Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 0

Textiles

.Intelligence
Textiles
.Intelligence
Textile Outlook
.International
Business and market analysis for the global textile and apparel industries
No 151
Published July 2011
T
e
x
t
i
l
e
O
u
t
l
o
o
k

I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
a
r
c
h
-
A
p
r
i
l

2
0
0
5
T
e
x
t
i
l
e
s

I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
Textiles Intelligence Limited
International Subscriptions
10 Beech Lane
Wilmslow
Cheshire SK9 5ER
United Kingdom
Telephone: +44 (0)1625 536136
Facsimile: +44 (0)1625 536137
Email: info@textilesintelligence.com
Website: www.textilesintelligence.com
54580_TOI 115 Cover 10/5/05 12:04 pm Page 1

www.textilesintelligence.com


Textile Outlook International

Published six times a year

Analysis of worldwide trends in textile trade, manufacturing, marketing and markets including
upstream activities (fibres and yarns) and downstream activities (end uses, apparel and
distribution).

Editorial director: Robin Anson
Contributing editors: Guillaume Brocklehurst, Don Sanders, Arthur Way
Sales and marketing: Belinda Carp, Cecilia McConnell, J ane Mundy

Textile Outlook International was formerly published by the Economist Intelligence Unit.




SUBSCRIPTION RATES 2011
(including airmail postage)
Europe, Middle Americas,
East and Africa Asia Pacific
Euro US$
Annual subscription
Printed format only 1,620 2,100
Printed and electronic (single user) 2,430 3,150
Printed and electronic (single site) 3,240 4,200
Printed and electronic (corporate) 14,580 18,900

Single issues and reports are available for purchase individually, in electronic format.
Prices on application.





Sales, subscriptions and editorial enquiries
Textiles Intelligence Ltd, Alderley House, Alderley Road, Wilmslow SK9 1AT, United Kingdom.
Tel: +44 (0)1625 536136; fax: +44 (0)1625 536137; email: info@textilesintelligence.com

Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011

ISSN 0268-4764
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 1
Textile Outlook International
ISSN 0268-4764
No 151
Published July 2011
Contents
4 Editorial: TexprocessA New Trade Fair for the Global Sewn Products Industry
4 Trade Fairs Have Been Moving Offshore Too
5 A Fair for Processing Textile and Flexible Materials
7 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends: China, Hong Kong, Japan, South
Korea and Taiwan
7 Summary
7 China
12 Hong Kong
17 Japan
23 South Korea
27 Taiwan
33 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
33 Summary
33 Importance of the Textile and Clothing Industry to the Economy of Taiwan
34 Development of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
37 Taiwan: Geographical, Political and Economic Prole
42 Taiwan: Infrastructure
43 Taiwan: Human Resources
47 Size and Structure of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
49 Taiwan: Textile and Clothing Production and Consumption
52 Product and Production Technology and Machinery in Taiwans Textile and Clothing Industry
53 Taiwans Textile and Clothing Exports
57 Taiwans Textile and Clothing Imports
59 Textiles and Clothing in Taiwan: Government Policies and Investment Incentives
62 Textiles and Clothing in Taiwan: Foreign Investment
64 Textiles and Clothing in Taiwan: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
68 Statistical Appendix
72 World Markets for Home Textiles: Focus on Home Linen and Proles of Leading Players
72 Summary
72 Global Trade in Home Linen
75 US Imports of Home Linen
78 US Imports of Cotton Bed Linen
80 US Imports of Cotton Toilet Linen and Kitchen Linen
82 EU Imports of Home Linen
84 EU Imports of Cotton Bed Linen
86 EU Imports of Cotton Toilet Linen and Kitchen Linen
88 Strengths of China, India, Pakistan and Turkey
89 Prole of Alok Industries
90 Prole of Gul Ahmed Textile Mills
91 Prole of Loftex
92 Prole of Nishat Mills Limited
93 Prole of Sunvim Home Textile
94 Prole of Trident Limited
95 Prole of Veken Group
95 Prole of Welspun India Limited
97 Prole of Yunus Textile Mills Limited
98 Prole of Zorlu
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Contents
2 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
99 Product Developments and Innovations
99 Summary
99 Design Software
100 Dyeing
102 Dyeing Technology
102 Ethical Apparel
104 Fabrics for Performance and Protective Apparel
106 Fabric Treatments
109 Fibres and Yarns for Apparel
110 Machinery
111 Protective Apparel
113 Radio Frequency Identication (RFID) Technology
114 Sports Apparel
115 Three-Dimensional (3D) Body Scanners
116 Workwear
118 Yarns for Performance and Protective Apparel
119 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
119 Summary
119 Introduction
121 EU Textile and Clothing Import Trends
130 EU Imports of Textiles
134 EU Imports of Clothing
138 EU Imports of Cotton Yarn
140 EU Imports of Fabrics Woven from Synthetic Staple Fibres
143 EU Imports of Fabrics Woven from Synthetic Filament Yarn
146 EU Imports of T-Shirts
148 EU Imports of Pullovers
151 EU Imports of Mens Trousers
154 EU Imports of Womens Trousers
156 EU Imports of Mens Denim Trousers
159 EU Imports of Womens Denim Trousers
161 EU Imports of Womens Blouses
165 EU Imports of Mens Shirts
167 EU Imports of Womens Overcoats
170 EU Imports of Womens Dresses
172 EU Imports of Womens Skirts
175 EU Imports of Womens Suits
178 Appendix
185 Glossary
218 Index to Textile Outlook International
Planned for forthcoming issues:
Global sourcing strategies in textiles and apparel
Innovations in dyeing and nishing in the textile and clothing industry
Prole of H&M: a pioneer of fast fashion
Prospects for the textile and clothing industries in Brazil, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea and
Vietnam
Surveys of the European yarn fairs and fabric fairs for autumn/winter 2012/13
Sustainability in the textile and clothing industry
Water treatment in the textile industry
World markets for lingerie and swimwear
World markets for textile machinery: yarn manufacture; woven fabric manufacture; and knitted fabric
manufacture
World textile and apparel trade and production trends: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, the EU,
Mexico, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey and the USA
World textile and clothing trade
World textile demand
Textiles Intelligence
Textiles Intelligence Limited is a company formed to handle the portfolio of bres, textiles and
clothing publications previously produced by the Economist Intelligence Unit.
It is our commitment, through a wide range of Special Reports and four regular titles, Global
Apparel Markets, Performance Apparel Markets, Technical Textile Markets, and Textile Outlook
International, to supply you with the highest quality business information about the international
bres, textiles and clothing industries.
Textiles Intelligence delivered electronically
This publication is available in electronic format
Details from:
Textiles Intelligence Electronic Publishing
Alderley House, Wilmslow SK9 1AT
United Kingdom
Telephone +44 (0)1625 536136
Facsimile +44 (0)1625 536137
Email info@textilesintelligence.com
Website www.textilesintelligence.com
All statistics are drawn from ofcial national and
international sources unless otherwise indicated.
All tons are metric tons unless otherwise stated.
n/a = not available or not applicable.
Textiles Intelligence Limited is, unless otherwise stated, the owner of copyright and database right in this publication and
its contents. No part of this publication may be published, distributed, extracted, re-utilised or reproduced in any material
form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or
incidentally to some other use of this publication) except as permitted by the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or
the Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulation 1997 (as applicable).
2011 Textiles Intelligence Limited. Formerly published by The Economist Intelligence Unit.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Editorial
4 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Editorial: TexprocessA New
Trade Fair for the Global Sewn
Products Industry
TRADE FAIRS HAVE BEEN MOVING OFFSHORE TOO
It is unusual for a new trade fair aimed at the textile and clothing
industry to be started in Western Europe these days. Growth in recent
years has been confined to large countries where production is growing
rapidly or regional hubs serving groups of developing countries.
A case in point is Techtextila trade fair owned by Messe Frankfurt
and aimed at buyers and producers of technical textiles and nonwoven
materials. Techtextil started off in Frankfurt and continues to be held
there every two years. But Messe Frankfurt has skilfully extended the
brand by globalising it. The next Techtextil will be held in Frankfurt
in June 2013. But before then, four variants are due to be staged:
Techtextil India 2011, to be held in October 2011 in Mumbai;
Techtextil Russia 2012, to be held in March 2012 at the Expocentre
in Moscow; Techtextil North America 2012 to be held in April 2012
at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta, Georgia; and Cinte
Techtextil China 2012, to be staged some time in 2012 at the
Shanghai New International Expo Centre in Pudong, Shanghai.
Another case in point is Interstoff. For many years, Interstoff was held
in Frankfurt and became the world meeting place for anyone involved
in textiles. But its Frankfurt location became increasingly irrelevant as
the industry shifted to Asia. The concept was reincarnated in Hong
Kong under the name Interstoff Asianow Interstoff Asia Essential
and this fair continues to be held twice a year. But as production
has been moved from Hong Kong to mainland China it has become
a relatively low key event and is certainly a shadow of its former
Frankfurt self.
Not surprisingly, the mainland is the venue for what is arguably the
true successor to the former Interstoffan event which goes under the
name Intertextile. Intertextile is itself an umbrella name and has
variants in different parts of China, including: Intertextile Beijing
Apparel Fabrics; Intertextile Pavilion Shenzhen; and Intertextile
Shanghai Apparel Fabrics.
Given the shift in the centre of gravity from Frankfurt to Asia, with
China the main focus, newcomers to the industry may be surprised to
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Editorial
1
A review of the key technological developments revealed at Texprocess is planned for a forthcoming issue
of the Textiles Intelligence quarterly publication Global Apparel Markets.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 5
learn that the organisers newest baby in the textile and clothing
world, Texprocess
1
, has been staged for the first time where Interstoff
had its hay dayin Frankfurt itself.
Furthermore, the first foreign variant of Texprocess will take place in
the USAa country which, in recent years, has suffered more than
most in the industrialised world from the decline of its textile and
clothing industry.
A FAIR FOR PROCESSING TEXTILE AND FLEXIBLE MATERIALS
Texprocess is described by Messe Frankfurt as the leading
international trade fair for processing textile and flexible materials.
Such a description may appear euphemistic to some. Why not describe
it as a clothing machinery fair?
In fact the title of the fair and its description appear to have been
chosen extremely carefully to reflect the fact thatwhile the bulk of
garments are made in low wage locations using traditional machinery
a new industry is developing which uses advanced functional
materials to make added value products for demanding applications.
This new industry may be much smaller in volume than the mass
production textile and apparel industry which has gone offshore over
the last two to three decades, but it is much more knowledge- and
technology-intensive and involves greater value addition.
The use of advanced functional materials requires new processing and
handling techniques, and the manufacture of finished products from
such materials often involves the use of high-tech manufacturing
methods and novel techniques. It is therefore fitting that the first edition
of such a fair should be held in Germanyat least in the early stages.
Messe Frankfurt has staked a large part of its reputation on the fair
at least in the world of textiles and clothing. Accordingly, it has put
a lot of investment into the Texprocess concept.
Moreover, in April 2010more than a year before the first Texprocess
was tried and tested in Frankfurtan agreement was announced which
would pave the way to the internationalisation of Texprocess and,
potentially, its eventual globalisation. The agreement was made with
the owners of Spesa (the Sewn Products Equipment & Suppliers of the
Americas) whose trade fair, Spesa Expo, is a somewhat reduced
successor to what was once the giant Bobbin Show.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Editorial
6 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Spesa Expo will be no longer be held in its own right but will be
incorporated into Texprocess Americas to provide sewn products
suppliers an even larger, and wider reaching opportunity to showcase
their products and services.
For the organisers of Spesa Expo, the deal with Messe Frankfurt has
provided an exit strategy. But for Messe Frankfurt, there is an
underlying strategic objective in securing a stronger presence in the
Americas. However, that objective lies not in the USA but in Central
and South America, where there is much untapped potential. This will
become of growing significance as China becomes less competitive as
a location for sourcing low added value commodity products.
The rise in labour costs in China is inexorable, and a realignment of
the renminbi seems inevitable, forcing buyers to consider their
strategic sourcing options for the future. This could involve a
geographical diversification of sourcing locations which would reverse
the trend of consolidation in favour of China over the six and a half
years since the elimination of quotas.
In the Americas, one of the countries likely to benefit from Chinas
growing uncompetitiveness is Mexicowhich has a track record as
having been the USAs biggest clothing supplier for much of the
1990s. Signatories of the Dominican Republic-Central America-United
States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) stand to benefit too.
The change in sourcing patterns will not happen overnight, and China
will remain dominant in the US textile and clothing market for the
foreseeable future. But as Chinas stranglehold gradually softens,
opportunities will open up for Central and South American
countriesespecially as fuel costs, delivery distances, quick response,
short lead times and the minimisation of inventories become ever
more important.
Messe Frankfurt took a calculated risk in extending Texprocess to the
Americas a year before the Frankfurt event was held. But the move
was a shrewd one as it sent signals to the world that Texprocess is
here to stay. Moreover, Messe Frankfurt is unlikely to stop there. So,
expect further internationalisation of Texprocess in the future, with
India coming into sharp focus.
Robin Anson
Editorial Director, Textile Outlook International
July 4, 2011
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 7
World Textile and Apparel Trade
and Production Trends: China,
Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea
and Taiwan
SUMMARY

Chinese textile and clothing exports increased by 23.7% in 2010 after a poor year in 2009. During
January-April 2011 they were up by a further 27.4% compared with the corresponding period a year
earlier. Sales of Chinese goods to the EU and the USA rose at double digit rates in 2010 but sales
to Japan continued to fall. Production in China grew at a strong pace in 2010 and continued to
increase in the first four months of 2011.
In Hong Kong, domestic exports of textiles and clothing fell by a sharp 27.7% in 2010. Re-exports,
by contrast, rose by 6.5%. As a result, the share of re-exports in total exports reached an
overwhelming 98.1%. Furthermore, this share inched up to 98.2% during the first four months of 2011
as re-exports grew by 8.5% while domestic exports remained more or less unchanged. In 2010 the
USA became Hong Kongs largest export market and China rose to second place, but the EU dropped
two places to number three.
In Japan, the situation for manufacturers and exporters of textiles and clothing improved in 2010 after
a poor 2009. Japanese textile and clothing exporters increased their sales in nine of their ten largest
markets in 2010 while imports continued to decline. At the same time, textile and clothing retail sales
rose for the first time in six yearsas did wholesale sales.
South Korean textile and clothing exports more than recovered in 2010, having grown by 20.3% after
a 13.0% decline a year earlier. Furthermore, South Korea posted strong growth in exports to the EU
and the USA after losing considerable ground to low cost Asian competitors over the past decade.
Also, free trade agreements between South Korea and the USA and between South Korea and the EU
are set to come into force later in 2011 and could improve exports still further.
In Taiwan, export demand rebounded in 2010 after falling for a second consecutive year in 2009. The
rise in demand reflected a recovery in almost all major export markets, and was accompanied by an
increase in textile and clothing production.
CHINA
EXPORTS
Chinas textile and
clothing exports grew by
23.7% in 2010
Chinas textile and clothing exports recovered well in 2010 after a
poor 2009. Exports grew by 23.7%, from US$167.3 bn in 2009 to
US$206.9 bn in 2010.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
8 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Figure 1
China: textile and clothing exports by
destination, 2010

Source: Textiles Intelligence research
EU USA Japan Hong Kong Others
0
10
20
30
40
50
22.0
18.0
12.0
10.0
38.0
(%)
Clothing exports grew by
20.9% and textile exports by
28.5%
Within the total for 2010, clothing exports rose by 20.9% to
US$129.5 bn while textile exports increased by 28.5% to
US$77.4 bn.
During January-April 2011
textile and clothing exports
surged by 27.4%
Foreign demand for Chinese textiles and clothing was also vigorous
during January-April 2011. Total exports surged by 27.4% compared
with the corresponding period a year earlier to reach US$68.6 bn.
Clothing exports rose by
22.9% and textile exports by
34.1%
Within this total, clothing exports increased by 22.9% to US$39.6 bn
while textile exports jumped by 34.1% to US$29.1 bn.
EXPORT MARKETS
Chinas largest textile and
clothing market in 2010 was
the EU, followed by the USA,
Japan and Hong Kong
Chinas largest textile and clothing export market in 2010 was the EU
with a 22% share of total exports, followed by the USA with a share
of 18%, Japan with a share of 12% and Hong Kong with a share
of 10%.
Exports from China to the EU
Chinese textile and clothing
sales in the EU rose by 13.7%
during 2010
Chinese textile and clothing sales in the EU import market rose by
13.7% between 2009 and 2010, from Euro30,779.9 mn to
Euro34,983.7 mn (US$46,345 mn), according to EU import data.
Textile sales grew by 31.8%
and clothing sales by 10.0%
Within the 2010 total, textile sales grew by 31.8% to Euro6,796.2 mn
while clothing sales advanced by 10.0% to Euro28,187.5 mn.
A number of textile
products performed well
during this period
The best performing textile products during this period included wool
fibres, yarns and woven fabrics (up by 71.5% to Euro443.2 mn), non-
cotton vegetable fibres, yarns and woven fabrics (up by 54.0%
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 9
to Euro111.8 mn), knitted fabrics (up by 45.8% to Euro352.4 mn),
wadding, felts, nonwoven fabrics and other textile products classified
under HS Chapter 56 (up by 43.7% to Euro234.0 mn), cotton fibres,
yarns and woven fabrics (up by 43.4% to Euro516.9 mn), fabrics
impregnated, coated, covered or laminated with plastics (up by 41.5%
to Euro284.4 mn), silk fibres, yarns and woven fabrics (up by 39.5%
to Euro231.1 mn), man-made filament yarns and woven fabrics
classified under HS Chapter 54 (up by 33.4% to Euro632.1 mn),
carpets and other textile floor coverings (up by 32.9% to
Euro225.3 mn), man-made staple fibres, staple yarns and woven
fabrics classified under HS Chapter 55 (up by 29.4% to
Euro484.9 mn) and made-up textiles (up by 22.4% to
Euro3,024.9 mn).
Sales of knitted clothing
increased by 13.3% and
woven clothing by 7.3%
Sales of knitted clothing from China increased by 13.3% to
Euro13,018.3 mn while sales of woven clothing rose by 7.3% to
Euro15,169.1 mn.
China increased its share
of the EU textile and
clothing import market
China strengthened its position as the largest supplier of textiles and
clothing to the EU in 2010, having increased its share of the EU
import market from 41.0% in 2009 to 41.7% in 2010.
In clothing, it increased its
share to 45.7% and in
textiles to 30.7%
In clothing alone, Chinese suppliers increased their share of the EU
import market from 44.7% in 2009 to 45.7% in 2010. In textiles,
China increased its share from 29.2% to 30.7%.
China accounted for 72.3%
of EU imports of silk fibres,
yarns and woven fabrics
China is especially dominant in silk fibres, yarns and woven fabrics
where it accounted for 72.3% of all EU imports of these materials in
2010.
and for 40% or more of
the EU import markets for
woven clothing, knitted
clothing, made-up textiles
and special woven fabrics
China also held a 48.8% share of the EU import market for woven
clothing, 42.4% of the import market for knitted clothing, 42.0% of
the import market for made-up textiles and 40.0% of the import
market for special woven fabrics and other textile products classified
under HS Chapter 58.
Exports from China to the USA
Chinese textile and clothing
sales in the US import
market rose by 21.1%
between 2009 and 2010
Chinese textile and clothing sales in the US import market grew
by 21.1% between 2009 and 2010, from US$31,760.0 mn to
US$38,470.3 mn, according to data supplied by the US Department
of Commerce
Clothing sales grew by
19.0% and textile sales by
27.1%
Within the total for 2010, clothing sales grew by 19.0% to
US$27,974.9 mn while textile sales rose by 27.1% to
US$10,495.4 mn.
but demand was less
upbeat in the first
quarter of 2011
During the first quarter of 2011, however, US demand for Chinese
textiles and clothing was less upbeat. Compared with the
corresponding period a year earlier, clothing sales increased by only
7.6% to US$5,643.5 mn while textile sales rose by 14.6% to
US$2,349.7 mn.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
10 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
In 2010 there were strong
increases in sales of a wide
range of Chinese textile
and apparel products in
the USA
In 2010 there were strong increases in sales of a broad range of
Chinese textile and apparel products in the USA, including babies
playsuits and similar garments (up by 167.2% to US$45.5 mn), mens
and boys man-made fibre knitted shirts (up by 51.2% to
US$240.3 mn), cotton underwear (up by 49.4% to US$346.8 mn),
nonwoven fabric (up by 49.4% to US$128.3 mn), cotton brassieres (up
by 40.6% to US$99.2 mn), knitted fabric (up by 39.9% to
US$148.2 mn), womens and girls man-made fibre trousers (up by
38.4% to US$401.6 mn), wool knitted shirts and blouses (up by
34.9% to US$331.1 mn), mens and boys cotton knitted shirts (up by
34.6% to US$1,008.6 mn), mens and boys cotton woven shirts (up
by 34.4% to US$841.6 mn), cotton terry towels (up by 33.0% to
US$375.9 mn) and man-made fibre luggage, handbags and flat goods
(up by 31.6% to US$2,685.1 mn).
Conversely, sales of a
number of categories
performed poorly
Conversely, sales of a number of categories performed poorly,
including neckwear made from silk blends and non-cotton vegetable
fibres (down by 40.0% to US$5.2 mn), womens and girls silk knitted
shirts and blouses (down by 33.1% to US$68.5 mn), silk underwear
(down by 32.0% to US$7.3 mn), silk nightwear (down by 32.0% to
US$6.3 mn) and trousers made from silk blends and non-cotton
vegetable fibres (down by 14.4% to US$374.0 mn).
China increased its share
of the US import market
for clothing
As in the EU, China was able to increase its share of the US textile
and clothing import markets in 2010. In clothing, Chinas share
jumped in value terms from 37.2% to 39.2% and in volume terms
from 40.5% to 42.0%.
and textiles In textiles, its share rose from 46.1% to 48.0% in value terms and
from 47.8% to 50.8% in terms of volume.
China was the USAs
largest supplier of clothing
made from cotton, man-
made fibre, wool, silk, and
silk blends and non-cotton
vegetable fibres (SBVF), in
both value and volume
terms
In the US market for clothing made from cotton, man-made fibre,
wool, silk, and silk blends and non-cotton vegetable fibres (SBVF),
China was by far the largest supplier in both value and volume terms
in 2010. In the case of cotton clothing, Chinese supplies accounted for
33.9% of all US imports of these items in value terms during the year
(up from 31.9% in 2009). In man-made fibre clothing it accounted for
44.9% (up from 43.5% in 2009), in wool clothing for 53.4% (up from
49.1% in 2009), in SBVF clothing for 74.2% (down from 74.6% in
2009) and in silk clothing for an equally overwhelming 76.5% (down
from 77.2% in 2009).
In textiles it was the
largest supplier of fabrics
and made-up textiles
On the textile side, China was the largest supplier of fabrics in 2010
with a 23.9% share of the market (up from 22.4% in 2009). China
was also the largest supplier of made-up textiles with a 58.7% share
(up from 56.5%).
But in the case of yarns it
ranked only third behind
Mexico and Canada
In the case of yarns, however, China ranked only third, behind Canada
and Mexico, with a 9.4% sharealthough this share was up from
6.8% a year earlier.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 11
Exports from China to Japan
Sales of Chinese textiles
and clothing in the
Japanese import market
fell in both 2009 and 2010
Demand for Chinese merchandise has been lethargic in Japan over the
past several years. In 2009 sales of Chinese textiles and clothing in the
Japanese import market fell by 9.3% to 2,289,828 mn and in 2010
they fell by a further 3.0% to 2,220,654 mn (US$25,305 mn),
according to Japanese import data.
Sales of made-up textiles
fell by 17.9%
The drop in sales in 2010 was attributable for the most part to a
17.9% decline in sales of made-up textiles, to 225,727 mn.
Clothing sales declined by
2.2%, which was due to
falls in sales of both woven
and knitted clothing
Clothing sales also performed poorly, having dropped by 2.2% to
1,847,940 mn. The drop was due to falls in sales of both woven
clothing (down by 2.9% to 882,878 mn) and knitted clothing (down
by 1.6% to 965,062 mn).
Conversely, sales of a
number of textile products
performed well
Conversely, sales of a number of textile products fared well, including
fabrics impregnated, coated, covered or laminated with plastics (up by
33.4% to 8,777 mn), man-made fibres, yarns and woven fabrics
classified under HS Chapters 54 and 55 (up by 31.6% to 25,427 mn)
and silk fibres, yarns and woven fabrics (up by 29.2% to 8,849 mn).
Despite the overall fall in
sales, China remained
Japans largest textile and
clothing supplier in 2010
Despite the overall decline in sales in 2010, China remained by far
Japans largest textile and clothing supplier with a 77.3% share of the
import market, although this was down from 78.9% in the previous
year.
Exports from China to Hong Kong
China lost share of the Hong
Kong import market in 2010
China supplied as much as 76.9% of Hong Kongs total textile and
clothing imports in 2010, although this was down from 79.2% in
2009.
Despite the drop in share,
demand for Chinese
products grew by 6.6%
Despite the drop in share, demand for Chinese products was higher as
sales grew by 6.6% to HK$166,800 mn (US$21,471 mn), according
to Hong Kong import data.
Sales of clothing rose by
5.4% and sales of textiles
by 13.9%
Within this total, sales of clothing rose by 5.4% to HK$112,184 mn
while textile sales increased by 13.9% to HK$54,616 mn.
Exports from China to Canada
China was Canadas largest
textile and clothing supplier
in 2010 with a 40.3% share
China was also the largest textile and clothing supplier to Canada in
2010 with a 40.3% share of total imports, albeit down from a 40.5%
share in 2009.
Supplies of Chinese textiles
and clothing rose by 12.4%
According to Canadian import data, supplies of Chinese textiles and
clothing rose by 12.4% to US$4,794.0 mn in 2010.
There was strong growth
in sales of a number of
textile product categories
In textiles, strong growth was witnessed in sales of carpets and other
textile floor coverings (up by 44.8% to US$42.9 mn), knitted fabric
(up by 44.3% to US$40.3 mn), wool fibres, yarns and woven fabrics
(up by 40.0% to US$17.0 mn), cotton fibres, yarns and woven fabrics
(up by 36.4% to US$22.4 mn) and made-up textiles (up by 25.2% to
US$563.8 mn).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
12 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
In clothing, sales of woven
items and knitted items
both increased
In clothing, sales of woven items increased by 7.8% to
US$1,966.8 mn while knitted clothing sales grew by 11.9% to
US$1,963.5 mn.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
In 2010 output of man-made
fibres grew by 12.5%, yarn
output was up by 13.5% and
fabric output grew by 6.2%
Textile production in China grew at a good pace in 2010. Output of
man-made fibres was up by 12.5% to 30.9 mn tons, yarn production
increased by 13.5% to 27.2 mn tons and fabric output advanced by
6.2% to 80,000 mn metres.
Textile production
continued to increase in
the first four months of
2011
Furthermore, textile production continued to increase in the first four
months of 2011. Compared with the corresponding period a year
earlier, yarn output rose by 10.6% to 8.5 mn tons, fabric output by
15.7% to 17,870 mn metres and man-made fibre production by 15.3%
to 10.4 mn tons.
INVESTMENT
Investment in Chinas
textile sector rose by
26.4% and in the clothing
and footwear sectors it
soared by 34.4%
Investment in fixed assets in Chinas textile, clothing and footwear
industries also continued to increase. In the textile sector, investment
rose by 26.4% to Rmb222,976 mn (US$32,941 mn) in 2010 and in
the clothing and footwear sectors it soared by 34.4% to
Rmb141,175 mn.
However, investment in
these sectors accounted for
a mere 1.5% of total
national investment in 2010
However, investment in the textile, clothing and footwear sectors
accounted for a mere 1.5% of total national investment in 2010.
Although this was up from 1.4% in 2009, it was down from 1.6% in
2008.
HONG KONG
EXPORTS AND RE-EXPORTS
Hong Kongs clothing
exports rose by 5.6% in
2010 after declining in 2009
Hong Kongs total clothing exports rose by 5.6% to HK$186,840 mn
(US$24,049 mn) in 2010, following a decline of 18.6% to
HK$176,939 mn in 2009.
Textile exports grew by
13.6% after falling in 2009
In the case of textiles, exports advanced by 13.6% to HK$87,848 mn
in 2010, after falling by 19.0% to HK$77,328 mn in 2009.
During January-April
2011, textile and clothing
exports continued to rise
During January-April 2011, Hong Kongs textile and clothing exports
continued to rise. Compared with the corresponding period a year
earlier, textile exports grew by 14.2% to HK$30,268 mn and clothing
exports increased by 8.4% to HK$52,739 mn.
The vast majority of Hong
Kongs exports are in the
form of re-exports
The vast majority of Hong Kongs textile and clothing exports,
however, are in the form of re-exportsor exports of goods imported
from elsewhere, mostly China. Only a minority are domestic exports,
which are exports of goods manufactured in Hong Kong.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 13
and their contribution
to total textile and clothing
exports has grown each
year since 2004
Furthermore, Hong Kongs textile and clothing re-exports have in the
recent past increased in importance each year. In 2004 they accounted
for 67.6% of Hong Kongs total textile and clothing exports. But this
share rose to 73.5% in 2005, 76.3% in 2006, 91.9% in 2008, 97.5%
in 2009, 98.1% in 2010 and 98.2% during January-April 2011.
Hong Kong has evolved
into a hub for sourcing,
logistics, design and
financial services
This trend actually began in the 1990s, and reflects the fact that Hong
Kong has successfully transformed itself from a low cost
manufacturing centre to a global sourcing, logistics, design and
financial hub.
as rising labour costs have
eroded its competitiveness
and China has emerged as a
manufacturing giant
This evolution has come hand-in-hand with a steady erosion of the
competitiveness of Hong Kong suppliers as labour costs have risen,
along with the emergence and consolidation of China as the worlds
largest producer and exporter of textiles and clothing.
Hong Kongs domestic
exports of clothing have
dropped sharply every year
since 2006
Hong Kongs domestic exports of clothing have dropped sharply since
2006. In 2010 alone they fell by 27.7% to HK$3,240 mn, after
plunging by 79.9% to HK$4,480 mn in 2009 and by 42.6% to
HK$22,326 mn in 2008.
although they were up
during January-April 2011
During January-April 2011, however, clothing exports were up by
0.9% compared with January-April 2010, to HK$894 mn.
Clothing re-exports
increased by 6.5% in 2010
and by 8.5% during the
first four months of 2011
Clothing re-exports increased by 6.5% to HK$183,600 mn in 2010,
following an 11.6% decline to HK$172,459 mn in 2009. Furthermore,
during the first four months of 2011, re-exports were up by 8.5% to
HK$51,845 mn.
Domestic exports of
textiles declined by 10.0%
in 2010 and fell by 14.0%
during January-April 2011
In the case of textiles, domestic exports fell by 10.0% to
HK$1,953 mn in 2010 after a 29.7% decline to HK$2,171 mn in
2009. And during January-April 2011, they declined by 14.0% to
HK$571 mn.
Re-exports of textiles,
however, recovered in 2010
and rose by 14.9% in the
first four months of 2011
Re-exports of textiles, however, recovered in 2010. After declining by
18.6% to HK$75,157 mn in 2009, they were up by 14.3% to
HK$85,895 mn in 2010 and during January-April 2011 they rose by
a further 14.9% to HK$29,698 mn.
Foreign demand was upbeat
across the board in 2010 and
in the first four months of
2011, with a few exceptions
In terms of product, foreign demand for Hong Kong textiles and
clothing (domestic exports and re-exports) was upbeat across the
board in 2010 and during the first four months of 2011, with a few
exceptions.
Strong performances were
recorded in exports of
several textile and clothing
product categories
The best performing products in 2010 included special yarns, special
fabrics and related products (up by 28.8% to HK$7,308 mn), tulles,
lace, embroidery, ribbons and trimmings (up by 21.3% to
HK$6,136 mn), yarn (up by 18.2% to HK$25,485 mn), floor
coverings (up by 16.1% to HK$327 mn), woven fabric made from
man-made fibres (up by 14.1% to HK$7,331 mn), mens and boys
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
14 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Figure 2
Hong Kong: textile and clothing exports by
destination, 2010

Domestic exports and re-exports
Source: Textiles Intelligence research
USA China EU Japan Canada Others
0
10
20
30
40
50
25.4 25.1
24.4
4.5
2.4
18.2
(%)
a
a
knitted clothing (up by 13.4% to HK$9,462 mn), knitted fabric (up by
11.3% to HK$19,596 mn), clothing accessories made from textile
fabrics (up by 9.8% to US$3,899 mn) and womens and girls knitted
apparel (up by 8.6% to HK$21,338 mn).
But exports of womens and
girls woven clothing fell
On the other hand, exports of womens and girls woven clothing fell by
0.1% to HK$40,374 mn in 2010.
and sales of cotton woven
fabric rose modestly
Also, sales of cotton woven fabric increased by a fairly modest 3.5% to
HK$15,804 mn.
During the first four
months of 2011 demand
for several product
categories was particularly
buoyant
During the first four months of 2011 demand for floor coverings was
particularly buoyant (up by 25.1% to HK$110 mn). Other products with
encouraging performances during the four-month period included mens
and boys woven clothing (up by 21.9% to HK$7,113 mn), clothing
accessories made from textile fabrics (up by 20.7% to HK$1,031 mn)
and woven fabrics made from man-made fibres (up by 20.4% to
HK$2,434 mn).
EXPORT MARKETS
In 2010 Hong Kongs
largest textile and clothing
export market was the USA
with a 25.4% share
In 2010 the USA overtook the EU to become Hong Kongs largest
textile and clothing export market with a 25.4% share of the territorys
total exports (domestic exports and re-exports)up slightly from a
25.3% share in 2009.
followed by China, which
rose to second place while the
EU fell to third position
China rose one place to become the second largest market with a 25.1%
share in 2010 (up from 24.0% in 2009), while the EU fell to third
position with a 24.4% share (down from 26.0% in 2009).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 15
Japan ranked fourth and
Canada fifth
Japan followed at a considerable distance with a 4.5% share (down
from 5.1% in 2009) and Canada ranked fifth with a 2.4% share.
Exports from Hong Kong to the USA
Clothing exports to the USA
surged by 36.6% while tex-
tile exports rose by 12.4%
Hong Kongs clothing exports to the USA surged by 36.6% to
HK$68,385 mn in 2010 while textile exports increased by 12.4% to
HK$1,331 mn.
However, official US
import statistics show a
severe drop in Hong Kong
clothing sales, reflecting
the fact that US data do
not include re-exports
However, official US import statistics show a rather severe 34.5%
drop in sales of Hong Kong clothing, to US$181.5 mnalthough
sales of textiles rose by 9.9% to US$43.6 mn.
The sizeable discrepancy in clothing sales is attributable to the fact
that Hong Kong statistics include re-exports while US data do not.
The most important
category in the US market
was that of mens and
boys cotton woven shirts,
followed by mens and
boys knitted shirts and
womens and girls cotton
knitted shirts and blouses
Hong Kongs most important textile and clothing category in the US
market in 2010 was that of mens and boys cotton woven shirts with
a 16.7% share of total US imports from Hong Kong.
Mens and boys knitted shirts ranked second with a 12.4% share,
followed by womens and girls cotton knitted shirts and blouses with
an 8.8% share, and man-made fibre luggage, handbags and flat goods,
also with an 8.8% share.
Several textile and clothing
categories performed
well
Hong Kongs best performing products in the US market in 2010
included cotton bed sheets (up by 399.7% to US$1.5 mn), man-made
fibre hosiery (up by 261.5% to US$1.6 mn), other man-made fibre
apparel (up by 63.7% to US$6.1 mn), man-made fibre gloves and
mittens (up by 61.9% to US$2.3 mn) and womens and girls
man-made fibre coats and jackets (up by 35.4% to US$2.5 mn).
but severe falls were
recorded in a number of
other clothing products
By contrast, several products performed poorly, including mens and
boys cotton trousers (down by 68.8% to US$5.5 mn), cotton sweaters
(down by 61.7% to US$6.2 mn), womens and girls cotton trousers
(down by 60.4% to US$9.1 mn), womens and girls man-made fibre
knitted shirts and blouses (down by 59.8% to US$3.4 mn), womens
and girls cotton knitted shirts and blouses (down by 57.5% to
US$19.9 mn) and other cotton apparel (down by 57.3% to
US$1.6 mn).
Exports from Hong Kong to China
Textile and clothing
exports to China
increased by 13.4%
Hong Kongs textile and clothing shipments to mainland China
increased by 13.4% between 2009 and 2010, from HK$60,932 mn to
HK$69,068 mn.
Textile exports rose by
12.9% and clothing by
17.9%
Within the these totals, textile exports rose by 12.9% to
HK$62,414 mn while clothing sales increased by 17.9% to
HK$6,654 mn.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
16 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Exports from Hong Kong to the EU
Textile and clothing
exports to the EU grew
by 1.5%
Hong Kongs textile and clothing exports to the EU advanced by 1.5%
to HK$67,095 mn (US$8,636 mn) in 2010. Within this total, clothing
sales rose by 1.3% to HK$65,795 mn and textiles by 13.9% to
HK$1,300 mn.
Statistics from Eurostat
show a 1.8% rise in sales
in the EU import market
However, statistics from Eurostat show a 1.8% increase in sales of
Hong Kongs textiles and clothing in the EU import market, to
Euro486.3 mn (US$644.2 mn) in 2010.
But Eurostat data do not
include re-exports
The substantial discrepancy between the two sets of figures is
explained by the fact that Eurostat does not include re-exports in its
data.
According to EU data,
clothing sales rose by 0.7%
and textiles by 11.9%
According to EU data, sales of Hong Kong clothing in the EU import
market rose by 0.7% to Euro435.1 mn in 2010 while sales of textiles
increased by 11.9% to Euro51.3 mn.
Several textile products
performed well during the
year
The best performing textile products during the year included carpets
and other textile floor coverings (up by 97.5% to Euro1.7 mn), man-
made filament yarns and woven fabrics classified under HS
Chapter 54 (up by 30.4% to Euro1.5 mn) and made-up textiles (up by
21.6% to Euro25.2 mn).
Sales of knitted clothing
grew by 7.1% but sales of
woven clothing fell by 5.2%
Within the totals for clothing, sales of knitted clothing advanced by
7.1% to Euro223.0 mn but sales of woven clothing declined by 5.2%
to Euro212.1 mn.
Exports from Hong Kong to other foreign markets
Exports to other foreign
markets were upbeat in 2010
Hong Kong had a limited presence in other foreign markets in 2010
although sales to these markets were generally upbeat.
In the case of textiles, Hong
Kongs exports grew
significantly in Mexico,
Pakistan, Taiwan,
Cambodia, India, Singapore,
Egypt, Thailand and
Vietnam
In the case of textiles, Hong Kongs exports grew robustly in several
markets, including Mexico (up by 110.0% to HK$157 mn), Pakistan
(up by 59.7% to HK$92 mn), Taiwan (up by 34.9% to HK$229 mn),
Cambodia (up by 34.5% to HK$2,822 mn), India (up by 27.4% to
HK$800 mn), Singapore (up by 26.9% to HK$196 mn), Egypt (up by
25.1% to HK$338 mn), Thailand (up by 24.9% to HK$1,338 mn) and
Vietnam (up by 21.0% to HK$4,642 mn).
In clothing, exports fared
well in Macau, Russia,
Thailand, Malaysia,
Norway, Singapore and
Taiwan
In clothing, Hong Kongs exports fared well in Macau (up by 57.7%
to HK$823 mn), Russia (up by 48.3% to HK$934 mn), Thailand (up
by 26.1% to HK$712 mn), Malaysia (up by 23.2% to HK$547 mn),
Norway (up by 20.9% to HK$1,449 mn), Singapore (up by 16.5% to
HK$1,953 mn) and Taiwan (up by 16.3% to HK$2,103 mn).
IMPORTS
Clothing imports into Hong
Kong rose by 7.6% and
textile imports by 13.3%
Imports of clothing into Hong Kong grew by 7.6% to
HK$129,315 mn in 2010 while imports of textiles increased by 13.3%
to HK$87,523 mn.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
1
Textile inputs are defined as items used as raw materials in the manufacture of textile-based products such
as clothing and made-up textiles.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 17
Strong growth was
recorded in imports of
several textile and clothing
products
Strong growth was recorded in imports of several textile and clothing
products during this period, including special yarns, special fabrics and
related products (up by 26.2% to HK$7,850 mn), yarn (up by 21.8%
to HK$28,102 mn), tulles, lace, embroidery, ribbons and trimmings
(up by 20.5% to HK$4,176 mn), woven fabric made from man-made
fibres (up by 13.8% to HK$8,655 mn), mens and boys knitted
clothing (up by 13.7% to HK$7,373 mn), clothing accessories (up by
12.3% to HK$3,524 mn) and mens and boys woven clothing (up by
11.3% to HK$15,641 mn).
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Production of textiles and
clothing in Hong Kong fell
further in 2010
Production of textiles and clothing in Hong Kong declined further in
2010 as foreign demand for domestically made products continued to
erode.
Clothing production
declined by 12.3% and
textile production by 8.4%
Clothing production decreased by 12.3% to a level which was 60.0%
lower than in 2005 while textile production fell by 8.4% to a level
which was 42.8% lower than in 2005.
EMPLOYMENT
The decline in production
was accompanied by a
significant downturn in
textile and clothing
employment during 2010
The slump in production was accompanied by a significant downturn
in manufacturing employment. Between December 2009 and
December 2010 the number of people employed in clothing
manufacturing declined by 18.4% to 13,976 workers while the number
employed in textile manufacturing fell by 13.1% to 6,082 workers.
There was also a decline
in the number of textile
and clothing factories
There was also a decline in the number of textile and clothing
factories over the 12-month period. The number of clothing factories
fell from 1,327 to 1,155 while the number of textile factories dropped
from 839 to 807.
JAPAN
The Japanese textile
industry produces a broad
range of products
The Japanese textile industry produces a broad range of products,
ranging from standard, fairly uncomplicated textile inputs
1
to yarns
and fabrics incorporating some of the worlds most advanced
technology.
EXPORTS
Total textile and clothing
exports rose by 9.2% in
2010 following a 23.7%
plunge a year earlier
The success of Japanese textile and clothing firms in foreign markets
improved in 2010 after a lacklustre 2009. Total textile and clothing
exports rose by a solid 9.2% to 753,802 mn (US$8,589 mn) in 2010,
following a 23.7% plunge to 690,473 mn (US$7,379 mn) a year
earlier.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
18 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Textile sales grew by 9.5%
and clothing sales by 2.6%
Within the total for 2010, textile sales grew by 9.5% to 720,186 mn
while clothing sales increased by 2.6% to 33,617 mn.
Exports of Japans most
important textile export
item, that of artificial
(cellulosic) filament tow,
rose by 15.6%
In terms of individual products, Japans largest textile export category
in 2010 was that of artificial (cellulosic) filament tow with a 4.9%
share of total shipments during the year. Furthermore, this share has
been growing. In 2009 it stood at 4.6%, having risen from 3.5% in
2008. The increase in share in 2010 was helped by a 15.6% rise in
total exports of this category to 36,715 mn.
Exports of the second largest
category, fabrics coated,
impregnated or covered with
polyurethane, rose by 17.6%
Japans second most important textile export category in 2010 was
that of fabrics coated, impregnated or covered with polyurethane.
Total exports of these items grew by 17.6% to 28,890 mn and their
share of total exports rose from 3.6% to 3.8%.
But exports of woven fabrics
made from non-textured
polyester filaments fell by
2.7% and the ranking of this
category dropped from
second to third
Japans third largest export category was that of woven fabrics made
from non-textured polyester filaments (classified under HS subheading
5407.61.290). This had been Japans most important textile product
during 2005-08. But in 2009 it fell to second place, and in 2010 it fell
a further place as exports declined by 2.7% to 27,282 mn and its
share dropped to 3.6%.
Other key export products
in 2010 included various
types of fibres, yarns and
fabrics
Other key export products in 2010 included unprocessed acrylic and
modacrylic staple fibres (up by 36.7% to 26,677 mn), acrylic and
modacrylic filament tow (up by 21.7% to 18,901 mn), textiles for
technical uses (classified under HS subheading 5911.90) (up by 30.7%
to 15,880 mn), knitted fabric of a width exceeding 30 cm and
containing 5% or more of elastomeric yarn (classified under HS
subheading 6004.10.410) (down by 0.8% to 11,624 mn) and denim
fabric made from yarns of different colours containing 85% or more
by weight of cotton and weighing more than 200 g/m
2
(down by 7.8%
to 10,480 mn).
Foreign demand for many
of Japans textile product
categories was higher in
2010
In terms of category, foreign demand for Japans textiles was higher
across the board in 2010, with some exceptions. The best performing
categories included fabrics impregnated, coated, covered or laminated
with plastics (up by 18.9% to 84,783 mn), carpets and other textile
floor coverings (up by 16.5% to 4,079 mn), man-made staple fibres,
staple yarns and woven fabrics classified under HS Chapter 55 (up by
14.7% to 153,816 mn), wadding, felts, nonwoven fabrics and other
textile products classified under HS Chapter 56 (up by 13.8% to
87,784 mn) and man-made filament yarns and woven fabrics
classified under HS Chapter 54 (up by 12.4% to 192,822 mn).
Growth was more moderate
in knitted fabric and non-
cotton vegetable fibres,
yarns and woven fabrics
More moderate growth was witnessed in sales of knitted fabric (up by
5.1% to 60,300 mn) and non-cotton vegetable fibres, yarns and
woven fabrics classified under HS Chapter 53 (up by 4.5% to
2,145 mn).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 19
Figure 3
Japan: textile and clothing exports by
destination, 2010

