Aktiviti Prabacaan

AKTIVITI PRA BACAAN Aktiviti pra bacaan merujuk kepada aktiviti yang dijalankan untuk tujuan memberikan asas kepada kanak sebelum mereka boleh membaca. Walaupun kemahiran-kemahiran pra bacaan dapat dipelajari secara semulajadi di rumah atau di prasekolah, kemahiran ini adalah penting dalam perkembangaan kemahiran membaca kanak-kanak. Secara ringkasnya kemahiran-kemahiran ini dapat dibahagikan kepada tiga jenis iaitu 1. pengamatan penglihatan 2. pendengaran 3. pergerakan mata & tangan.

KEMAHIRAN PENGAMATAN PENGLIHATAN Kemahiran pengamatan penglihatan dapat dipupuk dalam pelbagai jenis aktiviti seperti aktiviti memadan dan juga arah. Aktiviti memadan adalah sebahagian daripada membaca kerana semasa kita membaca kita sebenarnya sedang memadan huruf atau perkataan dengan bunyi yang sesuai. Pada peringkat permulaan kanak-kanak boleh diperkenal dengan memadan bentuk, diikuti corak, huruf dan akhirnya perkataan. Aplikasi permainan memadan ialah jigsaw puzzle. Manakala aktiviti arah ini lebih merujuk kepada menyesuaikan kanak-kanak dengan membaca arah ayat dimulakan iaitu dari kiri ke kanan unutk tulisan rumi. Dalam situasi sebenar kanak-kanak sememangnya tidak tahu arah ayat dimulakan. Oleh itu semasa ibu bapa atau guru membacakan cerita atau ayat, mereka harus menunjuk kepada huruf yang dibaca. Kemudian guru harus menyoal kanak-kanak dari mana ayat mula dibacakan. Demi menunjukkan kepentingan membaca dari arah yang betul, guru harus mendemonstrasi dengan membaca secara terbalik. Apabila dibaca terbalik ayat yang dibaca akan menjadi tidak bermakna.

KEMAHIRAN PENDENGARAN Selain itu, pendengaran juga biasa digunakan terutama bersama pengamatan

penglihatan. Contoh aktiviti yang boleh dilakukan adalah memperkenalkan huruf-huruf dengan bunyinya. Ini membolehkan kanak-kanak mengenal pasti huruf sebelum berkembang untuk membaca perkataan dan ayat. Cara yang boleh digunakan oleh guru ialah memperkenalkan sebahagian perkataan yang penting kepada pelajar seperti huruf dalam nama pelajar. Selain itu, guru harus mengajar huruf bersama-sama dengan ayat. Contoh ialah a untuk ayam, b untuk bola. Pada masa yang sama elakkan mengunakkan huruf besar kerana ini dapat menimbulkan kekeliruan kepada pelajar. Bukan itu sahaja, cara yang paling langsung untuk kanak-kanak mahir dalam pendengaran adalah bertutur dengan kanak kanak atau membaca kepada kanakkanak. Semasa bertutur dengan mereka, kanak-kanak sedang mendengar dan mendapat pengalaman dalam berbahasa. Pengalaman inilah penting dalam

perkembangan membaca.

KEMAHIRAN PERGERAKAN MATA DAN TANGAN Kemahiran yang terakhir ialah kemahiran pergerakan mata dan tangan. Kemahiran ini dapat dipupuk melalui aktiviti motor tangan seperti mewarna. Perkembangan motor tangan adalah amat penting kerana pada peringkat awal, motor halus kanak-kanak belum matang lagi. Guru harus mengalakkan kanak-kanak untuk menggunakan kreativiti untuk melukis dan mewarna mengunakan peralatan yang berbeza. Ini bertujuan unutk melatih kanak-kanak memegang pensel atau objek yang seumpama seperti crayon atau pensel warna dengan cara yang betul dan pada masa yang sama melatih motor halus. Selain itu guru juga boleh memberi permainan yang mengunakkan objek kecil seperti set bongkah yang dapat membantu dalam perkembangan motor. Kalau tidak terdapat set bongkah, guru juga dapat member aktiviti seperti mengunting tetapi harus diingatkan untuk berhati-hati semasa mengunakkannya.

