and its associated drive circuitry, a cable offering mechanical and environmental protection to the optical fibers contained inside, and a receiver consisting of a photo detector plus amplification and signal restoring circuitry. Additional components include optical amplifiers, connectors, splices, couplers and regenerators. One of the principle characteristics of an optical fiber is its attenuation as a function of wavelength. Once the cable is installed, a light source i.e. dimensionally compatible with fiber core is used to launch optical power into the fiber. Semiconductor Light emitting diodes(LEDs) and Laser diodes are suitable for this purpose, since their light output can be modulated rapidly by simply varying bias current at the desired transmitter rate, there by producing optical signal. The electric input signal to the transmitter circuitry for the optical source can be either analog or digital form. After optical signal launched into a fiber it will become progressively attenuated and distorted with increase distance because of scattering, absorption and dispersion mechanism in the glass material. At the receiver photodiode will detect the weakened optical signal emerging from the fiber end and convert it to electrical current. The design of an optical receiver is inherently more complex than that of transmitter, since it has to interpret the content of the weakened and degraded signal received by the photo detector. The principle figure of merit for a receiver is the minimum power necessary at the desired data rate to attain either given error probability for digital system or a specified signal to noise ratio for an analog system. The ability of a receiver to achieve a certain performance level depends on photo detector type, the effects of noise in a system and characteristics of the successive amplifier stages in the RX.
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PROCEDURE: 1. Connect one end of the cable to the LED port of the FT2107 - Tx and other end to FO port of the FT2106 - Rx. 2. Connect NRZ encoder output to the Vin on the transmitter side. Also connect it to channel one of a dual trace oscilloscope. Connect Vo on the receiver side to channel2 of CRO. 3. Connect output of comparator on receiver side to NRZ of line decoder of receiver. 4. Set Rin to 200 using DMM to measure the resistance. 5. Turn on the receiver and transmitter units. The NRZ waveform should appear on channel1. It should be 5KHz square wave. In case waveform doesnt appear, RESET the encoder micro oscillator once. 6. Adjust Rth until the waveform on channel2 is almost identical to the input. Draw the transmitted and received waveforms. The input frequency and output frequency must be same. 7. Next remove the oscilloscope probe from V o and connect to Vin to observe the waveform at the output of the detector. Change input resistance Rin to change gain of detector and note the amplitude and shape at Vin. When Rin is decreased the amplitude of Vin decrease. But there is reduction distortion as well. 8. Repeat the set 7 by setting Rin to some other value and then adjusting Rth to obtain the received waveforms as close to the transmitted one. In each case draw the transmitted and received waveforms. OBSERVATIONS: Part 1: Input frequency :__________________KHz Output frequency :__________________KHz. Part 2:
S.No. Rin (in ohms) Vin (in Volts)
RESULT: Thus digital optical fiber transmitter/ receiver system characteristics are studied. XXX
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MW & OC LAB MANUAL

SPHOORTHY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

LABORATORY MANUAL For MICROWAVE & OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS

MW & OC LAB MANUAL

NUMERICAL APERTURE LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBRES DIGITAL OPTICAL TRANSMISSION LINK

Principal (Dr.SYED S BASHA, M.E., Ph.D.)

Head of the Department (Mr.T.RAVICHANDRA BABU)

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STUDY OF REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS

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MW & OC LAB MANUAL SET UP FOR REFLEX KLYSTRON BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Multi meter VSWR meter

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MODEL WAVEFORMS mw OUTPUT POWER 20

50 VOLTS 0 -50 fig -2 MODES OF 2K25

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S.No. Reflector Voltage Output power Frequency in (volts) in mW in GHz

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STUDY OF GUNN OSCILLATOR

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SET UP FOR GUNN OSCILLATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM

Gunn power supply

V Fig 2 V I Characteristics of Gunn Oscillator

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FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT

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SET UP FOR FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT

Klystron power supply

Tunable Prote Slotted Line

Matched Termination Movable Short

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MW & OC LAB MANUAL

f in =2f 1/o2 1/g2 =2/g

x1010 x1010cm/s cm/s

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MW & OC LAB MANUAL

SET UP FOR IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT

Klystron power supply

MW & OC LAB MANUAL

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SET UP FOR VSWR MEASUREMENT BLOCK DIAGRAM

Klystron power supply

MW & OC LAB MANUAL

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O/p Voltage Vx = 2 Vmin

Vmin d1 d2 Probe position Double Minimum method

O/p Vmax Vmin g/4 g/2 Standing Wave

MW & OC LAB MANUAL

MW & OC LAB MANUAL

MW & OC LAB MANUAL

SET UP FOR DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

Fig 1 27 SPHOORTHY Engg.College.

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2 TWO HOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER Fig 2

Gunn power supply

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=__________________ =__________________. =__________________.

MW & OC LAB MANUAL

= =. =__.

Output power at P2 = _.(say x db). Output power at P3 = _.(say y db).

= ________. = . =_. =_. =___________.