Source: Textiles Intelligence research
China EU Hong Kong USA Vietnam South Korea Thailand Others
0
10
20
30
40
50
39.0
8.8
8.3
6.7
6.2
4.5
3.9
22.6
(%)
Exports of a number of
textile categories declined
Exports of a number of textile categories declined, including made-up
textiles (down by 8.5% to 21,813 mn), cotton fibres, yarns and woven
fabrics (down by 5.4% to 58,856 mn) and wool fibres, yarns and
woven fabrics (down by 2.8% to 23,259 mn).
On the clothing side, exports
of knitted clothing rose by
6.0% while exports of
woven clothing declined by
0.02%
On the clothing side, exports of knitted clothing rose by 6.0% to
15,379 mn in 2010 after falling by 25.6% to 14,511 mn in the
previous year. Exports of woven clothing, however, declined by 0.02%
to 18,238 mn, following a 22.4% drop to 18,242 mn in 2009.
EXPORT MARKETS
Sales grew in nine of Japans
ten largest textile and clothing
export markets in 2010
Japanese textile and clothing exporters increased their sales in nine of
their ten largest markets in 2010namely China, the EU, Hong Kong,
the USA, Vietnam, South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia and Taiwan.
Japans largest export
market was China with a
39.0% share
Japans largest textile and clothing export market in 2010 was China
with a 39.0% share of total shipments, down from a 40.1% share in
2009.
The EU ranked second,
followed by Hong Kong,
the USA, Vietnam, South
Korea and Thailand
The EU ranked second with an 8.8% share (up from 8.2% in 2009),
followed by Hong Kong with an 8.3% share (down from 8.6% in 2009),
the USA with a 6.7% share (up from 6.3% in 2009), Vietnam with a
6.2% share (down from 6.4% in 2009), South Korea with a 4.5% share
(down from 4.6% in 2009) and Thailand with a 3.9% share (up from
3.3% in 2009).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
20 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Exports from Japan to China
Textile and clothing exports
to China rose by 6.0%
Japanese textile and clothing exports to China rose by 6.0% to
293,674 mn in 2010.
Strong growth was
achieved in several textile
product categories
Strong growth was achieved in a number of products, including man-
made staple fibres, staple fibre yarns and woven fabrics classified
under HS Chapter 55 (up by 22.6% to 52,924 mn) and fabrics
impregnated, coated, covered or laminated with plastics (up by 16.3%
to 32,532 mn).
More moderate growth
was achieved in a number
of other product categories
More moderate growth was recorded in sales of man-made filament
yarns and woven fabrics classified under HS Chapter 54 (up by 4.3%
to 73,403 mn) and knitted fabric (up by 2.3% to 38,765 mn).
By contrast, Japanese
exporters performed
poorly in a number of
other categories
By contrast, Japanese exporters performed poorly in the case of silk
fibres, yarns and woven fabrics (down by 9.5% to 1,947 mn), cotton
fibres, yarns and woven fabrics (down by 9.2% to 32,255 mn),
woven clothing (down by 4.1% to 2,937 mn), special woven fabrics
and other textile products classified under HS Chapter 58 (down by
4.4% to 9,726 mn) and wool fibres, yarns and woven fabrics (down
by 1.5% to 17,325 mn).
Exports from Japan to other Asian markets
Strong growth was
recorded in textile and
clothing exports to
Cambodia, Indonesia,
Thailand, India, Taiwan
and Malaysia
Japanese textile and clothing exports to other major markets in Asia
were generally more upbeat in 2010. For example, exports to
Cambodia surged by 75.5% to 1,370 mn, to Indonesia by 31.0% to
21,261 mn, to Thailand by 29.6% to 29,262 mn, to India by 14.2%
to 9,036 mn to Taiwan by 14.1% to 20,150 mn, and to Malaysia by
13.7% to 12,728 mn.
Growth was slower in the
case of exports to Vietnam,
Hong Kong and South
Korea
Demand growth was slower, however, in the case of textile and
clothing exports to Vietnam (up by 6.3% to 46,612 mn), Hong Kong
(up by 6.3% to 62,804 mn) and South Korea (up by 5.6% to
33,564 mn).
By contrast, there were
substantial falls in sales to
Saudi Arabia and the
United Arab Emirates
By contrast, there were substantial falls in sales to Saudi Arabia (down
by 21.7% to 12,092 mn) and the United Arab Emirates (down by
18.2% to 14,771 mn).
Exports from Japan to the EU
Textile and clothing exports
to the EU grew by 16.1%
Textile and clothing exports to the EU grew by 16.1% to 65,962 mn
in 2010, having been spurred by higher sales of textile inputs.
EU data show that sales of
Japanese textiles in the EU
import market rose by 28.7%
EU import data show that sales of Japanese textiles in the EU import
market surged by 28.7%, from Euro412.1 mn to Euro530.1 mn
(US$702.3 mn).
The rise was due to higher
demand for a number of
textile product categories
The rise was due largely to higher demand for carpets and other
textile floor coverings (up by 78.9% to Euro1.9 mn), non-cotton
vegetable fibres, yarns and woven fabrics classified under HS
Chapter 53 (up by 64.3% to Euro1.1 mn), man-made fibres, yarns and
woven fabrics classified under HS Chapters 54 and 55 (up by 34.1%
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 21
to Euro335.8 mn), fabrics impregnated, coated, covered or laminated
with plastics (up by 30.4% to Euro44.5 mn) and knitted fabric (up by
29.8% to Euro10.6 mn).
Sales of Japanese clothing in
the EU import market grew
by 4.0% as sales of both
woven clothing and knitted
clothing rose
In the case of clothing, Japanese sales in the EU import market grew
by 4.0% to Euro46.8 mn. Within this total, woven clothing sales were
up by 4.4% to Euro30.4 mn and knitted clothing sales increased by
3.5% to Euro16.4 mn.
Exports from Japan to the USA
Textile and clothing exports
to the USA rose by 15.9%
following sharp declines in
2008 and 2009
Japanese textile and clothing exports to the USA rebounded in 2010
following sharp declines in 2008 and 2009. Exports rose by 15.9% to
50,293 mn, after declining by 35.9% to 43,407 mn in 2009 and
15.9% to 67,698 mn in 2008.
The rise was due partly to
higher sales of special fabric,
cotton twill fabric, speciality
yarn and glass fibre fabric
The good performance in 2010 was attributable in large part to higher
shipments of special fabric, cotton twill fabric, speciality yarn and
glass fibre fabric.
IMPORTS
Imports of textiles and clo-
thing into Japan fell by 1.0%
in 2010 after a fall in 2009
Imports of textiles and clothing into Japan fell by 1.0% to
2,871,456 mn in 2010 after an 11.5% decline to 2,900,731 mn
in 2009.
The drop was due entirely
to a 1.5% decline in
clothing imports
Within the total for 2010, the drop was due entirely to a 1.5% decline
in clothing imports, to 2,212,319 mn. Textile imports, by contrast,
grew by 0.6% to 659,137 mn.
Japans largest textile and
clothing supplier in 2010
was China
Japans largest textile and clothing supplier in 2010 was, by far, China
with a 77.3% share of the import marketalthough this share was
down from 78.9% in the previous year.
In clothing Chinas share
was an overwhelming
83.5%, down from 84.2%
in 2009, while in textiles
its share was 56.5%, down
from 61.0%
In clothing alone, China accounted for an overwhelming 83.5% of
Japans imports from all sources in 2010, down from 84.2% in 2009.
China was also Japans largest supplier of textiles. However, Chinas
share of the Japanese import market dropped from 61.0% in 2009 to
56.5% in 2010.
Textile and clothing
imports from China fell
Japanese textile and clothing imports from China declined by 3.0% to
2,220,654 mn in 2010.
due to declines in textile
imports and clothing
imports
Within this total, textile imports from China fell by 6.7% to
372,713 mn while clothing imports from China fell by 2.2% to
1,847,940 mn.
The fall in textiles was due to
a 17.9% drop in made-up
textiles, which accounted for
over 70% of the decline in
textile and clothing imports
The fall in textile imports was due entirely to a 17.9% drop in imports
of made-up textiles, to 225,727 mn.
In fact, the drop in imports of made-up textiles accounted for over
70% of the total decline in textile and clothing imports.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
22 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
The fall in clothing reflected
lower demand for both
woven and knitted clothing
The fall in clothing imports reflected lower demand for both woven
clothing (down by 2.9% to 882,878 mn) and knitted clothing (down
by 1.6% to 965,062 mn).
However, imports of a
number of products rose
sharply
However, imports rose sharply in a number of products, including
fabrics impregnated, coated, covered or laminated with plastics (up by
33.4% to 8,777 mn), man-made fibres, yarns and woven fabrics
classified under HS Chapters 54 and 55 (up by 31.6% to 25,427 mn)
and silk fibres, yarns and woven fabrics (up by 29.2% to 8,849 mn).
DOMESTIC SALES
In Japans domestic
market, wholesale sales of
textile products rose for
the first time since 2000
In the Japanese domestic market, wholesale sales of textile products
increased for the first time in more than a decade in 2010. Having
said that, sales were up by only 0.6%, to 2,899 bn, after falling by
23.2% to 2,881 bn in the previous year.
But wholesale sales of
clothing fell by 23.6% after
a 27.0% decline in 2009
In the case of clothing, wholesale sales fared especially badly, having
plummeted by 23.6% to 6,818 bn in 2010 following a 27.0%
decrease in 2009.
Retail sales of textiles and
clothing rose for the first
time in six years
By contrast, retail sales of textiles and clothing increased in 2010 for
the first time in six years, by 3.5% to 10,643 bn, following a 1.8%
decline to 10,280 bn in 2009.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Total textile and clothing
output grew by 1.2% in
2010 after falling by 18.7%
in 2009
The generally solid performance of Japans textile and clothing sales,
both domestically and overseas, had a mixed effect on domestic
production. Total textile and clothing output rose by 1.2% in 2010
after declining by 18.7% in 2009.
Production of wool and
worsted yarn rose by 12.8%
and output of synthetic fibre
yarn inched up by 0.1%
after sharp falls in 2009
In the case of yarns, production of wool and worsted yarn grew by
12.8% to 9,227 tons in 2010 after falling by 28.3% to 8,178 tons in
2009, while output of synthetic fibre yarn inched up by 0.1% to
34,924 tons in 2010 after plummeting by 33.8% to 34,899 tons during
the previous year.
But cotton yarn output
continued to decline
On the other hand, cotton yarn output continued to decline in 2010,
by 4.4% to 44,958 tons, following a 28.6% drop to 47,015 tons in
2009.
Cotton fabric production
plunged by 43.7%
In fabrics, cotton fabric production plunged by 43.7% to 124.3 mn m
2
in 2010 following a drop of 32.5% to 220.8 mn m
2
in 2009.
Similarly, output of wool
fabrics declined by 15.5%
Similarly, output of wool fabrics declined by 15.5% to 32.4 mn m
2
in
2010 after a 36.9% drop to 38.3 mn m
2
in the previous year.
However, production of
synthetic woven fabrics
increased by 4.4%
Production of synthetic woven fabrics, on the other hand, increased by
4.4% to 729.6 mn m
2
in 2010, after plunging by 30.7% to
699.0 mn m
2
in 2009.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 23
Production of knitted
fabrics also rose, by 11.8%
Production of knitted fabrics, meanwhile, grew by 11.8% to 66,896 tons
in 2010 after falling by 27.0% to 59,832 tons in 2009.
But clothing production
declined by 6.3% after a
13.2% fall in 2009
Clothing production, by contrast, declined by 6.3% in 2010 after
falling by 13.2% in the previous year. As a result, it was 49.2% lower
than in 2003.
SOUTH KOREA
EXPORTS
South Koreas textile and
clothing exports recovered in
2010 as demand in China,
Hong Kong, Indonesia,
Vietnam and the EU rose
South Koreas textile and clothing exports regained all of the ground
lost during the global economic downturn in 2010.
The recovery was due mainly to substantially higher demand in China,
Hong Kong, Indonesia, Vietnam and the EU.
Total textile and clothing
exports grew by 20.3% after
a 13.0% fall in 2009
Total textile and clothing exports grew by 20.3% to
US$13,739.2 mn following a decline of 13.0% to US$11,418.6 mn
in the previous year.
Textile exports rose by
20.7%
Within the total for 2010, textile exports rose by 20.7% to
US$12,267.6 mn.
Strong growth was
recorded in exports of a
number of textile product
categories
Strong growth was recorded in exports of several textile product
categories, including cotton fibres, yarns and woven fabrics (up by
42.9% to US$710.5 mn), man-made staple fibres, staple yarns and
woven fabrics classified under HS Chapter 55 (up by 36.7% to
US$1,568.5 mn), fabrics impregnated, coated, covered or laminated with
plastics (up by 25.3% to US$1,278.1 mn), wadding, felts, nonwoven
fabrics and other textile products classified under HS Chapter 56 (up by
20.7% to US$662.1 mn), man-made filament yarns and woven fabrics
classified under HS Chapter 54 (up by 20.4% to US$3,009.2 mn), non-
cotton vegetable fibres, yarns and woven fabrics (up by 20.4% to
US$12.1 mn), carpets and other textile floor coverings (up by 19.3% to
US$35.2 mn), knitted fabric (up by 17.1% to US$3,697.8 mn) and
special woven fabrics and other textile products classified under HS
Chapter 58 (up by 15.3% to US$528.5 mn).
but growth was more
subdued in a number of
others
Growth was more subdued, however, in exports of silk fibres, yarns
and woven fabrics (up by 3.5% to US$90.7 mn) and wool fibres,
yarns and woven fabrics (up by 2.7% to US$78.0 mn).
Exports of clothing also
recovered in 2010
In the case of clothing, South Koreas exporters were also able to
recover their footing in 2010 after a difficult 2009.
Total clothing shipments rose
by 16.9% as shipments of
knitted clothing and woven
clothing both increased
Total clothing shipments rose by 16.9% to US$1,471.6 mn. Within
this total, shipments of knitted clothing grew by 15.9% to
US$796.6 mn while sales of woven clothing were up by 18.2% to
US$675.0 mn.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
24 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Exports of South Koreas
most important textile and
clothing product, knitted
fabric wider than 30 cm
with 5% or more of
elastomeric yarn, rose by
13.9% but its share fell
South Koreas most important textile and clothing export product in
2010, as in 2009, was knitted fabric of a width exceeding 30 cm and
containing 5% or more of elastomeric yarn (classified under
HS 6004.10).
Total exports of this product increased by 13.9% to US$1,279.7 mn
during the year. However, the share of this product in total exports fell
from 9.8% to 9.3%.
Exports of dyed cotton
knitted fabric, the second
most important product,
rose by 17.9%
South Koreas second most important export product in 2010 was
dyed cotton knitted fabric (classified under HS 6006.22). Moreover,
exports of this item rose by 17.9% to US$868.7 mn, although its share
fell from 6.5% to 6.3%.
Uncarded/uncombed
polyester staple fibres
became the third most
important product as sales
surged by 30.2%
Sales of uncarded/uncombed polyester staple fibres, meanwhile, surged
by 30.2% to US$837.5 mn and the share of these items in total
exports rose from 5.6% to 6.1%. As a result, these items became
South Koreas third most important export product, up from fourth a
year earlier.
Other key export items in
2010 included polyester
filament woven fabrics,
coated or laminated fabrics,
and dyed synthetic fibre
knitted fabric
Other key export items in 2010 included woven fabrics containing
85% or more of non-textured polyester filaments, with a 5.9% share
(down from 6.4% in 2009 despite a rise of 10.5% to US$810.7 mn),
textile fabrics impregnated, coated, covered or laminated with
polyurethane, with a 4.4% share (up from 4.2% in 2009 as exports
rose by 25.5% to US$601.2 mn) and dyed synthetic fibre knitted
fabric classified under HS 6006.32 with a 3.9% share (unchanged
from 2009 as exports grew by 20.8% to US$541.8 mn).
EXPORT MARKETS
China remained South
Koreas largest textile and
clothing export market
The largest market for South Koreas textile and clothing exports in
2010 was China with a 19.8% share of total export sales. This share
was virtually unchanged from 2008 and 2009.
while Vietnam ranked
second and the USA
ranked third
Vietnam ranked second with an 11.3% share in 2010, down slightly
from 11.4% in 2009, and the USA ranked third with an 8.6% share,
down from 9.4% in 2009.
Other important markets
included the EU, Indonesia,
Hong Kong, Japan and the
United Arab Emirates
Other important markets for South Koreas textile and clothing exports
included the EU with an 8.2% share (up from 7.7%), Indonesia with
an 8.0% share (up from 7.6%), Hong Kong with a 5.8% share (up
from 5.5%), Japan with a 5.2% share (down from 5.3%) and the
United Arab Emirates with a 3.6% share (down from 3.9%).
In the US and EU markets,
South Korean suppliers
have lost out to other low
cost Asian locations but
2010 saw a rebound
In the US and EU markets, South Korean suppliers have lost
substantial ground over the past decade to exporters based in China,
Vietnam and other low cost Asian locations. In 2010, however, textile
and clothing sales to the EU and the USA bounced back with vigour
after a lethargic 2009.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 25
Figure 4
South Korea: textile and clothing exports by
destination, 2010

Source: Textiles Intelligence research
China
Vietnam
USA
EU
Indonesia
Hong Kong
Japan
UAE
Others
0
10
20
30
40
50
19.8
11.3
8.6
8.2 8.0
5.8
5.2
3.6
29.5
(%)
Exports from South Korea to China
Textile and clothing exports
to China rose by 20.4% as
clothing sales grew by 23.9%
and textile sales by 20.0%
Exports of South Korean textiles and clothing to China increased by
20.4% to US$2,720.0 mn in 2010. Within this total, clothing sales rose
by 23.9% to US$299.9 mn and textile sales grew by 20.0% to
US$2,420.1 mn.
Several textile product
categories performed well
in 2010
South Koreas best performing textile product categories in the Chinese
market in 2010 included cotton fibres, yarns and woven fabrics (up by
46.5% to US$172.0 mn), man-made staple fibres, staple fibre yarns and
woven fabrics classified under HS Chapter 55 (up by 37.1% to
US$363.5 mn), carpets and other textile floor coverings (up by 21.3%
to US$18.3 mn), special woven fabrics and other textile products
classified under HS Chapter 58 (up by 18.0% to US$74.3 mn), fabrics
impregnated, coated, covered or laminated with plastics (up by 17.7%
to US$294.3 mn), man-made filament yarns and woven fabrics
classified under HS Chapter 54 (up by 16.2% to US$662.3 mn) and
knitted fabric (up by 16.1% to US$617.1 mn).
In clothing, exports of
woven clothing rose by
25.8% and knitted clothing
by 15.8%
In clothing, South Koreas exports of woven clothing to China rose by
25.8% to US$247.3 mn while exports of knitted clothing were up by
15.8% to US$52.5 mn.
Exports from South Korea to Vietnam
Textile and clothing exports
to Vietnam grew by 19.3%
South Koreas textile and clothing exports to Vietnam grew by 19.3%
to US$1,550.7 mn in 2010.
Clothing exports rose by
52.4% and textiles by 17.3%
Within the total, clothing exports surged by 52.4% to US$107.8 mn
while textile exports increased by 17.3% to US$1442.9 mn.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
26 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
The surge in clothing was
due to growth in both woven
and knitted clothing exports
The surge in clothing exports was due to strong growth in sales of
both woven clothing (up by 53.9% to US$95.1 mn) and knitted
clothing (up by 42.1% to US$12.7 mn).
The rise in textile exports
was due mainly to higher
demand for fibres, yarns
and woven fabrics made
from various fibre types
and for knitted fabrics
In textiles, the rise in exports was due largely to higher demand for
cotton fibres, yarns and woven fabrics (up by 50.3% to US$80.3 mn),
man-made filament yarns and woven fabrics classified under HS
Chapter 54 (up by 28.8% to US$242.8 mn), man-made staple fibres,
staple fibre yarns and woven fabrics classified under HS Chapter 55
(up by 24.6% to US$140.6 mn) and knitted fabric (up by 15.1% to
US$657.4 mn).
Exports from South Korea to the USA
Exports to the USA grew by
10.6% as textile sales were
up by 16.1% and clothing
sales by 4.0%
Exports of South Korean textiles and clothing to the USA grew by
10.6% to US$1,182.2 mn in 2010. Within this total, textile sales
were up by 16.1% to US$899.0 mn and clothing sales by 4.0% to
US$283.2 mn.
According to US import
data, strong growth was
posted in sales of a
number of product
categories
According to US import data, strong growth was posted in sales of
South Korean textured filament yarn (up by 225.3% to US$4.0 mn),
glass fibre fabric (up by 124.1% to US$6.7 mn), man-made fibre floor
coverings (up by 98.2% to US$28.3 mn), nonwoven fabric (up by
88.6% to US$21.5 mn), combed cotton yarn (up by 55.6% to
US$30.9 mn) and man-made fibre gloves and mittens (up by 41.8%
to US$22.3 mn).
South Korea hopes to take
advantage of a free trade
agreement signed with the
USA in 2007
South Koreas textile and clothing industry hopes to be able to take
advantage of a free trade agreement which was signed with the USA
in 2007 to preserve and possibly increase its share of the US market
over the next decade.
When the agreement enters
into force it will provide
reciprocal tariff-free access
Once the agreement has entered into force, it will provide reciprocal
tariff-free access for most textile and clothing imports, provided they
are made from US and/or South Korean raw materials.
The US Congress may
approve the agreement in
summer 2011
Congressional ratification of this agreement in the USA has been
delayed for political reasons but there is a very good possibility that
the US Congress will approve it in the summer of 2011.
Exports from South Korea to the EU
Textile and clothing exports
to the EU grew by 28.7%
in 2010 after falling in 2009
South Korean textile and clothing exports to the EU grew by 28.7%
to US$1,133.4 mn in 2010 after declining by 22.4% to US$881.0 mn
in 2009.
Textile sales rose by 29.6%
and clothing sales by 22.3%
Within the total for 2010, textile sales soared by 29.6% to
US$992.4 mn while clothing sales rose by 22.3% to US$141.0 mn.
The rise in textile exports
was due mainly to higher
sales of made-up textiles
and several types of fibres,
yarns and woven fabrics
The rise in textile exports was due primarily to higher sales of made-
up textiles (up by 87.1% to US$38.4 mn), cotton fibres, yarns and
woven fabrics (up by 68.4% to US$19.0 mn) and man-made staple
fibres, staple fibre yarns and woven fabrics classified under HS
Chapter 55 (up by 52.0% to US$216.0 mn).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
2
See also Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan, starting on page 33 of this issue.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 27
In clothing, the increase was
due entirely to a 29.0% rise
in exports of knitted clothing
In clothing, the increase was due entirely to a 29.0% rise in exports
of knitted clothing, to US$122.3 mn. Exports of woven clothing, by
contrast, fell by 8.7% to US$18.7 mn.
On July 1, 2011, a free
trade agreement between
the EU and South Korea
entered into force
On July 1, 2011, a free trade agreementwhich was signed in
October 2009entered into force. The agreement provides tariff-free
access to almost all bilateral textile and clothing trade between the EU
and South Korea.
The agreement is expected
to have a positive effect on
trade in 2011 and beyond
The free trade agreement is expected to have a positive effect on
bilateral textile and clothing trade in 2011 and beyond.
Exports from South Korea to other foreign markets
Demand for South Korean
textiles and clothing was
upbeat in most other markets
in 2010, including Turkey,
Indonesia, Hong Kong,
Japan, Saudi Arabia and the
United Arab Emirates
Demand for South Korean textiles and clothing was upbeat in most
other markets in 2010, including Turkey (up by 49.3% to
US$271.3 mn), Indonesia (up by 26.1% to US$1,094.8 mn), Hong
Kong (up by 25.2% to US$791.6 mn), Japan (up by 18.1% to
US$710.8 mn), Saudi Arabia (up by 12.8% to US$279.6 mn) and the
United Arab Emirates (up by 10.8% to US$491.1 mn).
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
The rise in clothing exports
helped to boost domestic
clothing production by 7.1%
after a 2.9% fall in 2009
The substantial increase in clothing exports in 2010 appears to have
had a positive effect on domestic clothing production. This rose by
7.1% compared with the previous year after declining by 2.9% in
2009.
Similarly, total textile output
grew by 11.1% following a
5.6% decline in 2009
Similarly, total textile output grew by 11.1% in 2010 following a
5.6% drop in 2009. Production of cotton yarn grew 5.4%, from
210,077 tons to 221,405 tons, while polyester fibre output rose by
7.0%, from 1,281,009 tons to 1,371,260 tons.
TAIWAN
EXPORTS
Foreign demand for
Taiwanese textiles and
clothing rebounded in 2010
Foreign demand for Taiwanese textiles and clothing
2
rebounded with
vigour in 2010, after weakening considerably in 2008 and 2009 due
to the global economic downturn.
The rebound reflected a re-
covery in orders from almost
all major export markets
The rebound reflected a recovery in orders from almost all major
export markets, including China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, the USA, the
EU, Indonesia, Cambodia, Malaysia and South Korea.
Taiwans total textile and
clothing exports increased
by 20.9% after declining
by 14.3% in 2009
Taiwans total textile and clothing exports increased by 20.9% to
US$11,301.1 mn. The rise followed a fall of 14.3% to US$9,344.3 mn
in 2009, which itself came after a decline of 6.2% to US$10,900.1 mn
in 2008.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
28 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Clothing exports were up
by 8.1% and textile sales
by 22.0%
Within the total for 2010, total clothing exports were up by 8.1% to
US$783.2 mn after falling by 25.3% to US$724.3 mn during the
previous year. Textile sales, meanwhile, rose by 22.0% to
US$10,517.9 mn following a decline of 13.2% to US$8,619.9 mn in
2009.
The best performing textile
category was silk fibres,
yarns and woven fabrics
followed by wool fibres,
yarns and woven fabrics
Demand for most Taiwanese textile and clothing product categories
was energetic in 2010. The best performing textile category was that
of silk fibres, yarns and woven fabrics (up by 29.7% to US$1.3 mn)
followed by wool fibres, yarns and woven fabrics (up by 25.7% to
US$59.4 mn).
Rapid growth was recorded
in several types of fibres,
yarns and woven fabrics
Among Taiwans major textile export categories, the fastest growth in
exports was recorded in fabrics impregnated, coated, covered or
laminated with plastics (up by 24.0% from US$1,101.1 mn to
US$1,365.4 mn), followed by knitted fabric (up by 23.3% to
US$2,067.3 mn), man-made filament yarns and woven fabrics
classified under HS Chapter 54 (up by 23.2% to US$3,498.3 mn),
special woven fabrics and other textile products classified under HS
Chapter 58 (up by 21.7% to US$592.2 mn), cotton fibres, yarns and
woven fabrics (up by 20.9% to US$601.6 mn), wadding, felts,
nonwoven fabrics and other textile products classified under HS
Chapter 56 (up by 19.8% to US$481.9 mn) and man-made staple
fibres, staple fibre yarns and woven fabric classified under HS
Chapter 55 (up by 19.1% to US$1,585.7 mn).
Growth was more modest
in exports of made-up
textiles and carpets
More modest growth, however, was registered in exports of made-up
textiles (up by 12.2% to US$251.8 mn) and carpets and other textile
floor coverings (up by 5.2% to US$9.0 mn).
Exports of knitted clothing
rose by 8.5% and woven
clothing by 7.3%
On the clothing side, exports of knitted clothing rose by 8.5% to
US$544.1 mn while woven clothing exports grew by 7.3% to
US$239.0 mn.
Sales of dyed woven
fabrics, Taiwans largest
textile export category,
were up by 15.1%
In terms of individual product, Taiwans largest textile export category
in 2010 was that of dyed woven fabrics containing 85% or more
textured polyester filaments. Furthermore, sales of these items were up
by 15.1% compared with the previous year, from US$661.8 mn in
2009 to US$762.1 mn in 2010.
Sales of uncarded/uncombed
polyester staple fibres, the
second most important
category, rose by 27.4%
Taiwans second most important export category in 2010 was that of
uncarded/uncombed polyester staple fibres. Sales of these items
increased by 27.4% between 2009 and 2010, from US$470.9 mn to
US$600.0 mn.
Sales of dyed synthetic
fibre knitted fabric,
which ranked third, grew
by 26.5%
Sales of dyed knitted fabric made from synthetic fibres (classified
under HS subheading 6006.32) ranked third. Sales of these items rose
by 26.5% between 2009 and 2010, from US$466.6 mn to
US$590.4 mn.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 29
Figure 5
Taiwan: textile and clothing exports by
destination, 2010

Source: Textiles Intelligence research
China
Vietnam
Hong Kong
USA
EU
Indonesia
Thailand
Japan
Cambodia
Others
0
10
20
30
40
50
22.5
13.4
12.9
8.7
5.6
4.8
3.2 3.1
2.6
23.2
(%)
Growth was also recorded
in a number of other key
textile export products
Growth was also recorded in a number of other key textile export
products in 2010, including textile fabrics coated, impregnated or
covered with polyurethane (up by 21.6% to US$459.6 mn), textured
filament yarn of polyester (up by 13.5% to US$382.7 mn), dyed woven
fabrics containing 85% or more filaments made from nylon or other
polyamides (up by 33.8% to US$330.5 mn), knitted fabrics classified
under HS subheading 6006.90 (up by 12.2% to US$286.2 mn) and
knitted fabrics classified under HS subheading 6004.10 (up by 30.4%
to US$260.4 mn).
EXPORT MARKETS
Taiwans largest textile and
clothing export market in
2010 was China
Taiwans largest export market in 2010 was China, with a 22.5% share
of total textile and clothing exports, up from 22.1% during the previous
year.
followed by Vietnam,
which rose to second place,
and Hong Kong, which fell
to third place
Vietnam was Taiwans second largest export market, up from third in
2009, with a 13.4% share (up from 12.6% in 2009), while Hong Kong
fell from second to third place as its share of exports dropped from
13.6% to 12.9%.
The USA ranked fourth,
followed by the EU,
Indonesia, Thailand, Japan
and Cambodia
The USA ranked fourth with an 8.7% share (down from 9.1%),
followed by the EU with a 5.6% share (down from 5.8%), Indonesia
with a 4.8% share, Thailand with a 3.2% share, Japan with a 3.1% share
and Cambodia with a 2.6% share.
Exports from Taiwan to China
Textile and clothing exports
to China grew by 23.2%
Taiwans textile and clothing exports to China grew by 23.2% to
US$2,542.4 mn in 2010 following a 2.3% decline in 2009.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
30 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
The rise was due to higher
demand for a range of
textile product categories
The rise in 2010 was due to higher demand for a range of textile
product categories, including carpets and other textile floor coverings
(up by 46.2% to US$1.2 mn), made-up textiles (up by 27.1% to
US$23.8 mn), man-made filament yarns and woven fabrics classified
under HS Chapter 54 (up by 25.0% to US$1,013.2 mn), cotton fibres,
yarns and woven fabrics (up by 24.8% to US$211.5 mn), knitted
fabric (up by 24.2% to US$345.8 mn), fabrics impregnated, coated,
covered or laminated with plastics (up by 23.3% to US$340.0 mn),
special woven fabrics and other textile products classified under HS
Chapter 58 (up by 23.1% to US$137.0 mn), man-made staple fibres,
staple fibre yarns and woven fabrics classified under HS Chapter 55
(up by 19.8% to US$315.8 mn) and wadding, felts, nonwoven fabrics
and other textile products classified under HS Chapter 56 (up by
18.5% to US$106.2 mn).
Taiwanese clothing exports
to China rose by 10.6% as
sales of both knitted and
woven clothing increased
There was also a rise in Taiwanese clothing exports to China in 2010,
by 10.6% to US$40.3 mn. Within this total, sales of knitted clothing
were up by 14.4% to US$15.4 mn and woven clothing by 8.3% to
US$25.0 mn.
Exports from Taiwan to Vietnam
Textile and clothing exports
to Vietnam surged by 28.6%
Taiwanese textile and clothing exports to Vietnam surged by 28.6%
to US$1,511.1 mn in 2010.
The surge was due largely
to higher demand for a
range of textile inputs
The surge was due largely to higher demand for a range of textile
inputs, including knitted fabric (up by 45.4% to US$355.8 mn), man-
made staple fibres, staple fibre yarns and woven fabrics classified
under HS Chapter 55 (up by 42.9% to US$234.1 mn) and man-made
filament yarns and woven fabrics classified under HS Chapter 54 (up
by 22.8% to US$465.6 mn).
Sales of made-up textiles
jumped by 46.9%
Sales of made-up textiles also performed extremely well, having
jumped by 46.9% to US$13.5 mn.
Exports of woven clothing
rose by 45.1% and knitted
clothing by 26.0%
Strong growth was also achieved in clothing. Exports of woven
clothing rose by 45.1% to US$25.2 mn while knitted clothing exports
rose by 26.0% to US$11.4 mn.
Exports from Taiwan to Hong Kong
Textile and clothing sales to
Hong Kong rose by 15.1%
Taiwanese textile and clothing sales to Hong Kong increased by
15.1% to US$1,461.6 mn in 2010.
The rise was due
primarily to a rebound in
demand for several types
of fibres, yarns and
fabrics
The rise was due primarily to a rebound in demand for wool fibres,
yarns and woven fabrics (up by 27.3% to US$1.6 mn), man-made
filament yarns and woven fabrics classified under HS Chapter 54 (up
by 24.1% to US$485.5 mn) and fabrics impregnated, coated, covered
or laminated with plastics (up by 18.9% to US$272.5 mn).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 31
Exports from Taiwan to the USA
Textile and clothing exports
to the USA grew by 16.0%
Exports of textiles and clothing to the USA advanced by 16.0% to
US$982.6 mn in 2010.
The rise was due, in part,
to higher sales of various
types of fibres, yarns and
woven fabrics as well as
wadding, felts and
nonwoven fabrics
The rise was due, in part, to higher sales of man-made staple fibres,
staple fibre yarns and woven fabrics classified under HS Chapter 55
(up by 43.5% to US$95.0 mn), man-made filament yarns and woven
fabrics classified under HS Chapter 54 (up by 35.3% to
US$111.0 mn) and wadding, felts, nonwoven fabrics and other textile
products classified under HS Chapter 56 (up by 30.6% to
US$79.3 mn).
Exports from Taiwan to the EU
Textile and clothing exports
to the EU were up by 18.1%
Exports of textiles and clothing to the EU rose by 18.1% to
US$637.7 mn in 2010.
The rise was due mainly to
higher demand for fibres,
yarns and woven fabrics
made from cotton and from
man-made fibres, and
knitted clothing
The rise was due principally to increased demand for cotton fibres,
yarns and woven fabrics (up by 92.0% to US$5.6 mn), man-made
filament yarns and woven fabrics classified under HS Chapter 54 (up
by 28.4% to US$195.4 mn) and knitted clothing (up by 22.2% to
US$56.4 mn).
Exports from Taiwan to other foreign markets
Demand for Taiwanese
textiles and clothing was
also dynamic in a number
of other markets in 2010,
including Cambodia, Brazil,
Thailand, Japan, Sri Lanka,
Indonesia, Malaysia, South
Korea, India, Mexico and
the Philippines
Demand for Taiwanese textiles and clothing was also dynamic in a
number of other markets in 2010, including Cambodia (up by 38.8%
to US$299.3 mn), Brazil (up by 31.3% to US$155.4 mn), Thailand
(up by 30.2% to US$366.5 mn), Japan (up by 27.5% to
US$349.3 mn), Sri Lanka (up by 27.3% to US$109.9 mn), Indonesia
(up by 25.5% to US$540.8 mn), Malaysia (up by 23.1% to
US$127.1 mn), South Korea (up by 24.4% to US$134.3 mn), India
(up by 24.3% to US$188.5 mn), Mexico (up by 21.9% to
US$114.6 mn) and the Philippines (up by 20.7% to US$223.4 mn).
Cambodias clothing
industry is rapidly
becoming a key market for
Taiwanese textile suppliers
Cambodia is rapidly becoming a key market for Taiwanese textile
suppliers. As the Cambodian clothing industry grows, so does its raw
material needs and Taiwanese suppliers have been on hand to fulfil
these needs.
Growth was rapid in the
case of several product
categories
Exports to Cambodia were dynamic across the board in 2010, with a
few exceptions. Growth was particularly rapid in the case of wadding,
felts, nonwoven fabrics and other textile products classified under HS
Chapter 56 (up by 82.1% to US$8.6 mn), cotton fibres, yarns and
woven fabrics (up by 73.4% to US$14.9 mn), textile fabrics coated,
impregnated or covered with polyurethane (up by 53.9% to
US$13.5 mn) and special woven fabrics and other textile products
classified under HS Chapter 58 (up by 40.8% to US$24.6 mn).
Total sales of knitted
fabric, the largest export
category, rose by 38.7%
The largest category of exports to Cambodia in 2010 was that of
knitted fabric. Between 2009 and 2010, total sales of this item rose by
38.7%, from US$126.1 mn US$175.0 mn.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
32 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Taiwans textile production
rose by 15.7%, clothing
output by 9.0% and synthetic
fibre output by 7.5%
Taiwans textile production increased by 15.7% in 2010 but it was
still 26.1% lower than in 2005. Clothing production rose by a more
moderate 9.0% to 6.6 mn dozen units while synthetic fibre output
grew by 7.5% to 2.2 mn tons.
By comparison, total
manufacturing production
soared by 28.6%
By comparison, total manufacturing production in Taiwan soared by
28.6% in 2010 following declines of 8.0% in 2009 and 1.6% in
2008.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
1
Hassen Saheed is a chartered marketer. He has written several reports exclusively for Textile Outlook
International on the textile and clothing industries in a number of Asian countries including Bangladesh,
Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 33
Prospects for the Textile and
Clothing Industry in Taiwan
by Hassen Saheed
1
SUMMARY