KAEDAH MENGAJAR BACAAN Kaedah mengajar bacaan merupakan sebagian lanjutan daripada aktiviti prabacaan tetapi ini lebih berfokus kepada cara memperkenalkan hurf, perkataan dan ayat serta bunyi kepada kanak-kanak. Kaedah ini secara kasar dapat dibahagikan kepada tiga: 1. Kaedah bunyi/ fonetik 2. Kaedah huruf 3. Kaedah pandang dan sebut KAEDAH BUNYI / FONETIK Kaedah ini lebih mengutamakan bunyi. Terdapat dua cara mengunaan iaitu: 1. Membunyikan suku kata dan menyambungkan dengan suku kata yang lain. Contohnya: ba + pa = bapa 2. Membunyikan huruf-huruf dahulu, lepas itu menjadikannya suku kata dan akhirnya perkataan. Contoh: b (beh), a (ah) = ba p(peh), a (ah) = pa ba + pa = bapa

Kekuatan Sesuai denagn susuk bahasa Melayu Bacaan

Kelemahan murid-murid perhatian tidak licin. Ini itu

adalah terdiri daripada suku-suku kata disebabkan yang hampir tetap bunyinya.

murid-murid

tertumpu kepada suku-suku kata, satu lepas satu.

Kaedah ini membolehkan kanak-kanak Tidak menarik hati kerana suku-suku kata membaca perkataan-perkataan baharu yang diajar itu tidak mempunyaai makna walaupun perkataan-perkataan itu diluar yang nyata pada mereka. perbendaharaan kata mereka.

KAEDAH HURUF

Kaedah yang tertua ini mementingkan mengenal nama-nama buruf dan bunyi-bunyi huruf. Biasanya kaedah ini dimulakan dengan memperkenalkan huruf-huruf dari a,b,c d sehingga z kepada kanak-kanak. Kemudian kanak-kanak akan mengenali huruf mana yang dikategri sebagai vokal dan konsonan. Pada tahap seterusnya kanak kanak diajar dengan gabungan vokal dan konsonan serta diftong. Bunyi-bunyi akan disambung menjadi suku kata seperti su + ka = suka. Seterusnya mereka akan mengenal rangkai kata, ayat dan seterusnya diajar membaca. Vokal Konsonan Gabungan Vokal dan Konsonan Perkataan Kekuatan 1 Sesuai dengan susuk bahasa Malaysia kerana bahasa Malaysia terdiri daripada suku-suku kata yang hampir tetap bunyinya 2 Membolehkan kanak-kanak membaca perkataan-perkataan baharu, walaupun belum mempelajarinya kerana mereka dapat mengenal huruf-huruf dan membunyikan vokal dan konsonan dengan baik. 3 Kaedah ini memberi asas dan binaan yang kukuh dalam membaca. 4 Tercapai kecekapan dan kemahiran membaca serta member keyakinan kepada murid-murid saya lari Kelemahan 1. Murid-murid membaca dengan lancar tanpa memahami apa yang dibacanya. Mereka hanya mementingkan sebutan dan kelancaran membaca. 2. Murid-murid terbawa-bawa tabiat membaca sambil mengeja menyebabkan mereka membaca merangkak-rangkak. Kaedah ini dikatakan tidak sesuai dengan kehendak pendidikan dan psikologi muridmurid kerana pengajaran tidak secara keseluruhan yang bermakna. s sa a y ya a l la i r ri

3. Boleh membosankan murid-murid terutama apabila mereka diberi latih tubi yang berlebihan.

KAEDAH PANDANG DAN SEBUT Kaedah ini juga dikenali dengan nama kaedah perkataan, kaedah rangkai kata dan kaedah ayat yang mementingkan dua perkara iaitu membunyikan perkataan atau rangkai kata berdasarkan pengalaman melalui gambar dan membunyikan ayat melalui gambar yang ada cerita. Kaedah ini tidak mengunakan kaedah emgeja atau membunyi tetapi mengecam dan membaca. Peringkat 1. Pada peringkat permulaan, perkataan-perkataan yang disampaikan mengikuti kaedah ini disertakan dengan gambar. Kanak kanak diminta untuk mengecam dan mengenal perkataan dengan memandang keseluruhannya. Setelah dicam, tidak dibunyikan, dan tidak juga dieja, tetapi terus disebut perkataan itu. 2. Mempelajari ayat pula, kanak-kanak diminta tidak mengeja satu-satu perkataan yang terkandung di dalamnya tetapi mengecam terus ayat-ayat yang pendek dan mudah dengan. Pengulangan serta latih tubi perlu diperbanyakkan. Kekuatan 1 Sesuai dengan kehendak ilmu jiwa kanak- 1 kanak kerana mereka mempelajari sesuatu cara keseluruhan, menarik minat muridmurid. 2 Bersesuaian dengan resmi semula jadi kanak-kanak mempelajari sesuatu iaitu daripada keseluruhan kepada bahagian- 3 bahagiannya 3 Kaedah ini dari awal mementingkan makna. 4 Guru dapat melatih kanak-kanak membaca 4 dengan sebutan dan rentak irama ataupun alunan suara yang betul dari mula. 2 Kelemahan Bacaan kanak-kanak mungkin terhad kepada perkataan, rangkai kata dan ayatayat yang telah diajar sahaja Kaaedah ini tidak membolehkan kanakkanak mengenal huruf-huruf secara formal. Lambat mengenal bunyi dan suku kata. Murid-murid tidak mempunyai asas yang kukuh yang membolehkan mereka membaca sendiri. Lambat tercapai kemahiran dan kecekapan membaca.