The textile and clothing industry in Taiwan is mature, modern and well developed. It carries out a full
range of activities, ranging from the manufacture of yarn and fabrics to the production of clothing and
accessories. Its main weakness is that there is no production of cotton or wool in Taiwan and
therefore most of the industrys natural fibre requirements have to be imported. However, this
weakness has been turned into a strength as it has spurred the development of a world class synthetic
fibre industry.
The textile and clothing industry is an important contributor to Taiwans manufacturing sector. It
provides significant employment opportunities, it is highly export oriented and it runs a huge balance
of trade surplus. However, textile and clothing exports play a smaller role in international trade in
Taiwan than in many other Asian countries. In fact, the Taiwanese economy is dominated by the
electronics industry rather than textiles and clothing.
Moreover, the textile and clothing industry has been declining over the past ten yearsat least in terms
of employment and output. As such, it has been following a pattern observed in Western developed
countries where local manufacturers have been unable to compete with lower cost Asian producers.
In response, Taiwanese companies have continued to move offshore by investing in production
facilities in China, Vietnam and various other low cost countries. In addition, they have focused on
developing products of higher added value, and placing a heavy emphasis on product innovation and
automation in manufacturing.
The big unknown is the influence of China, which continues to claim sovereignty over Taiwan.
However, relations between the two have started to improve recently. China represents the largest
export market for Taiwans textile and clothing industry, and sales to the mainland should improve
as tariffs are progressively reduced from January 2011 under the Economic Cooperation Framework
Agreement (ECFA).
IMPORTANCE OF THE TEXTILE AND CLOTHING INDUSTRY TO
THE ECONOMY OF TAIWAN
The textile and clothing
industry in Taiwan is
important to the economy
The textile and clothing industry occupies a significant position in
Taiwans economy.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
34 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
It is the fourth largest
earner of foreign exchange
and a significant force
within the manufacturing
sector
The industry is the fourth largest earner of foreign exchange in
Taiwan and a significant force within the manufacturing sector. In
2010 exports of textiles and clothing totalled US$11.30 bn while
imports were valued at US$2.90 bn, resulting in a trade surplus of
US$8.40 bn. Production by the industry amounted to US$14.84 bn,
and in 2009 employment amounted to 161,874 peopleof whom
114,309 (70.6%) were engaged in textile manufacturing and 47,565
(29.4%) in clothing.
In 2009 Taiwan was the
worlds seventh largest
exporter of textiles
The industry is also important in world terms. In 2009 Taiwan was the
worlds seventh largest exporter of textiles and one of the worlds
major producers of synthetic fabrics.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEXTILE AND CLOTHING INDUSTRY IN
TAIWAN
SIX PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT
There have been six clear
phases in the development
of the textile and clothing
industry over the past 65
years
There have been six recognisable phases in the development of the
textile and clothing industry over the past 65 years. These have been
described by the Taiwan Textile Research Institute as follows:
G recovery;
G development;
G export expansion;
G growth;
G maturity; and
G conversion.
Recovery
Between 1945 and 1950
Taiwans economy was
rebuilt with a focus on
establishing production of
cotton yarn, cotton-based
textiles and woven fabrics
Between 1945 and 1950 Taiwans economy was rebuilt following the
Second World War and the ending of Japanese rule.
At this stage of its development, there was an emphasis on
establishing operations to produce cotton yarn and cotton-based
textiles along with some woven fabrics.
Development
In the 1950s the focus was
on import substitution by
expanding production of
cotton-based products for
the domestic market
In the 1950s the industry concentrated, once again, on the production
of cotton-based products.
At this time, the overall economic priority was to produce essential
goods for the domestic market and hence efforts were directed towards
import substitution.
Policies were formulated to
encourage imports of the raw
materials and manufacturing
of the machinery needed
Policies were formulated to encourage imports of the necessary raw
materials and manufacturing of the machinery needed to boost
domestic output of textiles and satisfy an increasing share of local
demand.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 35
Export expansion
In the 1960s, as domestic
demand was satisfied by
Taiwans own producers,
interest in export
opportunities started to
rise and synthetic fibre
manufacturing operations
were established
In the 1960s an increasing proportion of domestic demand was
satisfied by Taiwans own producers, and interest in exploring export
opportunities started to rise.
This episode in the textile and clothing sectors growth was
accompanied by a momentous development which had long-term
significance, namely the establishment of synthetic fibre
manufacturing operations.
in order to secure a
domestic raw material
supply base
Such establishment reflected the desirability of securing a rising share
of the textile sectors raw material requirements from domestic
sources.
As a result, the range of
textiles produced by the
industry widened
As a result, the range of textiles produced by the industry widened to
include products based on synthetic fibres.
Growth
In the 1970s the focus of
development changed from
textiles to clothing
In the 1970s the focus of the sectors industrial development changed
from textiles to clothing. This period may be viewed as the point at
which Taiwans textile and clothing industry became complete.
The industry supplied
both the domestic market
and export markets
Activities ranged from raw material production to the output of
finished clothing, and the industry supplied both the domestic market
and export markets.
Maturity
In the 1980s the industry
played a key role in
Taiwans economy
In the 1980s the textile and clothing industry settled down as a major
industrial activity with a key role in Taiwans economy.
Conversion
Since 1991 the focus has
been on developing
synthetic fibres and high-
tech textiles
During the conversion phase, which covers the period from 1991 to
the present day, the emphasis has beenand remainson the
development of synthetic fibres and high-tech textiles.
Outcome
Over these six phases, the
industry has become well
developed and based
heavily on synthetic fibres
Over the course of these six phases, Taiwans textile and clothing
industry has been moulded so that it is now a well developed
industrial sector based heavily on synthetic fibreswhich is its main
raw material.
KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDUSTRYS
DEVELOPMENT
Vertical integration
The industry has steadily
become vertically
integrated and it now
contains all links in the
production chain
The industry has gradually and steadily become vertically integrated.
It now has all links in the production chainfrom the production of
raw materials to the output of finished clothingincluding synthetic
fibre manufacturing, spinning, weaving, knitting, dyeing and finishing,
and the production of clothing and accessories.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
36 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Capital investment
Since the 1950s the industry
has invested consistently in
new machinery and deve-
loped new products to meet
global market demands
There has been a long standing and commendable tradition of
investing in capital equipment and product development in Taiwan.
Indeed, since the 1950s the industry has invested consistently in new
machinery and developed new products to meet global market
demands.
As a result, it has a
production system which
has elevated it to the rank
of a major global supplier
As a consequence Taiwans textile and clothing industry has
established a comprehensive production system which has elevated it
to the rank of a major global supplier.
Focus on manufacturing and product innovation
There has been a focus on
manufacturing and
product innovation
Allied to this has been a focus on manufacturing and product
innovation. While other Asian textile and clothing industries have built
up their international presence by producing commodity items with
cheap labour and low unit costs, Taiwans industry has been an
innovator.
Marked falls in output and employment followed by a partial
recovery in 2010
However, the industry has
suffered a marked decline in
output and employment since
the second half of the 1990s
However, as in the case of the mature industries and markets of
Western countries, Taiwans textile and clothing industry has suffered
a marked decline since the second half of the 1990s with serious falls
in key indicators such as output and employment.
Between 1997 and 2009 the
value of textile and clothing
production declined by
40.9% and employment fell
by 43.3%
This is demonstrated by a 40.9% decline in the value of textile and
clothing production between 1997 and 2009, from US$18.7 bn to
US$11.06 bn.
Over the same period, employment fell by 43.3%from 285,730 to
161,874.
These signs of decline
reflect the maturity of the
industry, although
production recovered
impressively in 2010 alone
These signs of decline reflect the maturity of the industry and the
difficulty of competing against low cost producers.
That said, production recovered impressively in 2010 alone, having
increased by 34.2% to US$14.84 bn.
Outward investment
Taiwanese clothing enter-
prises have increasingly
invested in other countries
such as mainland China
Taiwanese clothing enterprises have responded to the decline in their
competitiveness by investing in countries where costs are lower than
in Taiwan, especially mainland China. They have also invested in
other Asian countries, and in Latin America and Africa.
The main motive has been
the attempt to remain
internationally competitive
The main motive for these moves has been to remain internationally
competitive in an environment in which high and rising labour costs
in Taiwan have made the domestic clothing industry increasingly less
competitive.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 37
TAIWAN: GEOGRAPHICAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC
PROFILE
GEOGRAPHY
Taiwan is an island in East
Asia, off Chinas south-
eastern coast and north of
the Philippines
Taiwan is an island in East Asia, surrounded by the East China Sea,
the Philippine Sea, the South China Sea and the Taiwan Strait. It is
situated off Chinas south-eastern coast, and lies north of the
Philippines.
The island of Taiwan
forms part of an
archipelago and other
small islands ruled by the
government of Taiwan
The island of Taiwan forms part of an archipelago which is ruled by
the government of Taiwan and includes the smaller islands of
Pescadores (also known as Penghu Islands), Matsu and Quemoy (also
known as Kinmen). In addition, the government administers several
very small islands which do not form part of the archipelago.
The territory has a
coastline of 1,566 km and
an area of 35,980 km
2
In total, the territory ruled by the Taiwanese government has a
coastline of 1,566 km and an area of 35,980 km
2
of which 89.7%,
or 32,260 km
2
, is land and 10.3%, or 3,720 km
2
, is water.
The climate is marine
tropical with a rainy period
The climate is marine tropical with a rainy period during the
south-west monsoon season from June to August.
The territory is subject to
natural hazards
The territory is subject to natural hazards, including earthquakes and
typhoons.
On the island of Taiwan,
two-thirds of the total
land area is mainly
rugged and mountainous
while one-third comprises
flat or slightly rolling
plains
The island of Taiwan can be divided into two main parts:
G a region in the east occupying two-thirds of the total land area,
which is mainly rugged and mountainous; and
G a region in the west occupying one-third of the total land area,
comprising flat or slightly rolling plains.
Around 25% of the surface area is suitable for arable crops.
Taiwan has limited
natural resources
Taiwan has limited natural resources in the form of coal, limestone,
marble and natural gas.
POLITICAL PROFILE
Taiwan has been controlled
by a number of other
countries in the past,
including the Netherlands,
Spain, China and Japan
Taiwan has experienced a troubled past, having been controlled by
a number of other countries over the centuries. During the 17th
century it was ruled by the Dutch and the Spanish, followed by China.
In 1895 China was forced to cede control to Japan following
military defeat but after the Second World War the country reverted
to China.
High-speed rail route
Main railway
Main road
International boundary
County boundary
International airport
Capital
Major town
Other town
Lukang
Makung
Changhua
Quemoy
Hsiaochinmen Tao
Tatan Tao
Wuchiu Yu
Pescadore Is.
Lan Yu
Lu Tao
Luzon Strait
East China
Sea
Taiwan Strait
Philippine Sea
Paichuan Liehtao
Matsu Tao
Peikantang Tao
Liang Tao
Tunyyin Tao
0 km 25 50 75 100
0 miles 25 50
The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2011
NANTOU
TAIPEI
ILAN
HUALIEN
MIAOLI
HSINCHU
TAOYUAN
CHANGHUA
YUNLIN
CHIAYI
TAINAN
PENGHU
KAOHSIUNG
PINGTUNG
TAITUNG
TAICHUNG
TAIWAN
C H I N A
TAIPEI
Taichung
Chiayi
Touliu
Fangliao
Kangshan
Zuoying
Yuli
Chihshang
Tawu
Taitung
Hsingchang
Pingtung
Chishan
Hsinying
Fsngliao
Hengchun
Chilung
Tanshui
Taoyuan
Hsinchu
Chunan
Fengyuan
Xiamen
Fuzhou
Quanzhou
Nantou
Chunghsinghsintsun
Ilan
Suao
Hualien
Hsincheng
Neiwan
Tainan
Kaohsiung
Miaoli
CHINA
VIETNAM
N. KOREA
S. KOREA
RUSSIA
JAPAN
TAIWAN
PHILIPPINES
SEOUL
TAIPEI
TOKYO
PYONGYANG
BEIJING
Vladivostok
Shanghai
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Qingdao
Fuzhou
Hong
Kong
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 39
In 1949, when mainland
China was taken over by
the communist party, about
2 mn nationalists fled to
Taiwan
In 1949, however, when mainland China was taken over by the
communist party, an estimated 2 mn nationalists fled to Taiwan and
established an independent government.
This new administration was based on a constitution formed in 1947
for the whole of China.
Taiwan used to be cont-
rolled by the Kuomintang
(KMT) nationalist party but
in 2000, after a process of
democratisation, the
Democratic Progressive
Party was elected
For many years after separation, Taiwan was a one-party state
controlled by a nationalist party known as the Kuomintang (KMT).
However, in the early 1990s the country embarked on a process of
democratisation and the KMTs grip on power ended in 2000 with the
election of Chen Shui-bian from the Democratic Progressive Party as
president. The transfer of power was entirely peaceful.
However, the KMT
returned to power in 2008,
having campaigned on the
need to improve
relationships with
mainland China, and since
then tensions have eased
President Chen Shui-bian won the next election in 2004 but the KMT
returned to power in 2008 with the election of President
Ma Ying-jeou, who campaigned on the need to improve relationships
with mainland China.
Since 2008 there has been an encouraging level of rapport between
mainland China and Taiwan and tensions have eased.
In mid-2009 Chinese and
Taiwanese leaders exchanged
direct messages for the first
time in over 60 years
In mid-2009 Chinese and Taiwanese leaders exchanged direct
messages for the first time in over 60 years, and this was followed in
mid-2010 by a trade pact which was widely seen as the most
significant development since separation.
Mainland China, which calls
itself the Peoples Republic
of China (PRC), still claims
sovereignty over Taiwan,
which calls itself the
Republic of China (ROC)
It would be wrong, though, to suggest that relations are anywhere
close to being normalised. The primary political issue remains
Taiwans relationship with mainland China.
The latterwhich calls itself the Peoples Republic of China
(PRC)still claims sovereignty over Taiwan, which calls itself the
Republic of China (ROC).
China does not allow other
nations to have diplomatic
relationships with both
China and Taiwan and
therefore Taiwan has
formal links with only a
handful of countries
China contends that other nations can not have diplomatic
relationships with both China and Taiwan and therefore Taiwan
suffers from a high degree of diplomatic isolation. Accordingly, it has
formal links with only a handful of countrieschiefly ones based
around the Pacific Rim, South America and Africa. It has no
representation at the United Nations, and attempts to secure a seat
there have been consistently blocked.
Still, China and Taiwan are
important trading partners
and China is Taiwans
largest export market
Surprisingly, in view of the political hostility, China and Taiwan are
important trading partners. In fact China is Taiwans largest export
market.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
40 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
ECONOMIC PROFILE
Taiwan has developed a
vibrant economy since its
formation and effective
status as an independent
country, based on
electronics and export trade
Taiwan has developed an increasingly vibrant economy since its
formation and effective status as an independent countryto the
extent that it is regarded as one of East Asias economic tigers.
Much of this dynamism has been based on the development of a
thriving electronics industry and extensive export trade.
The Taiwanese government
embraces capitalist principles
The Taiwanese government embraces capitalist principles, and its
economic policies are aimed at promoting private enterprise.
The government has drawn
up a long-term plan for
economic development and a
target for GDP per head of
US$30,000 by 2015
The government has drawn up a long-term plan for economic
development. This envisages the maintenance of economic growth at
an average of 5% per annum, and a target for gross domestic product
(GDP) per head of US$30,000 by 2015 compared with an estimated
US$21,000 in 2011.
To achieve this target, the
government has given
priority to improving the
investment regime, and
building economic and
commercial links with
mainland China
To achieve this ambitious target, the government has placed a high
priority on improving the investment regime by enhancing the
availability of land and labour inputs, as well as upgrading the
infrastructure and providing assistance to small and medium sized
enterprises (SMEs) and traditional industries. Also, it is recognised
that much is dependent on building up economic and commercial links
with mainland China.
Investment and technical
cooperation by Taiwanese
companies in China need
approval by Taiwans
MOEA
Until recently, such activity has been subject to significant constraints
as any form of business investment and technical cooperation on the
part of Taiwanese companies in China have been conditional upon
approval by the investment commission of Taiwans Ministry of
Economic Affairs (MOEA).
However, restrictions on
investing on the mainland
have been gradually
relaxed
However, Taiwanese companies have shown a growing tendency to
relocate manufacturing activities to China, as well as other lower cost
countries, and restrictions on investing on the mainland have been
gradually relaxed. As an example, in mid-2008 the Taiwanese
government approved the lifting of a cap on investment in China from
40% of a companys net worth to 60%.
Taiwans economy suffered
from the global financial
crisis and recession in North
America and Europe
Given Taiwans significant international trading links, it is hardly
surprising that the economy has suffered as a consequence of the twin
impact of the global financial crisis and economic recession in major
markets such as North America and Europe.
In 2009 GDP fell by 1.9% In 2008 Taiwans GDP expanded by a mere 0.7% after rising by an
impressive 6.0% in 2007. A year later, at the height of the crisis, it
fell by 1.9%.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 41
There was also a sharp fall
in exports and a notable
decline in machinery and
electric equipment ship-
ments, which typically
account for 45% of exports
The fall in 2009 is reflected in a sharp 20.2% decline in exports, from
US$255 bn to US$203 bn.
Also, there was a notable fall in shipments of machinery and electrical
equipment in 2009and typically these account for 45% of total
exports by value.
In 2010, however, GDP and
exports recovered sharply
In 2010, however, there was a sharp recovery as GDP grew in real
terms by no less than 10.8% and exports soared by 34.9% to
US$274 bn.
In 2011 GDP growth is
forecast to moderate to
4.4%
In 2011 GDP growth is expected to moderate. This is not surprising,
as the growth figure for 2010 reflected a strong recovery from the
recession and is not sustainable. Nonetheless, growth is expected to be
a relatively healthy 4.4% in 2011, driven by a recovery in exports to
a record US$315 bn.
Table 1: Taiwan: political and economic profile, 2011
Official name Taiwan
Government type Multiparty democracy
Legal system Based on civil law system. Has not accepted
compulsory ICJ Jurisdiction
Capital Taipei
Area 32,260 km
2
Population 23 mn
Chief of state President Ma Ying-jeou (since May 20, 2008)
Head of government Premier Wu Den-yih (since September 10, 2009)
National holiday Republic Day (Anniversary of Chinese Revolution)
October 10
Ethnic groups Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, Chinese 14%,
indigenous (aboriginal) 2%
Languages Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese, Hakka
dialects
Major exports Electronics, machinery, metals, precision instruments,
information and communication products, chemicals,
electrical appliances, plastics, textiles and clothing
Major imports Capital equipment, raw materials
Major export partners China 28%, Hong Kong 14%, USA 12%, Japan 7%,
Singapore 4% (in 2010)
Major import partners Japan 21%, China 14%, USA 10%, South Korea 6%
and Saudi Arabian 5% (in 2010)
Sources: Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA); CIA World Factbook.
Table 2: Taiwan: economic indicators, 2007-10
2007 2008 2009 2010
Nominal GDP (US$ bn) 393.1 400.2 377.4 430.2
Real GDP growth (%) 6.0 0.7 -1.9 10.8
GDP per head
a
(US$ at PPP
b
) 34,258 35,143 34,657 38,679
Export
c
(US$ bn) 246.5 254.9 203.4 274.4
Imports
c
(US$ bn) 216.1 236.4 172.8 247.5
Trade balance (US$ bn) 30.4 18.5 30.6 26.9
Consumer price inflation
d
(%) 3.8 1.3 0.0 1.4
Exchange rate
d
(NT$:US$1.00) 32.44 32.86 32.03 30.37
a
Estimates.
b
Purchasing power parity.
c
fob values.
d
End of period.
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
42 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
TAIWAN: INFRASTRUCTURE
Taiwanese businesses
benefit from an excellent
infrastructure throughout
the country
Taiwanese businesses benefit from an excellent infrastructure
throughout the country. This covers all important aspects including
transport facilities and logistics together with necessary utilities such
as power and water. In this regard, Taiwan matches the other Asian
economic tigers such as Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea.
which means that the tex-
tile and clothing industry is
not hampered by the inade-
quate conditions found in
some other Asian countries
It follows therefore that Taiwans textile and clothing industry is not
hampered by the manifestly inadequate and debilitating conditions in
some other Asian countries where there is an urgent need to invest
heavily in infrastructure projects.
TRANSPORT
Taiwans road network
amounts to 41,475 km
according to 2009 figures
Taiwan has a road network extending to 41,475 km according to 2009
figures. Within this total, 41,033 km is paved and 442 km unpaved,
and there is 720 km of expressways.
The railway network,
however, is limited and
comprises 1,482 km of track
The railway network, in contrast, is rather limited and comprises a
modest 1,482 km of track. Moreover, most of this is narrow gauge,
and only 340 km is standard gauge.
There are 41 airports in
Taiwan of which the two
most important are
Taoyuan International
Airport near Taipei and
Kaohsiung International
Airport in the south
There are 41 airports in Taiwan, of which 38 have paved runways.
There are four international airports, of which the two most important
are Taoyuan International Airport and Kaohsiung International Airport.
Taoyuan International Airport is based near the capital, Taipei, in the
north of the island, and is one of Asias busiest airports with around
22 mn passengers a year. Kaohsiung International Airport is based in
the south of Taiwan near the city with the same name.
Taiwan is served by seven
international seaports
Taiwan is served by seven international seaports, namely Anping,
Hualien, Kaohsiung, Keelung, Su-ao, Taichung and Taipei.
UTILITIES
Taiwans utilities are well
developed, reliable and
reasonably priced
Taiwans utilities are well developed, reliable and reasonably priced.
Average electricity rates for households and industry, for example, are
lower than those in most other industrialised Asian countries.
Taiwans average water unit
rate is lower than in Japan,
Singapore, Hong Kong and
European countries
Similarly, Taiwans average water unit rate is lower than in Japan,
Singapore and Hong Kong, although it is higher than in South Korea.
The average water unit rate in European countries ranges from three
times to 17 times the level in Taiwan.
Electricity generation
exceeded consumption
in 2009
Electricity generation amounted to 229.1 bn kWh in 2009, which
exceeded the consumption figure of 220.8 bn kWh.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 43
The telecommunications
system is well developed,
modern and fully digital
The telecommunications system is well developed and modern. As
befits a country with a leading position in the international electronics
market, it is fully digital. There are 14.6 mn land lines, 27 mn mobile
phone connections and 16.1 mn Internet users, based on 2009 figures.
TAIWAN: HUMAN RESOURCES
Taiwans population is
growing by just 0.2% a
year
Taiwans population amounted in mid-2011 to 23.07 mn, giving a
population density of 713 people per km
2
. The population is growing
by just 0.2% a year.
15.6% is aged 0-14 years,
73.4% is aged 15-64 years
and 10.9% is aged 65 years
or above
The age structure is tilted towards younger groups with 15.6% of the
population aged 0-14 years and a further 73.4% falling into the 15-64
years age group. Only 10.9% of the population is aged 65 years or
above.
Males outnumber females
overall and in the two
younger segments
Males outnumber females by 50.3% to 49.7%. However, while this
lead applies to the two younger segments it does not apply to the
older segment.
Life expectancy for males
is 75.5 years and for
females 81.4 years
Overall life expectancy is 78.3 years, although there is quite a
difference between males and females. For males the life expectancy
is 75.5 years while for females it stands at 81.4 years.
The median age is 37.6
years
The median age is 37.6 years36.9 years for males and 38.3 years
for females.
In terms of ethnic groups,
Taiwanese account for 84%
of the population
In terms of ethnic groups, Taiwanese (including Hakka) account for
84% of the population, followed by mainland Chinese at 14% and
indigenous (aboriginal) at 2%.
The literacy rate is high at
96.1%, and only 1.16% of
the population lives below
the poverty line
The literacy rate is high, and 96.1% of people over 15 years of age
are able to read and write.
Also, the percentage of the population below the poverty line is very
low at only 1.16%.
Taiwans workforce
amounted to an estimated
11.07 mn in 2010
Based on figures for 2010, Taiwans workforce numbered an
estimated 11.07 mn in that year, of whom males accounted for around
57% and females 43%.
58.8% of the workforce is
employed in the service
sector
58.8% of the workforce was employed in the service sector in 2010.
Industry accounted for a further 35.9% while agriculture employed
just 5.2%.
Unemployment stood at
5.2% in 2010
Unemployment stood at 5.2%, having fallen from 5.9% in 2009.
However, it was higher than the 4.1% recorded for 2008.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
44 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Employment in the textile
and clothing industry fell by
4% to 161,874 employees in
2009
Employment in the textile and clothing industry has declined
significantly in recent years. In 2009 alone, the number of employees
in the industry was down by 4% compared with the previous year,
from 168,644 to 161,874.
70.6% was in textiles and
29.4% in clothing
Of the 2009 figure, 114,309 employees, or 70.6% of the total, were
employed in textiles and 47,565 employees, or 29.4%, were employed
in clothing.
Table 3: Taiwan: employment in the textile and clothing industry by major sector, 2005-10
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Man-made fibres
no of employees 13,683 11,084 9,626 8,995 9,158 n/a
share
a
(%) 7.1 6.1 5.5 5.3 5.7 n/a
Textiles
no of employees 124,517 118,836 114,211 110,096 105,151 106,427
share
a
(%) 64.7 65.5 65.6 65.3 65.0 n/a
Apparel and accessories
no of employees 54,270 51,395 50,228 49,553 47,565 46,736
share
a
(%) 28.2 28.3 28.9 29.4 29.4 n/a
Total of above
No of employees 192,470 181,315 174,065 168,644 161,874 n/a
Share
b
(%) 7.8 7.2 6.8 6.6 6.7 n/a
Total manufacturing 2,479,476 2,510,435 2,543,763 2,564,542 2,411,013 n/a
a
Share of total number of employees in textiles and clothing.
b
Share of total number of employees in manufacturing.
Source: Monthly Bulletin of Earnings and Productivity Statistics, Directorate General of Budget, Accounting & Statistics,
Executive Yuan, Taiwan.
In textiles, the fabric
manufacturing sector is
the biggest employer
In textiles, the biggest employer by far is the fabric manufacturing
sector (Table 4). Indeed, this sector employs more than twice as many
people as the next most significant sectorprinting, dyeing and
finishing.
Table 4: Taiwan: employment in the textile industry, by process, 2005-10
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Yarn spinning
no of employees 17,855 16,390 16,242 15,880 15,175 n/a
share
a
(%) 14.3 13.8 14.2 14.4 14.4 n/a
Fabric
no of employees 56,303 52,989 50,884 48,739 46,097 n/a
share
a
(%) 45.2 44.6 44.6 44.3 43.8 n/a
Printing, dyeing and finishing
no of employees 26,680 26,144 24,245 22,788 22,013 n/a
share
a
(%) 21.4 22.0 21.2 20.7 20.9 n/a
Other textiles
no of employees 23,679 23,313 22,840 22,689 21,866 n/a
share
a
(%) 19.0 19.6 20.0 20.6 20.8 n/a
Textiles
No of employees 124,517 118,836 114,211 110,096 105,151 106,427
Share
a
(%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
a
Share of total number of employees in textiles.
Source: Monthly Bulletin of Earnings and Productivity Statistics, Directorate General of Budget, Accounting & Statistics,
Executive Yuan, Taiwan.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 45
Employment levels in the
clothing and accessories
sector fell every year
between 2005 and 2010
Employment levels in the clothing and accessories sector, as in the
textile sector, fell every year between 2005 and 2009 (Table 5).
However, employment in the clothing and accessories sector also fell
in 2010.
Table 5: Taiwan: employment in apparel and accessories by segment, 2005-10
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Woven apparel
no of employees 27,449 23,908 22,935 22,196 20,406 n/a
share
a
(%) 50.6 46.5 45.7 44.8 42.9 n/a
Knitted apparel
no of employees 19,386 20,295 20,403 20,455 19,782 n/a
share
a
(%) 35.7 39.5 40.6 41.3 41.6 n/a
Accessories
no of employees 7,435 7,192 6,890 6,902 7,377 n/a
share
a
(%) 13.7 14.0 13.7 13.9 15.5 n/a
Apparel and accessories
No of employees 54,270 51,395 50,228 49,553 47,565 46,736
Share
a
(%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
a
Share of total number of employees in apparel and accessories.
Source: Monthly Bulletin of Earnings and Productivity Statistics, Directorate General of Budget, Accounting & Statistics,
Executive Yuan, Taiwan.
During 2001-09, employment
in the textile sector fell by
15.9% and employment in
the clothing sector dropped
by an alarming 42.3%
The decline in employment appears to be particularly marked when
viewed over the longer term. During the 2001-09 period, employment
in the textile and clothing industry dipped by 25.9%. Employment in
the textile sector was down by 15.9% and employment in the clothing
sector was down by a rather alarming 42.3%.
A significant number of
guest workers from China
and the Philippines are
employed in order to make
up for shortages among the
domestic workforce
An interesting feature of the industry is that it employs a significant
number of guest workers in order to make up for shortages among
the domestic workforce.
Most guest workers are from China and the Philippines, but there are
also significant numbers from other countries.
The skill levels of these
employees are typically poor
and the Taiwanese govern-
ment has placed restrictions
on the number of guest
workers in the country
The skill levels of these employees are typically poor. Consequently,
much of the saving made on labour costs by employing them is
cancelled out by high training costs and poor productivity.
In any event, the Taiwanese government has placed restrictions on the
number of guest workers in the country.
Labour costs in Taiwans
textile sector averaged
US$7.89 per hour in 2008
Labour costs in Taiwans textile sector averaged US$7.89 per hour in
2008, according to the textile, clothing and fashion consultancy
Werner International.
This was higher than in
other countries such as
Bangladesh, India,
Malaysia, Vietnam
This was noticeably higher than in the textile industries of other
competitors in Asia such as Bangladesh (US$0.31 per hour), India
(US$0.85 per hour), Malaysia (US$1.57 per hour) and Vietnam
(US$0.57 per hour).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
46 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
and China, Taiwans close
competitor, where hourly
labour costs ranged from
US$1.44 to US$1.88
In China, which may be regarded as an especially close competitor,
Werner International has reported that hourly labour costs ranged from
US$1.44 in inland production centres to US$1.88 in coastal production
centres in 2008.
Taiwan also offers generous
fringe benefits, including a
bonus of one months salary
at the end of the year,
insurance for maternity
leave and retirement and
health insurance
However, it is important to look beyond the average hourly rate to
Taiwans generous fringe benefits. These include:
G a bonus of one months salary at the end of the year;
G insurance for maternity leave; and
G retirement insurance and health insurance for employees and their
families.
Average monthly earnings
in the synthetic fibre sector
are markedly higher than
the average for the textile
and clothing industry as a
whole
It is interesting to note that average monthly earnings in the synthetic
fibre sector are markedly higher than the average for the textile and
clothing industry as a whole. For example, in 2009 they amounted to
US$1,622 a month, which was 48% more than in textiles and 72%
more than in clothing and accessories (Table 6).
Table 6: Taiwan: average monthly earnings in the synthetic fibre, textile and
clothing industries, 2009
US$/month
Synthetic fibres 1,622
Textiles 1,094
Clothing and accessories 941
Source: Directorate General of Budget, Accounting & Statistics, Executive Yuan,
Taiwan.
Female employees domi-
nate in the clothing and
accessories sector while
males dominate in textiles
and synthetic fibres
In the textile sector the proportion of male employees is approximately
53% and female employees 47%.
As might be expected, females dominate in the clothing and
accessories sector while males dominate in the synthetic fibre sector.
Table 7: Taiwan: employment in the textile and clothing industry by gender and by sector, 2009
Employees Male Female Workers Staff
(No) (% share) (% share) (% share) (% share)
Man-made fibre 9,158 75.4 24.6 65.4 34.6
Textiles
Yarn spinning 15,175 56.8 43.2 71.8 28.2
Fabric 46,097 50.8 49.2 61.3 38.7
Printing, dyeing and finishing 22,013 69.9 30.1 65.1 34.9
Other textiles 21,866 37.8 62.2 71.8 28.2
Total textiles 105,151 53.0 47.0 65.8 34.2
Apparel and accessories
Woven apparel 20,406 18.6 81.4 66.7 33.3
Knitted apparel 19,782 35.0 65.0 61.8 38.2
Accessories 7,377 34.0 66.0 54.8 45.2
Total apparel and accessories 47,565 27.8 72.2 62.8 37.2
Source: Monthly Bulletin of Earnings and Productivity Statistics, Directorate General of Budget, Accounting & Statistics,
Executive Yuan, Taiwan.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 47
SIZE AND STRUCTURE OF THE TEXTILE AND CLOTHING
INDUSTRY IN TAIWAN
Taiwans textile and
clothing industry includes
most of the sectors needed
for an integrated supply
chain, but it lacks a
domestic supply of natural
fibres
Taiwans textile and clothing industry includes almost all of the
sectors needed for an integrated supply chain.
It makes a full range of textilesincluding synthetic fibres, yarns and
fabricsand has a comprehensive capability for manufacturing
clothing and accessories. What is missing is a domestic supply of
natural fibres.
Vertical integration
The industry is dominated
by several large, vertically
integrated companies but it
also has a shrinking
number of small businesses
which tend to focus on a
single part of the supply
chain
The textile and clothing industry is becoming increasingly dominated
by several large, vertically integrated companiesincluding a few
multinational enterprises.
There is also a significant but shrinking number of small businesses.
These latter operations generally focus on a single part of the supply
chain, such as spinning yarn. The knitting sector in particular includes
numerous family enterprises.
The larger companies
undertake all processes,
from fibres to finished
clothing
In contrast, the larger companies are, typically, integrated to the point
where they undertake all processesfrom the manufacture of fibres
to the production of finished clothing and distribution.
Yarn segment
The yarn segment includes
firms involved in texturing
and in spinning cotton, wool
and synthetic fibres
The yarn segment includes companies involved in the spinning of
cotton, wool and synthetic fibres, along with those which manufacture
textured synthetic yarns.
Fabric segment
The fabric segment
includes weavers, knitters
and nonwoven producers
who produce textiles from
filament yarn or spun
yarn
The fabric segment includes weavers, knitters and nonwoven fabric
producers.
Some fabric producers use filament yarn, including textured filament
yarn, silk filament yarn and synthetic filament yarn. Other fabric
makers use spun yarns made mainly from cotton and synthetic fibres.
Spinning capacity is falling
but weaving is increasing
Taiwans spinning capacity is declining but its weaving capacity is on
the increase.
In spinning, the number of
spindles fell by 33.7%
between 2000 and 2009 but
the number of open end
rotors grew by 17.7%
In spinning, the textile sector contained 2,323,100 short staple ring
spindles and 85,700 open-end rotors in 2000, according to the ITMF
(International Textile Manufacturers Federation). But by 2009 these
numbers had declined by 33.7% and 17.7% respectively to 1,540,556
short staple ring spindles and 70,532 open-end rotors. Of the 2009
totals, active capacity included 1,339,369 ring spindles, representing
86.9% of the total, as well as 62,584 open-end rotors, representing
88.7%.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
2
It should be noted that shuttleless looms have much higher productive capacities than shuttle looms. In
order to make comparisons it can be assumed that one shuttleless loom is equivalent to three shuttle looms in
capacity terms. See also World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 2Woven Fabric Manufacture,
Textile Outlook International, No 146, August 2010.
3
Concessions are small retail outlets which are located in an allocated area of another store, usually a
department store.
48 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
In weaving, the total number
of looms rose by 28.0%
between 2000 and 2009 as a
60.7% fall in the number of
shuttle looms was more than
offset by a 33.2% rise in the
number of shuttleless looms
In weaving, in 2000 Taiwan had 20,890 shuttleless looms, the more
modern technology, and 1,220 shuttle looms, which are being replaced
by shuttleless looms in most parts of the worldgiving a total number
of 22,110
2
. By 2009, however, the total number of looms had
increased by 28.0% to 28,309 as a result of a 33.2% rise in the
number of shuttleless looms, to 27,830, even though the number of
shuttle looms was down by 60.7% to 479.
The increase in shuttleless
loom numbers shows the
extent to which the textile
industry is being modernised
The increase in the number of shuttleless looms and the accompanying
decrease in the number shuttle looms are indicative of the progressive
modernisation of Taiwans textile industry and the embrace of modern
technology by its manufacturers.
The proportion of shuttle-
less looms, at 98%, was
much higher than in other
Asian countries in 2009
In Taiwan the proportion of shuttleless looms to total looms in 2009
was an impressive 98%, which was considerably higher than in other
Asian countries. For example, the corresponding figure for China was
43%, for India 26%, for Indonesia 21% and for Pakistan 11%.
However, the number of
textile and clothing
manufacturers fell by 31%
to just 4,172 between 1997
and 2010 as production was
moved offshore
However, there has been a hefty fall in the number of textile and
clothing manufacturers in Taiwan over the last decade or so. In 1997
there were 6,048 manufacturers of textiles and clothing but by 2010
the number had fallen by 31% to just 4,172 (Table 8). This erosion is
explained largely by the move offshore to lower cost manufacturing
locations, especially in China and Vietnam.
The fall extended to both
textiles and clothing
The fall extended to both the textile sector and the clothing sector. In
textiles the number of producers fell by 25% over the 13-year period
while in the clothing sector the number of producers fell by a more
serious 44%.
Table 8: Taiwan: number of textile and clothing manufacturers, 1997-2010
1997 2002 2007 2010
Textiles 4,151 3,732 3,508 3,104
Clothing 1,897 1,325 1,198 1,068
Total 6,048 5,057 4,706 4,172
Sources: Directorate General of Budget, Accounting & Statistics, Executive Yuan,
Taiwan.
Retailing in Taiwan is
characterised mainly by
department stores
consisting of concessions
and warehouse stores
In the retail sector, Taiwan is characterised mainly by department
stores and warehouse stores. Taiwans department stores, like their
Japanese counterparts, consist, typically, of concessionaires who
operate concessions
3
in the form of booths or stalls within a shared
facility.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
4
See also Fast track: Taiwan leads Asia in sustainable high performance fibres and fabrics for performance
apparel, Performance Apparel Markets, No 34, 3rd quarter 2010.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 49
TAIWAN: TEXTILE AND CLOTHING PRODUCTION AND
CONSUMPTION
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEXTILE AND
CLOTHING INDUSTRY IN TAIWAN
Production system
Taiwans textile and clothing
industry has developed a
highly integrated production
system
Taiwans textile and clothing industry has developed a highly
integrated production system in which upstream and downstream
operations are linked.
Innovations and high added value
Efforts have focused on
developing and producing
high performance and high
value added products
There have been a number of interesting initiatives in the industry. In
particular, efforts have been directed towards developing and
producing new high performance, functional and high value added
products which combine the advantages of natural fibres and synthetic
fibres
4
.
Environmental issues
There has been a growing
emphasis on environmental
issues among producers
There has been a growing emphasis on environmental issues among
producers.
Some companies have formed joint ventures for the production of
organic textiles, a category which has expanded in recent years.
Several well known
companies have had their
whole production processes
certified by the Institute of
Marketecology (IMO)
Several well known companies have had their entire production
processes certified by the Institute for Marketecology (IMO), including
Far Eastern New Century (formerly known as Far Eastern Textile
Limited), Formosa Taffeta, Chia Heir Group, Everest Textile and Tai
Yuen Textile.
Raw materials
The industrys main
weakness is its dependence
on imported raw cotton
and raw wool
The main weakness of the textile and clothing industry in Taiwan is
that there is no significant production of raw cotton and raw wool on
the island. As a result, the industry has to import significant quantities
of natural fibres.
Much effort and investment
has gone into developing a
synthetic fibres industry
It is for this reason that so much effort and investment has gone into
the development of a synthetic fibres industry, producing both staple
fibres and synthetic filament.
Polyester is the dominant
synthetic fibre type
although nylon is rising in
importance
The dominant synthetic fibre type is polyester, although nylon is rising
in importance due to strong demand for products containing this
material in major clothing markets.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
50 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
PRODUCTION
Production by Taiwans
textile and clothing industry
fell by 28.1% between 2005
and 2009, but recovered in
2010 with an increase of
34.2%
Production by Taiwans textile and clothing industry has fallen sharply
in recent years. Between 2005 and 2009, it fell by 28.1%, from
US$15,385 mn to US$11,061 mn.
That said, it staged a sharp recovery in 2010. At US$14,842 mn,
production was up by 34.2% compared with the 2009 figure and it
exceeded the 2008 total. But it failed to reach the level achieved in
2007.
Table 9: Taiwan: textile and clothing production by value, 2005-10
(US$ mn)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Man-made fibre 4,673 4,654 4,737 3,700 3,112 4,437
Textiles 9,288 9,072 9,482 8,530 7,202 9,567
Clothing 1,424 1,260 1,146 970 747 838
Total 15,385 14,986 15,365 13,200 11,061 14,842
Source: Department of Statistics, Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA).
There were declines in all
the main categories
between 2007 and 2009
Within the totals for the textile and clothing industry as a whole, there
were significant declines in all the main categories between 2007 and
2009, but production rebounded in 2010.
But in 2010 man-made fibre
production surged in value
by 42.6% after falling by
15.9% in 2009
In the man-made fibre sector, production surged in value by 42.6% to
US$4,437 mn in 2010 following a 15.9% decline, to US$3,112 mn,
in 2009 and a 21.9% fall in 2008. That said, it remained below the
levels witnessed in 2005-07.
Textile production rose by
32.8%, following a 15.6%
decline in the previous
year
The surge in 2010 was reflected in strong recoveries in both the textile
sector and the clothing sector. Textile production increased by 32.8%,
from US$7,202 mn to US$9,567 mn, anddespite falls of 15.6% in
2009 and 10.0% in 2008output reached its highest level for over
five years.
Clothing production grew
by 12.2% but this was not
enough to offset a 23.0%
decline in 2009
Clothing production also recovered in 2010, from US$747 mn to
US$838 mn, although the increase was a more moderate 12.2%.
Furthermore, the recovery followed a sharp 23.0% decline in 2009
and, as a result, production remained below the levels seen prior to
2009.
Spun yarn
Spun yarn production rose
by 7.5%, from 385,532
tons to 414,530 tons
Spun yarn production rose in volume by 7.5% in 2010, from 385,532
tons to 414,530 tons. However, the increase was insufficient to offset
a 10.6% decline in the previous year, and output therefore fell short
of the 431,157 tons produced in 2008.
Of the 2010 total, cotton
yarn output accounted for
28.8%, yarn containing
51-84% cotton for 31.2%,
and other types of spun
yarn for 40.1%
Within the 2010 total, output of cotton yarn amounted to
119,203 tons, representing 28.8% of the total, output of yarn
containing 51-84% cotton totalled 129,136 tons, representing 31.2%,
and output of other types of spun yarn amounted to 166,191 tons,
representing 40.1%.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 51
Filament yarn
Production in the filament
yarn sector rose by 9.2%
to 2,285,179 tons in 2010,
which more than offset a
3.0% decline in 2009
There was also a rise in production in the filament yarn sector in
2010. At 2,285,179 tons, production was up by 9.2% compared with
the 2,092,124 tons produced in 2009. This increase more than offset
a 3.0% drop in the previous year and therefore output surpassed the
level of 2,157,370 tons reached in 2008.
Woven fabric
Woven fabric output grew
by 11.6% to 2,589 mn m
2
but the rise failed to offset
a 15.3% fall in 2009
The position in the woven fabric segment also improved as production
grew by 11.6% between 2009 and 2010, from 2,320 mn m
2
to
2,589 mn m
2
. However, the rise followed a 15.3% fall in the previous
year and output fell short of the 2,740 mn m
2
reached in 2008.
Cotton woven fabric
accounted for 4.1%, blends
for 6.4% and others for
89.6%
Of the 2010 total, cotton woven fabric accounted for 105 mn m
2
, or
4.1% of the total, while blends accounted for 165 mn m
2
, or 6.4%,
and others accounted for 2,319 mn m
2
, or 89.6%.
Knitted fabric
In knitted fabrics, output
was up by a sharp 23.4%
after a 3.9% fall in 2009
In knitted fabrics, production in 2010 was up by a sharp 23.4%
compared with the previous year, from to 125,408 tons to
154,781 tons. The increase more than offset a 3.9% drop in 2009.
CONSUMPTION
Fibre consumption reco-
vered by 17.4% in 2010
after a 5.7% fall in 2009
Fibre consumption in Taiwan increased by an impressive 17.4% in
2010, from 1,422,513 tons to 1,670,562, after declining by 5.7% in
the previous year.
Cotton consumption was up
by 12.4%, synthetic fibre
consumption by 14.5% and
other fibres by as much as
563.1%
The recovery was witnessed in all fibre segments. Cotton consumption
rose by 12.4%, from 211,638 tons to 237,969 tons. Synthetic fibre
consumption grew by 14.5%, from 1,202,492 tons to 1,377,008 tons,
and consumption of other fibres surged by 563.1%, from 8,383 tons
to 55,585 tons.
Consumption of filament in
fabric production has been
rising but spun yarn
consumption has fallen
In general, consumption of filament yarn in fabric production has been
rising, but consumption of spun yarn in fabric production has been on
the decline.
Consumer preferences in the clothing market
Two important trends to
have emerged in the clothing
market are a shift towards
functional textiles, and a
preference for recyclable
eco-textiles manufactured
using low pollution and low
energy consumption
production processes
Two important trends have emerged in the clothing market.
The first is a trend in favour of functional textiles, which are
preferred by many consumers for reasons of fashion, ergonomics,
comfort, safety and health.
The second is a preference for eco-textiles which have a
minimal adverse impact on the environment. Such textiles are
manufactured using production processes which minimise pollution
and energy consumption, and the finished products can be recycled
at the end of their useful life.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
5
For more information on this topic, see Flame resistant fibres and fabrics, Performance Apparel Markets,
No 36, 1st quarter 2011.
6
For more information on this topic, see Medical clothing: safeguarding health and well-being,
Performance Apparel Markets, No 28, 1st quarter 2009, and Developments in Medical Textiles, Technical
Textile Markets, No 79, 4th quarter 2009.
52 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
PRODUCT AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MACHINERY IN
TAIWANS TEXTILE AND CLOTHING INDUSTRY
Taiwans textile sector has
benefited from a high level
of technological
development
Taiwans textile sector has benefited from a high level of
technological development. Manufacturers of synthetic fibres and yarn
employ state-of-the-art technologypartly in response to liberal
government policies aimed at encouraging foreign investment in the
domestic industry.
The clothing sector is less
well developed
The clothing industry is less well developed in this regard, and this
goes some way towards explaining this sectors declining output.
Yarn spinners use a
variety of technologies
Yarn spinners use a variety of technologies, including ring spinning,
open-end spinning and jet spinning.
Fabric manufacturers use
shuttle looms and various
types of shuttleless looms
Fabric manufacturers utilise shuttle looms and various types of
shuttleless loomsincluding water jet, air jet, flexible rapier, rigid
rapier and projectile.
Most future investment in
manufacturing will be
allocated to the production
of high added value goods
It is generally accepted that most future investment in manufacturing
will be allocated to the production of high added value goods. These
include such specialist products such as bulletproof clothing, flame
resistant materials
5
, and fabrics for the medical sector
6
.
Investment in production
of traditional products is
less likely because of
falling demand and the
difficulty of competing in
low value segments against
low cost Asian producers
Investment in the production of more traditional textile and clothing
products is less likely because of falling and, in some cases, volatile
demand.
Moreover, it is becoming increasingly difficult to compete in low
added value product segments against the lowest cost Asian
producers.
Research and development
(R&D) and innovation will
continue in Taiwans
textile and clothing
industry
The trend for Taiwans textile and clothing industry to focus more on
innovation and on research and development (R&D) will continue and
probably intensify.
The industry is not only increasing the added value and diversity of
its products, but also undergoing a highly efficient value
transformation.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 53
Taiwans textile and
clothing producers are
taking the lead in product
development, which
includes a growing
emphasis on original design
Rather than acting as subcontractors for others, Taiwans textile and
clothing producers are taking the lead in product development.
There is a growing emphasis on original design, as well as on the
development of products with high economic benefits. This includes
original design manufacturing (ODM) and original brand
manufacturing (OBM).
There is a focus on
initiatives to boost
production efficiency by
improving manufacturing
processes and raising the
level of automation
Currently, the focus of research and development is on initiatives to
boost production efficiency by improving manufacturing processes
and, in particular, raising the level of automation.
This is seen as vital in the quest to maintain international
competitiveness in the face of high domestic labour costs.
According to the ITMF,
Taiwans textile sector
invested in advanced
manufacturing equipment
in 2010 including short
staple spindles, single
heater draw texturing
spindles, shuttleless looms
and circular knitting
machines
Information from the ITMF (International Textile Manufacturers
Federation) indicates that Taiwans textile sector invested in an
extensive range of advanced manufacturing equipment during 2010.
This included:
G 840 short staple spindles;
G 1,728 single heater draw texturing spindles;
G 847 shuttleless weaving loomsincluding 110 rapier or projectile
looms, 92 air-jet looms and 645 water-jet looms; and
G 299 circular knitting machines.
TAIWANS TEXTILE AND CLOTHING EXPORTS
The industry is highly
export oriented
Taiwans textile and clothing industry fulfils a significant role in the
countrys international trade, and the sector is highly export
oriented.
Exports have accounted for
over 80% of output in value
terms over the past six years
In value terms, exports of textiles and clothing over the past six years
have accounted for more than 80% of the countrys total textile and
clothing production.
In 2010 textile and
clothing sales rebounded
by 20.9% following two
poor years in 2008-09
In 2010 there was a sharp rebound in textile and clothing sales
following two poor years in 2008-09. Shipments were worth
US$11.30 bn in 2010, which was 20.9% more than the US$9.35 bn
recorded in the previous year. The increase in 2010 followed a 14.3%
decline in 2009 and a 6.2% fall in 2008.
However, the textile and
clothing industry
accounted for only 4.1%
of Taiwans exports in
2010
Although these are impressive numbers, they represent only a small
part of the countrys total export effort. Whereas textiles and clothing
are typically the largest trade segment in many Asian countries, in
Taiwan they are relatively unimportant and in 2010 they accounted for
just 4.1% of the countrys exports.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
54 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 10: Taiwan: textile and clothing exports by type, 2005-10
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Textiles
Fibre
value (US$ mn) 1,147 1,197 1,184 968 952 1,170
volume (tons) 802,592 792,703 656,280 519,167 643,445 640,675
Yarn
value (US$ mn) 2,269 2,276 2,263 1,970 1,793 2,246
volume (tons) 1,018,991 1,016,237 964,832 767,130 869,716 827,108
Fabric
value (US$ mn) 6,767 6,800 6,760 6,624 5,536 6,722
volume (tons) 1,252,212 1,228,760 1,194,085 1,063,072 945,774 1,041,815
Made-up textiles
value (US$ mn) 337 342 360 370 340 380
volume (tons) 102,280 95,841 104,266 96,947 93,900 109,750
Total textiles
Value (US$ mn) 10,520 10,615 10,567 9,932 8,621 10,518
Volume (tons) 3,176,075 3,133,542 2,919,463 2,446,317 2,552,834 2,619,348
Clothing
Value (US$ mn) 1,319 1,173 1,056 970 724 783
Volume (tons) 82,029 75,647 65,440 54,571 41,385 43,368
Textiles and clothing
Value (US$ mn) 11,839 11,788 11,623 10,902 9,345 11,301
Volume (tons) 3,258,104 3,209,189 2,984,903 2,500,887 2,594,219 2,662,716
NB: numbers may not sum precisely due to rounding.
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation (TTF).
All segments benefited
from the brighter times in
2010, at least in value
terms
All segmentsnamely fibres, yarns, fabrics, clothing and made-up
textilesbenefited from the brighter times and rising shipments which
occurred in 2010, at least in value terms, following declines in all
segments in 2009.
Fibre exports increased by
22.9% in value but
decreased by 0.4% in
volume
Fibre exports rose sharply in value terms following a fairly modest
decline in 2009. Exports were up by 22.9% to US$1.17 bn, from
US$952 mn in 2009. In volume terms, however, exports decreased by
0.4%, after a significant 23.9% rise in 2009.
Yarn exports rose by
25.3% in value but fell by
4.9% in volume
Yarn exports also rose in value terms, by 25.3%, from US$1.79 bn in
2009 to US$2.25 bn, following a 9.0% decline in 2009. But in volume
terms yarn exports fell by 4.9% after a sizeable 13.4% increase in the
previous year.
But fabric exports grew
by a substantial 21.4% in
value terms and by
10.2% in volume
Fabric exports recovered especially well in 2010 after declining in the
previous year. Exports were up by a substantial 21.0% in value terms,
from US$5.54 bn to US$6.72 bn, following a significant 16.4%
decline in the previous year. Exports were also up in volume terms,
by 10.2%, following a dip of 11.0% in 2009.
Clothing exports were up
by 8.1% in value and by
4.8% in volume
Clothing exports recovered somewhat in 2010 after falling sharply in
2009. In value terms, exports grew by 8.1%, from US$724 mn to
US$783 mn, following a 25.4% decline in 2009. Exports also rose in
volume terms, by 4.8%, following a sharp 24.2% drop in 2009.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 55
Exports of made-up textiles
increased by 11.8% in
value and by 16.9% in
volume
Exports of made-up textiles rose by 11.8%, from US$340 mn to
US$380 mn, following an 8.1% decline in the previous year. Exports
also increased in volume terms, by 16.9%, after decreasing by a
modest 3.1% in 2009.
In 2010 fabrics accounted
for the largest share of
exports, followed by yarn,
fibres, clothing and made-
up textiles
These numbers highlight the importance of fabrics to the textile and
clothing sectors export effort. In 2010 fabrics accounted for 59.5% of
exports in value terms, while yarn accounted for 19.9%, fibres for
10.4%, clothing for 6.9% and made-up textiles for 3.4%. This minor
role for clothing is unusual for an Asian country.
As well as the rise in value,
textile and clothing exports
increased by 2.6% in
volume terms
As well as a 20.9% rise in the value of Taiwans textile and clothing
exports, there was also a recovery in volumealbeit a modest one. In
2010 exports amounted to 2.66 mn tons compared with 2.59 mn tons
in 2009, representing an increase of 2.6%.
Unit export prices were up
by an average of 17.8% to
US$4.24 in 2010
However, exports rose faster in value than in volume, which implies
an increase in unit prices. In fact these were up by an average of
17.8% to US$4.24 in 2010, from US$3.60 in 2009.
The average price of fibres
increased by 23.4%, yarn
by 31.7%, fabric by 10.2%
and clothing by 3.2%
The increase in unit prices extended to most individual segments. The
average price of fibres rose by 23.4% after falling by 20.6% in 2009.
The average price of yarn also recovered strongly, by 31.7%, after
falling by 19.7% in the previous year. The average price of fabric
advanced by 10.2% after falling by 6.1%, and the average price of
clothing picked up by 3.2% after falling by 1.6%.
But the price of made-up
textiles fell by 4.4%
However, the average price of made-up textiles continued to slide.
After falling by 5.1% in 2009, it ended the year 4.4% lower.
China continued to be the
largest market for Taiwans
textile and clothing exports
China continued to be the largest market for Taiwanese textile and
clothing exports in 2010, three years after taking over from Hong
Kong in 2007.
In 2010 shipments to China
accounted for 22.5% of total
exports, followed by Vietnam
with a 13.4% share, Hong
Kong with 12.9% and the
USA with 8.7%
In 2010 shipments to China accounted for 22.5% of total textile and
clothing exports from Taiwan.
Next in importance was Vietnam with a 13.4% share (worth
US$1.51 bn), followed by Hong Kong with a 12.9% share (worth
US$1.46 bn) and the USA with an 8.7% share (worth US$983 mn).
Furthermore, shipments to
China were up by 23.2%
Furthermore, shipments to China rose by 23.2% to US$2.54 bn in
2010, from US$2.06 bn in 2009.
Although exports rose in
value in all the major
sectors in 2010, there were
falls in the shares of made-
up textiles and clothing
Although exports were up in value in all the major sectors in 2010,
there was a shift in their relative importance. For example, the share
of made-up textiles in overall exports fell from 3.6% in 2009 to
3.4% in 2010. Similarly, the share of clothing fell from 7.7% to
6.9%.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
56 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 11: Taiwan: major textile and apparel export markets, 2005-10
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Value Share Value Share Value Share Value Share Value Share Value Share
(US$ mn) (%) (US$ mn) (%) (US$ mn) (%) (US$ mn) (%) (US$ mn) (%) (US$ mn) (%)
China 1,875 15.8 2,153 18.3 2,247 19.3 2,112 19.4 2,063 22.1 2,542 22.5
Vietnam 917 7.7 1,019 8.6 1,212 10.4 1,261 11.6 1,175 12.6 1,511 13.4
Hong Kong 2,743 23.2 2,418 20.5 2,071 17.8 1,749 16.0 1,270 13.6 1,462 12.9
USA 1,546 13.1 1,409 12.0 1,297 11.2 1,145 10.5 874 9.4 983 8.7
Indonesia 486 4.1 475 4.0 494 4.3 481 4.4 431 4.6 n/a n/a
Others 4,272 36.1 4,314 36.6 4,302 37.0 4,154 38.1 3,532 37.8 4,803 42.5
Total 11,839 100.0 11,788 100.0 11,623 100.0 10,902 100.0 9,345 100.0 11,301 100.0
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation (TTF).
However, the shares of
fibres, yarns and fabrics
all rose
However, the share of fibres increased from 10.2% to 10.4%, the
share of yarns rose from 19.2% to 19.9%, and the share of fabrics
rose from 59.2% to 59.5%.
In volume terms, there were
increases in the shares of
made-up textiles and fabrics
In volume terms, the share of made-up textiles in overall exports rose
from 3.6% in 2009 to 4.1% in 2010. Similarly, the share of fabrics
rose from 36.5% to 39.1%.
But the shares of fibres
and yarns fell
However, the share of fibres fell from 24.8% to 24.1%. Similarly, the
share of yarns declined from 33.5% to 31.1%.
The share of clothing,
meanwhile, remained
constant at 1.6%
The share of clothing, meanwhile, remained constant at 1.6% after
falling from 2.2% to 1.6% in 2009.
Table 12: Taiwan: share of textile and clothing exports by type, 2005-10
(%)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Share by value
Textiles
fibre 9.7 10.2 10.2 8.9 10.2 10.4
yarn 19.2 19.3 19.5 18.1 19.2 19.9
fabric 57.2 57.7 58.2 60.8 59.2 59.5
made-up textiles 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.4
total textiles 88.9 90.0 90.9 91.1 92.3 93.1
Clothing 11.1 10.0 9.1 8.9 7.7 6.9
Textiles and clothing 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Share by volume
Textiles
fibre 24.6 24.7 22.0 20.8 24.8 24.1
yarn 31.3 31.7 32.3 30.7 33.5 31.1
fabric 38.4 38.3 40.0 42.5 36.5 39.1
made-up textiles 3.1 3.0 3.5 3.9 3.6 4.1
total textiles 97.5 97.6 97.8 97.8 98.4 98.4
Clothing 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2 1.6 1.6
Textiles and clothing 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
NB: numbers may not sum precisely due to rounding.
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation
(TTF).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 57
Organically grown cotton
and eco-fibre textiles are set
to become the industrys
main export items and
Taiwans industry is
focusing on these categories
for much of its development
Looking ahead, it is believed that organically grown cotton and
eco-fibre textiles hold the greatest promise in international markets
and will become the main categories in the textile and clothing
industrys export trade.
As a consequence, the industry in Taiwan is focusing on these
categories for much of its development.
TAIWANS TEXTILE AND CLOTHING IMPORTS
Taiwans textile and
clothing industry is heavily
dependent on imports of
natural fibres
Taiwans textile and clothing industry is heavily, perhaps
uncomfortably, dependent on imported sources of natural
fibresreflecting the fact that domestic cotton production and wool
production are negligible. Significantly, more than 75% of fibre
imports and 20% of yarn imports were based on natural materials in
2009.
Textile and clothing
imports increased by a
sharp 32.6% in 2010
following an 18.9% decline
in 2009 as the industry
recovered and demand for
materials picked up
Imports of textiles and clothing staged a substantial recovery in 2010
following an 18.9% decline in 2009when they fell from US$2.70 bn
to US$2.19 bn. Indeed, at US$2.90 bn, imports were up by a sharp
32.6% from the 2009 total (Table 13).
The recovery in imports reflects the upturn in production and exports
by the industry, and hence a pick-up in demand for materials.
Table 13: Taiwan: textile and clothing imports by type, 2005-10
(US$ mn)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Textiles
fibre 533 529 544 531 416 626
yarn 398 394 423 397 277 458
fabric 502 466 463 484 375 476
made-up textiles 171 185 197 203 183 238
total textiles 1,604 1,575 1,627 1,615 1,252 1,799
Clothing 1,030 1,154 1,047 1,087 938 1,105
Textiles and clothing 2,634 2,729 2,674 2,702 2,190 2,904
NB: numbers may not sum precisely due to rounding.
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation
(TTF).
The overall recovery in 2010
extended to all categories
The overall recovery in 2010 extended to imports of yarns, fibres,
made-up textiles, fabrics and clothingfollowing declines in 2009.
Clothing remained the
leading import category,
followed by fibres, fabrics,
yarns and made-up textiles
Clothing remained the leading import category with a 38.1% share of
total textile and clothing imports. Next in importance were fibres with
a 21.6% share, followed by fabrics with a 16.4% share, yarns with a
15.8% share and made-up textiles with an 8.2% share.
However, the fastest growth
was in yarn imports
However, the fastest growth was in yarn imports, which recovered
strongly following a significant drop in the previous year.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
58 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
These rose by 65.3% after
a 30.2% fall in 2009
Indeed, at US$458 mn, yarn imports were up by 65.3% from
US$277 mn in 2009 after declining by 30.2% between 2008 and 2009.
Fibre imports soared by
50.5% following a 21.7%
decline in 2009
Fibre imports also recovered well in 2010. Imports soared by 50.5%,
from US$416 mn to US$626 mn, following a significant 21.7% drop
in the previous year.
Imports of made-up textiles
were up by 30.1% following
a decrease of 9.9%
Imports of made-up textiles also staged a strong recoveryhaving
grown by 30.1%, from US$183 mn to US$238 mn, following a 9.9%
decrease in 2009.
Fabric imports grew by
26.9% after falling by 22.5%
Fabric imports grew almost as fast, by 26.9%, from US$375 mn to
US$476 mn, following a 22.5% decline a year earlier.
Clothing imports rose by
17.8% after a 13.7% fall
Imports of clothing, meanwhile, grew by 17.8%, from US$938 mn to
US$1,105 mn, following a 13.7% decline in 2009.
Textile and clothing
imports also recovered in
volume terms in 2010
Textile and clothing imports also recovered strongly in terms of
volume (tonnage). In total, textile and clothing imports amounted to
671,548 tons in 2010, which was 16.0% more than the 578,903 tons
imported during 2009.
The unit price of imports
increased by 14.3% to
US$4.32 per kg
However, imports rose faster in value than in volume, which implies
that there was a rise in unit import prices. In fact these increased by
an average of 14.3% to US$4.32 per kg in 2010, compared with
US$3.78 per kg in 2009.
China remained Taiwans
leading source of textile and
clothing imports in 2010 as
a whole with a 32.5% share
China continued to be Taiwans leading source of textile and clothing
imports in 2010 as a whole. Indeed, at US$945 mn, textile and
clothing imports from China represented 32.5% of Taiwanese textile
and clothing imports from all sources in value terms (Table 14).
Imports from China were
up by 28.0%
Furthermore, imports from China were up by 28.0% on the
US$738 mn worth imported in 2009.
Other major sources of
imports were the USA with
an 8.6% share, Japan with
an 8.4% share and Vietnam
with an 8.3% share
Other major sources of imports in 2010 were the USA with a value
of US$251 mn and a share of 8.6% (up from 7.3% in 2009), Japan
with a value of US$243 mn and a share of 8.4% (down from 9.1% in
2009), and Vietnam with a value of US$241 mn and a share of 8.3%
(the same as in 2009).
Table 14: Taiwan: major textile and apparel import sources, 2005-10
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Value Share Value Share Value Share Value Share Value Share Value Share
(US$ mn) (%) (US$ mn) (%) (US$ mn) (%) (US$ mn) (%) (US$ mn) (%) (US$ mn) (%)
China 323 12.3 594 21.8 685 25.6 785 29.1 738 33.7 945 32.5
USA 229 8.7 237 8.7 239 8.9 222 8.2 159 7.3 251 8.6
Japan 308 11.7 262 9.6 241 9.0 255 9.4 200 9.1 243 8.4
Vietnam n/a 0.0 182 6.7 183 6.8 203 7.5 182 8.3 241 8.3
Hong Kong 380 14.4 249 9.1 150 5.6 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Others 1,394 52.9 1,205 44.2 1,176 44.0 1,237 45.8 911 41.6 1,224 42.1
Total 2,634 100.0 2,729 100.0 2,674 100.0 2,702 100.0 2,190 100.0 2,904 100.0
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation (TTF).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 59
TEXTILES AND CLOTHING IN TAIWAN: GOVERNMENT
POLICIES AND INVESTMENT INCENTIVES
GOVERNMENT POLICIES
Policies have helped to pro-
mote industrial development
Taiwans policy towards investment has been an important factor in
promoting industrial development.
Rules regarding investment
have been relaxed in recent
years, reflecting Taiwans
obligations as a WTO
member and the need to
sustain economic growth
Rules regarding investment have been relaxed in recent years, for a
number of reasons. For example, Taiwan has had to adjust its
investment regulations in order to fulfil its obligations as a member
of the World Trade Organization (WTO)following its accession to
the WTO in December 2001. Another imperative is the need for the
Taiwanese government to sustain economic growth.
There is freedom to invest
foreign capital and domestic
capital in private ownership,
and the process is helped by
the presence of efficient
capital markets and trans-
parent taxation regimes
There is freedom to invest foreign capital as well as domestic capital
in private ownership and establish businesses in all activities apart
from those affecting national security or where state monopolies exist.
The process of investing is helped and enhanced by the presence of
efficient capital markets, along with transparent regulatory and
taxation regimes.
The textile and clothing
industry is being encou-
raged to upgrade and
transform its operations,
and increase the share of
household and industrial
textiles production by 2015
The textile and clothing industry is being encouraged to upgrade and
transform its operations in accordance with a long-term policy which
the government has formulated for the industry.
One of the aims of the policy is to adjust the ratio of clothing,
household and industrial textiles production in value terms from
66:11:23 in 2007 to 50:17:33 in 2015.
The annual value of produc-
tion is expected to increase
During this eight-year period of adjustment, the annual value of textile
and clothing production is expected to increase to US$18 bn.
To achieve these objectives
the government has drawn
up three plans
In accordance with these objectives, the government has drawn up
three plans, namely:
the Double Production Value for Industrial Textiles Plan;
the Alliance for Developing and Promoting Functional Textiles
Plan; and
the Taiwan Fashion Promotion Plan.
Its aims are to achieve
sustainable development,
promote the sector in global
markets and assist the sector
in the development of high
added value products
In doing so, the governments aims are to:
achieve sustainable development;
promote Taiwanese textiles and clothing in global markets; and
assist the sector in the development of high added value products.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
60 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
INVESTMENT INCENTIVES
The government pursues
policies which aim to
encourage domestic and
foreign investors to locate
industrial operations in
Taiwan
The government recognises that, when promoting industrial and
economic development, it is important to combine a superior
investment environment and attractive incentives.
Accordingly, it pursues policies which aim to encourage domestic and
foreign investors to locate industrial operations in Taiwan.
These policies include tax
incentives, low interest
loans, incentives for
investing in specific
locations and industry and
academic collaboration
These policies can be grouped under the following headings:
G tax incentives;
G low interest loans;
G incentives for investing in specific locations; and
G industry and academic collaboration.
Tax incentives
The government offers tax
incentives for industrial
development with the aim
of directing investment
towards boosting research
and development (R&D),
promoting skills and
investing in new equipment
and technology
Taiwans government offers tax incentives for industrial
development in accordance with its objective of encouraging
corporate investment.
In offering such incentives, its aim is to direct investment towards:
G boosting research and development (R&D);
G promoting skills through personnel training; and
G investing in new equipment and technology.
The incentives have helped
Taiwan to establish and
develop a number of new
industries as well as helping
to transform the textile and
clothing industries
The incentives available to companies have helped Taiwan to establish
and develop a number of new industries, while simultaneously
assisting with the transformation of traditional industries such as
textiles and clothing.
It is widely accepted that the incentives have played an important role
in upgrading Taiwans technological competence and industrial
operations.
To boost R&D, companies
can claim a tax credit of
up to 30% of R&D
expenses against business
income tax payable
Boosting research and development (R&D): the incentives aimed at
boosting R&D provide companies with rights set up in accordance
with company law to claim a tax credit of up to 30% of R&D
expenses against business income tax payable.
The company may amortise the credit over five years, starting from
the year the expenditure is made.
Allowable R&D expenses
include costs incurred in
carrying out research into
new products or
technologies, improvements
to production or service
technology and
improvements to
manufacturing processes
Allowable R&D expenses include costs incurred in carrying out:
G research into new products or technologies;
G improvements to production or service technology; and
G improvements to manufacturing processes.
However, the tax credits may only be claimed in respect of R&D costs
incurred by the companys own R&D department. If the R&D is
conducted by an outside agency, it is necessary for the external
organisation to apply for approval from the relevant government
department.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 61
A company can also claim a
tax credit of up to 30% of
the amount invested in
personnel training against
business income tax payable
Promoting skills through personnel training: in a similar fashion,
a company is able to claim a tax credit of up to 30% of the amount
invested in personnel training against business income tax payable.
Again, it is allowable for the company to amortise the credit over five
years, starting from the year the expenditure is made.
To make the claim, training
has to be carried out for the
purpose of developing the
companys own employees
To be able to make the claim, the training has to be carried out for the
purpose of developing the companys own employees or for relevant
training activities relating to its businesswhether conducted in-house
or by outside training agents.
There are tax incentives
relating to expenditures on
new equipment and
technology, and some
indirect tax can be claimed
depending on certain criteria
Investing in new equipment and technology: there are tax incentives
relating to expenditures on new equipment and technology. Moreover,
some indirect tax can be claimed if the company is incorporated
within a science-based industrial park or an export processing zone
(EPZ), or if it sets up a bonded factory or bonded warehouse
according to regulations issued by the Ministry of Finance.
The main indirect tax
incentives relate to imports
and purchases of raw
materials, fuel, supplies,
semi-finished materials and
machinery, and exports of
products or services
The main indirect tax incentives relate to:
G imports of raw materials, fuel, supplies and semi-finished
materials;
G imports of machinery;
G exports of products and/or services; and
G purchases of raw materials, fuel, supplies, semi-finished materials
and machinery from a tax area in Taiwan.
Low interest loans
A special fund has been set
aside to provide low
interest loans
To accelerate industrial development and economic growth, a special
fund has been set aside by the Development Fund of the Executive
Yuan. This involves cooperation with banks for the provision of
various kinds of special low interest loans.
including preferential
loans to help SMEs to
upgrade facilities and buy
advanced and highly auto-
mated equipment, and
funding to help private
enterprises to purchase
pollution control and
pollution treatment plant
These include preferential loans for small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) to help them to upgrade their manufacturing
facilities and purchase advanced and highly automated manufacturing
equipment.
The scheme also provides funding to private enterprises for assistance
in the purchase of equipment for pollution control and pollution
treatment.
Incentives for investing in specific locations
Special incentives are
offered to businesses who
locate in science parks,
export processing zones,
industrial parks, mixed
industrial/commercial zones
and environmental
technology parks
There are special incentives for businesses who locate in the following
locations:
G science parks;
G export processing zones;
G industrial parks;
G mixed industrial/commercial zones; and
G environmental technology parks.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
62 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Industry and academic collaboration
There has been a joint effort
by the government, industry
associations, academia and
research organisations to
encourage the development
of home textiles and
industrial textiles
Taiwans textile industry has embarked on the development of home
textiles and industrial textiles with the support of a joint effort
by the government, industry associations, academia and research
organisations. Indeed, the industry sees technological innovation,
product R&D, and marketing in the field of home textiles and
industrial textiles as one of its priorities. A target has been set to
change the ratio of clothing, home and industrial textile output from
66:11:23 in 2007 to 50:17:33 in 2015.
Taiwans textile industry is
supported by specialised
research organisations,
tertiary institutions and
industry associations
Taiwans textile industry is supported by specialised research
organisations, tertiary institutions and industry associations. It is fair
to conclude, therefore, that the industry has sufficient external back-up
in terms of R&D, production and marketing assistance. Textile
companies, the government, academic institutions and research groups
work together on the promotion of Taiwans textile industry.
The TTRI conducts a survey
every two years to identify
issues affecting the industry
It is interesting to note that the Taiwan Textile Research Institute
(TTRI) conducts a survey every two years in order to identify and
analyse issues affecting the industry.
TEXTILES AND CLOTHING IN TAIWAN: FOREIGN INVESTMENT
INWARD INVESTMENT
To encourage foreign
investment, overseas
investors are treated the
same as domestic investors
There is no discrimination against inward investment in Taiwan.
Foreign investors are treated in the same way as domestic investors
and, as a result, inward investment in the country is growing.
Attractions for foreign investors
Investors are attracted by a
number of favourable
attributes
Investors are attracted by a number of favourable attributes, including:
G transparent legal and accounting systems;
G modern and efficient capital markets;
G currency convertibility; and
G the ability to repatriate profits, subject to certain limited
restrictions.
OUTWARD INVESTMENT
Taiwanese clothing and
textile producers have also
invested in foreign
operations, mainly to take
advantage of lower labour
costs in other countries
Taiwanese clothing producers, together with some textile producers,
have also been investing their capital in the opposite directionin
foreign operations.
The main motive for this has been to take advantage of lower labour
costs in other countries.
This strategy has been
pursued for some years,
and in the clothing sector it
dates back at least to the
early 1990s
This strategy has been pursued for some years. In the case of clothing
manufacturing it was evident as early as the 1990s.
Fabric producers followed in the late 1990s, and some fibre and yarn
producers have followed within the past ten years.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 63
Foreign ventures continue
to depend on textile inputs
from Taiwan
In many cases, these foreign ventures continue to depend on textile
inputs from their home base in Taiwan.
Investment locations
Taiwanese firms have inves-
ted in China, Africa, Central
America and South-East Asia
Taiwanese companies have invested especially heavily over the years
in China (Table 15) but also in Africa, Central America and
South-East Asia.
In Africa, Taiwanese invest-
ment has been mainly in
Lesotho and Swaziland
In Africa, the greatest concentration of Taiwanese investment has
been in Lesotho and Swazilandtwo countries which have
traditionally received development assistance from Taiwan.
In Central America,
Taiwanese investment has
been encouraged in
Honduras, Mexico and
Nicaragua
In Central America, Taiwanese investment has been encouraged in
Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua. According to a Honduran industry
representative, Taiwanese companies enjoy a reputation for high
quality which, combined with low production costs and easy access to
the US market, makes Honduras an attractive sourcing location for
US buyers.
In South-East Asia,
investment has been mainly
in Vietnam
In South-East Asia, Taiwanese textile and clothing companies have
invested heavily in Vietnam. One of the chief attractions of the
country is Vietnams skilled and low cost labour force.
Taiwanese firms have inves-
ted over US$2 bn in 240
textile and clothing projects
in Vietnam, and some plan
to expand, at the expense of
China, to benefit from
Vietnams low labour costs
Taiwanese firms have around 240 textile and clothing projects in
Vietnam, representing a capital investment of over US$2 bn.
It is reported that some Taiwanese textile and clothing companies are
looking to expand their existing facilities in Vietnam in order to take
advantage of low labour costsperhaps to the detriment of investment
in China.
Other favoured locations
for investment, many
involving joint ventures,
include Cambodia,
Malaysia, the Philippines
and Thailand
Other favoured locations for investment in the region include
Cambodia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand.
Many of these investments are joint ventures with Chinese-speaking
locals and, reportedly, often involve the shipment of older machinery
to the joint venture factories.
Table 15: Major investments by Taiwanese textile and clothing manufacturers
in China and other countries, 2005-09
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
China
No 56 41 35 8 14
Value (US$ 000) 188,853 165,292 160,771 130,871 117,335
Other countries
No 11 10 7 6 3
Value (US$ 000) 34,121 50,325 63,124 124,738 36,095
Source: Statistics on Outward Investment, Investment Commission, Ministry of
Economic Affairs (MOEA).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
64 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
TEXTILES AND CLOTHING IN TAIWAN: STRENGTHS,
WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS
STRENGTHS
Taiwan is a comfortable
place in which to do
business and make
investments
Taiwan is a comfortable place in which to do business and make
investments. The move towards democracy appears to have gone
without a hitch and the political scene is calm and settled with free
and fair elections.
The economy is strong,
and is set for further
significant growth
The economy is strong, and is set for further significant growth
following the hiccup occasioned by the recent global financial crisis
and recession. The country certainly deserves its status as one of
Asias economic tigers.
Taiwan has a favourable
geographical location
Taiwan has a favourable geographical location and is often viewed as
the gateway to Asia.
The government pursues
policies which favour the
development of private
enterprise
The government pursues policies which favour the development of
private enterprise. In particular, it is keen to promote industrial and
commercial development by offering an attractive range of investment
incentives.
There are tax breaks for
investment and training
There are significant tax breaks for enterprises which invest in new
facilities and provide training for their workforces.
The governments strategy
for 2015 shows its commit-
ment to the industry
The government has shown that it is serious about the industrys
future by publishing a long-term textile strategy, and by demonstrating
that it is not prepared to preside over a continuing decline in output
and exports.
Taiwan has attributes for
satisfactory business devel-
opment including transparent
legal and accounting systems
and efficient capital markets
Taiwan has attributes which are essential to the satisfactory
development of thriving businesses and a dynamic economy. These
attributes include transparent legal and accounting systems, modern
and efficient capital markets and only limited restrictions on currency
convertibility and repatriation of profits.
Taiwans infrastructure is
well developed unlike many
of its Asian competitors, with
modern transport facilities
and a state-of-the-art tele-
communications network
Unlike many of its Asian competitors in global markets, Taiwans
infrastructure is generally first class and comparable with that of
Western countriesif not better than them in some cases.
Transport facilities are extensive and modern. Power shortages are not
an issue, and there is a state-of-the-art telecommunications network.
The workforce is educated,
skilled and hard working,
and its young age profile
implies that there is a ready
pool of talented employees
The workforce is educated, skilled and hard working. The literacy rate
is high, and poverty has been all but eradicated.
Moreover, the age profile is skewed towards the young which implies
that there is a ready pool of talented and ambitious employees.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 65
There are excellent R&D,
manufacturing and
distribution locations
There are excellent R&D, manufacturing and distribution locations in
the form of industrial parks, science parks, export processing zones
and environmental technology parks.
Textile and clothing
companies are using
advanced manufacturing
equipment and are
continuing to invest in the
latest technology
Companies in the textile and clothing industry are utilising advanced
manufacturing equipment and are continuing to invest in the latest
technology.
This clearly has huge benefits in terms of unit costs, together with the
ability to produce high added value products to top quality standards.
WEAKNESSES
Taiwan is very dependent on
imports of cotton and wool
For its natural fibre requirements, Taiwan is very dependent on
imports as domestic production of cotton and wool is negligible.
As a result, the industry is
heavily oriented towards the
use of synthetic fibres and
smaller textile companies are
in a weak position to
negotiate favourable prices
for synthetic fibre supplies
As a result, the industry is heavily oriented towards the use of
synthetic fibres.
However, smaller textile companies are in a weak position with regard
to negotiating favourable prices for their synthetic fibre supplies as
they are no match for the pricing power of the highly concentrated
domestic petrochemical industry.
These companies lack the
market power to secure fav-
ourable long-term contracts
or obtain volume discounts
These smaller textile operations lack the market power to secure
favourable long-term contracts or obtain volume discountsa position
which has been made even worse by the recent volatility of the oil
market and the rising price of oil.
There is a shortage of
skilled and unskilled labour
and the industry has to
compete with other larger
manufacturing industries
There is a shortage of labourboth skilled and unskilled. The textile
and clothing industry has to compete with other larger and more
powerful manufacturing industries for the available pool of
labournot least from manufacturers of electronics and other
high-tech equipment.
Guest workers from
various countries are used,
but poor skill levels lead to
lower productivity and
higher training costs
The position has been eased somewhat by using guest workers from
various countries, including the Philippines, China and elsewhere.
As a rule, though, the skill levels of these workers tend to be poor,
with the result that productivity is low and training costs are high.
Also the government has
restricted numbers
Moreover, the government has imposed restrictions on the number of
guest workers allowed into the country.
There are concerns about
the industrys ability to
attract sufficient numbers
of bright employees for the
future
There is also an issue with regard to managerial and professional staff.
In particular, there are concerns as to whether the industry is able to
attract sufficient numbers of bright employees to fulfil its ambitions
to become an internationally recognised producer of innovative textiles
and clothing.
and the shortage of
professional designers
There are worries over the shortage of professional designers who will
be able to assist in the development of high added value products.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
66 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Companies face high costs
due to the governments
generous employee benefits
and limits on working hours
Companies face high costs due to government employment policy.
There are generous employee benefits as well as limits on working
hours, which means that businesses are required to hire additional
labour or pay for expensive overtime.
Labour costs in Taiwans
textile sector are noticeably
higher than in most other
Asian countries
In any event, labour costs in Taiwans textile sector are noticeably
higher than in most other Asian countries. They are four to five times
as high as in China, nearly ten times as high as in Indonesia and a
hefty 14 times as high as in Pakistan.
Input costs such as energy
and transport are rising fast
At the same time, input costs such as energy and transport are rising
fastalthough this is not a problem which Taiwan faces alone.
The textile and clothing
industry is in decline
compared with other
manufacturing activities in
Taiwan and there is concern
that the industry will be
affected by competition from
low cost Asian producers
Most worryingly, the textile and clothing industry is in decline, unlike
many other manufacturing activities in Taiwan.
On a medium-term view the reduction in output, exports and
employment has been marked. Indeed, there is concern that the textile
and clothing industry may go the way of its North American and
European counterparts, which have been seriously affected by
competition from low cost Asian producers.
OPPORTUNITIES
Taiwan has the opportunity
to develop higher added
value items to ensure differ-
entiation and premium
pricing compared with its low
cost Asian competitors
As competition in commodity textile and clothing products
increases, Taiwan has the opportunity to develop higher added value
items. This will be an important means of ensuring differentiation and
premium pricing compared with the industrys low cost Asian
competitors. Possible products in this field include bulletproof
clothing, flame resistant materials, and fabrics for the medical sector.
There are also opportunities
for securing premium prices
in international markets by
offering high quality
products and innovation in
design, but Taiwan will need
to invest heavily in brand
development to match
European competitors
There are also opportunities for securing premium prices in
international markets by offering high quality products and innovation
in design.
This fits in with the general buoyancy of global markets for luxury
goodsespecially in nearby China, where a new generation is eager
to embrace the joys of consumerism.
Taiwan will need to invest heavily in brand development, though, to
match European competitorsand this will take time.
Closer trading links are
being developed with China
Closer trading links are being developed with China, now that
relations with the mainland are moving slowly towards normalisation.
Tariff cuts under the
Economic Cooperation
Framework Agreement
(ECFA) between the two
countries provide a chance
for Taiwanese producers to
increase their share of the
Chinese textile market
In particular, the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
(ECFA) between Taiwan and China provides the chance for
Taiwanese producers to increase their share of the Chinese textile
market significantly.
The opportunities stem in particular from Chinas removal of tariffs
on imports of 136 Taiwanese textile and clothing products in three
stages over two years.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
7
Until the end of 2004, a large proportion of trade in textiles and clothing was regulated by quotas or
quantitative restrictions negotiated under the terms of the MFA (Multi-Fibre Arrangement) and its successor,
the ATC (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing). Quotas were normally agreed bilaterally during negotiations
between a supplying country and an importing country. Each quota specified the quantity of exports of a
particular product (or group of products) which the specific supplying country was permitted to ship to the
importing country in a given year. The ATC came into force on January 31, 1995, and provided for the
complete phasing out of quotas on textile and clothing trade between World Trade Organization (WTO)
members by December 31, 2004. That said, an importing country was permitted until the end of 2008,
subject to certain conditions, to restrict imports of specific products from China under a special textile
safeguard provision which formed part of Chinas WTO accession agreement. At the end of 2008, however,
WTO members were obliged to remove any remaining safeguard restrictions against China. Meanwhile,
WTO member countries may continue to restrict imports from countries which are not members of the
WTO.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 67
The first tariff concessions
took effect in January 2011
and others are planned for
2012 and 2013
The first tariff concessions from both sides took effect at the
beginning of January 2011. The second and third concessions are
scheduled to take place at the beginning of 2012 and 2013
respectively. Before the agreement took effect, China imposed duties
of 5% on imports of synthetic fibres and yarns from Taiwan, 10% on
imports of fabrics and 14-18% on imports of clothing.
There are hopes of enhanced
international trade on a
broader front as the global
economy recovers
There are hopes too of enhanced international trade on a broader front
as the global economy recovers. During 2010 there were encouraging
signs of a sharp recovery in exports and there is an expectation that
this trend will continue during 2011.
THREATS
Continued overseas
investment by Taiwanese
companies poses a threat
to the size and scope of
Taiwans textile and
clothing industry
A significant threat to the size and scope of Taiwans textile and
clothing industry arises from continued investment overseas by
Taiwanese companies in their search for lower costs. This search was
stepped up after the phase-out of quotas on trade between World
Trade Organization (WTO) members at the end of 2004
7
as a number
of producers invested in offshore bases, especially in China and
Vietnam. This process continues.
The industry also faces
competition from emerging
low cost Asian countries
The future of the Taiwanese textile and clothing industry is also
threatened by competition from emerging low cost Asian countries
such as Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia and Vietnam.
Although the ECFA
provides opportunities for
Taiwanese exporters, it poses
a threat of higher imports
from China
A further threat comes from the ECFA (see page 66). Although this
provides opportunities for exporters, it poses the threat of higher
imports from China. The agreement provides for a three-phase
programme of tariff reduction on Taiwanese imports of 21 textile
products from China, starting at the beginning of 2011.
The biggest threat concerns
future relations with China
and the threat of
hostilities
However, the biggest threat by far concerns future relations with
China and the ever present threat of hostilitiesdespite encouraging
moves with regard to trade and economic cooperation.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
68 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
given that China still
claims sovereignty over
Taiwan and the political
and military position
between the two could
deteriorate at any time
China still claims sovereignty over Taiwan, and the political and
military position could deteriorate at any time. From the standpoint of
mid-2011 this seems unlikely. But if hostilities were to begin, it is
difficult to envisage that the West would take on the might of China
in the same way, for example, that it came to the rescue of Kuwait
when it was invaded by Iraq.
STATISTICAL APPENDIX
Table 16: Taiwan: fibre exports by type and leading destination, 2009
Type Export value (US$ 000) Leading markets and their shares of Taiwanese exports (%)
Cotton 3,470 Hong Kong 35 Japan 18 Thailand 14 China 13
Wool 41,035 Japan 33 South Korea 26 China 12 Iran 9
Nylon 18,275 China 27 India 21 Germany 14 Italy 13
Polyester 475,751 Vietnam 17 China 8 USA 8 Germany 6
Acrylic 191,078 China 48 Iran 30 Indonesia 10 Thailand 4
Rayon 177,365 Vietnam 25 Pakistan 14 China 14 Indonesia 13
Ramie and flax 1,241 Japan 65 China 15 Hong Kong 15 Indonesia 3
Silk 23 China 86 Hong Kong 14 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Others 43,859 China 20 USA 12 Israel 12 Hong Kong 8
Total fibre 952,097 China 18 Vietnam 13 Iran 8 Indonesia 5
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation (TTF).
Table 17: Taiwan: yarn exports by type and leading destination, 2009
Type Export value (US$ 000) Leading markets and their shares of Taiwanese exports (%)
Cotton yarn 225,396 China 52 Hong Kong 38 Indonesia 3 Vietnam 2
Wool yarn 3,270 Japan 54 China 19 Hong Kong 14 South Korea 8
Nylon filament yarn 343,661 China 52 Hong Kong 15 India 7 Vietnam 7
Nylon textured yarn 173,461 China 29 Hong Kong 19 Vietnam 11 Mexico 7
Polyester textured yarn 337,208 China 20 Vietnam 11 Japan 10 Thailand 9
Polyester filament yarn 396,792 Vietnam 25 China 14 Japan 9 Syria 6
Polyester spun yarn 95,457 Hong Kong 35 China 28 Vietnam 9 Cambodia 7
Acrylic spun yarn 16,576 Hong Kong 58 China 12 Bangladesh 8 Vietnam 5
Special yarn 72,020 China 20 Hong Kong 14 Vietnam 13 Thailand 6
Others 129,223 China 26 Hong Kong 18 Japan 7 Vietnam 6
Total yarn 1,793,064 China 30 Hong Kong 16 Vietnam 12 Japan 6
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation (TTF).
Table 18: Taiwan: fabric exports by type and leading destination, 2009
Type Export value (US$ 000) Leading markets and their shares of Taiwanese exports (%)
Grey woven fabric
nylon filament 58,664 China 68 Hong Kong 26 Italy 3 Thailand 1
other 67,168 China 23 Hong Kong 17 Vietnam 12 Philippines 7
total grey woven fabric 125,832 China 44 Hong Kong 21 Vietnam 6 Philippines 4
Finished woven fabric
nylon filament 363,936 China 40 Hong Kong 22 Vietnam 13 Indonesia 3
polyester filament 781,918 China 20 Hong Kong 13 Vietnam 11 Brazil 6
other 775,995 China 26 Hong Kong 16 Vietnam 15 Indonesia 6
total finished woven fabric 1,921,849 China 26 Hong Kong 16 Vietnam 13 Indonesia 5
(continued)
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 69
Table 18 (continued): Taiwan: fabric exports by type and leading destination, 2009
Type Export value (US$ 000) Leading markets and their shares of Taiwanese exports (%)
Grey knitted fabric
man-made fibre 89,862 Vietnam 15 China 13 Hong Kong 12 Jordan 11
other 3,519 Philippines 20 Hong Kong 19 Vietnam 19 China 14
total grey knitted fabric 93,381 Vietnam 15 China 13 Hong Kong 13 Jordan 10
Finished knitted fabric
man-made fibre 595,185 Vietnam 15 China 15 Hong Kong 14 Indonesia 8
other 697,493 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
total finished knitted fabric 1,292,678 China 18 Vietnam 15 Hong Kong 14 Cambodia 9
Others 2,102,218 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Total fabric 5,535,958 China 23 Hong Kong 16 Vietnam 14 Indonesia 6
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation (TTF).
Table 19: Taiwan: apparel exports by type and leading destination, 2009
Type Export value (US$ 000) Leading markets and their shares of Taiwanese exports (%)
Woven apparel
mens 44,847 USA 77 Italy 5 Japan 4 Canada 4
womens 47,327 USA 66 Hong Kong 7 Germany 4 China 3
other 11,767 USA 54 Germany 6 Hong Kong 5 Japan 5
total woven apparel 103,941 USA 67 Hong Kong 5 Japan 4 Canada 3
Knitted apparel
mens 35,942 USA 59 Canada 5 Netherlands 5 Hong Kong 4
womens 141,016 USA 84 Canada 3 Hong Kong 2 China 1
sweaters 117,744 USA 74 China 5 UK 4 Hong Kong 4
other 57,947 USA 58 Saudi Arabia 9 Hong Kong 4 UK 4
total knitted apparel 352,648 USA 74 Canada 3 Hong Kong 3 China 3
Accessories
hosiery and tights 91,701 USA 67 UK 7 Japan 5 Canada 3
gloves 13,931 USA 44 UK 9 Chile 6 Japan 5
other 162,175 Vietnam 16 China 5 Hong Kong 11 USA 10
total accessories 267,806 USA 31 Vietnam 10 China 9 Hong Kong 7
Total apparel and accessories 724,395 USA 57 China 5 Hong Kong 5 Vietnam 4
NB: numbers may not sum precisely due to rounding.
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation (TTF).
Table 20: Taiwan: made-up textile exports by type and leading destination, 2009
Type Export value (US$ 000) Leading markets and their shares of Taiwanese exports (%)
Carpets 8,525 Singapore 38 Japan 14 Hong Kong 12 China 10
Sheets, table cloths and other
furnishings 86,370 USA 50 Germany 13 Australia 8 China 4
Tarpaulins, tents and camping
goods 21,209 Vietnam 22 Hong Kong 20 Indonesia 16 China 13
Other articles 223,474 Japan 15 China 15 USA 14 Hong Kong 7
Total made-up textiles 339,579 USA 22 China 12 Japan 11 Hong Kong 7
NB: numbers may not sum precisely due to rounding.
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation (TTF).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
70 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 21: Taiwan: fibre imports by type and leading source, 2009
Type Import value (US$ 000) Leading sources and their shares of Taiwanese imports (%)
Cotton 265,400 USA 43 Brazil 16 India 12 Pakistan 10
Wool 47,824 Australia 65 China 12 New Zealand 8 South Africa 7
Nylon 14,919 Spain 62 Italy 8 Japan 7 USA 7
Polyester 6,886 South Korea 34 Japan 18 Thailand 11 Vietnam 10
Acrylic 2,553 UK 54 Japan 15 Thailand 13 Hungary 4
Rayon 48,284 Indonesia 42 Austria 29 China 17 USA 6
Ramie and flax 1,684 Vietnam 20 France 20 Belgium 17 Netherlands 8
Silk 170 China 100 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Other 28,750 China 31 Japan 19 USA 15 Austria 7
Total fibre 416,469 USA 29 Brazil 10 Australia 8 India 8
NB: numbers may not sum precisely due to rounding.
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation (TTF).
Table 22: Taiwan: yarn imports by type and leading source, 2009
Type Import value (US$ 000) Leading sources and their shares of Taiwanese imports (%)
Cotton yarn 55,576 Pakistan 44 India 31 Vietnam 8 China 7
Wool yarn 2,204 Italy 34 India 24 Japan 24 Peru 7
Nylon filament yarn 75,691 China 36 Indonesia 14 Japan 11 Turkey 11
Nylon textured yarn 3,484 Japan 46 Israel 17 South Korea 9 Thailand 7
Polyester filament yarn 14,274 South Korea 27 China 26 Japan 23 Malaysia 10
Polyester textured yarn 1,148 Japan 42 South Korea 15 China 14 Spain 12
Polyester spun yarn 14,208 China 47 Vietnam 32 Indonesia 13 India 4
Acrylic spun yarn 8,578 Indonesia 79 China 8 Malaysia 5 Thailand 4
Special yarn 13,581 South Korea 22 China 18 USA 18 Vietnam 12
Other 88,372 China 27 Singapore 23 Japan 14 South Korea 13
Total yarn 277,115 China 25 Japan 10 Pakistan 9 Indonesia 8
NB: numbers may not sum precisely due to rounding.
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation (TTF).
Table 23: Taiwan: fabric imports by type and leading source, 2009
Type Import value (US$ 000) Leading sources and their shares of Taiwanese imports (%)
Grey woven fabric
nylon filament 11,896 Vietnam 97 Japan 1 South Korea 1 Malaysia 1
other 31,911 China 38 Vietnam 24 Indonesia 19 Philippines 7
total grey woven fabric 43,807 Vietnam 44 China 28 Indonesia 14 Philippines 5
Finished woven fabric
nylon filament 5,638 Israel 24 South Korea 21 India 10 Japan 8
polyester filament 8,809 South Korea 29 Japan 26 China 8 Hong Kong 6
other 61,598 Japan 34 Italy 17 China 10 South Korea 9
total finished woven fabric 76,045 Japan 31 Italy 15 South Korea 12 China 9
Grey knitted fabric
man-made fibre 3,231 Vietnam 50 South Korea 32 Japan 9 Singapore 2
other 263 Italy 67 Vietnam 23 Malaysia 5 Japan 3
total grey knitted fabric 3,494 Vietnam 48 South Korea 30 Japan 8 Italy 5
Finished knitted fabric
man-made fibre 14,478 South Korea 28 Japan 22 China 17 Thailand 10
other 9,909 Japan 27 China 20 South Korea 14 Italy 12
total finished knitted fabric 24,387 Japan 24 South Korea 22 China 18 Thailand 9
(continued)
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 71
Table 23 (continued): Taiwan: fabric imports by type and leading source, 2009
Type Import value (US$ 000) Leading sources and their shares of Taiwanese imports (%)
Special fabric
nonwoven fabric 81,280 China 32 Japan 25 South Korea 19 USA 6
coated fabric 44,789 China 60 Japan 16 USA 7 South Korea 4
towelling fabric 6,147 Japan 35 Vietnam 18 South Korea 14 USA 7
other 94,911 Japan 27 South Korea 19 China 17 USA 6
total special fabric 227,127 China 31 Japan 24 South Korea 16 USA 6
Total fabric 374,860 China 25 Japan 23 South Korea 14 Vietnam 8
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation (TTF).
Table 24: Taiwan: clothing imports by type and leading source, 2009
Type Import value (US$ 000) Leading sources and their shares of Taiwanese imports (%)
Woven apparel
mens 179,791 China 50 Vietnam 18 Hong Kong 7 Italy 6
womens 235,608 China 47 Italy 11 Vietnam 9 Hong Kong 8
other 8,618 Vietnam 33 China 27 Japan 10 Italy 5
total woven apparel 424,016 China 47 Vietnam 13 Italy 8 Hong Kong 7
Knitted apparel
mens 64,810 China 41 Vietnam 26 Japan 7 Thailand 5
womens 114,144 China 51 Vietnam 14 Japan 8 Thailand 6
sweaters 106,734 China 63 Italy 10 Hong Kong 8 Japan 4
other 123,533 China 61 Vietnam 6 Japan 6 Hong Kong 5
total knitted apparel 409,221 China 55 Vietnam 11 Japan 6 Hong Kong 5
Accessories
hosiery and tights 9,735 Japan 31 China 28 USA 10 South Korea 7
gloves 8,081 Indonesia 43 China 37 Japan 4 Vietnam 4
other 86,955 China 38 Thailand 15 Vietnam 11 Japan 10
total accessories 104,771 China 37 Thailand 13 Japan 11 Vietnam 10
Total apparel and accessories 938,008 China 50 Vietnam 12 Italy 7 Japan 7
NB: numbers may not sum precisely due to rounding.
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation (TTF).
Table 25: Taiwan: made-up textile imports by type and leading source, 2009
Type Import value (US$ 000) Leading sources and their shares of Taiwanese imports (%)
Carpets 21,456 China 55 USA 9 Japan 8 India 7
Sheets, table cloths and other
furnishings 43,104 China 43 Vietnam 18 Japan 7 Italy 6
Tarpaulins, tents and camping
goods 1,411 China 81 USA 6 Vietnam 3 Italy 2
Other articles 117,137 China 47 Indonesia 12 Japan 9 Vietnam 6
Total made-up textiles 183,108 China 47 Vietnam 8 Japan 8 Indonesia 8
Source: Compiled from Taiwan customs statistics by the Taiwan Textile Federation (TTF).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
1
Uday Sekhar is a business writer and consultant. He holds a PhD in economics from Princeton University,
USA, and was formerly head of planning and research at the Exim Bank of India. He has worked at the
World Bank in Washington DC, and has written extensively for the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). Uday
Sekhar is also the author of Indias Textile and Apparel Industry: Opportunities for Sourcing and
Collaboration, Special Report No 2654, and writes regularly for Textiles Intelligence.
72 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
World Markets for Home
Textiles: Focus on Home Linen
and Profiles of Leading Players
by Uday Sekhar
1
SUMMARY