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During three months studying Business Communication course, my learning skills as well as my business knowledge have been improved. I have learnt to organize my ideas better in reports, write right grammatical sentences, and express messages through email and presentation fluently. As a working environment, it brings me a lot of business experiences, methods to deal with business issues. Business Communication course has helped me overcome my fear of writing assignments. I used to afraid of writing essays, reports or hesitating to ask my lecturers any questions through emails because I though that I have bad grammar, cannot organize my idea clearly and I used to get lower marks then my friends. However, this course helped me recognize that my terrible writing skill is caused by two factors: lack of confident and my carelessness. Surprisingly, after two weeks of preparing for the first assignment with lecturers devoted instruction, I got high mark for the first assignment. It woke me up and I realized that when I have a good preparation, practicing usually and check my work after finishing my writing, I can write well. Now, before writing an assignment, I read the requirements first, point out the main issues then make an outline, write a draft and check grammar and correct mistakes at the end. Moreover, I have learnt to write several types of email depending on its topic, content, receiver or company position. I havent known that writing an email need to be cautions from the title to the writing style, otherwise the readers can misunderstand or cannot have a thorough grasp of the content. Email assignment not only taught me how to deliver negative messages, but also raised my carefulness and awareness of the importance of an email. An email has power in express emotions as well as the respect of the author for receivers. If the first assignment made me more confident in my writing skill, the second assignment has ameliorated my knowledge about the differences between various types of business reports. I wrote reports about new business idea, researching the current market or analyzing a current situation of a company but in this report, I had to find out the shortcomings and problems existing inside my department. At first, I might think that our marketing department did nothing wrong in the companys problem but the meeting between departments has changed my mind. I was aware that a problem is the collative responsibility by all people in the organization. Although, analyzing own shortcomings is more difficult than doing it to others, this assignment bring me an opportunity to review myself and understand my strength and weakness. Additionally, a new form of report gave me a chance to discover many methods to deal the several issue during the business process. My presentation skill seems to be better after I took the third assignment. Doing presentation has appeared as usual since I entered in RMIT, but I have never concentrated in some skills needed in a presentation such as: body language, eyes contact, body movement, etc., rather than its content. Reflecting to me, almost of my presentations before this course were lack of vitality, attraction, leading to inadequate information which should be delivered to the audiences. In short time, I cannot complete my presentation skill, but at least, this course has helped me to understand the importance of body and emotional actions while express information. Presentation assignment taught me how to make good slides, good appearance in front of audiences. After this course, I plan to practice more in my vacation to be a good presenter in Market Research course in next semester when I would present to the managers of courses

sponsored company. Furthermore, this skill will help me complete my task perfectly as an employee of an organization. Besides improving my learning skills, this course helped me to have experiences in a real working environment, how to communicate with others in a company, how to deal the urgent issue occurred during business process. In the first lesson, my lecturer set up some business rules such as formal dress, punctuality, polite talking, etc. and simulates the class like a small company with six departments. I seem to work in a company instead of studying and it helps me felt the working environment with the full responsibility as a real employee. Now, I am aware of how different in communication between colleagues and classmates or friends. Connecting between friends, I can speak freely but with my colleagues, all of words I said must be formal, politely and express my respect to them. I was also aware of the importance of the communication among the company. Lack of communication between departments may lead to the wrong or incomplete decision, bad customer service and directly affect on company short and long term benefit. Through the task and activities in class, I collected some tips and learnt various solutions for some business issue. For example, when company has mistakes and may break the good relationship with potential customers, I can advise some solutions such as: discount the cost of the next orders to those customers, take a short investigation to find out the origin of the problem, delegate the tasks to responsible candidates, etc. I recognized that a company must be a close-knit community as a priority, a clear delegation of tasks and missions and constant improvement in both employees knowledge and relationships. Business communication course has helped me to improve my learning skill, my business knowledge and my awareness of the necessary of communication in workplace. It not only makes me more confident to complete other courses like: market research, customer services but also gives me more opportunities to do a better jobs in my future careers.