Home textiles represent one of the largest sectors in the global textile industry, reflecting strong
demand for textiles in households and the need for frequent replacement. Within the home textiles
sector, the most important subsector in terms of demand is that of home linenconsisting of items
such as bed sheets, pillowcases, towels, kitchen napkins and table cloths. Within the home linen
subsector, the most important category is that of cotton toilet linen and kitchen linen, of which the
major items are cotton terry towels.
2010 was a good year for home linen companies. Global imports of home linen grew by an estimated
15% compared with the previous year to reach about US$15 bn. The increase followed a fall of about
13% in 2009 and reflected a resurgence of demand for consumer goods as the world economy
recovered from the global economic crisis, and employment and household incomes rose accordingly.
The largest importing country in 2010 was the USA, with almost one-third of world imports of home
linen. Supplies to the US market are dominated by three exporting countries, namely China, India and
Pakistan, and their dominance has been increasing over the years. As a result, the three accounted
for as much as 82% of US imports of home linen in 2010. The next biggest import market was the EU
with 27% of world imports. As in the case of the USA, supplies to the EU are dominated by a few
countries, including China, India and Pakistan. But another major player is Turkey, and the latter
ranked third as a supplier to the EU in 2010.
Companies profiled in this report include: Alok Industries, based in India; Gul Ahmed Textile Mills,
based in Pakistan; Loftex, based in China; Nishat Mills, based in Pakistan; Sunvim, based in China;
Trident, based in India; Veken, based in China; Welspun, based in India; Yunus Textile Mills, based
in Pakistan; and Zorlu, based in Turkey.
GLOBAL TRADE IN HOME LINEN
Home textiles is one of the
largest sectors of the
global textile industry
Home textiles constitute one of the largest sectors of the global textile
industry. The main reason is their necessity for households and the
need for their frequent replacement.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 73
Within home textiles, the
largest subsector in terms of
demand is home linen
Within the home textiles category, by far the largest subsector in
terms of demand is that of home linen. In 2010 world imports of
home linen are estimated to have amounted to a huge US$15 bn
(Table 1).
Table 1: World imports of home linen, 2006-10
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Value (US$ bn) 12.94 14.54 15.17 13.14 15.12
Change
a
(%) n/a 12.3 4.4 -13.4 15.1
a
Over previous year.
Sources: United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (Comtrade); author's
estimates.
Home linen includes items
such as bed linen, table
linen, toilet linen and
kitchen linen
Definitions of home linen vary. But in this report they include items
such as bed linen, table linen, toilet linen and kitchen linen which are
covered by the standard industrial trade classification SITC 6584 or
the Harmonized System HS 6302.
In 2010 global imports of
home linen rose by an
estimated 15.1%
2010 was a good year for home linen suppliers. Global imports of
home linen products were up by an estimated 15.1% compared with
the previous year.
The increase reflected a sub-
stantial rise in global output
of all goods and services
The increase reflected a substantial rise in global output of all goods
and services in 2010 as the world economy clawed its way out of
recession.
According to estimates by
the IMF, global output
grew by 5% in 2010 after
declining by 0.5% in 2009
According to estimates by the International Monetary Fund (IMF),
global output of goods and services grew by 5% in 2010. This was in
striking contrast to the decline of 0.5% recorded for 2009 and the
subdued growth rate of 2.9% witnessed in 2008. In fact, it was more
in line with growth rates during 2004-07, prior to the recession.
In 2010 households spent a
larger amount on home
textiles than in 2009
As world output grows, so do incomes. Consequently, it is not
surprising that households spent more in 2010 than in 2009 on a host
of consumer goodsincluding home textiles.
This rise in spending led to
buoyant international trade
in home linen products
This rise in spending led to buoyant international trade in home linen
products, reflecting the fact that demand for such items in affluent
countries is normally satisfied to a large extent by imports.
In 2010 trade was more
buoyant than world output,
and the volume of world
exports grew faster than in
any year since 1950
In fact, a striking feature of the economy in 2010 is that trade in all
items was much more buoyant than world output. According to the
World Trade Organization (WTO), the volume of world exports
surged by 14.5%, which was the highest annual rate of growth since
1950. In value terms, growth was even more impressive at 22%.
The rise in home linen trade
formed part of this trend
Hence, the rise in global imports of home linen during 2010 formed
part of an overall resurgence in world trade.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
74 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Home linen exporters were
affected by the global
economic crisis in 2009,
which caused households
to cut their expenditures
or purchase cheaper items
For home linen exporters, the change was much awaited after the
adverse situation which had prevailed in 2009. During that
yearwhen the global economic crisis reached its greatest level of
intensity, and there was a corresponding adverse impact on
employment and incomeshouseholds cut their expenditures on
consumer goods or purchased cheaper items.
As a result, the volume
of world exports fell
by 12% in 2009
As a result, the volume of world exports fell by 12% in 2009,
according to the WTO, which was the sharpest fall in more than
70 years. In value terms, the fall in world trade was even steeper, at
23%.
Global imports of home lin-
en also fell in 2009, by 13%
It is not surprising, therefore, that global imports of home linen also
declined in 2009, by 13%.
The WTO has forecast
that trade growth will
moderate to 6.5% in
2011
It is highly unlikely that the high rate of growth in world trade
experienced in 2010 can be sustained during 2011. With the hangover
of the economic crisis, continuing high unemployment, budgetary cuts
and disturbing international events, the WTOs forecast is for a
moderation in trade growth to 6.5% in 2011.
If this occurred, it would
represent a return to the
longer-term growth rate of
about 6% per annum
If growth of 6.5% were to occur, it would represent a considerable
slowdown following the sharp expansion in trade in 2010.
Nevertheless, such a development would represent a return to the
longer-term growth rate of about 6% per annum which was
experienced between 1990 and 2008.
This augurs well for
exporters to industrialised
countries
This augurs well for exporters of home linen to the markets of
industrialised countries, most of which are slowly recovering from the
global economic crisis.
except Japan, whose econ-
omy has been affected by the
earthquake in March 2011
One obvious exception is the Japanese market, where the economy has
been seriously affected by the earthquake and the resulting tsunami
and nuclear power crisis which occurred in March 2011.
The dominant markets for
home linen are affluent
industrialised countries
The dominant markets for home linen are affluent industrialised
countries. This is not surprising given that home linen is a consumer
product.
The largest import market
in 2010 was the USA
followed by the EU
The largest import market in 2010 was the USA with 32.1% share of
world imports. Following close behind was the EU with a 26.9%
share.
Together, the two took
three-fifths of global imports
Thus, the USA and the EU together dominated the world market with
nearly three-fifths of global imports.
Other significant markets
included Japan, Canada
and Australia
Other significant markets included Japan, Canada and Australia with
shares ranging from 2.5% to 6.7%.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 75
Table 2: Leading importers of home linen, 2010
Value Share
(US$ mn) (%)
USA 4,848.5 32.1
EU27 4,065.4 26.9
Japan 1,020.2 6.7
Canada 438.8 2.9
Australia 382.6 2.5
Russia 231.0 1.5
Others 4,137.2 27.4
World 15,123.7 100.0
Sources: United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (Comtrade); author's
estimates.
US IMPORTS OF HOME LINEN
Home linen can be
separated into two groups,
namely cotton bed linen
and cotton toilet linen and
kitchen linen
Home linen covers several categories which are quite disparate in
nature. It is therefore useful to focus on trends in two categories
which are more homogeneous, namely:
G cotton bed linen (see page 78); and
G cotton toilet linen and kitchen linen (see page 80).
US imports of these
groups were worth
US$4 bn in 2010
US imports of these two groups were worth US$4 bn in 2010,
which constituted 82% of total US imports of home linen during the
year.
In the past, US plants met
a large share of US
demand for home linen
The USA represents a huge market for home linen. Many years ago,
a large share of US domestic demand was satisfied by products
manufactured in plants located in the USA.
But US firms have lost com-
petitiveness while foreign
exporters have gained,
hastened by the removal of
quotas at the end of 2004
However, US home textile manufacturers have suffered a significant
loss of competitiveness while foreign exporters have gainedhastened
by the removal of quotas which had restricted international trade in
textiles and clothing at the end of 2004 under the Agreement on
Textiles and Clothing (ATCsee Glossary).
A number of such firms
have gone bankrupt or have
shrunk their US operations
A number of such firms have either gone bankrupt or reduced the
scale of their US operations and their place in the US home linen
market has been taken by imports.
In 2010 US imports of
home linen grew by 21%,
after a 14% fall in 2009
and a 2% decline in 2008
In 2010 alone US imports of home linen shot up by 21% to
US$4.8 bn (Table 3). The increase came after a 14% fall in 2009the
year when the economic crisis was at its peak and consumer demand
suffered accordinglyand a 2% decline in 2008.
Imports grew at an average
rate of 3% a year between
2006 and 2010
Nonetheless, imports grew at an average rate of 3% a year between
2006 and 2010.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
76 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 3: USA: imports of home linen by leading supplying country, 2006-10
Annual
average
% change
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2006-10
China
Value (US$ mn) 1,163.3 1,430.8 1,475.1 1,233.0 1,635.4 10.6
Change
a
(%) n/a 23.0 3.1 -16.4 32.6
India
Value (US$ mn) 846.6 962.8 1,026.6 976.6 1,291.5 11.9
Change
a
(%) n/a 13.7 6.6 -4.9 32.3
Pakistan
Value (US$ mn) 1,044.0 1,037.6 1,047.6 964.4 1,068.0 0.8
Change
a
(%) n/a -0.6 1.0 -7.9 10.7
Turkey
Value (US$ mn) 257.0 234.5 188.3 124.3 135.3 -13.4
Change
a
(%) n/a -8.8 -19.7 -34.0 8.9
Brazil
Value (US$ mn) 185.9 181.8 146.9 104.8 83.8 -17.5
Change
a
(%) n/a -2.2 -19.2 -28.6 -20.1
Portugal
Value (US$ mn) 138.1 116.8 98.8 73.4 82.1 -11.2
Change
a
(%) n/a -15.4 -15.4 -25.7 11.8
Bangladesh
Value (US$ mn) 46.9 52.0 50.2 52.2 71.7 12.2
Change
a
(%) n/a 10.9 -3.4 3.9 37.4
Bahrain
Value (US$ mn) 21.1 38.7 40.8 51.2 53.9 30.0
Change
a
(%) n/a 84.0 5.3 25.5 5.2
Israel
Value (US$ mn) 92.4 76.2 70.0 61.1 51.8 -13.4
Change
a
(%) n/a -17.5 -8.1 -12.8 -15.1
Thailand
Value (US$ mn) 78.8 82.1 92.4 65.1 51.6 -8.4
Change
a
(%) n/a 4.2 12.6 -29.6 -20.7
Others
Value (US$ mn) 230.2 224.1 145.7 117.9 144.0 -8.6
Change
a
(%) n/a -2.6 -35.0 -19.1 22.1
World
Value (US$ mn) 4,413.0 4,724.1 4,634.3 3,996.4 4,848.5 3.2
Change
a
(%) n/a 7.1 -1.9 -13.8 21.3
a
Over previous year.
Source: Based on US official statistics.
China, India and Pakistan
dominate the US market
for home linen
Three supplying countriesChina, India and Pakistandominate the
US market for home linen, and in 2010 these three countries together
accounted for as much as 82% of total US imports of these items from
all sources (Table 4).
and their dominance
has been increasing
over the years
Furthermore, the dominance of these countries has been increasing
over the years. In 2006 their combined share was 13 percentage points
less than this, at 69%.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 77
Table 4: USA: shares of home linen imports by leading supplying country,
2006-10
(%)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
China 26.4 30.3 31.8 30.9 33.7
India 19.2 20.4 22.2 24.4 26.6
Pakistan 23.7 22.0 22.6 24.1 22.0
Turkey 5.8 5.0 4.1 3.1 2.8
Brazil 4.2 3.8 3.2 2.6 1.7
Portugal 3.1 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.7
Bangladesh 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.5
Bahrain 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.1
Israel 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.1
Thailand 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.1
Others 5.2 4.7 3.1 3.0 3.0
World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Based on US official statistics.
China is the USAs largest
supplier and in 2010 sales
of Chinese home linen
were worth US$1.6 bn
The largest supplier of home linen to the US import market, as in so
many other categories, is China. Indeed, sales of Chinese home linen
in the US import market were valued at US$1.6 bn in 2010, according
to US data, representing one-third of total US imports of these items.
Between 2006 and 2010, the
value of US imports from
China grew at a rate of
10.6% per annum, and as a
result Chinas share of the
US import market rose
over the years
Furthermore, during the four years to 2010, the value of US imports
from China grew at a rate of 10.6% per annumwhich was much
faster than the rate of growth of US imports of home linen from all
sources.
As a result, Chinas share of the US import market rose over the
years, starting from 26% in 2006.
In 2009 Chinas sales in the
US import market fell by
16% due to the US recession
but in 2010 they shot up
In 2009, as in the case of almost all other major supplying countries,
China suffered a fall in sales in the US import market because of the
US recession. Sales fell by 16% in 2009 but in 2010 they shot up by
33%.
India ranked second in 2010
with 27% of total US im-
ports, up from 19% in 2006
India ranked second in the US import market in 2010 with sales
amounting to US$1.3 bn. This represented 27% of total US imports
of these items, which was up sharply from 19% in 2006.
The increase in share
stemmed from strong growth
over the four-year period
The increase in share stemmed from strong growth over the four-year
period. Indeed, having averaged nearly 12% per annum, growth was
about four times as fast as the increase in US imports of home linen
from all sources.
In 2010 sales of Indian
home linen in the US
market rose by 32%, which
was similar to the growth
rate achieved by Indias
closest competitor, China
In 2010 alone sales of Indian home linen in the US market soared by
32% as the US economy recovered.
This rate of growth was almost exactly the same as the rate of growth
in sales by its nearest competitor, China.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
78 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
The rise followed a 5%
fall in 2009 but this was
less than the 14% fall in
imports from all sources
The increase in sales of Indian home linen in 2010 followed a 5% fall
in 2009.
However, this was much less than the 14% shrinkage in US imports
of these items from all sources.
Pakistan was the third largest
supplier of home linen to the
US import market in 2010
but imports rose by only 1%
Pakistan was the third largest supplier of home linen to the US import
market in 2010 but it failed to perform as well as China and India
between 2006 and 2010. Indeed, US imports of home linen from
Pakistan rose by less than 1% a year over the four year period.
Pakistans share of total US
imports fell from 24% in
2006 to 22% in 2010
As a result, Pakistans share of total US imports of these items fell
from 24% in 2006 to 22% in 2010. That said, in 2010 alone imports
from Pakistan were up by 11% after falling by 8% in 2009.
Imports from Turkey,
Brazil, Portugal,
Bangladesh, Bahrain, Israel
and Thailand were tiny
compared with those from
China, India and Pakistan
Imports of home linen from the next six suppliers were minuscule
compared with those from China, India and Pakistan.
For example, imports from Bangladesh, Bahrain, Israel and
Thailandlisted in order of magnituderanged from US$50 mn to
US$135 mn, which constitutes a tiny fraction of imports from the
top three.
Aside from Bangladesh and
Bahrain, sales in these small
supplying countries fell
between 2006 and 2010
These small supplying countries also fared poorly in terms of growth
between 2006 and 2010. Indeed, with the exception of Bangladesh and
Bahrain, their sales in the US market fell during this period and their
market share declined.
The most serious decline was
that of Brazil as its sales fell
at a rate of 18% a year
The most serious decline was that of Brazil as its sales fell by more
than half between 2006 and 2010, having shrunk at a rate of 18% a
year.
Exporters in Brazil, Israel
and Thailand failed to benefit
from the recovery in 2010
Moreover, exporters in Brazil, Israel and Thailand appear to have been
unable to benefit from the economic recovery in 2010 and their sales
in the US market fell during the year.
US IMPORTS OF COTTON BED LINEN
US imports of cotton
bed linen were worth
US$2.1 bn in 2010
US imports of cotton bed linen were worth US$2.1 bn in 2010. The
main import item within this product category in 2010 was that of
cotton bed sheets with a value of US$1.5 bn.
In 2010 China, India and
Pakistan accounted for
83% of imports
The US import market for cotton bed linen, as in many other
categories, is dominated by China, India and Pakistan. Indeed, these
three countries together accounted for 83% of imports from all sources
in 2010up by ten percentage points from 73% in 2006.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 79
Table 5: USA: imports of cotton bed linen by leading supplying country,
2006-10
Annual
average
% change
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2006-10
China
Value (US$ mn) 551.7 727.1 712.3 510.6 659.1 7.6
Change
a
(%) n/a 31.8 -2.0 -28.3 29.1
India
Value (US$ mn) 319.1 370.4 439.2 437.6 656.3 21.1
Change
a
(%) n/a 16.1 18.6 -0.4 50.0
Pakistan
Value (US$ mn) 573.8 549.8 473.1 435.3 433.7 -6.6
Change
a
(%) n/a -4.2 -14.0 -8.0 -0.4
Portugal
Value (US$ mn) 99.2 81.4 77.0 60.0 70.5 -7.0
Change
a
(%) n/a -17.9 -5.5 -22.0 17.5
Turkey
Value (US$ mn) 78.1 79.5 63.0 62.7 64.3 -4.2
Change
a
(%) n/a 1.8 -20.7 -0.5 2.6
Bahrain
Value (US$ mn) 20.3 38.7 40.8 51.2 53.9 31.8
Change
a
(%) n/a 91.2 5.3 25.5 5.2
Italy
Value (US$ mn) 59.4 55.7 48.8 27.4 32.2 -11.3
Change
a
(%) n/a -6.3 -12.5 -43.9 17.6
Thailand
Value (US$ mn) 24.4 16.5 21.3 23.6 26.2 4.6
Change
a
(%) n/a -32.4 29.3 10.6 11.0
Israel
Value (US$ mn) 63.6 49.3 35.5 28.8 20.9 -24.2
Change
a
(%) n/a -22.4 -28.1 -18.9 -27.4
Egypt
Value (US$ mn) 26.4 20.1 20.9 13.9 13.5 -14.0
Change
a
(%) n/a -23.9 3.8 -33.6 -2.4
Others
Value (US$ mn) 69.8 61.2 34.9 23.4 25.1 -20.2
Change
a
(%) n/a -12.4 -42.9 -33.0 7.4
World
Value (US$ mn) 1,992.6 2,157.3 2,037.4 1,723.0 2,107.4 2.4
Change
a
(%) n/a 8.3 -5.6 -15.4 22.3
a
Over previous year.
Source: Based on US Department of Commerce data.
Supplies of cotton bed
linen from China and
India were almost
equal in value terms
Supplies of cotton bed linen from China and India were almost equal
in value terms in 2010.
Indeed, imports from China, at US$659 mn, were a mere US$3 mn
greater than those from India, at US$656 mn.
Between 2006 and 2010
supplies from India grew
by 21% a year
Between 2006 and 2010 supplies from India grew by 21% a year and
Indias share of US imports from all sources almost doubled from
16% to 31%.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
80 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
but supplies from Pakistan
declined by 7% a year over
the four year period
In contrast, supplies from Pakistan fared poorly, having declined by
7% a year over the four-year period. As a result, Pakistans share of
US imports tumbled from 29% in 2006 to 21% in 2010.
In 2010 alone imports from
India shot up by 50% and
those from China by 29%
In 2010 alone imports from India shot up by 50% and those from
China by 29%. Imports from Pakistan, however, declined
marginally.
In 2009 India overtook
Pakistan to become the
second largest supplier,
and yet Pakistan had been
the leading supplier three
years earlier
In 2009 India overtook Pakistan to become the second largest supplier
and yet three years earlier, in 2006, Pakistan had been the leading
supplierahead not only of India but also of China.
Table 6: USA: shares of cotton bed linen imports by leading supplying
country, 2006-10
(%)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
China 27.7 33.7 35.0 29.6 31.3
India 16.0 17.2 21.6 25.4 31.1
Pakistan 28.8 25.5 23.2 25.3 20.6
Turkey 5.0 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.3
Brazil 3.9 3.7 3.1 3.6 3.1
Portugal 1.0 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6
Bangladesh 3.0 2.6 2.4 1.6 1.5
Bahrain 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.2
Israel 3.2 2.3 1.7 1.7 1.0
Thailand 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.6
Others 3.5 2.8 1.7 1.4 1.2
World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Based on US official statistics.
US IMPORTS OF COTTON TOILET LINEN AND KITCHEN LINEN
US imports of cotton toilet
linen and kitchen linen were
worth US$1.9 bn in 2010
US imports of cotton toilet linen and kitchen linen were valued at
US$1.9 bn in 2010which was not much less than the value of
imports of cotton bed linen.
Cotton terry towels are the
main product in this category
The main products in this category are cotton terry towels, and in
2010 US imports of these items had a value of US$1.4 bn.
India, China and Pakistan
were the dominant suppliers
to the US market in 2010
The dominant suppliers of cotton toilet linen and kitchen linen to the
US market in 2010 were India, China and Pakistan with a combined
82% share of total US imports of these items during the year.
Between 2006 and 2010
US imports from these
three countries grew much
faster than imports from
all sources
These three countries also fared much better than most of their
competitors. Between 2006 and 2010 US imports from China grew by
an average of 13% per annum, while those from Pakistan grew by
10% per annum and those from India by 9% per annum. All three
growth rates were much higher than the 4% rate of growth of US
imports from all sources.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 81
Table 7: USA: imports of cotton toilet linen and kitchen linen by leading
supplying country, 2006-10
Annual
average
% change
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2006-10
India
Value (US$ mn) 376.6 452.9 465.6 445.9 525.3 9.2
Change
a
(%) n/a 20.3 2.8 -4.2 17.8
China
Value (US$ mn) 324.9 382.2 421.4 399.3 510.1 12.6
Change
a
(%) n/a 17.6 10.3 -5.2 27.7
Pakistan
Value (US$ mn) 349.9 383.8 458.1 417.5 495.0 9.7
Change
a
(%) n/a 9.7 19.4 -8.9 18.5
Brazil
Value (US$ mn) 122.9 119.8 105.8 88.3 74.9 -11.5
Change
a
(%) n/a -2.5 -11.7 -16.5 -15.1
Bangladesh
Value (US$ mn) 38.1 42.3 43.6 46.8 62.8 13.9
Change
a
(%) n/a 10.9 3.0 7.4 34.2
Turkey
Value (US$ mn) 140.2 127.9 90.9 51.4 55.7 -18.2
Change
a
(%) n/a -8.8 -28.9 -43.4 8.2
Israel
Value (US$ mn) 26.5 26.1 34.2 32.0 30.5 4.6
Change
a
(%) n/a -1.5 30.8 -6.2 -4.7
Thailand
Value (US$ mn) 51.9 63.7 68.9 40.8 24.3 -12.5
Change
a
(%) n/a 22.9 8.2 -40.8 -40.4
Colombia
Value (US$ mn) 21.1 20.6 13.9 15.7 21.5 3.9
Change
a
(%) n/a -2.4 -32.5 13.3 37.0
Egypt
Value (US$ mn) 23.5 23.0 25.2 19.9 20.0 -3.3
Change
a
(%) n/a -1.9 9.6 -21.1 0.2
Others
Value (US$ mn) 24.6 21.6 15.4 7.6 10.5 -13.6
Change
a
(%) n/a -12.2 -28.7 -50.4 36.8
World
Value (US$ mn) 1,611.4 1,767.2 1,813.9 1,611.2 1,870.1 4.3
Change
a
(%) n/a 9.7 2.6 -11.2 16.1
a
Over previous year.
Source: Based on US official statistics.
The share of these suppliers
in the US import market
rose from 65% to 82%
As a result of these robust growth rates, there was also an increase in
the share of the top three suppliers in the US import market during
this period, from 65% in 2006 to 82% in 2010.
India was the top supplier
of cotton toilet linen and
kitchen linen in 2010, but
imports from China and
Pakistan were only
marginally lower
The top supplier of cotton toilet linen and kitchen linen in 2010 was
India with US imports from the country valued at US$525 mn.
However, imports from China and Pakistan were only marginally
lower at US$510 mn and US$495 mn respectively. Hence, the shares
of India (28%), China (27%) and Pakistan (27%) in total US imports
of these items in 2010 were very close.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
82 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Imports from Brazil,
Bangladesh, Turkey, Israel,
Thailand, Colombia and
Egypt were tiny compared
with those from the top three
Among other leading suppliers of cotton toilet linen and kitchen linen,
imports from Brazil, Bangladesh, Turkey, Israel, Thailand, Colombia
and Egypt were tiny compared with those from the top three, having
ranged from US$20 mn in the case of Egypt to US$75 mn in the case
of Brazil.
Table 8: USA: shares of cotton toilet linen and kitchen linen imports by
leading supplying country, 2006-10
(%)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
India 23.4 25.6 25.7 27.7 28.1
China 20.2 21.6 23.2 24.8 27.3
Pakistan 21.7 21.7 25.3 25.9 26.5
Brazil 7.6 6.8 5.8 5.5 4.0
Bangladesh 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.9 3.4
Turkey 8.7 7.2 5.0 3.2 3.0
Israel 1.6 1.5 1.9 2.0 1.6
Thailand 3.2 3.6 3.8 2.5 1.3
Colombia 1.3 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.2
Egypt 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.1
Others 1.5 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.6
World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Based on US official statistics.
EU IMPORTS OF HOME LINEN
EU imports of home
linen were worth
US$4.1 bn in 2010
EU imports of home linen were worth US$4.1 bn in 2010which was
not far behind the US$4.8 bn figure for the value of imports into the
USA.
of which two-thirds was
accounted for by cotton bed
linen, cotton toilet linen and
cotton kitchen linen
As much as two-thirds of total EU imports of home linen in 2010
consisted of cotton bed linen (see page 84) and cotton toilet linen and
kitchen linen (see page 86). Imports of cotton bed linen alone were
worth Euro1.1 bn (US$1.5 bn) in 2010.
As in the USA, imports of
home linen recovered, but
at a less dramatic pace
As in the USA, the EU import market for home linen recovered
significantly in 2010although imports increased by a less dramatic
14% compared with the 21% hike in the US market.
The EU market, too,
was hit by recession
during 2008-09
The EU market, too, was hit by the recession during 2008-09. In 2008
EU imports of home linen fell marginally after rising by 9% in 2007.
But in 2009 they fell more significantly as the global economic crisis
reached its peak.
But the fall in imports
in 2009 was noticeably
less severe than in the
USA
However, the decline in 2009 was one of only 5%, and this was
markedly less severe than the 14% decline witnessed in the US
market.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 83
Table 9: EU27: imports of home linen by leading supplying country, 2006-10
Annual
average
% change
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2006-10
Pakistan
Value (Euro mn) 555.0 651.6 662.3 684.8 812.1 10.3
Change
a
(%) n/a 17.4 1.6 3.4 18.6
China
Value (Euro mn) 431.5 510.3 583.1 539.1 666.5 12.2
Change
a
(%) n/a 18.3 14.2 -7.5 23.6
Turkey
Value (Euro mn) 723.6 743.2 677.6 598.8 630.3 -3.1
Change
a
(%) n/a 2.7 -8.8 -11.6 5.3
India
Value (Euro mn) 348.4 375.4 355.1 355.8 399.2 3.7
Change
a
(%) n/a 7.8 -5.4 0.2 12.2
Bangladesh
Value (Euro mn) 138.3 172.0 184.8 176.8 204.5 10.8
Change
a
(%) n/a 24.4 7.4 -4.3 15.7
Egypt
Value (Euro mn) 102.4 107.1 102.8 94.4 102.3 0.2
Change
a
(%) n/a 4.6 -4.0 -8.1 8.4
Tunisia
Value (Euro mn) 37.9 45.0 44.2 43.3 46.9 5.8
Change
a
(%) n/a 18.7 -1.7 -2.1 8.3
Moldova
Value (Euro mn) 24.4 25.6 30.3 26.4 36.1 11.8
Change
a
(%) n/a 4.8 18.4 -13.0 36.9
Israel
Value (Euro mn) 36.9 38.8 36.0 31.8 31.0 -4.0
Change
a
(%) n/a 5.0 -7.0 -11.7 -2.5
Switzerland
Value (Euro mn) 22.8 23.2 25.6 24.1 26.4 4.0
Change
a
(%) n/a 1.6 10.6 -6.1 9.9
Others
Value (Euro mn) 198.2 168.5 137.2 113.4 111.1 -13.2
Change
a
(%) n/a -14.9 -18.6 -17.3 -2.0
Total EU27 imports
b
Value (Euro mn) 2,619.4 2,860.7 2,839.1 2,688.8 3,066.5 4.3
Change
a
(%) n/a 9.2 -0.8 -5.3 14.0
a
Over previous year.
b
Excluding intra-EU trade.
Source: based on Eurostat data.
In 2010 the top four
suppliers of home linen to
the EU market, namely
Pakistan, China, Turkey
and India, accounted for
82% of the market, up
from 79% in 2006
In 2010 the top four suppliers of home linen to the EU market were
Pakistan, China, Turkey and India. Together, these four countries had
a dominating 82% share in 2010, up from 79% in 2006.
The top two suppliers alonePakistan and Chinaaccounted for 27%
and 22% of EU imports respectively.
Turkey ranked third with a share of 21% while India followed some
distance behind with 13%.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
84 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
The increase was due
mainly to strong
performances by Pakistan
and China
This increase in share was due mainly to strong performances by
Pakistan and China. In the case of Pakistan, EU imports from the
country continued to rise in 2009in contrast to the falls in imports
from most of the other suppliers in the top ten.
Between 2006 and 2010
imports from Pakistan
grew by an average of
10% per annum
Between 2006 and 2010 imports from Pakistan grew by an average of
10% per annumwhich was much faster than the 4% annual increase
in EU imports from all sources. As a result, Pakistans share of EU
imports rose from 21% in 2006 to 27% in 2010.
while imports from
China rose by 12% per
annum
Imports from China have also grown robustly in recent years. Between
2006 and 2010 they rose by 12% per annum, leading to a 5
percentage point rise in market share, from 17% to 22%.
But imports from Turkey
declined during this period
In the case of Turkey, however, EU imports declined during this
period and the share of Turkey fell.
Imports from India kept
pace with the growth in
EU imports as a whole
Imports from India, meanwhile, kept pace with the growth in EU
imports as a whole and therefore Indias share of total imports
remained constant.
Bangladesh has emerged
as a significant supplier
with a 7% share of EU
imports in 2010
Among other leading supplying countries, Bangladesh has emerged as
a significant supplier with a 7% share of EU imports in 2010. But
Egypt, Tunisia, Moldova, Israel, and Switzerland had shares
amounting to less than 4%.
Table 10: EU27: shares of home linen imports by leading supplying country,
2006-10
(%)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Pakistan 21.2 22.8 23.3 25.5 26.5
China 16.5 17.8 20.5 20.1 21.7
Turkey 27.6 26.0 23.9 22.3 20.6
India 13.3 13.1 12.5 13.2 13.0
Bangladesh 5.3 6.0 6.5 6.6 6.7
Egypt 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.3
Tunisia 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5
Moldova 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.2
Israel 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.0
Switzerland 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9
Others 7.6 5.9 4.8 4.2 3.6
Total EU27 imports
a
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
a
Excluding intra-EU trade.
Source: based on Eurostat data.
EU IMPORTS OF COTTON BED LINEN
EU imports of cotton bed
linen grew faster between
2006 and 2010 than imports
of home linen as a whole
A distinctive feature of the EU market for cotton bed linen is that
average growth between 2006 and 2010, at 7% per annum, was more
robust than the 4% average annual increase in home linen imports as
a whole.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 85
Also, bed linen suffered
less badly at the height of
the recession than home
linen as a whole
Also, the EU market for bed linen suffered less badly at the height of
the recession in 2009 than the market for home linen as a whole.
Thus, whereas EU imports of home linen fell by 14% in 2009, the
drop in imports of bed linen was only marginal, at 1%.
Another feature is that
Bangladesh was the third
biggest supplier in 2010
Another distinctive feature of the EU market for cotton bed linen is
that Bangladesh was the third biggest supplier in 2010 with a share of
13%.
Table 11: EU27: imports of cotton bed linen by leading supplying country,
2006-10
Annual
average
% change
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2006-10
Pakistan
Value (Euro mn) 221.4 295.6 304.4 321.6 378.1 14.9
Change
a
(%) n/a 33.5 3.0 5.7 17.6
Turkey
Value (Euro mn) 217.9 240.1 208.9 195.1 215.1 0.2
Change
a
(%) n/a 10.2 -13.0 -6.6 10.3
Bangladesh
Value (Euro mn) 72.1 99.1 114.3 114.7 139.3 18.6
Change
a
(%) n/a 37.4 15.4 0.3 21.5
China
Value (Euro mn) 70.5 97.2 118.9 122.1 131.4 17.6
Change
a
(%) n/a 37.8 22.3 2.7 7.6
India
Value (Euro mn) 97.1 95.4 91.0 89.4 102.6 1.7
Change
a
(%) n/a -1.7 -4.7 -1.8 14.8
Moldova
Value (Euro mn) 23.1 23.2 28.6 24.5 33.1 11.1
Change
a
(%) n/a 0.5 22.9 -14.3 35.3
Egypt
Value (Euro mn) 37.4 36.3 33.9 31.8 31.9 -3.8
Change
a
(%) n/a -2.9 -6.4 -6.4 0.3
Tunisia
Value (Euro mn) 16.2 19.2 22.7 25.2 24.1 10.9
Change
a
(%) n/a 18.6 18.0 11.0 -4.3
Switzerland
Value (Euro mn) 14.7 14.8 15.9 14.4 16.8 3.8
Change
a
(%) n/a 0.3 7.6 -9.6 16.7
Israel
Value (Euro mn) 10.4 14.5 17.6 17.9 13.0 8.7
Change
a
(%) n/a 39.1 21.7 1.3 -27.1
Others
Value (Euro mn) 59.6 55.0 37.1 24.4 21.1 -22.0
Change
a
(%) n/a -7.7 -32.5 -34.3 -13.6
Total EU27 imports
b
Value (Euro mn) 840.4 990.4 993.3 980.9 1,106.4 7.4
Change
a
(%) n/a 17.8 0.3 -1.2 12.8
a
Over previous year.
b
Excluding intra-EU trade.
Source: based on Eurostat data.
Pakistan was the top sup-
plier, followed by Turkey,
Bangladesh, China and India
The top supplier was Pakistan with a share of 34%, followed by
Turkey with 19%. After Bangladesh, China ranked fourth with a share
of 12% while India ranked fifth with a share of 9%.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
86 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Imports from Pakistan,
Bangladesh and China grew
rapidly between 2006 and
2010, but those from Turkey
and India stagnated
Imports from Pakistan, Bangladesh and China grew rapidly between
2006 and 2010, leading to rises in their shares of total EU imports.
In contrast, imports from Turkey and India grew relatively slowly or
stagnated, leading to falling shares.
Nonetheless, the combined
share of the five countries
rose from 81% to 87%
Nonetheless, the collective share of the five countries in total EU
imports from all sources rose by 6 percentage points between 2006
and 2010, from 81% to 87%.
Table 12: EU27: shares of cotton bed linen imports by leading supplying
country, 2006-10
(%)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Pakistan 26.3 29.8 30.6 32.8 34.2
Turkey 25.9 24.2 21.0 19.9 19.4
Bangladesh 8.6 10.0 11.5 11.7 12.6
China 8.4 9.8 12.0 12.4 11.9
India 11.6 9.6 9.2 9.1 9.3
Moldova 2.7 2.3 2.9 2.5 3.0
Egypt 4.4 3.7 3.4 3.2 2.9
Tunisia 1.9 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.2
Switzerland 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5
Israel 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.2
Others 7.1 5.6 3.7 2.5 1.9
Total EU27 imports
a
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
a
Excluding intra-EU trade.
Source: based on Eurostat data.
EU IMPORTS OF COTTON TOILET LINEN AND KITCHEN LINEN
EU imports of cotton toilet
linen and kitchen linen rose
by 12% to Euro924 mn in
2010 after falling by the
same amount in 2009
EU imports of cotton toilet linen and kitchen linenconsisting mainly
of towelswere valued at Euro924 mn (US$1.2 bn) in 2010.
A year earlier, in 2009 imports of cotton toilet linen and kitchen linen
had fallen by a substantial 12%. But in 2010 they almost fully
recovered, having grown by 12%.
Turkey was the leading
supplier, followed by China,
India and Pakistan
Turkey was well ahead of other suppliers with a one-third share of EU
imports in 2010. Next in importance was China with a 19% share,
followed by India with 17% and Pakistan with 16%.
The total share held by these
countries rose from 80% in
2006 to 85% in 2010
Together, these four countries accounted for 85% of total EU imports
of cotton toilet linen and kitchen linen in 2010 compared with an 80%
share in 2006.
But the rise was due to fast
growth in imports from
China, India and Pakistan
rather than Turkey
However, the rise in share over the four-year period was due to
growth in imports from China, India and Pakistan rather than
Turkey.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 87
In fact imports from Turkey
fell between 2006 and 2010,
by 2.2% per annum
In fact imports from Turkey fell between 2006 and 2010by an
average of 2.2% per annumand Turkeys share of EU imports fell
from 40% to 33%.
Imports from China rose
by an average of 7.8% per
annum, from Pakistan by
6.4% per annum and from
India by as much as 14.1%
per annum
The decline in imports from Turkey over the four-year period was due
primarily to a 17.8% fall in 2009 alone. Imports from China and
Pakistan also fell sharply in 2009 alone, but in 2010 they had more or
less fully recovered. As a result, over the four years to 2010, imports
from Pakistan grew by 6.4% per annum and imports from China grew
by an average of 7.8% per annum. But imports from India grew even
fasterby an average of 14.1% per annumhaving risen each year
between 2006 and 2010.
Table 13: EU27: imports of cotton toilet linen and kitchen linen by leading
supplying country, 2006-10
Annual
average
% change
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2006-10
Turkey
Value (Euro mn) 342.6 362.8 353.9 290.8 307.0 -2.2
Change
a
(%) n/a 5.9 -2.5 -17.8 5.5
China
Value (Euro mn) 137.9 165.8 180.5 151.8 179.4 7.8
Change
a
(%) n/a 20.2 8.9 -15.9 18.2
India
Value (Euro mn) 92.7 112.1 115.6 139.8 155.6 14.1
Change
a
(%) n/a 21.0 3.1 20.9 11.3
Pakistan
Value (Euro mn) 117.6 131.3 141.8 122.4 146.2 6.4
Change
a
(%) n/a 11.7 7.9 -13.7 19.5
Egypt
Value (Euro mn) 46.7 51.0 53.9 48.6 50.6 2.3
Change
a
(%) n/a 9.3 5.6 -9.8 4.0
Bangladesh
Value (Euro mn) 18.2 22.9 22.5 21.4 23.4 7.2
Change
a
(%) n/a 26.4 -1.8 -5.1 9.3
Israel
Value (Euro mn) 25.0 23.8 17.6 13.1 17.0 -6.7
Change
a
(%) n/a -4.7 -26.0 -25.6 29.5
Indonesia
Value (Euro mn) 17.5 12.2 11.3 8.3 9.8 -11.6
Change
a
(%) n/a -30.4 -7.4 -26.8 18.3
Colombia
Value (Euro mn) 6.4 4.1 7.6 5.8 7.8 15.2
Change
a
(%) n/a -35.8 86.0 -23.6 34.1
Brazil
Value (Euro mn) 28.0 21.1 15.9 9.1 5.3 -33.6
Change
a
(%) n/a -24.7 -24.6 -42.8 -42.2
Others
Value (Euro mn) 26.6 24.8 19.7 16.7 21.6 -3.3
Change
a
(%) n/a -6.7 -20.6 -15.3 29.4
Total EU27 imports
b
Value (Euro mn) 859.2 932.0 940.3 827.8 923.6 2.2
Change
a
(%) n/a 8.5 0.9 -12.0 11.6
a
Over previous year.
b
Excluding intra-EU trade.
Source: based on Eurostat data.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
88 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 14: EU27: shares of cotton toilet linen and kitchen linen imports by
leading supplying country, 2006-10
(%)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Turkey 39.9 38.9 37.6 35.1 33.2
China 16.1 17.8 19.2 18.3 19.4
India 10.8 12.0 12.3 16.9 16.8
Pakistan 13.7 14.1 15.1 14.8 15.8
Egypt 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.9 5.5
Bangladesh 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.5
Israel 2.9 2.6 1.9 1.6 1.8
Indonesia 2.0 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.1
Colombia 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.8
Brazil 3.3 2.3 1.7 1.1 0.6
Others 3.1 2.7 2.1 2.0 2.3
Total EU27 imports
a
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
a
Excluding intra-EU trade.
Source: based on Eurostat data.
STRENGTHS OF CHINA, INDIA, PAKISTAN AND TURKEY
China, India and Pakistan
dominate the US import
market while China, India
and Turkey dominate in
the EU, reflecting their
strong international
competitiveness
An analysis of home linen imports into the US market shows that
China, India and Pakistan hold dominant positions. China, India and
Pakistan are also strong in the EU but Turkey is also a major player
in this market, having ranked as high as third in 2010.
The dominant positions of these five countries reflect their strong
international competitiveness.
There are several reasons for
their strong competitiveness
Key reasons for this international competitiveness include the
following.
The four countries have large
textile industries which can
supply fabrics at competitive
prices and an abundance of
domestic raw cotton supplies
G China, India, Pakistan and Turkey have large textile industries
which are capable of supplying the inputsmainly
fabricsrequired by the home linen industry at competitive prices.
Also, all four countries have abundant domestic supplies of raw
cotton.
The four countries have a
number of large and exp-
erienced home linen manu-
facturers who possess inte-
grated operations and advan-
ced machinery and can bene-
fit from economies of scale
G The four countries have a number of large and experienced home
linen manufacturers who have invested in technologically
advanced machinery and equipment. In addition, many of these
firms have integrated operations which include in-house
manufacture of yarn and fabric. Also, because these manufacturers
are large, they have been able to benefit from substantial
economies of scale.
Labour with the skills needed
is available at relatively low
wages, although labour costs
are less critical in home linen
than in apparel manufacture
G All four countries have supplies of labour with the required skills
who will work for relatively low wages. However, wage rates in
home linen manufacture are less critical than in apparel
manufacture as labour intensity in home linen manufacture is
much lower.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 89
A number of home linen
manufacturers have set up
overseas subsidiaries or
offices and some have
acquired local producers
G Success in overseas markets has also stemmed from the marketing
skills of the top home linen manufacturers. A number have set up
overseas subsidiaries or offices. Some have also acquired local
producers who had well known brands but were finding it difficult
to survive because of a sharp fall in the competitiveness of their
production operations.
Most of the large home linen
exporters have set up in-
house design studios
G Another factor behind the competitiveness of the four countries is
their design skills. Most of the large home linen exporters in
China, India, Pakistan and Turkey have set up in-house design
studios staffed by professionals.
All four countries have
large domestic markets
which can support large
capacities should export
demand weaken
G All four countries have large domestic markets for home linen.
These have made it easier to sustain large capacities on the basis
that any tendency for capacity utilisation to fall in the event of a
weakening of export demand can be compensated for by selling
more in the domestic market. In fact, a number of large home
linen exporters have set up retail chains in order to build up
business in their local markets.
Turkeys close proximity
to the EU market has been
a major competitive
advantage
G For Turkey, a major competitive advantageon top of the
advantages already listedhas been the countrys proximity to the
EU market and the long association of Turkish home linen
exporters with the EU market.
PROFILE OF ALOK INDUSTRIES
Alok Industries Limited is
one of Indias largest
vertically integrated textile
companies
Alok Industries Limited is one of Indias largest vertically integrated
textile companies.
It is headquartered in Mumbai, and has manufacturing units in
Bhiwandi, Dadra, Navi Mumbai, Silvassa and Vapi.
The company was
established in 1986, and over
the years it has expanded
into other segments,
including home textiles
Alok was established in 1986 as a private limited company. Seven
years later, in 1993, it became a public limited company.
In 1989 the company set up a polyester texturising plant and over the
years it expanded into other segments, including home textiles.
In 2007 Alok acquired
Mileta, an export oriented
textile company in the
Czech Republic
In 2007 Alok acquired Mileta, an export oriented textile company in
the Czech Republic with operations spanning bed linen, table linen
and a number of other textile products. The acquisition was expected
to make it easier for Alok to penetrate the European market.
Alok has a marketing and
distribution subsidiary in
the USA
Alok also has a subsidiary in the USA which it uses for marketing
and distribution.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
90 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
COMPANY STRUCTURE AND PRODUCTS
MANUFACTURED
Alok has five core divisions,
namely cotton yarn,
polyester yarn, apparel
fabric, garments and home
textiles
Alok has five core divisions, namely:
G cotton yarn;
G polyester yarn;
G apparel fabric;
G garments; and
G home textiles.
Within its home textiles
division, the company
makes a wide range of
products
Within its home textiles division, the company makes bed sheet sets,
duvets, comforters, blankets, quilts, beds in bags, terry towels and
curtains.
RAW MATERIALS
The company uses
conventionally grown
cotton, organically grown
cotton and cotton blends in
the production of its home
textile products
The company uses conventionally grown cotton, organically grown
cotton and cotton blends in the production of its home textile
products.
In fact Alok is one of Indias largest producers of items made from
organically grown cotton, and has taken a number of initiatives to
encourage and sustain organic cotton cultivation.
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
In 2009/10 the companys
sales increased by 44.6% to
Rs43.1 bn (US$910 mn)
In its 2009/10 financial year, which ended on March 31, 2010, the
company increased its sales by a robust 44.6% compared with the
previous year to reach a total of Rs43.1 bn (US$910 mn).
Sales of home textiles,
representing 16.5% of this
total, were up by 41.9%
Of this total, sales of home textiles were valued at Rs7.1 bn. This was
41.9% higher than in the previous year and it represented 16.5% of
the total.
Home textiles were also the
largest generator of export
revenues and contributed
44% of total export sales
Home textiles were also the companys largest generator of export
revenues. Total exports were valued at Rs15.6 bn in 2009/10, of which
home textiles contributed 44%. Of the total figure for home textile
sales, domestic sales were worth Rs0.2 bn and export sales Rs6.9 bn.
PROFILE OF GUL AHMED TEXTILE MILLS
Gul Ahmed Textile Mills
(GATM) is a textile
manufacturer based in
Pakistan
Gul Ahmed Textile Mills (GATM) forms part of The Gul Ahmed
group. GATM is a textile manufacturer, and one of the oldest
industrial houses in Pakistan. The group also operates in the fields of
banking and energy.
The group started as a
textiles trader in the early
1900s and then moved into
manufacturing by setting
up GATM in 1953
The group started out as a trader in textiles in the early 1900s. After
gaining considerable experience in this field, it decided to go into
manufacturing and set up GATM as a privately held company in
1953. Later, in 1972, GATM was listed on the stock exchange in
Karachi where it is based.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 91
In 2003 the company
entered the retailing sector
in Pakistan through a chain
of outlets called Ideas
In 2003 the company decided to enter the growing local retailing
sector in Pakistan through a chain of outlets, called Ideas, selling
home textiles and apparel. By 2010 the number of Ideas outlets had
reached 36.
GATM also has a subsidiary
in Europe
The company also has a subsidiary in Europe.
PRODUCTS
In home textiles, GATM
has a wide product range,
including bed sheets,
curtains and cushion covers
In home textiles, GATM has a wide product range, including flat and
fitted sheets, pillow covers, quilt covers, duvet covers, valance sheets,
curtains and cushion covers.
MANUFACTURING FACILITIES
GATM is a composite unit
with vertical operations
which include spinning,
processing and
manufacturing
Like other large home textile companies in Pakistan, GATM is a
composite unit with vertical operations which range from spinning to
processing, as well as the manufacture of home textiles and garments.
The company has ring spinning capacity amounting to 130,296 spindles
and in weaving it has 223 air-jet looms.
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
In 2009/10 the companys
total sales soared by 42%
to PRs19.7 bn
In its 2009/10 financial year, which ended on June 30, 2010, the
companys total sales were valued at PRs19.7 bn (US$235 mn),
having soared by as much as 42% compared with the previous
financial year.
A major contributor to the
high growth rate was a
recovery in exports
Of this total, exports were worth PRs10.8 bn while the local market
was valued at only PRs8.9 bn. Hence, the recovery in export markets
was a major contributor to high sales growth overall.
PROFILE OF LOFTEX
Loftex (China), one of the
worlds biggest terry towel
producers, began as a small
towel factory in 1980 and by
1993 it began exporting to
Japan, Europe and Australia
Loftex (China) is a privately held company and one of the biggest
terry towel producers in the world.
It began operations in 1980 as a small towel factory with only about
200 employees. By 1993 it started exporting to Japan, Europe and
Australia.
In 2004 a US division was
set up to meet the growing
needs of the US market, and
soon afterwards the USA
was its largest export market
About a decade later, in 2004, a division was established in the USA
to meet the expanding requirements of the US market.
Within a couple of years, the USA had become the largest export
market for Loftex.
Loftex has showrooms in
four cities on different
continents
Loftex has showrooms in four cities on different continentsnamely
New York in the USA, Shanghai in China, North Ryde in New South
Wales, Australia, and Manchester in the UK.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
92 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
PRODUCTS AND MARKETS
The company makes towels,
bath robes, blankets and
bedding products and caters
mainly to the middle and
upper end of the market
Products manufactured by the company include towels, bath robes,
towel blankets, acrylic blankets, and bedding products.
In terms of market segment, the company caters mainly to the middle
and upper end of the market.
MANUFACTURING FACILITIES
It has invested large amounts
in modern machinery, tech-
nology and development
The company employs over 7,000 workers, and has invested large
amounts in modern machinery, technology and product
development.
PROFILE OF NISHAT MILLS LIMITED
Nishat Mills Limited (NML)
is based in Lahore, Pakistan
Nishat Mills Limited (NML) is a publicly listed firm based in Lahore,
Pakistan. The company traces its roots back to 1951.
It is the flagship company
of the Nishat group, one of
the largest business groups
in Pakistan
NML is the flagship company of the Nishat group, one of the largest
business groups in Pakistan with operations in cement, financial
services (including insurance), power generation, paper products and
aviation.
In 2006 NML set up a mark-
eting subsidiary in the USA
In 2006 NML set up a subsidiary in New York, USA, which is
involved mainly in marketing.
PRODUCTS AND MARKETS
NML sells a wide variety of
home textile items
NML sells a wide variety of home textile items, including flat and
fitted sheets, pillow cases, quilt covers, cushions, valances, curtains
and table linen.
MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
The company has large
operations in spinning,
weaving, wet processing,
stitching and home textiles
production
NML is a highly diversified company with large operations in
spinning, weaving, wet processing, stitching and home textiles
production. In 2010 it had as many as 199,502 spindles in spinning
and 619 air-jet looms in weaving.
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
In 2009/10 net sales were
up by 32.1% to
PRs31.5 bn
During the companys 2009/10 financial yearwhich ended on
June 30, 2010NMLs net sales were up by a remarkable 32.1%
from the previous year to PRs31.5 bn (US$376 mn).
Exports, worth
PRs23.9 bn, formed the
bulk of sales in 2009/10
The bulk of NMLs sales are derived from exports. Indeed, exports
were valued at PRs23.9 bn in 2009/10, representing about three-
quarters of total sales.
Thus the fast growth in
sales stemmed from the
recovery in export markets
It can be deduced, therefore, that the fast growth in the companys
sales in 2009/10 stemmed mainly from the recovery in export markets
during the year.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 93
Sales of made-up textiles
were up by 25.9% in
volume
In home textiles, sales of made-up textiles during 2009/10 amounted
in volume terms to 20.6 mn metres25.9% more than in the previous
year.
and 31.3% in value In value terms sales were worth PRs4 bn, representing a growth rate
of 31.3%.
PROFILE OF SUNVIM HOME TEXTILE
Sunvim Home Textile claims
to be the largest towel
producer in the world
Sunvim Home Textile, based in Shandong, China, claims to be the
largest producer of home textiles in China and the biggest producer of
towels in the world.
It forms part of the Sunvim
Group, a diversified com-
pany with 17,000 employees
Sunvim Home Textile forms part of the Sunvim Groupa diversified
company with 17,000 employees and an involvement in chemicals and
a thermoelectric power plant.
Sunvim Groups origins go
back to 1987 when Gaomi
towel factory was set up
The origins of the Sunvim Group lie in the Gaomi towel factory
which was set up in Gaomi City, Shandong, China, in 1987, when the
company produced its first towel.
In 2006 the companys
shares were publicly traded
for the first time on the
Shenzhen Stock Exchange
In 2006 the companys shares were publicly traded for the first time
via an initial public offering (IPO) on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.
In the process, the company raised about Rmb528 mn (approximately
US$67.4 mn).
The group has won a
number of awards
over the years
Over the years, Sunvim has won a number of awards and in a recent
address the companys chairman made a commitment to quality
improvement, sustainable development and working for the value of
the customer, the benefit of the staff and development of ... society.
PRODUCTS AND MARKETS
Sunvim makes terry towels
and also a range of other
home textiles
Sunvim manufactures terry towels, and also other home textiles such
as bedding, curtains, cushions, decorative jacquard fabrics, sofa
fabrics, table cloths, table napkins and cleaning cloths.
It sells them in China as
well as exporting them to
the EU, Japan and the USA
Sunvim sells its products throughout China, and is a major exporter
to the EU, Japan and the USA.
MANUFACTURING FACILITIES
Sunvim has invested in
state-of-the-art machinery
and equipment for weaving,
dyeing and finishing
Over the years, Sunvim has invested substantial sums in state-of-the-
art machinery, including air-jet and rapier weaving machines, and
several lines of equipment for full width continuous dyeing and
finishing.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
94 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
PROFILE OF TRIDENT LIMITED
Trident Limited, formerly
Abhishek Industries
Limited, is the second
largest manufacturer of
terry towels in India
Trident Limitedknown until April 2011 as Abhishek Industries
Limitedis the second largest manufacturer of terry towels in India,
after Welspun India.
The company also produces textile yarn, as well as paper and
chemicals.
The company is based in
Ludhiana, Punjab, and its
shares are listed
The company is based in the city of Ludhiana, in the north Indian
state of Punjab, and its shares are listed on the Bombay Stock
Exchange and the and National Stock Exchange of India.
Abhishek started making
textiles in 1993
Abhishek Industries started making textiles in 1993 when it set up a
plant for spinning yarn.
In 1998 a decision was
made to vertically
integrate its facilities by
setting up a terry towel
manufacturing unit
In 1998 a decision was made to vertically integrate the existing cotton
spinning facility by setting up a terry towel manufacturing unit.
Since then, major investments have been made in capacity expansion,
and terry towel manufacturing operations have grown rapidly.
By 2009/10, terry towel
production amounted to
29,152 tons
By its 2009/10 financial year, which ended on March 31, 2010,
production of terry towels by the company amounted to 29,152 tons.
PRODUCTS AND MARKETS
Trident is highly export
oriented and sells its
products in 32 countries
Tridents terry towel operations are highly export oriented and the
company sells its products in 32 countries. In 2009/10 exports
accounted for no less than 92% of total revenues.
The dominant market is
the USA and a marketing
subsidiary has been set up
in the country
The dominant market is the USA and, not surprisingly, the company
has set up a subsidiary in the USA which is involved primarily in
marketing.
MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
In April 2010 Trident had
224,448 spindles and 374
state-of-the-art looms for
making towels
In April 2010 Tridents spinning operations were equipped with a total
of 224,448 spindles.
Its terry towels manufacturing facility had 374 looms employing state-
of-the-art technology.
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
In 2009/10 Tridents sales
were up by nearly 30% to
Rs18 bn
Tridents sales were up by nearly 30% to Rs18 bn (US$381 mn) in
2009/10. Of this total, revenues from terry towels were valued at
Rs8.5 bn.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 95
PROFILE OF VEKEN GROUP
Veken is a huge industrial
group based in China with
operations in textiles and
apparel
Veken is a huge industrial group based in China with operations
covering a diverse range of textiles and apparel.
The group is more than a century old, having originated in 1905.
The group consists of a
number of companies, inc-
luding Ningbo Veken Elite
The group consists of a number of companies. The most important of
these from a home textiles viewpoint is Ningbo Veken Elite, which is
listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.
Ningbo Veken Elite has
several subsidiaries
including Ningbo Veken
Elite Extra-Wide Home
Textile Company and
Ningbo Veken Elite Home
Textile Company, which
produces jacquard and
home textile products
Ningbo Veken Elite, in turn, has several subsidiaries. The main
subsidiary, Ningbo Veken Elite Extra-Wide Home Textile Company,
is spread over a land area of 80,000 m
2
(8 ha) while the area of the
factory buildings is 36,000 m
2
.
Another subsidiary, Ningbo Veken Elite Home Textile Company,
produces jacquard and home textile products. This has an area of
44,000 m
2
which is spread over land covering 65,000 m
2
, and has the
capacity to produce 4 mn sets of home textile products per annum.
PRODUCTS AND MARKETS
Ningbo Veken Elite produces
bed sets, blankets, curtains
and sofa fabrics, and over
85% of output is exported
Ningbo Veken Elite produces bed sets, blankets, curtains and sofa
fabrics.
Over 85% of the companys output is exported to Europe, the USA,
Japan and other countries.
Ningbo Veken Home Textile
produces jacquard and
home textile products
Ningbo Veken Elite Home Textile Company produces jacquard and
home textile products.
MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
The company focuses on
the dyeing and finishing of
home textile fabrics and the
manufacturing of finished
home textile products, and
possesses a variety of state-
of-the-art equipment
The companys manufacturing operations focus on the dyeing and
finishing of home textile fabrics and the manufacturing of finished
home textile products.
The company possesses a variety of state-of-the-art equipment and,
overall, it has the capacity to make 800,000 sets of finished products
per annum.
PROFILE OF WELSPUN INDIA LIMITED
Welspun India is
Indias largest terry
towel producer
Welspun India is Indias largest terry towel producer. It forms part of
the Welspun Group which has a turnover of US$3 bn, employs 24,000
people and operates in 50 countries.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
96 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
It began in 1985 as a
polyester texturing facility
The group started operations in 1985 by setting up a polyester yarn
texturing facility.
Today, having grown
through acquisitions, joint
ventures and organic
growth, it operates in a
range of industries
Today, as well as textiles, it operates in line pipes, infrastructure,
energy, oil and gas.
The company has been growing through acquisitions, joint ventures
and organic growth.
In 2006 it acquired Christy,
a UK-based towel brand and
in 2007 it acquired a 76%
stake in Sorema, a bath rug
manufacturer in Portugal
In 2006 it acquired Christy, a leading UK-based towel brand with over
150 years of history.
In 2007 it acquired a 76% stake in Sorema, a major bath rug
manufacturer in Portugal.
PRODUCTS AND MARKETS
Welspun India manufactures
a range of home textiles
Welspun India manufactures a range of home textiles, including terry
towels, bed linen, bath rugs and decorative bedding.
Its main product is terry
towels followed by sheets
The main product, however, is terry towels and in 2009/10 these
represented about half of its total sales. Next in importance were
sheets with a share of nearly one-third.
Welspun India also owns a
number of foreign brands
and is licensed to use the
Amy Butler, Nautica and
Apart from its own brands, Welspun India owns a number of foreign
brands. As well as Christy and Sorema, these include Graccioza and
Kingsley.
Waverly brands Also, it is licensed to use the Amy Butler, Nautica and Waverly
brands.
It has a distribution network
in 32 countries and exported
94% of its output in 2009/10
Welspun India is highly export oriented. It has a distribution network
in 32 countries, and in 2009/10 as much as 94% of its output was
exported.
The companys main
export market is the USA
The companys main export market is the USA. In fact the USA alone
accounted for nearly three-quarters of revenues in 2008/09the latest
year for which data have been provided.
Welspun India was the
third largest supplier of
home textiles to the US
market in 2009
According to Home Textiles Today, a USA-based trade publication,
Welspun India was the third largest supplier of home textiles to the
US market in 2009.
MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
Welspun has
manufacturing facilities in
Vapi and Anjar in the
state of Gujarat, as well as
in Mexico
Welspuns main manufacturing facilities are in Vapi and Anjar in the
state of Gujarat.
In addition, the company has facilities in Mexico.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 97
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
Welspun Indias sales rose
by 14% in 2009/10
In its 2009/10 financial year, which ended on March 31, 2010,
Welspun Indias sales were up by 14% over the previous year to
Rs19,372 mn (US$409 mn).
Sales of terry towels rose
by 21% in value and by
30% in volume terms
Sales of terry towels were worth Rs9,657 mn, 21% more than in the
previous year, and in volume terms they amounted to 36,284 tons
which was 30% up over the previous year.
PROFILE OF YUNUS TEXTILE MILLS LIMITED
Yunus Textile Mills (YTM)
is one of Pakistans largest
exporters of home textiles
and has offices in five
Western countries
Yunus Textile Mills (YTM), established in 1998, is one of Pakistans
largest exporters of home textiles.
The company is headquartered in the city of Karachi, and has offices
in Canada, France, Spain, the UK and the USA.
The company forms part of
Yunus Brothers, which
began operations in 1962 as
a fabric trading business
and then diversified into
other areas such as
construction and real estate
The company forms part of Yunus Brothers, which is one of the
biggest business conglomerates in Pakistan with annual sales
exceeding US$750 mn.
Yunus Brothers began operations in 1962 as a fabric trading business
house and thereafter diversified into areas such as cement,
construction, real estate, energy, and commodity trading.
PRODUCTS AND MARKETS
YTMs products include
bed sheet sets, comforters,
curtains, cushions, duvet
cover sets and pillows
YTM has the capacity to produce about 100 mn metres of fabric per
annum.
Its products include bed sheet sets, comforters, curtains and draperies,
cushions, duvet cover sets and pillows.
YTM supplies directly to
major US and European
retailers, it manufactures for
private and retail brands,
and it provides design and
distribution services
YTM manufactures and supplies products directly to a number of
major retailers in the USA and Europe.
It also manufactures for several private and retail brands, and provides
design and distribution services to customers.
MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
YTMs operations are
vertically integrated
YTMs operations are vertically integrated and include a large
spinning facility consisting of 51,000 spindles.
It has floors for bedding,
window items, kitchen items
and automated cut and sew
plants for sheets, as well as a
natural gas fired power
generation plant
In home textiles, the company has seven floors for bedding, two floors
for window items and kitchen items, and two floors with automated
cut and sew plants for sheets.
YTM has also set up a 14 mW natural gas fired captive power
generation plant which is capable of meeting its power needs.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 World Markets for Home Textiles: Home Linen and Leading Players
98 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
PROFILE OF ZORLU
Zorlu Holding, a
diversified company and
one of the largest
corporate groups in
Turkey, began operations
in the 1950s and grew by
expanding into the home
textiles business
Zorlu Holding is a diversified company and one of the largest
corporate groups in Turkey.
The company began operations in the 1950s, and for several decades
it grew by expanding its home textiles business. However, since the
beginning of the 1990s it has diversified into the fields of electronics,
information technology, consumer durables, real estate and energy
production.
PRODUCTS AND MARKETS
The Zorlu Textiles Group
manufactures and markets
yarn and home textiles
The main operations of the Zorlu Textiles Group are involved in the
manufacture and marketing of yarn and home textilesincluding bed
sheets, fitted sheets, pillowcases, bedspreads, comforters, tablecloths,
curtains, and towels.
About 70% of the groups
output is exported
About 70% of the groups output is exported, mainly to the USA, the
EU, Japan, and Russia.
The group is also involved in
the retailing of home textiles
in Turkey and overseas
The Zorlu Textiles Group is also involved in the retailing of home
textiles, both in Turkey and overseas, through Linensa retail
chain. Also, it has created a well known brand called TA.
The group has two
companies in the USA and
the UK which market its
products in these two
countries
As well as its operations in Turkey, the Zorlu Textiles Group has two
companies in the USA and the UK which are involved primarily in
marketing its home textiles in these two countries. Zorlu USA was set
up in 1998 in New York while Zorlu UK was established in London
in 2002.
MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
Within the group,
Zorluteks Textile is the
main company involved in
manufacturing home
textiles
Within the Textiles Group, the main company involved in
manufacturing home textiles is Zorluteks Textile.
Zorluteks Textile produces 96 mn metres of home textiles a year and
has a workforce of about 4,000 employees.
Its facilities cover an area
of 108,000 ft
2
and utilise
state-of-the-art technology
Its home textile manufacturing facilities cover an area of 108,000 ft
2
(10,000 m
2
or 1 ha) and utilise state-of-the-art technology.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 99
Product Developments and
Innovations
SUMMARY