My childhood was like most other children. I received love and care from my family a lot, so my family will have been my biggest motivation. Sometimes, I sat and remembered my childhoods memories. My family was really a good attempt for me. They would certainly give me much helpful advice if I made mistakes. They also taught me self-consciousness. Besides, they tried their best to be able to create the best environment of education to me, especially my father. He always encouraged me to study hard; consequently, sometimes I thought my father put a lot of pressure on me, so I felt extremely upset and bored with learning. Why should I do that? I asked myself. However, after moving to Hanoi, in which I could approach with a new live-style, new education and new friends I realized seriously the benefits from educational methods of my family. Thus, I now feel not only very confident when facing different challenges, but also energetic enough to try to achieve my goals. OConnor and McDermott (1997, p.53) states that connecting causes and effects help us to learn experiences. Based on my experiences, I feel that they are correct, for example, in learning English, if my father had not ordered me to study five new words and revised grammars everyday, I would not have had English skills as now. About my career in the future, I want to become a lawyer and my grandfather who was a good lawyer effected to me very much. He and I often talked about political events and I felt very interested in listening to his analysis about law and politics. In addition, his characteristics impacted on me effectively, therefore becoming a good lawyer as my grandfather seemed to be one of my goals. Although I am studying a commerce course, I have never changed my ambition. Moreover, with knowledge about commerce and law I can use both of them to serve my job more efficiently in the future.

Business Communication is an exciting subject that I have ever studied. In a professional studying environment like RMIT, this course is very important and essential to all of RMIT students. In fact, most of graduated students will work in business environment. Therefore, their success not only is based on their ability and knowledge, but those students also need to use their communication skills effectively. I used to think that my knowledge and communication skills are good enough to be able to communicate and apply in my future career. However, I now realize that I must study plenty of things and train myself after last twelve studying weeks. In evidence, the course is organized very well and subjects structure is clear as well. Moreover, content of subjects is multiform. Some subjects focus on improving individual skills, the others aim to develop group-working skills, so that those make students interested in the course. I was really exited in studying this course, too. The first impression to me is regulation of dressing formal uniform. I think that this regulation is suitable and necessary to the course. All of students joining the course not only focus on studying theories, but they also pay attention to their dressing. Some of my friends stated that dressing formal uniform made them not confident as well as uncomfortable. In contrast, I strongly disagree with their idea. Dressing formal uniform represents a professional working environment as well as expresses our respect to others. In business environment, our dressing plays an important role beside other factors. Therefore, I totally agree that the formal dressing must be the first essential subject that all of students should follow. In terms of other subjects, the first assignment of our group is a presentation to introduce members in my group to class. Last semesters, I was guided how to have a successful presentation. Based on last experience, I think that preparing slides is the most important step.

This is the main content of first subject in the course as well. During the class, I paid attention to listen my teachers guides. This was really a good chance for me to strengthen my experience and aid me to study more skills. Beside real examples given from my teacher, she also stated that the best slide was the slide that followed six-six method. This means there should be six main points and each point should be summarized in six words. I applied this experience into other courses; as a result, I realize that my slides look more clear and professional than last ones. I will never forget a useful advice from my teacher. Furthermore, group-working method is another important element contributing to general success of a group. Since I was a student of RMIT, I have worked with lots of people and collected many helpful experiences from them. However, I sometimes felt bored and stressful when working with irresponsible people, who affected negatively to my working process and other people. After each time working with those people, I had more experiences for my future work. At this course, I had an opportunity to work with good friends. Not all of members had known to each other before, but all of my members were kind and responsible. I have realized that good time management is really an effective factor to our work. Before all of group meeting, I need to know about studying time of my members, and then I decided an appropriate time to meet all of my members. As a result, all of members felt comfortable to work together. Now I am working in my brothers company. I am a warehouse management, so I must not communicate with many people. However, I always use my communication skills flexibly in my role. In fact, the way to communicate with my colleagues is different from with my bosses. My colleagues have personal characteristics, so I always want to use communication skills to understand and unite my colleagues. Sometimes, I have to be strict to make everyone attend to her or his work seriously. This affects positively to working process of my company. Refer to my course; I had more knowledge and experience of nonverbal and cross-cultural communication as well. This subject is new and useful to me, because I maybe have to communicate with lots of foreign partners from different countries in my work, thus verbal communication skill will not be enough. Besides, I studied how to write a negative message and persuasive people effectively. Composing a negative message was my weaknesses. I used to feel quite confused when composing a negative message due to lack of experience. I have realized that writing a negative message is not easy, but I now feel better after receiving helpful advice and good examples from my teacher. Now I have completed all of given subjects in my course, as a result I have gained many helpful experience and good advice from my teacher. I am aware of my strengths and weaknesses, so I will use my strengths in communication skill to overcome my weaknesses. I believe in my ability in communicating with people. I can talk with many people with different personality, so I can understand their characteristics easily and people often feel friendly to exchange information with me as well. Besides, I should improve my time management skill to be able to make balance between studying time and working time. I have got more experiences of composing negative messages, but I should spend more time on training and improving this skill. In the future, I will work in business, so all of the subjects that I studied will be very effective to my career.