Tukatech has introduced an online three-dimensional (3D) virtual fitting room application called
Styku. Telmat has launched a three-dimensional (3D) body scanner system for clothing boutiques and
retailers called Symcad II Master Tailor. DyStar, Becatron and Lilienweiss have jointly developed a
new online monitoring system for indigo coloration. Kingwhale has developed a new Low Impact
Technology (LIT) for use in its manufacturing and dyeing processes, and Huntsman Textile Effects has
added three new fluorescent dyes to its Terasil FF disperse dye range.
Researchers at Cornell University have developed an innovative fabric which can selectively trap
gases. Toray Textiles has developed new ranges of heat and flame resistant fabrics called ThermGuard
High Visibility and ThermGuard Molten Repel, while TenCate Protective Fabrics Americas has a
lighter version of its flame resistant TenCate Tecasafe Plus fabric called TenCate Tecasafe Plus 580.
In fabric treatments, Bayer MaterialScience has developed a new polyurethane (PU) dispersion, called
Impranil XP 2772, which can be used to coat protective gloves made from textiles. Protex
International has introduced a new softening agent called Rexamine CP 9194 AL which can be
applied to natural and synthetic fibres, and Schoeller Technologies and Bezema have developed a new
version of coldblack which is suitable for industrial laundering. Meanwhile, BigSky Technologies has
been issued the first in a series of patents for a biomimicry fabric finish.
In the fibres and yarns sector, Nilit has collaborated with LincSpun Yarns to produce a new yarn
called Trinomax AQ. Luxilon Industries has developed a cooling monofilament yarn called Luxicool,
and RadiciSpandex is developing an eco-friendly elastane fibre using corn-based biopolymer.
Mico Sport has introduced a new range of thermoregulating socks for trekking which incorporate
ThermoCool fibres, while Mekkey has introduced a new range of T-shirts which incorporate the same
fibres for the Dutch Fire Service. Dastex has developed a range of base layer cleanroom garments
using Advansas Coolmax fabric, and Kiplay has developed garments which incorporate Cordura
brand fabrics for its Techniforce and Techniprotect ranges.
In other news, Shima Seiki has introduced a new computerised flat knitting machine for the mass
production of basic knitwear, and Tagsys has introduced a new radio frequency identification (RFID)
system called FiTs for use in the apparel supply chain. In the retail sector, Marks & Spencer (M&S)
has launched a range of carbon neutral lingerie called Autograph Leaves.
DESIGN SOFTWARE
TUKATECH WILL LAUNCH AN ONLINE 3D VIRTUAL
FITTING ROOM APPLICATION CALLED STYKU
Tukatech will launch an on-
line 3D virtual fitting room
application called Styku
USA-based Tukatech plans to introduce an online three-dimensional
(3D) virtual fitting room application called Styku.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
1
An avatar is a three-dimensional representation of a person or an object.
2
For further information about Tukatech, see Profile of Tukatech: pioneering clothing design technology for
developing countries, Global Apparel Markets, No 9, 1st quarter 2010.
100 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
The application can be
embedded into a retailers
online store with a button
or hyperlink
The application can be embedded into a retailers online store with a
try it on button or a hyperlink. The button or hyperlink connects a
garment from the online store to the Styku websitewhich will be
accessible via www.styku.com.
Consumers can create ava-
tars on the Styku website
which will allow them to
virtually try on a garment
from a retailers online store
The application will allow a consumer to create a customised avatar
1
on the Styku website which has the same shape and proportions as his
or her own body. The consumer can use the avatar to virtually try
on a garment from a retailers online store and see how it would look
and fit on his or her body.
The application enables
consumers to view the fit
and movement of a garment
in 3D, to customise the
avatar, to save and share
images, and to view a range
of garment sizes and see
how well they fit
The application has a number of features, which enable the consumer
to:
G zoom, rotate and view a garment on an avatar in 3D from any
angle;
G see the way the garment moves on the avatars body in 3D;
G customise the avatar using UFoto by Styku, an application which
uses an ordinary photo to create an avatar with the same body
shape and facial features as the user;
G save and share images of garments on the avatar on social
networking sites;
G view a range of different garment sizes on the avatars body; and
G see how well a garment fits on the avatars body by using
different colours in a colour map feature to highlight areas of
loose, medium and tight fit.
Styku will be launched
officially for use by retailers
worldwide in early 2012
Tukatech will introduce a test version of Styku to a limited number of
retailers in autumn 2011, and in early 2012 the application will be
launched officially for use by retailers worldwide.
Tukatech develops and sup-
plies CAD/CAM technology
for the apparel supply chain
Tukatech is a leading developer and supplier of computer-aided design
and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology for the
apparel supply chain
2
.
DYEING
DYSTAR, BECATRON AND LILIENWEISS HAVE JOINTLY
DEVELOPED A NEW ONLINE MONITORING SYSTEM
FOR INDIGO COLORATION
DyStar, Becatron and
Lilienweiss have jointly
developed a new online
colour monitoring system
Germany-based DyStara supplier of dyes, auxiliaries and services
to the textile and leather processing industrieshas come together
with two other companies, Becatron and Lilienweiss, to develop a new
online monitoring system for indigo coloration.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
3
A disperse dye is a type of dye used primarily for dyeing polyester and polyester blends. Disperse dyes can
also be used to dye cellulose acetates and polyamides.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 101
Becatron supplies textile
finishing machinery while
Lilienweiss is involved in
apparel finishing
Becatron, based in Switzerland, is a supplier of machinery for
factories which are involved in textile finishing processes. Lilienweiss,
based in Germany, is a company involved in the finishing of apparel
products.
The system uses a new
technology and allows the
optimum amount of dye
and reducing agent to be
used
The new system was developed to be used during the indigo dyeing
process and allows the optimum amount of dye and reducing agent to
be used. It uses a new technology which can detect, adjust and
document data relating to various process parametersincluding
dyestuff concentrations, reducing agents and pHvaluesduring indigo
coloration.
It will be introduced in
September 2011 at ITMA
in Barcelona
The system will be introduced at the International Exhibition of
Textile Machinery (ITMA) which will be held in Barcelona, Spain,
during September 22-29, 2011.
According to DyStar, the
system will help companies
to reduce costs and
increase competitiveness
Commenting on the new system, the head of denim technology at
DyStar, Gnther Widler, said: The technology leaders for indigo,
covering dyeing, automatisation as well as analysis technologies have
joined forces. The result of their co-development offers indigo users
a further improvement of quality and right first time (RFT) rates.
Through this, it will help to reduce costs and increasing
competitiveness.
HUNTSMAN TEXTILE EFFECTS HAS ADDED THREE
NEW FLUORESCENT DYES TO ITS TERASIL FF
DISPERSE DYE RANGE
Huntsman Textile Effects
has added three new fluor-
escent dyes to its Terasil
FF disperse dye range
Huntsman Textile Effects, a Singapore-based company which supplies
chemicals and dyes for textile materials, has introduced three new
fluorescent dyes to its Terasil FF disperse dye
3
range. The new dyes
are called Terasil Flavine 10GFF, Red GFF and Red 3BFF.
The new dyes have been
designed for use in personal
protective equipment (PPE)
and workwear
The new dyes have been designed for use in personal protective
equipment (PPE) and workwear. They can also be combined with the
companys Terasil brilliant disperse dyes in order to achieve luminous
shades for high visibility sports and leisure wear.
They have high wash fast-
ness and light fastness
The new dyes are said to give textiles a fluorescent brilliance which
does not fade as the dyes have high wash fastness and light fastness.
and can be used with a
number of other products
from Huntsman which
enhance the performance
properties of a material
Furthermore, the dyes can be used in conjunction with a number of
other products from Huntsman which enhance the performance
properties of a material. Such products include antistatic finishes, and
those which provide materials with comfort properties, softness, easy
care properties, flame resistance, moisture management properties and
stain management properties.
The dyes meet certain
safety criteria laid down
by the ANSI, ISEA and
BSI
The dyes are said to meet certain safety criteria laid down by the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the International Safety
Equipment Association (ISEA), and the British Standards Institution
(BSI) Group.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
102 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
which are described in
standards for high
visibility safety apparel,
equipment and clothing
Such criteria are described in ANSI/ISEA 107-2010, a standard which
specifies performance requirements for high visibility safety apparel
and equipment, and BS EN 471:2003, a standard for high visibility
clothing.
Garments dyed with the
new dyes are said to meet
the BS EN 1150:1999
standard
Also, high visibility sports and leisure wear which have been dyed
using a combination of the new dyes and Terasil brilliant disperse
dyes are said to meet the requirements of BS EN 1150:1999, a
standard for protective visibility clothing for non-professional use.
DYEING TECHNOLOGY
KINGWHALE HAS DEVELOPED A NEW TECHNOLOGY
FOR DYEING POLYESTER FABRICS
Kingwhale has developed a
new Low Impact
Technology (LIT)
Kingwhale, a Taiwan-based manufacturer of fabrics and performance
apparel, has developed a new Low Impact Technology (LIT) for use
in its manufacturing and dyeing processes.
The technology helps to
reduce the use of energy,
water and dyes in the com-
panys dyeing processes
The technology has been designed to reduce the use of energy, water
and dyes in the companys processes. In fact, Kingwhale claims that
LIT uses 22% less electricity, 60% less water and 15% less dyestuff
than conventional dyeing processes.
The process involves a modi-
fication of polyester mole-
cules to allow the yarn to
absorb the dye more quickly
The LIT process involves a modification of polyester molecules while
the fibre is being manufactured. The modification allows the yarn to
absorb the dye more quickly, and therefore shortens the duration of
the process and reduces the amounts of resources required.
While recycling is often seen
as the best way to control
waste, LIT aims to produce
using less resources and
materials in the first place
When the technology was announced, the president of Kingwhale,
James Huang, commented: Often recycling is looked at as the best
way to control waste, but we all need to take it a step furtherto
actually find a way to manufacture what we need while using less
resources and materials in the first place.
In the future, Kingwhale
hopes to use the new process
to dye all its products
At first, LIT will be used to dye the companys fleece fabric. But in
the future Kingwhale hopes to use the new process to dye all its
products.
ETHICAL APPAREL
MARKS & SPENCER (M&S) HAS INTRODUCED A RANGE
OF CARBON NEUTRAL LINGERIE
Marks & Spencer (M&S)
has introduced a carbon
neutral lingerie collection
called Autograph Leaves
The UK-based clothing retailer Marks & Spencer (M&S) has
introduced a carbon neutral lingerie collection, called Autograph
Leaves. The collection includes four styles of brassieres, three styles
of knickers and one suspender belt design. The company claims that
the brassieres in the collection are the worlds first carbon neutral
brassieres.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
4
See also Talking strategy: Dian Gomes of MAS talks about Sri Lankas future as a green and high end
apparel manufacturing base, Global Apparel Markets, No 13, 1st quarter, 2011, page 4.
5
The term carbon footprint refers to the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced directly and
indirectly as a result of a certain activity. The carbon footprint of a company is determined by measuring the
total amount of greenhouse gas emissions released into the environment as a result of the firms entire
commercial activity.
6
Carbon dioxide equivalents include carbon dioxide and small quantities of other greenhouse gas emissions
such as methane and nitrous oxide.
7
In a bid to reduce carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions, regulations have been implemented by certain
governments, particularly those in the EU, which limit the amount of CO
2
a company can emit. Companies
which produce less than their quota are able to sell the remaining amount of permitted CO
2
in the form of
carbon credits to companies which emit more than their quota. Companies which emit more than the allowed
amount can purchase these carbon credits to offset their CO
2
emissions in order to comply with the
regulations. The act of buying and selling carbon credits is known as carbon trading.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 103
The collection is being
manufactured at MAS
Intimates Thurulie, an
eco-manufacturing plant
located in Sri Lanka
The Autograph Leaves collection is being manufactured at MAS
Intimates Thurulie, an eco-manufacturing plant located in Thulhiriya,
Sri Lanka
4
. The plant was built with support from M&S as part of its
Plan A initiative. The factory makes use of renewable energy
resources and minimises waste and water consumption.
The carbon footprint for
each piece in the collection
has been calculated and
certified by CTFCC
The carbon footprint
5
for each piece in the collection has been
calculated and certified by UK-based Carbon Trust Footprinting
Certification Company (CTFCC)an independent organisation which
specialises in the measurement and certification of carbon footprints
for products.
To calculate the carbon
footprint, CTFCC
considers the products
complete life cycle
In calculating the carbon footprint of a product, CTFCC considers the
products complete life cyclefrom manufacturing to transportation
and retail, and the energy a customer will use to wash and dry the
product.
M&S claims that around
2 kg of carbon dioxide
equivalents are produced
during the manufacture of
one of the new brassieres,
depending on the
brassieres style and size
M&S claims that around 2 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents
6
are
produced during the manufacture of an Autograph Leaves brassiere.
However, the amount varies depending on the style and size of each
brassiere. During the manufacture of its basic non-padded brassiere,
about 1.7 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents are produced while the
manufacture of its larger push up brassiere, which involves a more
complex process, results in the production of around 2.2 kg of carbon
dioxide equivalents.
In order for the lingerie items
to be certified as carbon
neutral, M&S has purchased
carbon credits from the Con-
servation Carbon Company
In order for the lingerie items to be certified as carbon neutral, M&S
has purchased carbon credits
7
through a scheme run by Conservation
Carbon Company, a Sri Lanka-based organisation which markets and
sells carbon credits to companies worldwide in order to develop
sustainable carbon conservation forestry projects.
Through this scheme, M&S
has committed to applying
its ethical standards to the
Sri Lankan community
where the factory is located
Furthermore, through this scheme, M&S has committed to applying
its ethical standards to the Sri Lankan community where the factory
is located. M&S is supporting nine local farmers to plant over 6,000
trees in two forests in the area. 75% of the trees will be native species
in order to help to develop more natural habitats and support the
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
8
See also Marks and Spencer (M&S) has announced plans to become the worlds most sustainable
retailer by 2015, Business Update, Global Apparel Markets, No 9, 1st quarter, 2010, page 76.
104 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
regional animals. The remaining 25% of trees planted will be a variety
of fruit trees which will provide food that can be sold to help farmers
and their families to generate an income.
M&S is now working
with its suppliers to find
better alternative raw
materials for its
brassieres
When the launch of the Autograph Leaves collection was announced,
the head of lingerie technology at M&S, Paschal Little, said: As a
result of this project we know raw material production, such as lace
manufacture, is a major contributing factor to the bras footprint, so
were now working with our suppliers to find better alternatives for
the future.
The head of sustainable
business at M&S, Mike
Barry, said that the
company is applying the
lessons it has learnt about
carbon footprinting to
other product areas
The head of sustainable business at M&S, Mike Barry, added: The
complexity of a bras supply chain makes it the ideal product to learn
about the practicalities of carbon footprinting, as it contains 21
component parts from 12 different suppliers. Were already applying
the lessons weve learned to other product areas and have taken an
important step towards our goal of giving every single M&S product
a Plan A attribute.
The collection supports
the companys eco and
ethical plan and is line
with its aim to become
the worlds most
sustainable retailer
The introduction of the collection supports the companys eco and
ethical plan, Plan A, and is in line with its aim to become the worlds
most sustainable retailer
8
.
Through its Plan A commitments, M&S has pledged that 50% of its
2.7 bn products will have a Plan A attribute by 2015, and 100% by
2020.
FABRICS FOR PERFORMANCE AND PROTECTIVE APPAREL
RESEARCHERS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY HAVE
DEVELOPED A FABRIC WHICH CAN SELECTIVELY
TRAP GASES
Researchers at Cornell
University have developed
a fabric which can
selectively trap gases
Researchers at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, USA, have
developed an innovative fabric which can selectively trap gases. The
development was partly funded by the United States Department of
Defense.
The fabric can be used to
make garments which protect
against toxic chemicals
The fabric is suitable for use in the manufacture of garments designed
to protect soldiers and first responders from exposure to toxic
chemicals.
It is made from cellulosic
fibres and incorporates
metal organic framework
molecules (MOFs) which
enable the fabric to act as
a filtration system
The new fabric is made from cellulosic fibres and incorporates metal
organic framework molecules (MOFs). MOFs are clustered crystalline
compounds which can be manipulated at the nano level in order to
form cages that are the exact size of the toxic gases they are trying
to capture. The MOFs enable the fabric to act as a filtration system by
capturing harmful gases and protecting the wearer from exposure to
them.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
9
An electric arcalso known as an electrical spark, an arc flash or an arc blastis a type of electrical
explosion which can result in a fire.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 105
MOF fabrics were first
created by a postdoctoral
researcher at Cornell
University
MOF fabrics were first created by one of the postdoctoral researchers
at Cornell University, Marcia Da Silva Pinto, in collaboration with
researchers at the University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) in
the USA.
Researchers realised that
the key was to bring the
fibre to the particle
After many unsuccessful attempts to attach the crystalline molecule
particles to fibres, the researchers changed the order of the process and
realised that the key was to bring the fibre to the particle.
A design student at Cornell
University helped to develop
a military inspired hood and
mask from the fabric
The researchers collaborated with a design student at Cornell
University, Jennifer Keane, and developed a military inspired hood
and mask made from the innovative fabric.
TORAY TEXTILES EUROPE HAS DEVELOPED A NEW
RANGE OF PROTECTIVE FABRICS
Toray Textiles Europe has
developed two new ranges
of heat resistant and flame
resistant fabrics
Toray Textiles Europe, a UK-based manufacturer of technical textiles
and fabrics, has developed two new ranges of heat and flame resistant
fabrics called ThermGuard High Visibility and ThermGuard Molten
Repel.
The new fabrics have been
designed to protect
industrial workers
The new fabric ranges have been designed to protect industrial
workers who are exposed to dangerous levels of heat, low visibility,
electric arcs
9
and molten metal spillages.
The ThermGuard High
Visibility fabric is suitable
for use in clothing worn by
workers in airports,
railway stations, utilities
and chemical plants
The ThermGuard High Visibility fabric range is especially suitable
for use in clothing worn by those who work in airports and railway
stations.
It can be used in clothing worn by employees in utilities and in the
chemical and petrochemical industries.
The fabric is colourfast
and breathable, and can
be supplied in any
industry standard high
visibility colour
ThermGuard High Visibility fabric is colourfast and breathable, and
is said to be comfortable to wear.
The fabric conforms to industry standards and can be supplied in any
industry standard high visibility colour.
ThermGuard Molten Repel
fabric is designed for heavy
industrial factory work
ThermGuard Molten Repel is designed for heavy industrial factory
work involving processes such as smelting, casting, welding, cutting
and grinding.
The fabric is a high
performance material which
protects the wearer against
molten metal spillages
This new fabric is a high performance material which protects the
wearer against molten metal spillages.
When spilt, molten metal can stay on some protective garments and
conduct heat through the fabric, causing serious burn injuries to the
wearer.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
10
Meta-aramid fibres are best known for their combination of strength and resistance to heat and flames.
Moreover, they retain their mechanical properties at elevated temperatures and do not ignite, melt or drip.
106 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Its Teflon coating repels
molten splashes, while meta-
aramid fibres provide heat
and flame resistant properties
But ThermGuard Molten Repel has a Teflon coating which repels
molten metal splashes from the surface of the fabric. Also it contains
meta-aramid fibres
10
to provide it with heat resistant and flame
resistant properties.
The fabric is durable and
retains its properties for
over 50 washes
The fabric is also durable, retains its properties for over 50 washes, is
said to be comfortable to wear and meets industry safety and
protection standards.
Toray Textiles Europe is a
wholly-owned subsidiary
of Toray Industries, which
is a Japan-based
manufacturing and
services company
Toray Textiles Europe is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Toray
Industriesa Japanese company which manufactures fibres, textile
products, plastics, chemicals, technological products, carbon fibre
composite materials, and pharmaceutical and medical products. Toray
Industries also offers services relating to the environment, engineering,
life sciences and other various businesses.
FABRIC TREATMENTS
BAYER MATERIALSCIENCE HAS DEVELOPED A
POLYURETHANE DISPERSION, CALLED IMPRANIL
XP 2772, WHICH CAN BE USED AS A COATING IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF PROTECTIVE GLOVES
Bayer MaterialScience has
developed a polyurethane
(PU) dispersion which can
be used to coat protective
gloves made from textiles
Bayer MaterialScience, a manufacturer of high-tech polymer materials,
has developed a polyurethane (PU) dispersion, called Impranil
XP 2772, which can be used to coat protective gloves made from
textiles. Bayer MaterialScience is based in Germany and is part of the
Bayer Group.
The coating makes gloves
resistant to alcohol-based
cleaning agents and solvents
Gloves coated with Impranil XP 2772 are resistant to alcohol-based
cleaning agents and solvents. They are also abrasion resistant, and are
said to be comfortable to wear.
The glove is coated using a
series of dipping processes,
first into a coagulating agent
and then into a water-borne
PU paste, after which it is
dried, soaked and dried again
Before the coating is applied, the glove is placed on a mould. The
glove is then coated using a series of dipping processes. The glove is
first dipped into a coagulating agent and then dried for roughly three
minutes at 100C. It is then dipped in a water-borne PU paste, dried
for five minutes, soaked for ten minutes at room temperature and
dried again at temperatures up to 100C.
The development was
introduced at the Techtextil
2011 international trade fair
Bayer MaterialScience introduced the development at the Techtextil
2011 international trade fair which was held in Frankfurt, Germany,
during May 24-26, 2011.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
11
Amorphous silica is an inert material whose use is well established in applications involving direct human
consumption. It is approved for such applications by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
12
See also Fast track: Biomimicry, Performance Apparel Markets, No 6, 3rd quarter 2003.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 107
BIGSKY TECHNOLOGIES HAS BEEN ISSUED THE FIRST
IN A SERIES OF PATENTS FOR A BIOMIMICRY FABRIC
FINISH
BigSky Technologies has
patented its GreenShield
fabric finish technology
BigSky Technologies, a USA-based manufacturer of nature-inspired
textile finishes, has been issued the first in a series of patents for its
GreenShield fabric finish technology.
GreenShield provides
water repellency and oil
repellency as well as stain
resistance
GreenShield provides water repellency and oil repellency as well as
stain resistance. The finish makes use of amorphous silica
11
nanoparticles, which reduce the amount of fluorocarbons required to
achieve stain repellency by a factor of eight.
It provides similar or better
repellency compared with
conventional stain repellents
Compared with conventional stain repellents on the market,
GreenShield provides most fabrics with similar or better water
repellency and oil repellency.
GreenShield is made using a
proprietary technology
GreenShield is manufactured using a proprietary waste elimination and
energy saving technology which utilises water-based solvents.
and was developed using
biomimicry research
GreenShield was developed using biomimicry
12
researchit simulates
the natural water repellency which is found on the microscopic surface
of a lotus leaf.
The finish enables water
and oil to roll off the sur-
face of the fabric and is
undetectable to the human
touch
The finish enables water and oil to roll off the surface of the fabric to
which it is applied, and is undetectable to the human touch. The finish
is permanent, and it maintains the feel of the fabrics to which it is
applied.
PROTEX INTERNATIONAL HAS INTRODUCED A NEW
SOFTENING AGENT CALLED REXAMINE CP 9194 AL
Protex International has int-
roduced Rexamine CP 9194
AL, a new softening agent
Protex International, a chemical and biochemical manufacturer based
in France, has introduced a new softening agent called Rexamine
CP 9194 AL which can be applied to natural and synthetic fibres.
Textiles made from fibres
treated with Rexamine CP
9194 AL are said to have
a full and smooth feel
Textiles made from fibres which have been treated with Rexamine
CP 9194 AL are said to have a full and smooth feel. The softening
agent is suitable for applying to materials which are intended to be cut
or sewn, and those which need to be resistant to tearing.
The softening agent can
be applied using a
number of processes
The softening agent can be applied using a number of processes, and
does not affect the colour of the material into which it is incorporated.
Also, it improves the water absorption of cellulose fibres.
Rexamine CP 9194 AL is
produced by Synthron, a
subsidiary of Protex
International
Rexamine CP 9194 AL is produced by the France-based company
Synthron, a subsidiary of Protex International. The agent is compliant
with the ko-Tex Standard 100 Class I to IV.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
13
See also Schoeller Technologies was won an award for its coldblack finishing technology, Product
developments and innovations, Global Apparel Markets, No 8, 4th quarter 2009.
14
See also UV protective clothing: key to reducing skin damage, Performance Apparel Markets, No 29,
2nd quarter 2009.
15
Sun protection factor (SPF) is defined as the amount of UV radiation which induces redness in skin
protected by sunscreen, divided by the amount of UV radiation which induces redness in unprotected skin.
It is a measure of how long a person can stay in the sun without burning. The higher the SPF, the more the
protection against sunburn provided. A sunscreen with an SPF of 15 allows a person to stay out in the sun
15 times longer than a sunscreen with an SPF of 1 before the skin starts to redden.
108 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
SCHOELLER TECHNOLOGIES AND BEZEMA HAVE
DEVELOPED A NEW VERSION OF COLDBLACK WHICH
IS SUITABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL LAUNDERING
Schoeller Technologies and
Bezema have developed a
new version of coldblack
which can be used in heavy
duty workwear
Two Switzerland-based companies, Schoeller Technologies and
Bezema, have worked together to develop a new version of a textile
treatment called coldblack
13
. The new version is suitable for industrial
laundering, and enables the treatment to be used in heavy duty
workwear for the first time.
coldblack is a textile
finishing treatment which
enables treated textiles to
stay cooler for longer
coldblack is a textile finishing treatment which reduces the amount of
solar radiation absorbed when it is applied to a textile, especially one
with a dark colour. As a result, the textile heats up more slowly in the
presence of sunlight than an untreated textile and therefore stays
cooler for longer.
Also, textiles treated with
coldblack provide more pro-
tection against UV radiation
than an untreated textile
In addition, a textile treated with coldblack provides more protection
against ultraviolet (UV) radiation
14
than an untreated textile. Indeed,
textiles treated in this way are said to have a sun protection factor
(SPF)
15
of at least 30.
Previously, coldblack was
not suitable for industrial
laundering
Previously, coldblack was not suitable for industrial
launderingwhich prevented it from being a suitable option for rental
garments, including workwear.
The new version of coldblack
is applied through a vat dye
process, which enables a fab-
ric to maintain its properties
during heavy laundering
However, the new version of coldblack is applied through a vat dye
process, thus improving the capabilities of Schoellers original fabric
treatment. Vat-dyed fabrics have a high level of colourfastness and
lightfastness, and are therefore able to maintain their properties during
industrial laundering.
The cooling and improved
washing properties of cold-
black make it appropriate
for workwear and uniforms
The cooling properties of coldblack, along with its improved washing
properties, make it appropriate for many industries which require
workwear or uniformsincluding military personnel, security guards,
medical and healthcare professionals, and hotel or restaurant workers.
coldblack for workwear was
introduced at the Techtextil
2011 international trade fair
Schoeller and Bezema introduced coldblack for workwear at the
Techtextil 2011 international trade fair which was held in Frankfurt,
Germany, during May 24-26, 2011.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
16
See also Profile of RadiciSpandex: a specialist in elastane fibres, Performance Apparel Markets, No 2,
3rd quarter 2002.
17
Biopolymers are polymers produced by a living organism and contain monomeric structures which are
covalently bonded to form larger structures. Biopolymers are sustainable and renewable because they are
made from plant materials which can be grown, year-on-year, indefinitely.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 109
Schoeller originally
developed coldblack with
Clariant International
Schoeller Technologies originally developed coldblack in collaboration
with another Swiss company, the speciality chemicals supplier Clariant
International.
Schoeller Technologies
specialises in textile
technology developments
while Bezema specialises
in textile finishing
Schoeller Technologies specialises in the development of technologies
for the textile industry and licenses its technologies to textile and
apparel manufacturers around the world. Bezema, part of the
CHT/Bezema Group, is a company which specialises in textile
finishing.
FIBRES AND YARNS FOR APPAREL
LINCSPUN YARNS AND NILIT HAVE DEVELOPED A NEW
YARN CALLED TRINOMAX AQ
Nilit has collaborated
with LincSpun Yarns to
produce a new yarn
called Trinomax AQ
Nilit, an Israel-based manufacturer of nylon 6.6 yarns, has
collaborated with LincSpun Yarnsan Australia-based developer of
intelligent yarns and filamentsto produce a new yarn called
Trinomax AQ.
The yarn has been
designed to help regulate a
wearers body temperature
The yarnwhich can be used in various performance apparel items
such as active wear, dancewear, socks and sportswearhas been
designed to help regulate a wearers body temperature.
The yarn is made by
twisting together merino
wool, Nilit nylon 6.6 and
Nilit Aquarius and is used
to create a lightweight
fabric which is strong and
durable
Trinomax AQ is made by twisting together three types of
fibresnamely natural merino wool, textured Nilit nylon 6.6 and Nilit
Aquariususing a proprietary LincSpun technology process. The
resulting yarns are used to create lightweight fabrics which are strong
and durable. Merino wool provides softness and has the ability to
regulate body temperature, while Nilit nylon 6.6 enhances the quality
and durability of the yarn. Nilit Aquarius facilitates high speed
wicking, and maintains its properties through repeated laundering.
Garments made from Trino-
max AQ help to stabilise the
wearers body temperature
Garments made from Trinomax AQ wick away moisture and help to
stabilise the wearers body temperature.
RADICISPANDEX IS DEVELOPING AN ECO-FRIENDLY
ELASTANE FIBRE USING BIOPOLYMER
RadiciSpandex is
developing an eco-friendly
elastane fibre using
biopolymer
USA-based RadiciSpandex
16
a company which specialises in the
manufacture of elastane fibres for a wide range of applications and a
subsidiary of Italy-based RadiciGroupis developing an eco-friendly
elastane fibre using biopolymer
17
.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
18
The term carbon footprint refers to the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced directly and
indirectly as a result of a certain activity. The carbon footprint of a company is determined by measuring the
total amount of greenhouse gas emissions released into the environment as a result of the firms entire
commercial activity.
110 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
The fibre will be composed
of 80% biopolymer, which
will be derived entirely from
corn, a renewable source
The fibre will be composed of 80% biopolymer. Unlike conventional
synthetic polymers, whose raw materials are derived from
petroleum-based chemicals, the biopolymer used in the new fibre will
be derived entirely from corn, a renewable source.
The fibre is being developed
to meet demand from comp-
anies for products which are
made from eco-friendly and
sustainable base materials
The fibre is being developed in order to meet growing demand from
companies in the personal hygiene and textile sectors for products
which are made from eco-friendly and sustainable base materials. Use
of the new fibre will help companies to reduce their carbon footprint
18
and achieve greater sustainability.
The fibre will be produced
in the USA and will meet
CAFTA, NAFTA and CBI
standards
The elastane fibre will be produced in the USA and will meet Central
America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) and Confederation of British Industry (CBI)
standards.
According to the company,
the new eco-friendly
products made from bio
raw materials can fully
replace synthetic oil
derivatives
Commenting on the new fibres, the vice chairman and chief operating
officer (COO) of RadiciGroup, Maurizio Radici, said: There is
growing proof that our new eco-friendly products made from bio raw
materials can fully replace synthetic oil derivatives. Our group has
long worked towards making our businesses more sustainablefrom
chemicals to plastics and synthetic fibresto ensure their
competitiveness and innovative capacity.
MACHINERY
SHIMA SEIKI HAS INTRODUCED A NEW
COMPUTERISED FLAT KNITTING MACHINE FOR THE
MASS PRODUCTION OF BASIC KNITWEAR
Shima Seiki has introduced
a new computerised flat
knitting machine called
SSR 112 which is said to be
more energy efficient than
Shima Seiki, a Japanese manufacturer of knitting machines, has
introduced a new computerised flat knitting machine called SSR 112.
The machine has been designed to be used for the mass production of
basic knitted garments.
than previous models According to Shima Seiki, the SSR 112 is 25% more energy efficient
than the companys previous models of knitting machines.
The machine has a
maximum knitting speed of
1.2 metres per second, and
it incorporates the
companys Rapid Response
R2CARRIAGE Carriage
system
The new machine is said to have a higher productivity than hand flat
knitting machines and mechanical knitting machineswith a
maximum knitting speed of 1.2 metres per second. The increased
speed is made possible because the machine incorporates the
companys Rapid Response R2CARRIAGE Carriage system. The
system uses a smaller carriage which means that it can run at full
speed, thereby allowing faster knitting per course.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
19
A cleanroom is a work area in which the air quality, temperature and humidity are precisely regulated in
order to protect sensitive equipment from contamination. Cleanroom garments are specially designed to
protect the products in the cleanroom from the contaminants which may typically linger on traditional
garments.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 111
The SSR 112 is more
compact than previous
models of knitting machines
The SSR 112 has a 45 inch (112 cm) knitting width, which makes it
more compact in comparison with the companys previous models of
knitting machines.
The machine incorporates
a Digital Stitch Control
System (DSCS) and a
Wide Gauge feature
The machine incorporates a Digital Stitch Control System
(DSCS)a system which allows operators to control stitch length
mechanically by limiting the yarn feed. Also, the machine has a
Wide Gauge feature which allows a variety of gauges to be knitted
on a single machine.
The machine includes a pat-
ented takedown comb which
means that the knitted fabric
does not catch on the needles
In addition, the machine includes a patented takedown comb which
uses a row of forward-facing needles as opposed to a row of needles
that face sideways. These needles have an active release mechanism
which means that the knitted fabric does not catch on a needle.
It also includes a yarn
gripper and cutter system
Additional features of the machine include a stitch presser system and
a yarn gripper and cutter system.
PROTECTIVE APPAREL
DASTEX HAS DEVELOPED BASE LAYER CLEANROOM
GARMENTS USING ADVANSAS COOLMAX FRESH
FABRIC
Dastex has developed a
range of undergarment
layers for wearing in
cleanroom environments
Dastex, a Germany-based supplier of cleanroom products, has
developed a range of undergarment layers for wearing in cleanroom
19
environments. The range includes T-shirts, long-sleeved and
short-sleeved tops, jackets, trousers and shorts.
under the outer layers of
cleanroom garments
The garments are all designed to be worn under the outer layers of
cleanroom garments, such as coveralls, coats, trousers and aprons.
The garments are made
from Coolmax fresh fabrics
The garments are made from Coolmax fresh fabrics, which are
supplied by the Netherlands-based company Advansa.
Advansa has the rights to the
Coolmax brand in Europe
The Coolmax trademark is owned by USA-based Invista, but Advansa
has exclusive rights to the Coolmax brand in Europe.
Coolmax is a lightweight
hydrophilic polyester fabric
made from four-channel or
six-channel fibres
Coolmax is a lightweight hydrophilic polyester fabric made from four-
channel or six-channel fibres. The fibres have a special cross-section
which encourages the polyester to absorb moisture and wick it away
from the skin.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
112 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Figure 1
Coolmax fabric
Source: Invista
The garments have moisture
management and odour con-
trol properties, and the fab-
rics can reduce fibre and par-
ticle contamination by over
50% compared with others
All of the garments have moisture management and odour control
properties, and are said to be soft and comfortable to wear.
Polyester fabrics such as Coolmax fresh can reduce fibre and
particle contamination by more than 50% compared with other
fabrics.
Coolmax is made using
silver ions which are
antimicrobial, durable and
non-migratory
Additionally, Coolmax fresh is manufactured using silver ions, which
are antimicrobial, durable and non-migratory, and significantly inhibit
the growth of bacteria.
TENCATE PROTECTIVE FABRICS AMERICAS HAS
INTRODUCED A NEW VERSION OF ITS TENCATE
TECASAFE PLUS FABRIC CALLED TENCATE TECASAFE
PLUS 580
TenCate has introduced a
new fabric called TenCate
Tecasafe Plus 580
TenCate Protective Fabrics Americasa USA-based manufacturer of
flame resistant fabrics and part of the Netherlands-based company
TenCatehas introduced a new version of its TenCate Tecasafe Plus
fabric called TenCate Tecasafe Plus 580.
The fabric is suitable for
protective apparel and
firefighting apparel but is
lighter than previous
versions
The new version is similar to the original TenCate Tecasafe Plus
fabric and is suitable for use in the manufacture of industrial
protective apparel and firefighting apparel. However, it weighs only
5.8 oz/yd, which is lighter than previous versions of TenCate Tecasafe
Plus.
The fabric is made from a
blend of lyocell, aramid and
modacrylic
TenCate Tecasafe Plus 580 is made from a blend of lyocella type of
cellulosic fibreand two types of synthetic fibre, namely aramid and
modacrylic. Aramid fibres and modacrylic fibres are inherently flame
resistant.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
20
A flash fire is an unexpected, sudden intense fire which is characterised by high temperatures and a
rapidly moving flame. The flash fire lasts only for a short durationtypically less than three seconds.
21
An electric arcalso known as an electrical spark, an arc flash or an arc blastis a type of electrical
explosion which can result in a fire.
22
USA-based NFPA is an international standards organisation whose mission is to reduce the worldwide
burden of fire and other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating consensus codes and
standards, research, training and education.
23
The Hazard Risk Category (HRC) shows the level of arc flash protection clothing a person must wear to
protect against a minimum level of incident energy measured in calories/cm. There are five levels ranging
from HRC 0 to HRC 4. Each level is a measure of how much heat can be exposed to a flame resistant
garment before a second degree burn injury is expected to occur. The higher the HRC level of a garment, the
greater the protection it provides against electric arcs.
24
See also Introduction to radio frequency identification (RFID) in apparel, Global Apparel Markets,
No 3, 3rd quarter 2008.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 113
Garments made from the
fabric provide protection
against flash fires and
electric arcs
Garments made from the fabric provide protection against flash fires
20
and electric arcs
21
. The fabric will not ignite, melt or break open and
it provides thermal insulation between the wearers body and the heat
source. This minimises the risk of severe skin burns.
The fabric is also highly
breathable and has the
ability to wick moisture
away from the skin to its
surface
In addition to its flame resistant properties, TenCate Tecasafe Plus 580
is highly breathable and has the ability to wick moisture away from
the skin to its surface. There, the moisture evaporates as air flows
across the fabric, and this process helps to keep the wearer dry and
comfortable. Furthermore, the fabric has a high level of abrasion
resistance.
The fabric complies with
two National Fire
Protection Association
(NFPA) standards
The fabric is certified as complying with two standards laid down by
the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
22
for protective
clothing, namely:
G NFPA 2112 (Standard on Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection
of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire); and
G NFPA 70E (Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace).
It also meets level one of the
Hazard Risk Category (HRC)
Furthermore, the fabric meets level one of the Hazard Risk Category
(HRC)
23
which is set out by the NFPA 70E standard.
RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) TECHNOLOGY
TAGSYS HAS INTRODUCED A NEW RADIO FREQUENCY
IDENTIFICATION (RFID) SYSTEM FOR USE IN THE
APPAREL SUPPLY CHAIN
Tagsys has introduced a
new RFID system, called
FiTs, for use in the
apparel supply chain
Tagsys has introduced a new radio frequency identification (RFID)
24
system for use in the entire apparel supply chainfrom manufacturing
to distribution and retail. The system is called Fashion Item Tracking
System (FiTS).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
114 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Tagsys specialises in pro-
viding RFID systems to help
companies to track their
individual inventory items
Tagsys is a USA-based company which specialises in providing high
performance RFID systems for a variety of industries in order to help
companies to track their individual inventory items as those items
move along their supply chain.
The new system is said to
help companies to increase
productivity and accuracy
According to Tagsys, the FiTS system helps apparel companies to
increase productivity and improve inventory accuracy while reducing
processing costs and improving sales.
The system uses RFID tags
and readers to track the
locations of individual
products as they move
along the supply chain
The FiTS system makes use of both RFID software and RFID
hardware. The hardware comprises RFID tags and labels which can be
embedded into a product while an RFID reader can scan the tags and
labels. The software incorporates RFID technology to track the
locations of individual products as they move along the supply chain,
so their whereabouts can be monitored and measured.
and is said to help
apparel companies make
cost savings and time
savings across their entire
supply chains
The FiTS system is said to help apparel companies make cost savings
and time savings across their entire supply chains. At the retail level,
the system will help to save time as information concerning incoming
goods can be processed electronically rather than manually.
Furthermore, data relating to inventories can be transferred quickly
between stores as the data transfer can be carried out in real time.
Moreover, information concerning product stocks can be accessed
immediately. This is particularly useful in the case of styles, colours
and sizes which are suffering slack demand and should therefore be
removed from shelves.
Tagsys claims that
companies using the system
have improved productivity
in their distribution
centres, reduced processing
costs and increased sales
Tagsys claims that existing apparel customers who are using the FiTS
system have improved their productivity in their distribution centres
by an average of 50%, while inventory accuracy has improved by
98%.
Also, the customers have noted a 20% reduction in processing costs
and a 7% increase in sales.
The system meets
customers tracking and
visibility needs, all from a
single source
Commenting on the system, the chief executive officer (CEO) of
Tagsys, Alain Fanet, said: With FiTS, our customers receive a
flexible, scalable solution that meets all of their tracking and visibility
needs, all from a single source.
SPORTS APPAREL
MICO SPORT HAS INTRODUCED A NEW RANGE OF
TREKKING SOCKS WHICH INCORPORATE
THERMOCOOL FIBRES
Mico Sport has introduced a
new range of thermoregu-
lating socks for trekking
Italy-based Mico Sport, a company which specialises in the
manufacture of technical sport socks, has introduced a new range of
thermoregulating socks for trekking.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
25
Calibration is defined as the standardisation of a measuring instrument, which in this case is the body
scanner. Calibration checks that the calculation of distances by the body scanner is correct. This helps to
determine any deviation and corrects any errors.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 115
The range consists of a
Long Trekking sock and a
Short Trekking sock
The new range forms part of Mico Sports spring/summer 2011
collection and consists of two medium weight socksnamely, the
CA 3065 Long Trekking sock and the CA 3066 Short Trekking sock.
The socks incorporate
ThermoCool fibres, which
help to regulate a wearers
body temperature during
exercise
The socks incorporate ThermoCool fibres which were developed by
the Netherlands-based company Advansa.
Garments which incorporate ThermoCool fibres help to regulate a
wearers body temperature during exercise.
The fibres provide
evaporative cooling
properties as well as
thermobuffering
properties to prevent
overheating and post-
exercise chill
The fibres provide evaporative cooling properties which help to keep
the wearer dry and cool when his body temperature increases.
They also provide thermobuffering properties which help to keep
the wearer warm when his body temperature decreases. As a result,
the garments assist in preventing the wearers body from overheating
and also in preventing post-exercise chill.
The socks also have
moisture management
properties
In addition to their temperature regulation properties, the socks have
moisture management properties which help to keep the wearers feet
dry and comfortable during exercise.
The socks are made with a
low density mesh and a
double structured protection
layer to improve comfort
The socks have been constructed with a low density mesh and a
double structured protection layer around the toe and heel. This
construction allows air to circulate around the wearers feet, thus
improving the comfort of the sock.
An invisible flat seam
positioned under the toes
helps to prevent blisters
Furthermore, the socks have an invisible flat seam positioned under
the toes, which reduces friction between the foot and the sock. This,
in turn, helps to prevent blisters.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) BODY SCANNERS
TELMAT HAS LAUNCHED A THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D)
BODY SCANNER SYSTEM CALLED SYMCAD II MASTER
TAILOR
Telmat has launched a
three-dimensional (3D)
body scanner system
Telmata France-based company which specialises in body scanning
technology and softwarehas introduced a three dimensional (3D)
body scanner for clothing boutiques and retailers called Symcad II
Master Tailor.
which consists of a booth
and a software programme
Symcad II Master Tailor consists of a booth where the scan takes
place, and a computer with a software program.
A calibration process runs
as the system is started up
A calibration process
25
, which takes less than five seconds, runs
automatically as the system is started up.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
26
Made-to-measure garments are individually made by a tailor to fit a specific person.
116 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Once the consumer is stand-
ing in the correct position
inside the booth, the scan
process begins automatically
The booth uses a synthetic voice system which instructs the consumer
how to stand during the scan so that the correct body measurements
are obtained. Once the consumer is standing in the correct position
inside the booth, the scan process begins automatically.
Digital white light is directed
at the consumers body while
cameras take over 110 body
measurements to create a 3D
physical representation of the
consumers body shape
During the scan, which takes only half a second, digital white light is
directed at the consumers body. At the same time, cameras, which are
positioned at different angles, take over 110 body measurements. This,
in turn, creates a 3D physical representation of the consumers body
shape. The operator can then view the 3D scan image on the
computer.
The body scan data can be
analysed to establish a clo-
thing size for the consumer
The body scan data are stored in a database management system and
can be analysed using the software program to establish a clothing
size for the consumer.
The software can obtain
specific measurements
The software program also controls the body scan data and can be
used to obtain specific body measurements during a scan.
According to Telmat, the
system helps to produce
made-to-measure garments
cost-effectively
According to Telmat, its Symcad II Master Tailor system provides
clothing boutiques and retailers with an automated body measurement
system which can help to determine clothing sizes, thus helping to
produce made-to-measure
26
garments cost-effectively.
WORKWEAR
KIPLAY HAS DEVELOPED WORKWEAR GARMENTS
WHICH INCORPORATE CORDURA BRAND FABRIC
Kiplay has incorporated
Cordura brand fabric into
its Techniforce and
Kiplay has developed garments which incorporate Invistas Cordura
brand fabrics for its Techniforce and Techniprotect ranges.
Techniprotect ranges Kiplay is a France-based workwear manufacturer and Invista is a
USA-based producer of fibres and textiles.
Clothing in the Techniforce
range incorporates Cordura
Classic fabric in order to
strengthen areas which are
susceptible to deterioration
Clothing in the Techniforce range incorporates Cordura Classic fabric
in order to strengthen areas susceptible to deterioration. The range
comprises several different garment styles which have been designed
to suit workers in a variety of occupationsincluding carpenters,
electricians, landscape architects, painters and plumbers.
Trousers in the range
incorporate knee patches
while jackets have water-
proof panels in key areas
Trousers in the range incorporate reinforced knee patches, while
jackets and cardigans have waterproof treated panels of Cordura fabric
on the front, shoulders and sleeves of the garments. The base material
in the garments is made from a blend of polyester and cotton.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 117
Figure 2 Figure 3
Gilet and trousers from Kiplays Three-quarter length trousers from Kiplays
Techniforce range Techniprotect range
Source: Kiplay Source: Kiplay
The Techniprotect range
includes garments made
using Cordura Classic fabric
and Cordura NYCO fabric
Kiplays Techniprotect range includes three-quarter length trousers
manufactured using Cordura Classic fabric and Cordura NYCO fabric.
Cordura Classic fabric is used for reinforced knee patches while
Cordura NYCO fabric is used as the base material.
Cordura Classic fabric rein-
forcements can be combined
with different base fabrics
depending on the end
requirements of the materials
Cordura Classic fabric reinforcements can be combined with different
base fabricsincluding cotton, polyester/cotton blends or Cordura
NYCOdepending on the end requirements of the material. Also, the
base fabrics are available in five different colour shades.
MEKKEY HAS INTRODUCED A NEW RANGE OF T-SHIRTS
FOR THE DUTCH FIRE SERVICE WHICH INCORPORATE
THERMOCOOL FIBRES
Mekkey has introduced a
new range of T-shirts for
the Dutch Fire Service
which incorporate
ThermoCool fibres
Mekkey, a supplier of personal protective equipment (PPE), has
introduced a new range of T-shirts which incorporate ThermoCool
fibres. The T-shirts were designed to meet the performance and comfort
requirements of protective clothing for firefighters in the Dutch Fire
Service.
The fibres help to regulate a
wearers body temperature
during physical activity
ThermoCool fibres were developed by the Netherlands-based company
Advansa. Garments which incorporate ThermoCool fibres help to
regulate a wearers body temperature during physical activity.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Product Developments and Innovations
27
Thermal conductivity refers to the intrinsic property of a materials ability to conduct heat.
118 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
The fibres provide
evaporative cooling
properties which help to
keep the wearer dry and
cool
The fibres provide evaporative cooling properties which help to keep
the wearer dry and cool when his body temperature increases. As a
result, the T-shirts assist in preventing the wearers body from
overheating. Overheating can cause heat stress, which reduces the
mental performance of the firefighter and can slow down his reaction
and decision time.
The fibres also provide
thermobuffering properties
The fibres also provide thermobuffering properties which help to
keep the wearer warm when his body temperature decreases.
The T-shirts were
developed in conjunction
with Ghost Textiles UK
The T-shirts were developed in conjunction with Ghost Textiles UK,
a UK-based company which develops, sources, and supplies fabrics
for a variety of end uses.
and introduced at a
trade show in the
Netherlands
The new range of T-shirts was introduced at a trade show for fire
brigade equipment and suppliers, called Brandweer Vakdagen, which
was held in Gorinchem, the Netherlands, during June 7-9, 2011.
YARNS FOR PERFORMANCE AND PROTECTIVE APPAREL
LUXILON INDUSTRIES HAS DEVELOPED A COOLING
MONOFILAMENT YARN CALLED LUXICOOL
Luxilon Industries has
developed a cooling
monofilament yarn called
Luxicool
Luxilon Industries, a Belgium-based producer of monofilaments, has
developed a new monofilament yarn called Luxicool. When the yarn
is incorporated in a fabric, it can cause the surface of the fabric to
cool by up to 3.7C.
Luxicool is a light elastic
monofilament yarn and
can be used in all
standard fabric
manufacturing processes
Luxicool is a light elastic monofilament yarn and can be used in all
standard fabric manufacturing processesincluding braiding, knitting
and weaving. In terms of end use, the yarn can be used in fabrics for
sportswear, workwear, protective clothing, medical textiles and shoe
fabrics.
The cooling effect of the
yarn is the result of two
properties
The cooling effect of the yarn is the result of two properties, namely:
G the thermal conductivity
27
of the polymer itself; and
G the quick evaporation caused by the specific polymer construction.
The yarn is designed to be
used in combination with
other yarn types
Luxicool is designed to be used in combination with other yarn types,
such as multifilament yarns. Textiles made from such combinations
are said to be able to maintain both comfort and function.
The cooling effect of the
yarn is said to be permanent
but it can be affected by
textile surface treatments
Luxicool is wash resistant and the cooling effect is said to be
permanent. One possible drawback, however, is that the yarn can be
affected by textile surface treatmentsincluding dyes and
coatingswhich could hinder its cooling properties.
The yarn is available in three
different levels of fineness
The yarn has a natural colour and is available in three different levels
of fineness50 denier, 70 denier and 100 denier.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
1
The 27 member states of the EU (EU27) are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the UK.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 119
Trends in EU Textile and
Clothing Imports
by Guillaume Brocklehurst
SUMMARY

This report examines trends in EU imports and import prices for textiles and clothing as a whole and
for 15 major product categories, namely cotton yarn, fabrics woven from synthetic staple fibres,
fabrics woven from synthetic filament yarn, T-shirts, pullovers, mens trousers, womens trousers,
mens denim trousers, womens denim trousers, womens blouses, mens shirts, womens overcoats,
womens dresses, womens skirts, and womens suits.
In 2010 EU textile and clothing imports rose by 11.9% to Euro83.90 bn (US$111.14 bn)a record
highafter a 6.9% fall in 2009. Textile imports were up by 25.6% in value and 14.6% in volume.
Clothing imports rose in value by 7.6%, again to a new peak, but in volume they edged up by only 1.7%.
There was also a rise in the average price of textile and clothing imports in 2010reflecting increases
in the average price of textiles as well as the average price of clothing. However, the price increases
may have been due partly to movements in the value of the euro. This depreciated against the US
dollar by 4.7% in 2010, having depreciated by 5.0% in the previous year.
Seven of the EUs ten largest textile and clothing supplying countries raised their average prices in
2010. Among these countries, suppliers in Pakistan raised their average price by a sharp 14.9%, while
suppliers in Vietnam and Bangladesh raised their average prices by 9.8% and 7.5% respectively. By
contrast, suppliers in Tunisia and Morocco cut their prices, although they remained by far the most
expensive.
In the first three months of 2011, imports were up by as much as 24.0% in value and by 6.5% in
volume compared with the corresponding period a year earlier. The rise reflected increases in both
textile imports and clothing imports. Textile imports grew by a sharp 33.5% in value and 8.8% in
volume while clothing imports were up by 20.7% in value and 3.3% in volume.
There were also further price rises in the first three months of 2011. In the case of textiles, the
average import price grew by as much as 22.7% while in clothing the average import price rose by
16.9%. These increases were probably due largely to the recent surge in raw material costs.
INTRODUCTION
TRENDS IN EU IMPORTS
Textiles and clothing
EU textile and clothing
imports recovered in 2010
Textile and clothing imports into the 27 member states of the EU
(EU27)
1
more than recovered in value terms in 2010.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
120 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Imports rose in value by
11.8% to a record high
after falling in 2009
At Euro83.90 bn (US$111.14 bn), imports were up by 11.9% to a
record high after declining by 6.9% in 2009. The fall in 2009 had
been the first since 2003.
In volume, imports rose by
8.8% after two consecutive
years of decline
In volume terms, imports were up by 8.8% in 2010. However, the rise
followed drops of 10.8% in 2009 and 2.8% in 2008 and, as a result,
imports fell short of the levels reached in 2007 and 2008.
The average import price
rose for the third
consecutive year
At the same time, the average import price was up by 2.8% in 2010.
This represented the third consecutive rise and came after increases of
4.3% in 2009 and 3.1% in 2008. Admittedly, the increases in 2009
and 2010 may have been due to movements in currency exchange
rates. In 2009 the euro depreciated against the US dollar by 5.0%, and
in 2010 it fell by a further 4.7%, thus making imports priced in US
dollars more expensive in euro terms.
The rise in imports
extended to both textiles
and clothing, as did the
rise in price
The rise in imports in 2010 reflected growth in textile imports as well
as clothing imports.
Also, the rise in the average import price was attributable to increases
in the prices of textile imports and clothing imports.
Textiles
Textile imports rose sharply
in both value and volume
In textiles, imports rose sharply in both value and volume terms in
2010 following two consecutive years of decline.
In value they were up by
25.6%
In value terms, textile imports were up by 25.6% following drops of
16.2% in 2009 and 5.6% in 2008.
while in volume they
grew by 14.6%
In volume terms, imports grew by 14.6% after falling by 13.7% in
2009 and 6.6% in 2008.
However, imports fell
short of the levels reached
in previous years
Despite the strong growth in 2010, however, imports in value terms
fell short of the level reached in 2007 and in volume terms they were
lower than the levels reached during 2006-08 (see Table 2 on
page 131).
The average price of
textile imports rose by a
significant 9.6%
The fact that imports rose faster in value terms than in volume
reflected an increase in the average price of textile imports. In fact, it
was up by a significant 9.6% to Euro3.69 per kg.
Clothing
Clothing imports rose in
value by 7.6% to a record
high
In clothing, imports returned in 2010 to their long-term trend of
growth after declining in 2009 for the first time in over ten years. In
value terms, imports rose by 7.6%, after falling by 3.6% in the
previous year. As a result, they reached a record high of
Euro61.73 bn.
In volume, imports were
up by a more modest
1.7%
Imports also grew in volume terms, albeit by a more modest 1.7%,
following a 6.9% drop in 2009. However, they remained below the
level reached in 2008.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 121
The average price of
clothing imports rose by
5.9%
Reflecting these trends, the average import price rose by 5.9% to
Euro14.29 per kg in 2010, having risen by 3.5% in 2009.
Leading ten suppliers
The top ten suppliers all
managed to increase their
sales in 2010, and average
prices rose in the case of
imports from seven of
these ten suppliers
The leading ten suppliers of textiles and clothing to the EU in 2010
all managed to increase their sales in the EU market during the year,
in both value and volume terms.
Furthermore, average prices rose in the case of imports from seven of
these ten leading suppliers.
Among the fastest growing
suppliers in value terms
were Pakistan, Vietnam,
China and Bangladesh,
although imports from all
four sources rose at a
slower rate in volume terms
Among the fastest growing suppliers in value terms were Pakistan (up
by 14.9%), Vietnam (up by 14.7%), China (up by 13.7%) and
Bangladesh (up by 12.6%).
However, in all four cases, imports rose at a slower pace in volume
terms, reflecting an increase in the average price of imports from these
countries.
Imports from Pakistan were
more or less static in volume
but their average price rose
In the case of Pakistan, for example, imports remained more or less
static in volume terms, and the rise in value terms was due entirely to
a 14.9% increase in the average price.
Prices also rose in the case
of imports from Vietnam,
Bangladesh and China
Similarly, the average price of textile and clothing imports from
Vietnam was up by 9.8%, from Bangladesh by 7.5% and from China
by 4.0%.
Imports from Morocco grew
by 12.5% in volume terms,
which represented the fastest
growth among the top ten
suppliers, but the rise came
at the expense of a 5.5% fall
in the average import price
In the case of Tunisia and Morocco, imports rose faster in volume
terms than in value, reflecting a drop in their average price.
In fact, imports from Morocco grew by 12.5% in volume terms, which
represented the fastest growth among the top ten suppliers. However,
the rise came at the expense of a 5.5% fall in the average import
price.
The average price of imports
from Tunisia also fell
Similarly, the average price of imports from Tunisia fell by 2.3% as
imports rose by 6.3% in volume and by a lesser 3.9% in value terms.
But Morocco and Tunisia
were still the most expensive
Nevertheless, Morocco and Tunisia continued to be by far the most
expensive suppliers among the top ten during the year.
EU TEXTILE AND CLOTHING IMPORT TRENDS
GENERAL TRENDS
EU textile imports rose
by a sharp 25.6% in
value terms in 2010 after
two years of decline
EU imports of textiles rose by a sharp 25.6% in value terms during
2010, from Euro17.65 bn to Euro22.17 bn (US$29.37 bn). However,
the rise followed drops of 16.2% in 2009 and 5.6% in 2008 and, as
a result, imports remained below the level seen in 2007.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
122 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
In volume, imports were up
by 14.6% having fallen in
the previous two years
In volume, imports were up by 14.6% but the increase followed falls
of 13.7% in 2009 and 6.6% in 2008. As a result, imports remained
below the levels seen during 2006-08.
Their average unit value
increased by 9.6%
The average unit value of EU textile imports increased by 9.6% in
2010 (Table 2), reflecting the fact that imports grew faster in value
than in volume.
Imports have fluctuated
over the years but,
despite an upturn in
2010, declines in 2008 and
2009 could be a sign of
things to come
Imports have fluctuated over the years. Between 2000 and 2010,
increases were recorded during 2004-07 and in 2010 whereas declines
were recorded in 2001-03 and 2008-09. Overall, imports rose by an
average of 0.4% per annum during the ten-year period. And, as
clothing production continues to be shifted to Asia, demand for textile
inputs by what remains of the EU clothing industry is likely to decline
over the long term.
In 2010 textiles
represented barely a
quarter of total textile and
clothing imports in value
but over half in volume
The share of textiles in total textile and clothing imports into the EU
is much lower in value than in volume.
In 2010 textile imports represented only 26.4% of the total in value
terms but in volume they accounted for as much 58.1%.
reflecting the fact that
textile unit values are
lower than clothing
The lower value share reflects the fact that the unit value of textile
imports in 2010, at Euro3.69 per kg, was only a quarter of the unit
value of clothing, at Euro14.29 per kg.
Clothing has a higher unit
value because conversion
from textiles is costly
Clothing has a much higher unit value than textiles because significant
costs are incurredand hence value addedin the labour intensive
process of converting textiles into clothing.
Clothing accounted for
73.6% of imports by value
but only 41.9% by volume
Clothing accounted for 73.6% of the total value of textile and clothing
imports into the EU in 2010 but accounted for only 41.9% of the total
volume.
But these shares were down
as textile imports grew
faster than clothing imports
However, these shares were down compared with the previous year,
despite a rise in imports. The drops in share were due to the fact that
textile imports grew at a faster rate than clothing imports.
Clothing imports rose in
value by 7.6% while textile
imports increased by
25.6%
In value terms, clothing imports rose by 7.6% to Euro61.73 bn
whereas textile imports increased by a much faster 25.6%. The rise in
clothing imports represented a return to the long-term growth trend
witnessed over the previous decade.
In volume terms clothing
imports rose by only 1.7%
compared with growth of
14.6% in textiles
In volume terms, clothing imports rose by 1.7% to 4.32 mn tons.
However, the rise was not as fast as the 14.6% growth in textile
imports (see above). Also, the rise in clothing imports came after a
6.9% decline in the previous year and, as a result, imports remained
below the levels seen in 2007 and 2008.
TRENDS BY MAIN SUPPLYING REGION
More than 200 countries
supplied the EU in 2010
More than 200 countries supplied textiles and clothing to the EU in
2010.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
2
Asean = Association of Southeast Asian Nations comprising Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
3
SAARC = South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation comprising Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 123
Asia was the EUs biggest
supplying region and
increased its value share
Asia continued to be the biggest supplying region with a 71% share
of EU textile and clothing imports in value terms. This was up slightly
from 70% in the previous year.
as sales rose by
12.7%
The increase in share was achieved thanks to a 12.7% rise in sales in
absolute terms, from Euro52.77 bn to Euro59.46 bn.
while imports from all
sources rose by a slower
11.9%
The explanation for the increase in Asias share lies in the fact that
EU textile and clothing imports from all sources rose by a slower
11.9%.
In volume terms imports
from Asia rose more
slowly than imports from
all sources
In volume terms, EU imports from Asia grew by 8.3%from 7.02 mn
tons to 7.60 mn tons. However, Asias share of the EU market fell
slightly as EU imports from all sources rose by a faster 8.8%.
Nevertheless, Asia still accounted for 74% of total EU imports.
The average price of
imports from Asia rose
by 4.0%
Reflecting the fact that imports from Asia rose faster in value than in
volume, the average price of imports from the region rose by 4.0%,
from Euro7.52 per kg to Euro7.82 per kg.
Increases were recorded in
the average prices of
imports from all of the
four main Asian regions
Increases were recorded in the average prices of imports from all of
the four main Asian regions, namely: China and Hong Kong; Asean
2
countries; SAARC
3
countries; and other Asiawhich includes
Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.
China and Hong Kong
increased their share of
the EU import market in
value and volume terms in
2010
China and Hong Kong increased their share of EU textile and
clothing imports in both value and volume terms in 2010. In value
terms China and Hong Kong supplied 42.3% of total imports, up from
41.7% in 2009. In volume they supplied 37.5%, up slightly from
37.4%.
as imports rose at a
faster rate than imports
from all sources
The increases in market share reflect the fact that imports from China
and Hong Kong rose at a faster rate than imports from all sources. In
value terms, imports from China and Hong Kong increased by 13.5%
while in volume they were up by 9.2%.
Market shares rose in
both textiles and clothing
China and Hong Kong increased their market shares in both textiles
and clothing. In textiles, supplies from China and Hong Kong were up
by 31.6% in value terms and by 19.6% in terms of volume. As a
result, their shares of the market rose significantlyby 1.4 percentage
points to 30.9% in terms of value and by 1.1 percentage point to
27.3% in volume. In clothing, supplies from China and Hong Kong
rose by 9.9% in value terms and by 2.7% in volume, and their shares
of the market rose in value terms by 1.0 percentage points to 46.4%
and in volume by 0.5 percentage points to 51.7%.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
124 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 1: EU: imports of textiles and clothing by region and country of origin, 2010
Value Volume Price Value share Volume share
(Euro mn) (000 tons) (Euro/kg) (%) (%)
Textiles
Turkey 3,408 808 4.22 15.4 13.5
Africa 1,071 297 3.60 4.8 5.0
Nafta
a
1,090 205 5.31 4.9 3.4
Other Americas 284 97 2.94 1.3 1.6
Near and Middle East
b
517 150 3.43 2.3 2.5
China and Hong Kong 6,847 1,641 4.17 30.9 27.3
Asean
c
1,037 421 2.46 4.7 7.0
Saarc
d
4,328 1,356 3.19 19.5 22.6
Other Asia 1,889 632 2.99 8.5 10.5
Oceania
e
227 58 3.94 1.0 1.0
Efta
f
916 139 6.58 4.1 2.3
Other Europe
g
435 147 2.95 2.0 2.5
Total extra-EU 22,169 6,002 3.69 100.0 100.0
Clothing
Turkey 7,721 392 19.69 12.5 9.1
Africa 5,354 232 23.10 8.7 5.4
Nafta
a
506 15 34.59 0.8 0.3
Other Americas 237 17 14.31 0.4 0.4
Near and Middle East
b
209 15 14.07 0.3 0.3
China and Hong Kong 28,623 2,232 12.82 46.4 51.7
Asean
c
4,242 273 15.52 6.9 6.3
Saarc
d
12,175 1,033 11.78 19.7 23.9
Other Asia 315 16 19.38 0.5 0.4
Oceania
e
15 0 37.20 0.0 0.0
Efta
f
532 5 108.34 0.9 0.1
Other Europe
g
1,781 90 19.74 2.9 2.1
Total extra-EU 61,731 4,321 14.29 100.0 100.0
Textiles and clothing
Turkey 11,129 1,200 9.28 13.3 11.6
Africa 6,425 529 12.14 7.7 5.1
Nafta
a
1,596 220 7.25 1.9 2.1
Other Americas 522 113 4.60 0.6 1.1
Near and Middle East
b
726 165 4.39 0.9 1.6
China and Hong Kong 35,470 3,873 9.16 42.3 37.5
Asean
c
5,279 695 7.60 6.3 6.7
Saarc
d
16,503 2,389 6.91 19.7 23.1
Other Asia 2,204 648 3.40 2.6 6.3
Oceania
e
242 58 4.18 0.3 0.6
Efta
f
1,448 144 10.05 1.7 1.4
Other Europe
g
2,216 238 9.32 2.6 2.3
Total extra-EU 83,900 10,323 8.13 100.0 100.0
NB: numbers may not sum correctly due to rounding; prices and percentage share are based on unrounded data.
a
Nafta = North American Free Trade Agreement countries comprising Canada, Mexico and the USA.
b
Near and Middle
East = Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United
Arab Emirates (UAE), West Bank/Gaza Strip, and Yemen.
c
Asean = Association of Southeast Asian Nations comprising
Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
d
The South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation comprising Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and
Sri Lanka.
e
Most imports from Oceania are from Australia and New Zealand.
f
Efta = European Free Trade agreement
countries comprising Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.
g
Other Europe includes Albania, Andorra, Azerbaijan,
Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Georgia, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, and
Ukraine.
Source: Euratex.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
4
At the insistence of the USA, a special textile safeguard clause was incorporated in Chinas World Trade
Organization (WTO) accession agreement. The clause, which expired at the end of 2008, enabled any WTO
member to limit growth in imports of a textile or clothing product category from China where such imports
were causing, or threatening to cause, market disruption. In 2005 the EU and China negotiated a
comprehensive agreement leading to the introduction of restrictions on trade in a broad range of product
categories. The agreement came into force in mid-2005 and terminated at the end of 2007. Under the special
textile safeguard clause, no importing country was permitted to maintain safeguard restrictions against China
beyond 2008. See also World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends, Textile Outlook
International, No 119, September-October 2005, pages 70-71.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 125
Asean suppliers suffered
falls in share in the EU
import market in 2010, in
both value and volume
Elsewhere in Asia, the share of Asean countries (see page 123) in the
EU import market fell in value from 6.5% to 6.3% between 2009 and
2010, while in volume it declined from 6.8% to 6.7%. In both cases,
the share of Asean was down for the fourth year in succession.
Falls during 2007-10
followed strong gains in
2006
The decline in importance of Asean countries as suppliers to the EU
during 2007-10 followed strong gains in 2006. In value terms, Asean
countries increased their share of EU imports by 0.5 percentage points
between 2005 and 2006, from 7.2% to 7.7%. In volume terms,
their share rose by an impressive 1.3 percentage pointsfrom 7.1%
to 8.4%. But between 2006 and 2010 their value share fell by
1.4 percentage points to 6.3% and their volume share declined by
1.7 percentage points to 6.7%.
when EU buyers looked
for non-Chinese suppliers
as safeguard restrictions on
imports from China were
introduced
The increases in share in 2006 were probably due to the introduction
of safeguard restrictions
4
limiting imports from China, which
encouraged EU buyers to look to non-Chinese suppliers. Significantly,
EU imports from Asean countries rose in absolute terms by 19.7% in
value and by 24.6% in volume in 2006.
But in 2007 Asean suppliers
struggled to maintain shares
as buyers returned to China
when they saw that the limits
on imports from the country
had not been reached
However, many of these buyers returned to China in 2007 when they
realised that the limits on imports from the country had not been
reached.
As a result, Asean countries which had made large gains in 2006
struggled to maintain their market shares in 2007.
The falls in share in 2010
were due entirely to a
drop in Aseans share of
clothing imports
The falls in share in 2010 were due entirely to a drop in Aseans share
of clothing imports, as Aseans share of the textile import market rose.
Indeed, textile imports from the region shot up by 34.1% in value
terms and by 16.3% in volume, and their share of the market
increased from 4.4% to 4.7% in value and from 6.9% to 7.0% in
volume. Clothing imports from the region, on the other hand, rose by
only 3.8% in value and fell in volume by 2.3%. As a result, the
regions share fell from 7.1% to 6.9% in value and from 6.6% to
6.3% in volume.
SAARCs share of the EU
import market fell in 2010
after the region had made
strong gains in 2009
The share of the EU textile and clothing import market held by the
eight SAARC countries (see page 123) fell in both value and volume
terms between 2009 and 2010, after the region had made strong gains
in the previous year.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
126 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
In value terms, its share
fell to 19.7%
In value terms EU textile and clothing imports from SAARC countries
rose by 10.7% but the regions share fell from 19.9% to 19.7%.
and in volume it fell to
23.1%
In volume terms EU imports from SAARC countries rose by a
relatively modest 5.0% and the regions share fell by 0.9 percentage
points to 23.1%.
The decline in share in value
and volume was due largely
to a drop in SAARCs share
of textile imports
The decline in the share of EU textile and clothing imports from
SAARC countries, in value and volume, was largely due to a drop in
their share of textile imports as their share of the clothing import
market fell only marginally.
In textiles, the regions
share of the market fell
sharply
In textiles, the regions share fell by 0.7 percentage points to 19.5%
in value and by 1.4 percentage points to 22.6% in volumedespite
the fact that imports from the country rose by 21.2% in value and by
8.1% in volume.
But in clothing the regions
share fell only slightly as
imports rose at a similar
rate to those from all
sources
Clothing sales rose by 7.5% in value terms and by 1.3% in volume.
This was slightly slower than the growth in imports from all sources,
at 7.6% in value and 1.7% in volume, and the regions share fell by
only 0.1 percentage points, from 19.8% to 19.7% in value and from
24.0% to 23.9% in volume.
EU imports from other Asia,
which includes Japan, South
Korea and Taiwan, rose in
value and volume and the
regions share increased
EU textile and clothing imports from other Asiawhich includes
Japan, South Korea and Taiwanrose by 25.8% in value and by
15.8% in volume in 2010. As a result, the region managed to increase
its share of the marketfrom 2.3% to 2.6% in value and from 5.9%
to 6.3% in volume.
as the major suppliers are
textile producers and the
textile import market grew
at a much faster pace than
the clothing market
The rises in imports and the increases in sharein both value and
volume termswere due largely to the fact that the major
suppliers in this group of countries are textile producers and the textile
import market grew at a much faster pace than the clothing import
market in 2010.
Having said that, the region
also managed to increase its
share of the textile import
market
Having said that, the region also managed to increase its share of the
textile import marketfrom 8.3% to 8.5% in value terms and from
10.4% to 10.5% in volumeas imports rose by 29.5% in value and
16.0% in volume.
while it maintained its
share of the clothing market
In clothing, though, the region maintained its 0.5% share of the
market in value and its 0.4% share in volume.
Turkey suffered a drop in
its share of the EU import
market in volume terms
although it managed to
maintain its share in value
terms
Turkey suffered a drop in its share of EU textile and clothing imports
in volume terms in 2010, although it managed to maintain its share in
value. In volume terms Turkeys share of the market fell from 12.0%
to 11.6% as EU imports from the country rose by only 5.5%. But in
value terms, EU imports from Turkey increased by 11.9% and the
countrys share of EU imports from all sources remained stable at
13.3%.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
5
Nafta = North American Free Trade Agreement. Nafta signatories are the USA, Canada and Mexico.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 127
and increase the average
price of its supplies
Also, the average price of EU imports from the country increased by
6.1%.
The decline in Turkeys
volume share was due
entirely to a drop in its share
of the textile market
The decline in Turkeys share of the EU textile and clothing import
market in volume terms was due entirely to a fall in its share of the
textile import market, from 14.4% to 13.5%, as imports rose by only
6.8%.
Turkeys share of the
textile market also fell in
volume terms
Turkeys share of the EU textile import market also fell in value
termsby 1.3 percentage points to 15.4%in spite of the fact that
EU imports from the country rose by 15.7%.
In clothing, on the other
hand, Turkeys share of
the market rose in both
value and volume terms
In clothing, on the other hand, Turkeys share of the EU import
market rose in both value and volume terms. In value terms imports
were up by 10.3% and Turkeys share of the market rose by
0.3 percentage points to 12.5%. In volume terms EU clothing imports
from Turkey grew by a modest 2.8%. Nevertheless, the countrys
share of the market rose from 9.0% to 9.1%.
Africas share of the EU
textile and clothing
market fell in value but
increased in volume
Africas share of EU textile and clothing imports fell in value but rose
in volume in 2010. Imports grew in value by only 5.6% and their
share of the market fell from 8.1% to 7.7%. In volume, however,
imports increased by 11.8% and their share rose from 5.0% to 5.1%.
In clothing Africa lost
share in value and
volume
In the clothing import market, Africas share fell from 9.2% to 8.7%
in value terms and from 5.5% to 5.4% in volume as imports from the
region rose by only 1.4% in value and fell by 0.1% in volume.
In textiles, by contrast,
Africa made gains in
value and volume
By contrast, Africa made gains in the textile import market. In value
terms, EU imports from the region shot up by 33.2% and the regions
share rose from 4.6% to 4.8%. And in volume terms, Africas share
rose from 4.6% to 5.0% as EU imports from the region increased by
23.2%.
In the Americas, Nafta is
a significant supplier to
the EU but only in
textiles
In the Americas, only Nafta
5
countries are important suppliers to the
EU market, and imports from these countries consist mainly of
textiles. Supplies of clothing from the region are relatively
insignificant.
The buoyancy of the
textile import market in
2010, however, enabled
Nafta to increase its share
of the market for textiles
and clothing
Naftas strength in textiles enabled the region to increase its share of
the EU textiles and clothing import markethelped by the fact that
the EU textile import market was more buoyant than the clothing
market in 2010.
In value terms Naftas share rose from 1.8% to 1.9% and in volume
terms it increased from 1.9% to 2.1%.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
6
Near and Middle East = Armenia, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates (UAE), West Bank/Gaza Strip, and Yemen.
7
Efta = European Free Trade Agreement, comprising Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.
128 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
In textiles alone the
regions share rose in
volume but remained
static in value
In textiles alone, imports from Nafta countries rose in value by 25.4%,
although the regions share remained unchanged at 4.9%. In volume
terms, imports were up by 20.9% and the regions share rose from
3.2% to 3.4%.
Its share also remained
static in clothing
In clothing Nafta managed to maintain its share at a minuscule 0.8%
in value and 0.3% in volume.
EU textile and clothing
imports from the Near and
Middle East rose in value
and volume
EU imports of textiles and clothing from the Near and Middle East
6
rose at double digit rates in both value and volume terms in 2010 after
a poor 2009. In value terms, they were up by 17.3% and in volume
by 19.0%.
As a result, the region
gained market share
As a result, the region gained market share in value termsfrom 0.8%
to 0.9%and in volume, from 1.5% to 1.6%.
EU textile and clothing
imports from Efta
countries rose by a modest
4.5% in value terms and
the region lost market
share
EU textile and clothing imports from Efta countries
7
rose by a
modest 4.5% in value terms in 2010 and the regions share fell
slightly, from 1.8% to 1.7%. The drop was due to a decline in Eftas
share in the textile import market as well as the clothing import
market. The regions share in textiles fell by a sharp 0.5 percentage
points to 4.1% despite a 12.3% rise in imports. In clothing, imports
from the region fell by 6.7% and Eftas share fell from 1.0% to 0.9%.
In volume, however,
imports from Efta
countries rose by 10.4%
and the region managed to
retain its 1.4% share of
the market
In volume terms, on the other hand, Efta managed to retain its
1.4% share of the EU textile and clothing import market as imports
rose by 10.4%. The rise in imports was due entirely to textiles, which
rose by 13.4%. As a result, Eftas share of the textile market remained
at 2.3%. In clothing, however, imports plunged by 36.3% and the
regions share of the market dropped to just 0.1%.
Imports from other
Europe rose by a modest
4.7% in value and the
region lost share but in
volume terms imports rose
by a faster 13.5% and the
region gained share
EU textile and clothing imports from other Europewhich includes
Belarus, Croatia, Macedonia, Moldova, Russia and Ukrainerose by
only 4.7% in value terms in 2010 and the region lost market
sharefrom 2.8% to 2.6%.
In volume terms, however, imports rose by a faster 13.5% and the
regions share of the market rose from 2.2% to 2.3%.
The rise in volume share
was due entirely to
textiles
The rise in volume share was due entirely to an increase in textile
imports from the region. These increased by 26.0% and the regions
share rose from 2.2% to 2.5%. Imports also grew in value, by 28.1%,
and the regions share rose from 1.9% to 2.0%.
as imports of clothing
dropped by 2.2%
The regions share of the clothing import market, by contrast, fell in
both value and volume terms. In value, imports were up by only 0.2%
and therefore the regions share declined by 0.2 percentage points to
2.9%. In volume, imports dropped by 2.2% and the regions share fell
from 2.2% to 2.1%.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 129
Oceania, meanwhile, is a
very small supplier
Oceania, meanwhile, is a very small supplier to the EU textile and
clothing market. In 2010 it accounted for a mere 1.0% of textile
imports in value terms and for a negligible 0.02% of clothing imports.
OUTLOOK
GDP in the EU27 is
projected to grow by
1.8% in 2011 and by
1.7% in 2012
GDP in the 27 member countries of the EU (see page 119) is
projected to grow by 1.8% in 2011 after growing at the same rate in
the previous year and declining by 4.2% in 2009, according to
forecasts produced in June 2011 by the Economist Intelligence Unit
(EIU). However, growth is forecast to moderate to 1.7% in 2012.
The unemployment rate
will fall to 9.5% in 2011
and to 9.1% in 2012
The unemployment rate is predicted to fall to 9.5% in 2011down
from 9.8% in 2010and it is expected to drop further to 9.1% in
2012, which will be below the 9.2% rate recorded in 2009.
Inflation will accelerate to
3.0% in 2011 but slow to
2.0% in 2012
Consumer price inflation, meanwhile, is predicted to accelerate to
3.0% in 2011, having risen from 1.0% in 2009 to 2.1% in 2010. But
in 2012 it is expected to moderate to 2.0%.
Textile and clothing
imports are expected to
grow in 2011 but it is likely
that growth will be only
modest
For the textile and clothing industry, import growth is expected to
continue in 2011 following the recovery in 2010. However, while
strong growth is expected in value terms, it is likely that growth will
be only modest in terms of volume as uncertainty, and the possibility
of a double dip recession, remain.
as the average price of
imports rises sharply
Furthermore, the expected faster rise in value terms will simply reflect
a sharp rise in the average import price as suppliers aim to cover
additional costs associated with surges in raw material costs and
increases in other production costs.
and uncertainty persists
due to high debt levels in
some EU countries,
particularly Greece
EU imports from all sources were negatively affected in 2008 and
2009 by the global economic slowdown. During the first few months
of 2010 the EU market was still subdued due to the Greek debt crisis
and signs that other countries within the euro zone were under threat
from increasing debt. And, although imports picked up in the second
half of 2010 and grew sharply in the first three months of 2011,
uncertainty regarding the Greek debt crisis remains.
In January-March 2011,
EU imports rose by 24.0%
in value and 6.5% in
volume and the average
import price rose by 16.4%
In the first three months of 2011 textile and clothing imports were up
in value by a sharp 24.0% compared with the corresponding period a
year earlier while in volume terms they rose by a more moderate
6.5%. The faster rise in value reflected a 16.4% surge in the average
import price.
The average price rose in the
case of imports from nine of
the ten largest suppliers
Furthermore, average prices rose in the case of imports from nine of
the ten largest suppliers during the three-month period as imports rose
faster in value than in volume.
The exception was that of
imports from the USA
The exception was that of imports from the USA. These rose by
14.3% in value and by 27.7% in volume, reflecting a 10.5% decline
in their average price.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
130 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
The sharpest increases in
average price were in
imports from Bangladesh,
India and Pakistan, whose
supplies are largely made
from cotton
Among the other nine suppliers, the sharpest increases in average price
were in imports from South Asian countriesnamely Bangladesh,
India and Pakistanwhose supplies are largely made from cotton.
Imports from Pakistan soared by 42.5% in value but rose by only
3.5% in volume, reflecting a 37.7% surge in their average price.
Similarly, imports from Bangladesh shot up by 51.8% in value and by
a lesser 17.9% in volume, reflecting a 28.8% rise in their average
price. Imports from India were up by 27.5% in value but by only
3.6% in volume, reflecting a 23.0% rise in their average price.
Elsewhere in Asia, the
average price of imports
from Indonesia, China and
Vietnam also rose sharply
Elsewhere in Asia, the average price of imports from Indonesia was
up by 26.0% as imports from the country rose by 35.5% in value and
by a relatively modest 7.5% in volume. Imports from China rose by
20.1% in value but by only 2.6% in volume, reflecting a 17.0% rise
in their average price, while imports from Vietnam grew by 37.0% in
value and by 24.1% in volume, reflecting a 10.4% rise in their
average price.
In the Mediterranean
Rim, the average price of
imports from Turkey was
up by a significant 18.0%,
although the average
price of imports from
Morocco and Tunisia was
much more stable
In the Mediterranean Rim, the average price of imports from Turkey
was up by 18.0% as imports rose by 22.3% in value but by only 3.7%
in volume.
The average prices of imports from Morocco and Tunisia, however,
were much more stable. Imports from Morocco were up by 14.8% in
value and 14.4% in volume, reflecting a minimal 0.4% rise in their
average price, while imports from Tunisia rose by 3.8% in value and
1.6% in volume, reflecting a 2.1% increase in their average price.
EU IMPORTS OF TEXTILES
GENERAL TRENDS
EU textile imports grew
by an impressive 25.6% in
value terms in 2010 after
two years of decline
EU imports of textiles grew by an impressive 25.6% in 2010from
Euro17.65 bn to Euro22.17 bn (US$29.37 bn). However, the rise came
after declines of 16.2% in 2009 and 5.6% in 2008 and, as a result,
imports remained below the level seen in 2007 (Table 2).
In volume, imports rose
by 14.6% but remained
short of the levels reached
during 2006-08
In volume terms, imports were up by 14.6%, from 5.24 mn tons to
6.00 mn tons. However, as in the case of value, the rise in volume
was the first in three years and, as a result, imports fell short of the
levels reached during 2006-08.
The average import price
rose by 9.6% to its highest
level since 2004
The average import price rose by a sharp 9.6%from
Euro3.37 per kg to Euro3.69 per kg. This was its highest level since
the elimination of quotas at the end of 2004.
Average import prices in
2004-10 were lower than in
previous years, reflecting
an increase in availability
following quota elimination
Average import prices during 2004-10 were substantially lower than
in previous years.
This was partly because the elimination of quotas at the end of 2004
led to an increase in the global availability of textiles.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 131
Table 2: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of MFA textiles, 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2000 2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro mn) 1 1 2,566 4,401 5,225 5,719 5,848 5,157 6,796 30.7 31.8 9.1
Volume (000 tons) 3 1 416 1,094 1,219 1,489 1,526 1,366 1,636 27.3 19.7 8.4
Price (Euro/kg) 6.17 4.02 4.28 3.84 3.83 3.77 4.15 10.1 0.6
Turkey
Value (Euro mn) 2 2 2,411 3,397 3,756 3,885 3,485 2,946 3,408 15.4 15.7 0.1
Volume (000 tons) 1 2 624 858 932 956 862 756 808 13.5 6.8 -1.2
Price (Euro/kg) 3.87 3.96 4.03 4.06 4.04 3.90 4.22 8.3 1.3
India
Value (Euro mn) 3 3 2,082 2,040 2,223 2,413 2,248 1,879 2,326 10.5 23.8 2.7
Volume (000 tons) 2 3 573 600 662 774 746 654 745 12.4 13.9 4.4
Price (Euro/kg) 3.63 3.40 3.36 3.12 3.01 2.87 3.12 8.7 -1.7
Pakistan
Value (Euro mn) 7 4 1,165 1,275 1,421 1,580 1,511 1,378 1,627 7.3 18.1 5.0
Volume (000 tons) 5 4 327 402 431 499 486 441 441 7.3 -0.1 1.9
Price (Euro/kg) 3.56 3.17 3.30 3.16 3.11 3.12 3.69 18.1 3.1
USA
Value (Euro mn) 4 5 1,835 959 1,046 1,002 966 796 989 4.5 24.3 0.6
Volume (000 tons) 4 8 393 276 223 225 210 153 181 3.0 18.7 -8.1
Price (Euro/kg) 4.67 3.47 4.69 4.45 4.59 5.21 5.46 4.7 9.5
Switzerland
Value (Euro mn) 5 6 1,347 938 946 985 904 743 846 3.8 14.0 -2.0
Volume (000 tons) 11 9 190 125 120 121 113 99 114 1.9 14.7 -1.8
Price (Euro/kg) 7.08 7.53 7.88 8.17 7.98 7.50 7.45 -0.6 -0.2
South Korea
Value (Euro mn) 6 7 1,231 804 738 802 678 564 726 3.3 28.7 -2.0
Volume (000 tons) 6 5 307 258 249 294 243 217 268 4.5 23.9 0.8
Price (Euro/kg) 4.01 3.12 2.96 2.73 2.79 2.61 2.71 3.9 -2.8
Japan
Value (Euro mn) 8 8 900 522 550 569 572 412 530 2.4 28.7 0.3
Volume (000 tons) 15 14 93 76 81 89 85 56 69 1.2 24.2 -1.9
Price (Euro/kg) 9.64 6.85 6.81 6.42 6.72 7.39 7.66 3.6 2.3
Taiwan
Value (Euro mn) 9 9 771 488 523 411 426 366 444 2.0 21.3 -1.9
Volume (000 tons) 10 6 191 225 266 178 198 204 214 3.6 4.6 -1.0
Price (Euro/kg) 4.04 2.17 1.97 2.31 2.15 1.79 2.08 16.0 -0.9
Indonesia
Value (Euro mn) 10 10 663 388 439 460 401 305 422 1.9 38.3 1.7
Volume (000 tons) 9 7 216 168 187 217 193 171 198 3.3 15.8 3.3
Price (Euro/kg) 3.07 2.30 2.35 2.12 2.08 1.78 2.13 19.5 -1.6
Total of above
Value (Euro mn) 14,971 15,211 16,866 17,826 17,038 14,546 18,115 81.7 24.5 3.6
Volume (000 tons) 3,329 4,081 4,370 4,842 4,663 4,118 4,674 77.9 13.5 2.7
Price (Euro/kg) 4.5 3.73 3.86 3.68 3.65 3.53 3.88 9.7 0.8
All extra-EU
Value (Euro mn) 21,596 19,693 21,453 22,317 21,063 17,653 22,169 100.0 25.6 2.4
Volume (000 tons) 5,746 5,856 6,079 6,505 6,073 5,239 6,002 100.0 14.6 0.5
Price (Euro/kg) 3.76 3.36 3.53 3.43 3.47 3.37 3.69 9.6 1.9
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
132 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
In 2010 the top ten
suppliers accounted for
81.7% of textile imports
by value and 77.9% by
volume
In value terms, the leading ten supplying countries accounted for
81.7% of textile imports from all sources in 2010.
In volume terms, the same ten countries accounted for 77.9% of the
import total.
China continued to be the
leading supplier
China continued to be the leading supplier with a 30.7% share of the
market in value terms and a 27.3% share in volume.
followed by Turkey,
India, Pakistan, the
USA, Switzerland,
South Korea, Japan,
Taiwan and Indonesia
The second largest supplier was Turkey (with a 15.4% share in value
and a 13.5% share in volume), followed by India (10.5% share in
value, 12.4% share in volume), Pakistan (7.3% share in value,
7.3% share in volume), the USA (4.5% share in value, 3.0% share
in volume), Switzerland (3.8% share in value, 1.9% share in volume),
South Korea (3.3% share in value, 4.5% share in volume), Japan
(2.4% share in value, 1.2% share in volume), Taiwan (2.0% share in
value, 3.6% share in volume) and Indonesia (1.9% share in value,
3.3% share in volume).
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
All of the top ten
suppliers achieved
gains in 2010
All of the EUs top ten suppliers of textiles achieved gains in
2010in contrast to the previous year, when Taiwan was the only top
ten country to do so.
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010
included Indonesia,
China, Japan and
South Korea
The best performers among the top ten suppliers in 2010 included the
following:
G Indonesia: up by 38.3% in value and 15.8% in volume;
G China: up by 31.8% in value and 19.7% in volume;
G Japan: up by 28.7% in value and 24.2% in volume; and
G South Korea: up by 28.7% in value and 23.9% in volume.
The worst performers
included Switzerland,
Turkey and Pakistan
The worst performers included:
G Switzerland: up by 14.0% in value and 14.7% in volume;
G Turkey: up by 15.7% in value and 6.8% in volume; and
G Pakistan: up by 18.1% in value but down by 0.1% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Taiwan, Indonesia, South
Korea, India, Pakistan,
China and Turkey sold at
the lowest prices in 2010
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of textiles imported
from Taiwan (Euro2.08 per kg), followed by those from Indonesia
(Euro2.13 per kg), South Korea (Euro2.71 per kg), India
(Euro3.12 per kg), Pakistan (Euro3.69 per kg), China
(Euro4.15 per kg) and Turkey (Euro4.22 per kg).
There were no high price
suppliers
There were no high price suppliers of textiles to the EU in 2010,
defined as those shipping at an average price of more than
Euro10 per kg.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 133
Figure 1
Trends in EU textile and clothing imports, 2005-10