he development of economy is changing significantly, as a result this effects to society obviously. When I was a kid I lived in Lang Son, where is a city in the North of Vietnam. Although my parents could afford to take care of me well, our living standard and facilities really were not good enough, for example, in my primary school, there were not enough furniture and teaching equipments, which were quite old for us to use. Next, I can not forget my close friends. We often met, chatted and played many interesting plays happily together without discriminating with rich people and poor ones. Consequently, except for difficulties in living, I really feel happy with good everything I had in my past. However, following the time, I have realized the influence of economic development to society. With benefits from economic development, the government has more funds to be able to modify most infrastructures, support and get facilities better. Thus, this also impacts positively on my family. Because of growth in salaries of my parents, our living has improved obviously and this brings back comfort and convenience for us. Furthermore, the firm income of my family makes a good chance for me to study in the RMIT University. At home, I can use my knowledge and my English ability to transfer and help others, such as: my younger brothers or sisters. In addition, the change in economy leads to the change in characteristics of people. Many my friends have changed their thoughts. Someone who receive a comfortable life and the wealth tend to neglect poorer ones. Someone else seem jealousness or complex with me. I am shocked and quite sad about this. What should I do? OConnor and McDermott (1997) states that, Effect follows cause closely in time and space. With this knowledge, I can ensure that the development of country will certainly continue to effect and make many changes in society, so nothing can remain forever. I am very exited and impressed with the results of economic changes. In future, I will probably work in a business, so if the economy can grow permanently there will be many good conditions for my job.

I am saying from the heart because I write from experience. I have proved that I can work well with personal experiences as my material. Words just flow naturally if I write about what have happened to me. I like writing using the first person point of view, I dont know why, I just like being very personal when Im writing. I want to be understood, and I want to establish a connection between me, as the writer, with my readers. It makes me feel good to know that my writing can bring about a reaction from the ones who have read it, much more if they give me praises.

Writing is difficult, creative writing is a STRUGGLE, its different if you have to write creatively, theres much more pressure, you have to make use of your meager stock of words, yet they should yield a crafty piece of literature. Only a few people are able to manipulate words into becoming a beautiful piece of art, and I am hoping that someday (in the far-flung future) I can make onebut I still have a lot to learn, Im not that confident with my writing, I still have to develop a singular and personal style in writing and I have to perfect it. Much is yet to be done

I have yet to learn a lot of things, especially in writing technical papers; Im terrible with these kinds of papers. Fiction-wise, I think I have improved much. I have long been trying to write short stories since I was in third grade; I just love to write short stories. I dont know why, perhaps its because I didnt play with the other kids that often, and writing became my friend. It also helps that I use writing as an outlet every time I am angry or I am depressed with the status quo of my existence. Writing just needs practice.

Recently, my friend gave me a pretty journal. At first, I was afraid to write on it because it was too pretty, I didnt want to damage it with mu ugly handwrieting, but as I read Kristine Bersola-Babaos article on the newspaper that she keeps four journals, aside from her electronic one, I was inspired. I need not to be afraid. I need to write, write, write, and WRITE

Reading also helps a lot. When I am faced with a writers block, I turn to reading. It inspires me and perhaps gives me ideas on what to write. You need to be a good reader for you to be a good writer.

I personally think that I am improving as a writer. I think the constructive criticisms during our sessions also help because I learn from the comments of others. I used to be afraid of criticisms; I didnt want to be criticized, I have always thought that its too embarrassing or to demeaning and intimidating, but now I see the wisdom behind the opinions of others.