Source: Euratex
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
80
90
100
110
120
130
(indices: 2005 = 100)
Textile import value
Textile import volume
Clothing import value
Clothing import price
Figure 2
Trends in EU textile and clothing average import
prices, 2005-10

Source: Euratex
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
(indices: 2005 = 100)
Textiles
Clothing
Clothing import volume
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
134 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Medium price suppliers
included Japan,
Switzerland and the USA
Medium price suppliersdefined as those shipping at an average price
of Euro5-10 per kgincluded Japan (Euro7.66 per kg), Switzerland
(Euro7.45 per kg) and the USA (Euro5.46 per kg).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Nine of the top ten achieved
price rises in 2010
Nine of the EUs top ten suppliers of textiles achieved price rises in
2010.
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from Indonesia,
Pakistan and Taiwan
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
G Indonesia (up by 19.5%);
G Pakistan (up by 18.1%); and
G Taiwan (up by 16.0%).
The only fall in price was
seen in imports from
Switzerland
The only fall in price, meanwhile, was seen in imports from:
G Switzerland (down by 0.6%).
EU IMPORTS OF CLOTHING
GENERAL TRENDS
EU clothing imports rose
in value to a record high
in 2010 after declining in
the previous year
Clothing imports into the EU rose in value by 7.6% to a record high
of Euro61.73 bn (US$81.77 bn) in 2010from Euro57.36 bn in the
previous year. The rise represented a recovery following a 3.6%
decline in 2009 (Table 3).
In volume, imports grew by
only 1.7% and fell short of
levels reached in 2007-08
In volume terms, imports grew by a more modest 1.7%, from 4.25 mn
tons to 4.32 mn tons, after a 6.9% drop in 2009. As a result, imports
remained below the levels reached in 2007 and 2008.
The rise in imports
reflected an improvement
in consumer demand but
buyers remained cautious
The rise in imports reflected an improvement in consumer demand
following the global economic recession. However, growth was fairly
modest compared with previous years as buyers remained cautious.
Indeed, much of the growth in value reflected a rise in the average
import price.
The average import price
rose by 5.9% to its highest
level since 2002
In fact, the average import price rose by 5.9% in 2010from
Euro13.50 per kg to Euro14.29 per kg. Furthermore, this was its
highest level since 2002.
This bucked the long-term
trend of decline
Although average import prices have fluctuated over the years (see
Figure 2), the rise in 2010 bucked the long-term trend of decline.
Between 1989 and 1995 the average import price fell by as much as
25%. Admittedly, it grew between 1996 and 2000. But in 2001 growth
halted, and in the seven years to 2008 the average import price fell
almost every year.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 135
Table 3: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of MFA clothing, 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2000 2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro mn) 1 1 7,763 16,961 18,910 21,899 25,340 25,623 28,187 45.7 10.0 10.7
Volume (000 tons) 1 1 452 1,659 1,706 1,967 2,245 2,156 2,212 51.2 2.6 5.9
Price (Euro/kg) 17.18 10.22 11.09 11.13 11.29 11.89 12.74 7.2 4.5
Turkey
Value (Euro mn) 2 2 5,410 8,099 8,249 8,915 7,877 6,999 7,721 12.5 10.3 -1.0
Volume (000 tons) 2 3 321 468 455 471 414 381 392 9.1 2.8 -3.5
Price (Euro/kg) 16.84 17.32 18.11 18.93 19.01 18.35 19.69 7.3 2.6
Bangladesh
Value (Euro mn) 4 3 2,590 3,538 4,622 4,408 4,741 5,138 5,765 9.3 12.2 10.3
Volume (000 tons) 3 2 242 455 547 539 578 579 603 14.0 4.2 5.8
Price (Euro/kg) 10.72 7.77 8.46 8.17 8.20 8.87 9.56 7.7 4.2
India
Value (Euro mn) 7 4 2,046 3,239 3,815 3,834 3,899 4,107 4,198 6.8 2.2 5.3
Volume (000 tons) 7 4 128 213 227 240 249 254 241 5.6 -5.4 2.5
Price (Euro/kg) 15.96 15.23 16.81 15.98 15.66 16.14 17.44 8.0 2.7
Tunisia
Value (Euro mn) 5 5 2,584 2,463 2,470 2,572 2,584 2,262 2,311 3.7 2.1 -1.3
Volume (000 tons) 6 8 130 102 98 99 97 83 84 1.9 0.3 -3.9
Price (Euro/kg) 19.8 24.14 25.15 25.96 26.56 27.14 27.63 1.8 2.7
Morocco
Value (Euro mn) 6 6 2,374 2,264 2,373 2,545 2,393 1,997 2,090 3.4 4.7 -1.6
Volume (000 tons) 4 6 137 124 122 122 110 92 99 2.3 6.8 -4.4
Price (Euro/kg) 17.31 18.3 19.4 20.8 21.82 21.61 21.18 -2.0 3.0
Vietnam
Value (Euro mn) 11 7 772 690 1,028 1,129 1,248 1,198 1,350 2.2 12.7 14.4
Volume (000 tons) 10 7 49 65 152 188 126 89 87 2.0 -1.8 6.0
Price (Euro/kg) 15.79 10.57 6.75 5.99 9.90 13.50 15.49 14.8 7.9
Sri Lanka
Value (Euro mn) 10 8 841 797 972 1,043 1,125 1,164 1,195 1.9 2.6 8.4
Volume (000 tons) 13 9 42 52 59 65 71 68 71 1.6 3.4 6.5
Price (Euro/kg) 20.00 15.45 16.36 16.03 15.91 17.01 16.87 -0.8 1.8
Indonesia
Value (Euro mn) 8 9 1,832 1,200 1,426 1,196 1,122 1,088 1,037 1.7 -4.7 -2.9
Volume (000 tons) 8 10 92 88 107 85 77 68 62 1.4 -9.5 -6.8
Price (Euro/kg) 19.83 13.70 13.28 14.15 14.52 15.97 16.83 5.3 4.2
Pakistan
Value (Euro mn) 13 10 602 779 909 909 884 893 983 1.6 10.1 4.8
Volume (000 tons) 9 5 69 106 123 119 118 116 117 2.7 0.4 2.0
Price (Euro/kg) 8.70 7.37 7.42 7.67 7.51 7.68 8.43 9.7 2.7
Total of above
Value (Euro mn) 26,813 40,030 44,775 48,449 51,215 50,470 54,838 88.8 8.7 6.5
Volume (000 tons) 1,663 3,331 3,597 3,896 4,086 3,888 3,967 91.8 2.0 3.6
Price (Euro/kg) 16.12 12.02 12.45 12.44 12.53 12.98 13.82 6.5 2.8
All extra-EU
Value (Euro mn) 39,899 49,305 55,597 58,096 59,514 57,357 61,731 100.0 7.6 4.6
Volume (000 tons) 2,288 3,891 4,235 4,439 4,563 4,250 4,321 100.0 1.7 2.1
Price (Euro/kg) 17.44 12.67 13.13 13.09 13.04 13.5 14.29 5.9 2.4
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
8
The clothing industries in Morocco and Tunisia expanded largely on the basis of outward processing trade
(OPT) on behalf of EU firms. Under OPT, typically, an EU company exports fabrics to a low cost country
for subsequent processingusually garment assembly using CMT (cut, make and trim) operations. Processed
products are then reimported by the EU company for export, or for use within the EU. An in-depth analysis
of OPT is provided in Internationalisation of European Textiles and Clothing Production: Eastern Europe
and North Africa, Textiles Intelligence Special Report No 2643.
9
Romania and Bulgaria joined the EU in January 2007.
136 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
The rise in the average
price may have been
partly due to the
depreciation of the euro
against the US dollar
The rise in the average import price in 2010 may have been partly due
to currency exchange rates, given that the euro depreciated against the
US dollar between 2009 and 2010, thus making imports priced in
dollars more expensive in euro terms. Before 2009, the euro
appreciated against the US dollar in almost every year between 2002
and 2008.
TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
Two groups dominate
supplies to the EU
Countries dominating foreign supplies of clothing to the EU market
fall into two groups, namely:
Asian suppliers G Asian suppliers, led by China and followed (in descending order
of value) by Bangladesh, India, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and
Pakistan; and
and Mediterranean Rim
suppliers
G Mediterranean Rim suppliers, led by Turkey and followed (in
descending order of value) by Tunisia and Morocco
8
.
who have been losing
share
However, Mediterranean suppliers have been losing share to Asian
countries in recent years.
Following the expansion of
the EU, East European
countries no longer rank
among the EUs leading
ten clothing suppliers
East European countriesRomania and Bulgaria
9
in particularalso
used to feature prominently among suppliers to the EU. But, following
the expansion of the EU to 27 member states in 2007, there are no
longer any non-EU East European suppliers among the top ten.
Having said that, a number of East European countries ranked among
the EUs leading suppliers in certain categories in 2010. For example,
Macedonia was a major supplier of shirts and blouses while Ukraine
figured among the ten leading suppliers of womens overcoats.
In 2010 the top ten supplied
88.8% of imports by value
and 91.8% by volume
The top ten suppliers of clothing in 2010 together accounted for
88.8% of the total value of EU clothing imports. In volume terms, the
same ten suppliers accounted for 91.8% of the import total.
China continued to be the
leading supplier, followed
by Turkey, Bangladesh,
India, Tunisia, Morocco,
Vietnam, Sri Lanka,
Indonesia and Pakistan
The top ten suppliers of clothing in 2010 were the same as in the
previous year. China continued to be the leading supplier with a
45.7% share of the market in value terms and a 51.2% share in
volume. The second largest supplier was Turkey (with a 12.5% share
in value and a 9.1% share in volume), followed by Bangladesh
(9.3% share in value, 14.0% share in volume), India (6.8% share in
value, 5.6% share in volume), Tunisia (3.7% share in value,
1.9% share in volume), Morocco (3.4% share in value, 2.3% share in
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 137
volume), Vietnam (2.2% share in value, 2.0% share in volume), Sri
Lanka (1.9% share in value, 1.6% share in volume), Indonesia
(1.7% share in value, 1.4% share in volume) and Pakistan (1.6% share
in value, 2.7% share in volume).
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
Vietnam, Bangladesh,
Turkey, Pakistan and
China
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of clothing, the best performers in
2010 included:
Vietnam: up by 12.7% in value but down by 1.8% in volume;
Bangladesh: up by 12.2% in value and 4.2% in volume;
Turkey: up by 10.3% in value and 2.8% in volume;
Pakistan: up by 10.1% in value and 0.4 in volume; and
China: up by 10.0% in value and 2.6% in volume.
The worst performers
included Indonesia,
Tunisia and India
The worst performers included:
Indonesia: down by 4.7% in value and 9.5% in volume;
Tunisia: up by 2.1% in value and 0.3% in volume; and
India: up by 2.2% in value but down by 5.4% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Pakistan and Bangladesh
sold at the lowest prices
in 2010
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of clothing imported
from Pakistan (Euro8.43 per kg), followed by those from Bangladesh
(Euro9.56 per kg).
while Tunisia, Morocco,
Turkey, India, Sri Lanka
and Indonesia sold at the
highest
Average prices were highest in the case of imports from Tunisia
(Euro27.63 per kg), followed by those fromMorocco (Euro21.18 per kg),
Turkey (Euro19.69 per kg), India (Euro17.44 per kg), Sri Lanka
(Euro16.87 per kg) and Indonesia (Euro16.83 per kg).
Medium price suppliers
included Vietnam and
China
Medium price suppliersdefined as those shipping at an average price
of Euro10-16 per kgincluded Vietnam (Euro15.49 per kg) and
China (Euro12.74 per kg).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Eight of the top ten
achieved price rises in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of eight of the EUs top
ten suppliers of clothing in 2010.
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from Vietnam and
Pakistan
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
Vietnam (up by 14.8%); and
Pakistan (up by 9.7%).
while falls were seen in
imports from Morocco
and Sri Lanka
Falls in price, by contrast, were seen in imports from:
Morocco (down by 2.0%); and
Sri Lanka (down by 0.8%).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
138 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
EU IMPORTS OF COTTON YARN
GENERAL TRENDS
EU imports of cotton yarn
surged by 49.0% in value
terms in 2010
EU imports of cotton yarn (Bull 318) surged in value by 49.0% in
2010, from Euro645 mn to Euro961 mn (US$1,273 mn). The rise was
the first in four years (Table 4).
and by 13.1% in volume In volume terms, imports rose by a more restrained 13.1%, from
282,515 tons to 319,651 tons. This represented the first rise since
2007, and followed two years of double digit decline.
The average import price
shot up by 31.7%,
reflecting a 68.2% hike in
raw cotton prices
The average price of EU imports of cotton yarn shot up by 31.7% in
2010, from Euro2.28 per kg to Euro3.01 per kgits highest level for
at least seven years. The hike reflected a 68.2% surge in the average
price of raw cotton during the year.
TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
Cotton yarn imports are
dominated by relatively
few suppliers
Supplier concentration in EU imports of cotton yarn is relatively high.
In other words, imports tend to be dominated by relatively few
suppliers.
In 2010 the top ten
suppliers accounted for
94.5% of EU imports in
value terms and 94.1% in
volume
In value terms, the top ten suppliers accounted for 94.5% of total EU
imports of cotton yarn in 2010.
In volume terms, the same ten suppliers accounted for 94.1% of the
import total.
India continued to be the
leading supplier, followed
by Turkey, Egypt,
Pakistan, China,
Uzbekistan, Syria,
Indonesia, Switzerland
and Bosnia and
Hercegovina
India continued to be the leading supplier with a 34.1% share of the
market in value terms and a 35.3% share in volume. The second largest
supplier was Turkey (with a 19.0% share in value and a 21.6% share
in volume), followed by Egypt (11.4% share in value, 7.7% share in
volume), Pakistan (9.7% share in value, 10.6% share in volume), China
(7.9% share in value, 5.0% share in volume), Uzbekistan (4.0% share
in value, 5.3% share in volume), Syria (3.1% share in value, 3.9% share
in volume), Indonesia (2.0% share in value, 2.5% share in volume),
Switzerland (1.7% share in value, 0.6% share in volume), and Bosnia
and Hercegovina (1.6% share in value, 1.7% share in volume).
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
Syria and Egypt
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of cotton yarn, the best performers
in 2010 included:
G Syria: up by 145.2% in value and 71.6% in volume; and
G Egypt: up by 137.8% in value and 118.7% in volume.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 139
Table 4: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of cotton yarn (Bull 318), 2000-10
Annual
average
% % change
Rank share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
India
Value (Euro 000) 1 233,569 225,199 273,367 286,385 242,571 195,874 328,075 34.1 67.5 7.8
Volume (tons) 1 57,230 78,144 94,839 112,959 99,293 87,847 112,975 35.3 28.6 7.7
Price (Euro/kg) 4.08 2.88 2.88 2.54 2.44 2.23 2.90 30.2 0.2
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 2 245,640 184,055 238,717 195,079 166,584 147,139 182,997 19.0 24.4 -0.1
Volume (tons) 2 84,244 86,437 103,981 86,379 75,781 73,455 68,900 21.6 -6.2 -4.4
Price (Euro/kg) 2.92 2.13 2.30 2.26 2.20 2.00 2.66 32.6 4.5
Egypt
Value (Euro 000) 3 115,532 74,829 83,360 71,846 62,465 46,244 109,979 11.4 137.8 8.0
Volume (tons) 4 24,093 20,133 18,938 17,384 15,747 11,187 24,464 7.7 118.7 4.0
Price (Euro/kg) 4.80 3.72 4.40 4.13 3.97 4.13 4.50 8.8 3.9
Pakistan
Value (Euro 000) 4 47,771 60,839 97,143 117,467 100,702 85,094 93,118 9.7 9.4 8.9
Volume (tons) 3 18,216 27,811 42,215 51,930 43,295 39,993 33,775 10.6 -15.5 4.0
Price (Euro/kg) 2.62 2.19 2.30 2.26 2.33 2.13 2.76 29.6 4.7
China
Value (Euro 000) 5 24,128 19,687 59,877 72,688 71,084 46,521 75,733 7.9 62.8 30.9
Volume (tons) 6 3,008 4,561 11,934 16,808 16,515 12,593 15,984 5.0 26.9 28.5
Price (Euro/kg) 8.02 4.32 5.02 4.32 4.30 3.69 4.74 28.3 1.9
Uzbekistan
Value (Euro 000) 6 48,169 34,646 31,092 35,974 28,978 25,462 38,811 4.0 52.4 2.3
Volume (tons) 5 19,665 20,089 17,765 21,647 16,654 15,748 17,009 5.3 8.0 -3.3
Price (Euro/kg) 2.45 1.72 1.75 1.66 1.74 1.62 2.28 41.1 5.8
Syria
Value (Euro 000) 7 81,583 35,688 42,558 31,531 22,586 11,974 29,361 3.1 145.2 -3.8
Volume (tons) 7 30,559 18,361 21,647 16,234 12,343 7,223 12,396 3.9 71.6 -7.6
Price (Euro/kg) 2.67 1.94 1.97 1.94 1.83 1.66 2.37 42.9 4.0
Indonesia
Value (Euro 000) 8 21,600 20,077 19,632 18,242 19,351 17,546 18,814 2.0 7.2 -1.3
Volume (tons) 8 6,711 9,587 8,690 8,905 9,570 9,616 7,841 2.5 -18.5 -3.9
Price (Euro/kg) 3.22 2.09 2.26 2.05 2.02 1.82 2.40 31.5 2.8
Switzerland
Value (Euro 000) 9 99,987 31,741 26,899 27,328 21,756 15,333 16,435 1.7 7.2 -12.3
Volume (tons) 13 18,417 5,692 3,761 3,514 2,715 1,831 2,015 0.6 10.0 -18.8
Price (Euro/kg) 5.43 5.58 7.15 7.78 8.01 8.37 8.16 -2.6 7.9
Bosnia and Hercegovina
Value (Euro 000) 10 988 2,938 2,301 43 5,693 11,488 15,021 1.6 30.8 38.6
Volume (tons) 9 324 929 561 23 2,448 4,873 5,294 1.7 8.6 41.6
Price (Euro/kg) 3.05 3.16 4.10 1.85 2.33 2.36 2.84 20.4 -2.1
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 918,966 689,697 874,945 856,582 741,769 602,675 908,344 94.5 50.7 5.7
Volume (tons) 262,467 271,744 324,331 335,783 294,361 264,366 300,653 94.1 13.7 2.0
Price (Euro/kg) 3.50 2.54 2.70 2.55 2.52 2.28 3.02 32.5 3.5
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 1,120,114 804,889 981,633 948,718 802,197 645,069 961,172 100.0 49.0 3.6
Volume (tons) 328,185 323,971 370,166 374,507 318,751 282,515 319,651 100.0 13.1 -0.3
Price (Euro/kg) 3.41 2.48 2.65 2.53 2.52 2.28 3.01 31.7 3.9
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
140 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
In fact, every country
among the top ten suppliers
made gains in value
In fact, every country among the top ten suppliers made gains in
value, and in volume terms only Indonesia, Pakistan and Turkey made
losses.
The worst performers
included Indonesia,
Switzerland, Pakistan and
Turkey
The worst performers included:
G Indonesia: up by 7.2% in value but down by 18.5% in volume;
G Switzerland: up by 7.2% in value and 10.0% in volume;
G Pakistan: up by 9.4% in value but down by 15.5% in volume; and
G Turkey: up by 24.4% in value but down by 6.21% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Uzbekistan, Syria and
Indonesia sold at the lowest
prices in 2010
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of cotton yarn
imported from Uzbekistan (Euro2.28 per kg), followed by those from
Syria (Euro2.37 per kg) and Indonesia (Euro2.40 per kg).
while Switzerland sold
at the highest
Average prices were highest in the case of imports from Switzerland
(Euro8.16 per kg).
Medium price suppliers
included China, Egypt,
India, Bosnia and
Hercegovina, Pakistan
and Turkey
Medium price suppliersdefined as those shipping at an average price
of Euro2.50-5.00 per kgincluded China (Euro4.74 per kg), Egypt
(Euro4.50 per kg), India (Euro2.90 per kg), Bosnia and Hercegovina
(Euro2.84 per kg), Pakistan (Euro2.76 per kg) and Turkey (Euro2.66
per kg).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Nine of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of all but one of the EUs
top ten suppliers of cotton yarn in 2010.
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from Syria and
Uzbekistan
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
G Syria (up by 42.9%); and
G Uzbekistan (up by 41.1%).
The only fall was seen in
imports from Switzerland
The only fall in price was seen in imports from:
G Switzerland (down by 2.6%).
EU IMPORTS OF FABRICS WOVEN FROM SYNTHETIC STAPLE
FIBRES
GENERAL TRENDS
EU imports of fabrics woven
from synthetic staple fibres
rose by 23.2% in 2010 but
remained below the levels
seen prior to 2009
In value terms, EU imports of fabrics woven from synthetic staple
fibres (Bull 414) rose by 23.2% in 2010, from Euro675 mn to
Euro831 mn (US$1,101 mn). However, the rise came after a drop of
24.2% in the previous year and imports remained below the levels
seen prior to 2009 (Table 5).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
10
It should be noted that prices of synthetic staple woven fabrics can vary considerably, depending on
whether the fibres are grey, bleached or processed. Prices also depend on yarn counts, types of yarn, types of
weave and end uses, as well as differences in quality.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 141
In volume terms, imports
rose by 10.1% but again
remained below the levels
seen prior to 2009
In volume terms imports rose by 10.1%, from 183,657 tons to
202,188 tons. However, the rise followed a sharp 21.3% drop in the
previous year and, as in the case of value, imports remained below the
levels seen prior to 2009.
The average import price
increased by 11.9% to its
highest level in several
years
Overall, the average price of EU imports of synthetic staple woven
fabrics
10
increased by 11.9%, from Euro3.67 per kg to
Euro4.11 per kg. This was the highest average price recorded in
several years, despite having risen from a record low in the previous
year.
THE TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
In 2010 the top ten
suppliers accounted for
95.3% of imports by value
and 96.9% by volume
Supplier concentration in EU imports of fabrics woven from synthetic
staple fibres is relatively high. In value terms, the leading ten
countries accounted for as much as 95.3% of total imports of these
products in 2010. In volume terms, the same ten suppliers accounted
for 96.9% of the import total.
China continued to be the
leading supplier, followed
by Turkey, Pakistan,
India, Indonesia, Thailand,
Switzerland, South Korea,
Taiwan and the USA
China continued to be the leading supplier with a 45.6% share of the
market in value terms and a 51.3% share in volume. The second largest
supplier was Turkey (with a 16.3% share in value and a 7.6% share in
volume), followed by Pakistan (15.6% share in value, 21.3% share in
volume), India (4.7% share in value, 4.5% share in volume), Indonesia
(3.5% share in value, 5.1% share in volume), Thailand (2.8% share in
value, 3.9% share in volume), Switzerland (2.2% share in value,
0.4% share in volume), South Korea (2.0% share in value, 0.9% share
in volume), Taiwan (1.4% share in value, 1.2% share in volume) and
the USA (1.3% share in value, 0.6% share in volume).
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
India and South Korea
In contrast to the previous years figures, all but one of the EUs top
ten suppliers of fabrics woven from synthetic staple fibres posted
increases in the value of their shipments in 2010. The best performers
among these nine suppliers included:
G India: up by 43.2% in value and 37.8% in volume; and
G South Korea: up by 32.2% in value but down by 5.3% in volume.
The worst performers
included Taiwan and
Switzerland
The worst performers included:
G Taiwan: down by 0.8% in value and 13.1% in volume; and
G Switzerland: up by 3.4% in value and 7.0% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Indonesia, Thailand,
Pakistan and China sold
at the lowest prices in
2010
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of synthetic staple
fibre woven fabrics imported from Indonesia (Euro2.82 per kg),
followed by those from Thailand (Euro2.96 per kg), Pakistan
(Euro3.00 per kg) and China (Euro3.65 per kg).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
142 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 5: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of fabric woven from synthetic staple fibres (Bull 414), 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro 000) 1 75,295 204,009 330,385 367,746 370,737 292,563 378,995 45.6 29.5 13.2
Volume (tons) 1 19,799 61,292 93,034 107,992 108,819 94,923 103,778 51.3 9.3 11.1
Price (Euro/kg) 3.80 3.33 3.55 3.41 3.41 3.08 3.65 18.5 1.9
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 2 213,334 204,771 216,839 190,386 154,674 121,718 135,570 16.3 11.4 -7.9
Volume (tons) 3 21,437 22,184 23,501 21,218 17,558 14,857 15,299 7.6 3.0 -7.2
Price (Euro/kg) 9.95 9.23 9.23 8.97 8.81 8.19 8.86 8.2 -0.8
Pakistan
Value (Euro 000) 3 212,267 183,618 173,927 160,081 138,652 99,379 129,558 15.6 30.4 -6.7
Volume (tons) 2 64,469 73,353 64,350 62,205 53,202 39,193 43,119 21.3 10.0 -10.1
Price (Euro/kg) 3.29 2.50 2.70 2.57 2.61 2.54 3.00 18.5 3.7
India
Value (Euro 000) 4 64,146 21,705 28,314 32,093 33,864 27,053 38,747 4.7 43.2 12.3
Volume (tons) 5 17,488 4,456 5,898 7,873 8,689 6,608 9,103 4.5 37.8 15.4
Price (Euro/kg) 3.67 4.87 4.80 4.08 3.90 4.09 4.26 4.0 -2.7
Indonesia
Value (Euro 000) 5 88,519 44,540 41,924 34,847 36,505 22,471 29,289 3.5 30.3 -8.0
Volume (tons) 4 23,540 16,851 15,884 13,669 14,201 8,397 10,399 5.1 23.8 -9.2
Price (Euro/kg) 3.76 2.64 2.64 2.55 2.57 2.68 2.82 5.2 1.3
Thailand
Value (Euro 000) 6 52,506 34,080 34,135 32,705 22,598 18,047 23,284 2.8 29.0 -7.3
Volume (tons) 6 12,037 11,842 11,295 10,982 7,389 6,353 7,878 3.9 24.0 -7.8
Price (Euro/kg) 4.36 2.88 3.02 2.98 3.06 2.84 2.96 4.0 0.5
Switzerland
Value (Euro 000) 7 52,601 22,213 21,371 23,556 21,512 17,352 17,939 2.2 3.4 -4.2
Volume (tons) 13 2,587 861 894 1,079 928 683 731 0.4 7.0 -3.2
Price (Euro/kg) 20.33 25.8 23.9 21.83 23.18 25.41 24.54 -3.4 -1.0
South Korea
Value (Euro 000) 8 118,122 22,947 21,056 18,117 15,880 12,593 16,641 2.0 32.2 -6.2
Volume (tons) 8 17,410 3,009 2,571 2,730 2,340 2,005 1,898 0.9 -5.3 -8.8
Price (Euro/kg) 6.78 7.63 8.19 6.64 6.79 6.28 8.77 39.6 2.8
Taiwan
Value (Euro 000) 9 100,430 18,224 18,329 15,299 12,432 11,696 11,599 1.4 -0.8 -8.6
Volume (tons) 7 16,418 4,072 4,447 3,726 2,983 2,878 2,500 1.2 -13.1 -9.3
Price (Euro/kg) 6.12 4.48 4.12 4.11 4.17 4.06 4.64 14.2 0.7
USA
Value (Euro 000) 10 45,071 19,359 24,976 22,559 16,609 8,566 10,390 1.3 21.3 -11.7
Volume (tons) 10 4,199 2,899 3,338 4,187 3,005 946 1,227 0.6 29.7 -15.8
Price (Euro/kg) 10.73 6.68 7.48 5.39 5.53 9.06 8.47 -6.5 4.9
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 1,022,290 775,467 911,255 897,390 823,464 631,439 792,012 95.3 25.4 0.4
Volume (tons) 199,384 200,819 225,212 235,661 219,114 176,843 195,932 96.9 10.8 -0.5
Price (Euro/kg) 5.13 3.86 4.05 3.81 3.76 3.57 4.04 13.2 0.9
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 1,210,944 867,895 992,676 968,666 890,375 674,587 831,167 100.0 23.2 -0.9
Volume (tons) 232,312 223,406 243,511 253,252 233,478 183,657 202,188 100.0 10.1 -2.0
Price (Euro/kg) 5.21 3.88 4.08 3.82 3.81 3.67 4.11 11.9 1.1
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
11
It is worth noting that Switzerland supplies high quality and finer count fabrics, which are less vulnerable
to price competition than basic, lower price fabrics made from coarser count yarns.
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 143
Switzerland sold at the
highest price
Average prices were highest in the case of imports from Switzerland
11
(Euro24.54 per kg).
Medium price suppliers
included Turkey, South
Korea, the USA, Taiwan
and India
Medium price suppliersdefined as those shipping at an average price
of Euro4-10 per kgincluded Turkey (Euro8.86 per kg), South Korea
(Euro8.77 per kg), the USA (Euro8.47 per kg), Taiwan (Euro4.64 per kg)
and India (Euro4.26 per kg).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Eight of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of eight of the EUs top
ten suppliers of synthetic staple fibre woven fabrics in 2010.
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from South
Korea, China, Pakistan
and Taiwan
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in the case of imports
from:
G South Korea (up by 39.6%);
G China (up by 18.5%);
G Pakistan (up by 18.5%); and
G Taiwan (up by 14.2%).
while falls in price were
seen in imports from the
USA and Switzerland
The only falls in price, meanwhile, were seen in imports from:
G the USA (down by 6.5%); and
G Switzerland (down by 3.4%).
EU IMPORTS OF FABRICS WOVEN FROM SYNTHETIC
FILAMENT YARN
GENERAL TRENDS
EU imports of fabrics
woven from synthetic
filament yarn rose by
11.0% in value and by
7.8% in volume in 2010
but imports remained
below the levels seen
prior to 2009
EU imports of fabrics woven from synthetic filament yarn (Bull 412)
grew by 11.0% in value terms between 2009 and 2010from
Euro781 mn to Euro867 mn (US$1,148 mn). Nevertheless, imports
remained below the levels seen prior to 2009 (Table 6).
In volume terms imports increased by 7.8%from 142,594 tons to
153,765 tons. As in the case of value, however, imports remained
lower than in the years prior to 2009.
The average import price
rose for the third
consecutive year but fell
short of the price in 2006
The average price of imported fabrics woven from synthetic filament
yarn rose by 3.0% in 2010, from Euro5.48 per kg to Euro5.64 per kg.
This represented the third consecutive rise in price. However, the
average price fell short of the level recorded in 2006.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
144 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 6: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of fabric woven from synthetic filament yarn (Bull 412), 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro 000) 1 281,327 307,317 274,660 283,733 261,191 212,655 253,550 29.2 19.2 -3.8
Volume (tons) 1 54,751 83,132 73,566 80,435 67,081 52,379 58,554 38.1 11.8 -6.8
Price (Euro/kg) 5.14 3.70 3.73 3.53 3.89 4.06 4.33 6.7 3.2
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 2 105,801 195,356 244,911 267,133 222,418 171,878 172,164 19.9 0.2 -2.5
Volume (tons) 2 13,307 24,174 28,548 32,404 27,918 22,542 22,687 14.8 0.6 -1.3
Price (Euro/kg) 7.95 8.08 8.58 8.24 7.97 7.62 7.59 -0.5 -1.2
South Korea
Value (Euro 000) 3 188,437 125,984 105,338 90,121 77,572 66,070 76,346 8.8 15.6 -9.5
Volume (tons) 5 19,171 18,794 15,655 13,483 12,081 9,656 9,525 6.2 -1.4 -12.7
Price (Euro/kg) 9.83 6.70 6.73 6.68 6.42 6.84 8.02 17.1 3.6
Switzerland
Value (Euro 000) 4 47,867 67,510 97,073 108,925 85,830 74,699 74,830 8.6 0.2 2.1
Volume (tons) 7 2,038 3,594 5,616 6,919 5,603 4,956 5,062 3.3 2.1 7.1
Price (Euro/kg) 23.49 18.78 17.29 15.74 15.32 15.07 14.78 -1.9 -4.7
Japan
Value (Euro 000) 5 250,640 78,880 79,919 73,664 68,918 52,330 62,757 7.2 19.9 -4.5
Volume (tons) 14 11,142 4,163 4,097 3,752 3,216 2,175 2,213 1.4 1.7 -11.9
Price (Euro/kg) 22.50 18.95 19.51 19.63 21.43 24.06 28.36 17.9 8.4
Taiwan
Value (Euro 000) 6 112,755 64,762 61,401 53,634 50,911 44,204 50,687 5.8 14.7 -4.8
Volume (tons) 3 12,517 13,710 14,253 13,357 12,362 10,915 11,438 7.4 4.8 -3.6
Price (Euro/kg) 9.01 4.72 4.31 4.02 4.12 4.05 4.43 9.4 -1.3
India
Value (Euro 000) 7 47,467 41,586 40,009 46,862 47,254 39,426 49,529 5.7 25.6 3.6
Volume (tons) 4 8,585 9,049 8,209 10,424 10,345 8,692 11,016 7.2 26.7 4.0
Price (Euro/kg) 5.53 4.60 4.87 4.50 4.57 4.54 4.50 -0.9 -0.4
USA
Value (Euro 000) 8 73,114 28,166 32,955 32,539 31,414 19,428 20,364 2.3 4.8 -6.3
Volume (tons) 15 6,030 2,410 2,735 3,186 2,751 1,854 1,730 1.1 -6.7 -6.4
Price (Euro/kg) 12.12 11.69 12.05 10.21 11.42 10.48 11.77 12.3 0.1
Pakistan
Value (Euro 000) 9 45,832 24,841 22,496 24,271 22,047 14,038 19,912 2.3 41.8 -4.3
Volume (tons) 6 12,985 8,889 7,545 9,240 8,688 5,681 7,254 4.7 27.7 -4.0
Price (Euro/kg) 3.53 2.79 2.98 2.63 2.54 2.47 2.74 11.1 -0.4
Indonesia
Value (Euro 000) 10 98,659 31,046 28,307 26,916 23,567 18,575 17,447 2.0 -6.1 -10.9
Volume (tons) 8 15,258 9,578 8,035 7,531 6,536 4,967 4,726 3.1 -4.9 -13.2
Price (Euro/kg) 6.47 3.24 3.52 3.57 3.61 3.74 3.69 -1.3 2.6
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 1,251,897 965,448 987,070 1,007,798 891,122 713,304 797,585 92.0 11.8 -3.7
Volume (tons) 155,784 177,493 168,259 180,731 156,581 123,817 134,205 87.3 8.4 -5.4
Price (Euro/kg) 8.04 5.44 5.87 5.58 5.69 5.76 5.94 3.2 1.8
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 1,466,243 1,084,259 1,093,218 1,110,430 980,965 780,989 867,286 100.0 11.0 -4.4
Volume (tons) 196,786 202,591 192,148 207,395 181,068 142,594 153,765 100.0 7.8 -5.4
Price (Euro/kg) 7.45 5.35 5.69 5.35 5.42 5.48 5.64 3.0 1.1
NB: unless otherwise stated data for 2005-10 relate to EU27.
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 145
TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
Most imports come from
relatively few countries
The bulk of EU imports of fabrics woven from synthetic filament yarn
are supplied by relatively few countries.
In 2010 the top ten
supplied 92.0% by value
and 87.3% by volume
Indeed, the leading ten suppliers accounted for as much as 92.0% of
total EU imports of this material in 2010. In volume terms, the same
ten suppliers accounted for 87.3% of the import total.
China continued to be the
leading supplier, followed
by Turkey, South Korea,
Switzerland, Japan,
Taiwan, India, the USA,
Pakistan and Indonesia
China continued to be the leading supplier with a 29.2% share of the
market in value terms and a 38.1% share in volume. The second largest
supplier was Turkey (with a 19.9% share in value and a 14.8% share
in volume), followed by South Korea (8.8% share in value, 6.2% share
in volume), Switzerland (8.6% share in value, 3.3% share in volume),
Japan (7.2% share in value, 1.4% share in volume), Taiwan (5.8% share
in value, 7.4% share in volume), India (5.7% share in value, 7.2% share
in volume), the USA (2.3% share in value, 1.1% share in volume),
Pakistan (2.3% share in value, 4.7% share in volume) and Indonesia
(2.0% share in value, 3.1% share in volume).
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
Pakistan and India
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of fabrics woven from synthetic
filament yarn, all but one posted increases in their supplies in 2010.
The best performers included:
G Pakistan: up by 41.8% in value and 27.7% in volume; and
G India: up by 25.6% in value and 26.7% in volume.
The worst performers
included Indonesia,
Turkey, Switzerland and
the USA
The worst performers included:
G Indonesia: down by 6.1% in value and 4.9% in volume;
G Turkey: up by 0.2% in value and 0.6% in volume;
G Switzerland: up by 0.2% in value and 2.1% in volume; and
G the USA: up by 4.8% in value but down by 6.7% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Pakistan, Indonesia,
China, Taiwan, India,
Turkey and South Korea
sold at the lowest prices in
2010
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of synthetic filament yarn
woven fabric imported from Pakistan (Euro2.74 per kg), followed by
those from Indonesia (Euro3.69 per kg), China (Euro4.33 per kg), Taiwan
(Euro4.43 per kg), India (Euro4.50 per kg), Turkey (Euro7.59 per kg) and
South Korea (Euro8.02 per kg).
Japan sold at the highest Average prices were highest in the case of imports from Japan
(Euro28.36 per kg).
Medium price suppliers
included Switzerland and
the USA
Medium price suppliers in 2010defined as those shipping at average
prices of Euro10-15 per kgincluded Switzerland (Euro14.78 per kg)
and the USA (Euro11.77 per kg).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Six of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of six of the EUs top ten
suppliers of synthetic filament yarn woven fabric in 2010.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
146 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from Japan,
South Korea, the USA and
Pakistan
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
G Japan (up by 17.9%);
G South Korea (up by 17.1%);
G the USA (up by 12.3%); and
G Pakistan (up by 11.1%).
while the steepest falls
were seen in imports from
Switzerland and Indonesia
The steepest falls in price, by contrast, were seen in imports from:
G Switzerland (down by 1.9%); and
G Indonesia (down by 1.3%).
EU IMPORTS OF T-SHIRTS
GENERAL TRENDS
EU imports of T-shirts
rose by 9.1% in value in
2010 after declining in the
previous two years
In value terms, EU imports of T-shirts (Bull 830) rose by 9.1% in
2010from Euro6,497 mn to Euro7,086 mn (US$9,387 mn). The rise
followed declines of 6.3% in 2009 and 5.4% in 2008 and, as a result,
imports fell short of the level reached in 2007 (Table 7).
Similarly, imports rose in
volume for the first time
in three years
In volume terms, imports rose by a lesser 2.5%, from 3,138 mn pieces
to 3,216 mn pieces. As in the case of value, this was the first rise in
three years, and imports fell short of the levels reached in 2007 and
2008.
The average import price
rose for the first time in
four years
The average price of EU imports of T-shirts increased by 6.4% in
2010, from Euro2.07 per piece to Euro2.20 per piece. This was the
first rise in four years. Nevertheless, the average price was at its
highest level since 2006.
THE TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
In 2010 the top ten
suppliers accounted for
90.2% of EU imports in
value terms and 91.5% in
volume
In value terms, the leading ten suppliers accounted for 90.2% of total
EU imports of T-shirts in 2010.
In volume terms, the same ten suppliers accounted for 91.5% of the
import total.
Turkey was the leading
supplier in value terms,
followed by Bangladesh
and China, but in volume
Bangladesh was the
leading supplier, ahead of
China and Turkey
Turkey continued to be the leading supplier in value terms with a
25.6% share of the market, followed by Bangladesh with a 22.4% share,
and China with a 20.9% share. However, in volume terms, Bangladesh
continued to be the leading supplier with a 34.2% share of the market,
followed by China with a 21.7% share and Turkey with a 15.7% share.
India was the fourth largest supplier (with a 9.4% share in value and a
9.1% share in volume), followed at some distance by Morocco
(2.6% share in value, 3.3% share in volume), Sri Lanka (2.3% share in
value, 2.3% share in volume), Tunisia (2.2% share in value, 1.5% share
in volume), Mauritius (2.0% share in value, 1.5% share in volume),
Thailand (1.5% share in value, 1.0% share in volume) and Egypt
(1.1% share in value, 1.3% share in volume).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 147
Table 7: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of T-shirts (Bull 830), 2000-10
Annual
average
% % change
Rank share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 1 1,052,115 2,027,776 2,096,053 2,176,591 1,833,610 1,606,756 1,812,718 25.6 12.8 -2.2
Volume (000 pieces) 3 315,562 582,775 581,377 599,248 513,794 489,664 504,554 15.7 3.0 -2.8
Price (Euro/piece) 3.33 3.48 3.61 3.63 3.57 3.28 3.59 9.5 0.6
Bangladesh
Value (Euro 000) 2 593,090 903,492 1,187,527 1,240,698 1,327,547 1,373,685 1,588,627 22.4 15.6 11.9
Volume (000 pieces) 1 388,807 710,635 902,607 1,001,084 1,080,291 1,022,761 1,099,572 34.2 7.5 9.1
Price (Euro/piece) 1.53 1.27 1.32 1.24 1.23 1.34 1.44 7.6 2.6
China
Value (Euro 000) 3 293,092 873,231 837,520 1,283,353 1,369,657 1,321,711 1,483,610 20.9 12.2 11.2
Volume (000 pieces) 2 103,765 553,353 299,621 504,780 621,134 673,225 696,516 21.7 3.5 4.7
Price (Euro/piece) 2.82 1.58 2.80 2.54 2.21 1.96 2.13 8.5 6.2
India
Value (Euro 000) 4 204,427 566,812 735,551 746,441 705,892 675,841 664,751 9.4 -1.6 3.2
Volume (000 pieces) 4 70,108 244,756 323,289 334,740 329,018 322,791 293,554 9.1 -9.1 3.7
Price (Euro/piece) 2.92 2.32 2.28 2.23 2.15 2.09 2.26 8.2 -0.4
Morocco
Value (Euro 000) 5 193,335 216,401 242,981 246,133 212,451 164,351 186,584 2.6 13.5 -2.9
Volume (000 pieces) 5 101,717 111,021 118,522 113,173 104,933 90,961 104,607 3.3 15.0 -1.2
Price (Euro/piece) 1.90 1.95 2.05 2.17 2.02 1.81 1.78 -1.3 -1.8
Sri Lanka
Value (Euro 000) 6 57,125 91,360 133,439 162,209 164,953 185,469 166,303 2.3 -10.3 12.7
Volume (000 pieces) 6 16,670 34,519 51,037 67,690 72,891 79,736 72,850 2.3 -8.6 16.1
Price (Euro/piece) 3.43 2.65 2.61 2.40 2.26 2.33 2.28 -1.9 -2.9
Tunisia
Value (Euro 000) 7 110,189 163,185 185,889 176,152 167,281 151,757 158,560 2.2 4.5 -0.6
Volume (000 pieces) 8 40,690 50,512 66,283 50,633 47,045 44,101 47,762 1.5 8.3 -1.1
Price (Euro/piece) 2.71 3.23 2.80 3.48 3.56 3.44 3.32 -3.5 0.5
Mauritius
Value (Euro 000) 8 199,702 219,949 233,545 228,132 179,095 162,340 144,385 2.0 -11.1 -8.1
Volume (000 pieces) 7 62,822 75,061 76,474 74,846 62,756 57,463 48,721 1.5 -15.2 -8.3
Price (Euro/piece) 3.18 2.93 3.05 3.05 2.85 2.83 2.96 4.9 0.2
Thailand
Value (Euro 000) 9 54,646 106,535 126,839 105,749 106,387 111,571 107,750 1.5 -3.4 0.2
Volume (000 pieces) 11 16,659 36,838 45,690 39,378 40,643 35,080 32,018 1.0 -8.7 -2.8
Price (Euro/piece) 3.28 2.89 2.78 2.69 2.62 3.18 3.37 5.8 3.1
Egypt
Value (Euro 000) 10 82,051 100,961 104,835 97,292 96,462 79,840 80,969 1.1 1.4 -4.3
Volume (000 pieces) 9 33,078 47,318 51,187 51,232 51,831 41,743 42,820 1.3 2.6 -2.0
Price (Euro/piece) 2.48 2.13 2.05 1.90 1.86 1.91 1.89 -1.1 -2.4
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 2,839,772 5,269,701 5,884,178 6,462,750 6,163,335 5,833,321 6,394,258 90.2 9.6 3.9
Volume (000 pieces) 1,149,878 2,446,789 2,516,085 2,836,804 2,924,337 2,857,525 2,942,975 91.5 3.0 3.8
Price (Euro/piece) 2.47 2.15 2.34 2.28 2.11 2.04 2.17 6.4 0.2
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 3,846,117 6,163,941 7,038,905 7,331,848 6,933,485 6,496,785 7,086,104 100.0 9.1 2.8
Volume (000 pieces) 1,502,640 2,904,067 3,112,520 3,347,777 3,311,599 3,138,209 3,216,059 100.0 2.5 2.1
Price (Euro/piece) 2.56 2.12 2.26 2.19 2.09 2.07 2.20 6.4 0.8
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
148 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
Bangladesh, Morocco,
Turkey and China
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of T-shirts, the best performers in
2010 included:
G Bangladesh: up by 15.6% in value and 7.5% in volume;
G Morocco: up by 13.5% in value and 15.0% in volume;
G Turkey: up by 12.8% in value and 3.0% in volume; and
G China: up by 12.2% in value and 3.5% in volume.
The worst performers
included Mauritius,
Sri Lanka, Thailand
and India
The worst performers included:
G Mauritius: down by 11.1% in value and 15.2% in volume;
G Sri Lanka: down by 10.3% in value and 8.6% in volume;
G Thailand: down by 3.4% in value and 8.7% in volume; and
G India: down by 1.6% in value and 9.1% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Bangladesh, Morocco,
Egypt, China, India and
Sri Lanka sold at the
lowest average prices in
2010
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of T-shirts imported
from Bangladesh (Euro1.44 per piece), followed by those from
Morocco (Euro1.78 per piece), Egypt (Euro1.89 per piece), China
(Euro2.13 per piece), India (Euro2.26 per piece) and Sri Lanka
(Euro2.28 per piece).
while Turkey sold at the
highest
Average prices were highest in the case of imports from Turkey
(Euro3.59 per piece).
Medium price suppliers
included Thailand, Tunisia
and Mauritius
Medium price suppliersdefined as those shipping at an average price
of Euro2.50-3.50 per pieceincluded Thailand (Euro3.37 per piece),
Tunisia (Euro3.32 per piece) and Mauritius (Euro2.96 per piece).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Six of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of six of the EUs top ten
suppliers of T-shirts in 2010.
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from Turkey,
China and India
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
G Turkey (up by 9.5%);
G China (up by 8.5%); and
G India (up by 8.2%).
while the steepest falls
in price were seen in
imports from Tunisia and
Sri Lanka
The steepest falls in price, by contrast, were seen in imports from:
G Tunisia (down by 3.5%); and
G Sri Lanka (down by 1.9%).
EU IMPORTS OF PULLOVERS
GENERAL TRENDS
EU imports of pullovers
rose to a record high in
value terms in 2010
EU imports of pullovers (Bull 831) rose in value by 5.5% in
2010from Euro8,089 mn to a record high of Euro8,537 mn
(US$11,309 mn)following a 2.0% decline in the previous year.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 149
In volume terms, however,
imports declined
In volume terms, however, imports fell by 0.6% from 1,630 mn pieces
to 1,620 mn pieces (Table 8).
The average import price
rose by 6.2% to its highest
level since 2007
The rise in value and drop in volume reflected a 6.2% increase in the
average price of EU imports of pulloversfrom Euro4.96 per piece
to Euro5.27 per piece. This was its highest level since 2007.
THE TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
In 2010 the top ten
accounted for 91.8% of
imports by value and
92.6% by volume
In value terms, the top ten suppliers accounted for 91.8% of total EU
imports of pullovers in 2010.
In volume terms, the same ten suppliers accounted for 92.6% of the
import total.
China continued to be the
leading supplier, followed
by Bangladesh, Turkey,
Cambodia, India, Tunisia,
Indonesia, Thailand,
Morocco and Madagascar
China continued to be the leading supplier with a 53.3% share of the
market in value terms and a 50.4% share in volume. The second
largest supplier was Bangladesh (with a 15.8% share in value and a
22.7% share in volume), followed by Turkey (9.7% share in value,
7.3% share in volume), Cambodia (3.3% share in value, 3.7% share in
volume), India (2.3% share in value, 2.5% share in volume), Tunisia
(2.1% share in value, 1.3% share in volume), Indonesia (1.5% share in
value, 1.5% share in volume), Thailand (1.4% share in value,
1.4% share in volume), Morocco (1.4% share in value, 1.3% share in
volume) and Madagascar (1.1% share in value, 0.5% share in volume).
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
Turkey, Bangladesh and
China
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of pullovers, the best performers in
2010 included:
G Turkey: up by 12.1% in value and 10.9% in volume;
G Bangladesh: up by 11.0% in value and 5.2% in volume; and
G China: up by 8.3% in value but only 0.4% in volume.
The worst performers
included Indonesia,
Tunisia and Cambodia
The worst performers included:
G Indonesia: down by 12.0% in value and 18.8% in volume;
G Tunisia: down by 9.6% in value and 18.2% in volume; and
G Cambodia: down by 7.9% in value and 18.2% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Bangladesh, Cambodia,
India, Indonesia, Morocco,
Thailand and China sold
at the lowest average
prices in 2010
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of pullovers imported
from Bangladesh (Euro3.66 per piece), followed by those from
Cambodia (Euro4.60 per piece), India (Euro4.74 per piece), Indonesia
(Euro5.45 per piece), Morocco (Euro5.50 per piece), Thailand
(Euro5.53 per piece) and China (Euro5.58 per piece).
The only high price
supplier was Madagascar
Average prices were highest in the case of imports from Madagascar
(Euro12.01 per piece).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
150 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 8: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of pullovers (Bull 831), 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro 000) 1 629,787 1,793,279 1,536,405 1,975,166 3,776,408 4,202,138 4,549,517 53.3 8.3 20.5
Volume (000 pieces) 1 76,343 363,668 210,373 293,357 713,167 812,738 815,734 50.4 0.4 17.5
Price (Euro/piece) 8.25 4.93 7.30 6.73 5.30 5.17 5.58 7.9 2.5
Bangladesh
Value (Euro 000) 2 466,245 956,421 1,232,622 1,079,340 1,169,340 1,212,883 1,346,094 15.8 11.0 7.1
Volume (000 pieces) 2 133,255 250,666 325,232 303,226 338,779 349,287 367,517 22.7 5.2 8.0
Price (Euro/piece) 3.50 3.82 3.79 3.56 3.45 3.47 3.66 5.5 -0.8
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 3 891,530 903,144 899,451 898,101 847,184 741,192 830,619 9.7 12.1 -1.7
Volume (000 pieces) 3 136,914 143,935 133,802 128,465 116,593 107,311 119,019 7.3 10.9 -3.7
Price (Euro/piece) 6.51 6.27 6.72 6.99 7.27 6.91 6.98 1.0 2.2
Cambodia
Value (Euro 000) 4 153,287 272,591 320,162 302,165 318,079 302,807 278,800 3.3 -7.9 0.5
Volume (000 pieces) 4 24,720 58,711 75,208 74,718 77,033 74,066 60,586 3.7 -18.2 0.6
Price (Euro/piece) 6.20 4.64 4.26 4.04 4.13 4.09 4.60 12.6 -0.2
India
Value (Euro 000) 5 163,423 195,628 218,687 215,508 205,554 204,625 192,165 2.3 -6.1 -0.4
Volume (000 pieces) 5 39,446 44,061 46,299 47,847 45,093 45,916 40,505 2.5 -11.8 -1.7
Price (Euro/piece) 4.14 4.44 4.72 4.50 4.56 4.46 4.74 6.5 1.3
Tunisia
Value (Euro 000) 6 207,269 192,970 206,257 199,552 203,120 196,504 177,696 2.1 -9.6 -1.6
Volume (000 pieces) 11 37,619 28,639 29,960 28,431 31,861 25,906 21,195 1.3 -18.2 -5.8
Price (Euro/piece) 5.51 6.74 6.88 7.02 6.38 7.59 8.38 10.5 4.5
Indonesia
Value (Euro 000) 7 292,561 276,696 359,659 286,470 185,238 145,667 128,256 1.5 -12.0 -14.3
Volume (000 pieces) 6 41,127 51,970 79,095 61,847 38,953 29,007 23,549 1.5 -18.8 -14.6
Price (Euro/piece) 7.11 5.32 4.55 4.63 4.76 5.02 5.45 8.5 0.5
Thailand
Value (Euro 000) 8 272,780 170,055 187,409 164,899 160,521 132,400 122,369 1.4 -7.6 -6.4
Volume (000 pieces) 9 31,776 30,948 35,058 34,267 32,010 24,472 22,128 1.4 -9.6 -6.5
Price (Euro/piece) 8.58 5.49 5.35 4.81 5.01 5.41 5.53 2.2 0.1
Morocco
Value (Euro 000) 9 189,112 142,686 146,742 137,364 135,216 121,117 117,588 1.4 -2.9 -3.8
Volume (000 pieces) 10 31,613 29,287 27,563 26,248 24,085 22,265 21,388 1.3 -3.9 -6.1
Price (Euro/piece) 5.98 4.87 5.32 5.23 5.61 5.44 5.50 1.1 2.4
Madagascar
Value (Euro 000) 10 116,482 93,882 125,760 133,133 117,917 92,452 92,137 1.1 -0.3 -0.4
Volume (000 pieces) 15 9,403 6,836 7,907 9,262 9,236 7,934 7,673 0.5 -3.3 2.3
Price (Euro/piece) 12.39 13.73 15.91 14.37 12.77 11.65 12.01 3.0 -2.6
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 3,382,476 4,997,352 5,233,154 5,391,698 7,118,576 7,351,787 7,835,239 91.8 6.6 9.4
Volume (000 pieces) 562,213 1,008,720 970,498 1,007,669 1,426,809 1,498,902 1,499,293 92.6 0.0 8.2
Price (Euro/piece) 6.02 4.95 5.39 5.35 4.99 4.90 5.23 6.5 1.1
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 5,706,612 6,691,513 7,422,598 7,316,012 8,254,671 8,088,678 8,537,384 100.0 5.5 5.0
Volume (000 pieces) 837,367 1,280,288 1,381,248 1,379,667 1,634,549 1,630,259 1,619,674 100.0 -0.6 4.8
Price (Euro/piece) 6.81 5.23 5.37 5.30 5.05 4.96 5.27 6.2 0.2
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 151
Medium price suppliers
included Tunisia and
Turkey
Medium price suppliersdefined as those shipping at an average price
of Euro6-9 per pieceincluded Tunisia (Euro8.38 per piece) and
Turkey (Euro6.98 per piece).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
All of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of all of the EUs top ten
suppliers of pullovers in 2010.
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from Cambodia
and Tunisia
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
G Cambodia (up by 12.6%); and
G Tunisia (up by 10.5%).
while the slowest
increases in price were
seen in imports from
Turkey and Morocco
The slowest increases in price, meanwhile, were seen in imports from:
G Turkey (up by 1.0%); and
G Morocco (up by 1.1%).
EU IMPORTS OF MENS TROUSERS
GENERAL TRENDS
EU imports of mens
trousers rose by 6.8% to
a record high in 2010
EU imports of mens trousers (Bull 874) rose in value terms by 6.8%
in 2010, from Euro5,371 mn to Euro5,734 mn (US$7,596 mn). The
rise came after a 4.4% decline in the previous year. However, imports
still reached a record high (Table 9).
In volume terms imports
rose by 2.5% but fell short
of the peak reached in 2008
In volume terms, imports grew by a lesser 2.5%from 929 mn pieces
to 952 mn piecesfollowing a 7.3% decline in 2009. As a result,
imports fell short of the peak reached in 2008.
The average import price,
rose by 4.2% to its highest
level in over six years
The average price of EU imports of mens trousers rose by
4.2%from Euro5.78 per piece to Euro6.02 per piece. This was the
third consecutive rise recorded, having followed a 3.1% increase in
2009 and a minimal 0.1% rise in 2008. As a result, the average price
rose to its highest level in over six years.
THE TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
In 2010 the top ten
supplied 89.4% of imports
by value and 92.2% by
volume
In value terms, the top ten suppliers accounted for 89.4% of total EU
imports of mens trousers in 2010.
In volume terms, the same ten suppliers accounted for 92.2% of the
import total.
China continued to be the
leading supplier, followed
by Bangladesh, Turkey,
Tunisia, Pakistan,
Morocco, India, Vietnam,
Sri Lanka and Indonesia
China continued to be the leading supplier with a 35.6% share of the
market in value terms and a 44.8% share in volume. The second
largest supplier was Bangladesh (with a 13.0% share in value and an
18.3% share in volume), followed by Turkey (12.3% share in value,
6.6% share in volume), Tunisia (8.9% share in value, 3.7% share in
volume), Pakistan (5.6% share in value, 6.2% share in volume),
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
152 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Morocco (4.3% share in value, 2.6% share in volume), India
(3.4% share in value, 3.8% share in volume), Vietnam (2.3% share in
value, 2.1% share in volume), Sri Lanka (2.2% share in value,
2.5% share in volume) and Indonesia (1.8% share in value, 1.5% share
in volume).
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
Sri Lanka, Vietnam and
China
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of mens trousers, the best
performers in 2010 included:
G Sri Lanka: up by 17.4% in value and 11.2% in volume;
G Vietnam: up by 15.9% in value but down by 8.1% in volume; and
G China: up by 12.9% in value and 9.0% in volume.
The worst performers
included Indonesia and
India
The worst performers included:
G Indonesia: down by 13.5% in value and 15.9% in volume; and
G India: down by 6.6% in value and 12.8% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Bangladesh and China
sold at the lowest average
prices in 2010
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of mens trousers
imported from Bangladesh (Euro4.27 per piece), followed by those
from China (Euro4.79 per piece).
while Tunisia, Turkey
and Morocco sold at the
highest
Average prices were highest in 2010 in the case of imports from
Tunisia (Euro14.46 per piece), followed by those from Turkey
(Euro11.27 per piece) and Morocco (Euro9.95 per piece).
Medium price suppliers
included Indonesia,
Vietnam, Sri Lanka,
Pakistan and India
Medium price suppliersdefined as those shipping at an average price
of Euro5-9 per pieceincluded Indonesia (Euro7.09 per piece),
Vietnam (Euro6.44 per piece), Sri Lanka (Euro5.40 per piece),
Pakistan (Euro5.38 per piece) and India (Euro5.37 per piece).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Nine of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of all but one of the EUs
top ten suppliers of mens trousers in 2010.
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from Vietnam,
India and Pakistan
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
G Vietnam (up by 26.1%);
G India (up by 7.0%); and
G Pakistan (up by 6.6%).
while the fall in price
was seen in imports from
Morocco
The fall in price, meanwhile, was seen in imports from:
G Morocco (down by 0.9%).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 153
Table 9: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of mens trousers (Bull 874), 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro 000) 1 292,574 939,803 956,376 1,461,182 1,747,259 1,808,544 2,041,520 35.6 12.9 16.8
Volume (000 pieces) 1 55,795 271,662 201,710 314,445 402,275 391,423 426,602 44.8 9.0 9.4
Price (Euro/piece) 5.24 3.46 4.74 4.65 4.34 4.62 4.79 3.6 6.7
Bangladesh
Value (Euro 000) 2 315,023 508,275 658,307 611,971 649,920 739,223 743,866 13.0 0.6 7.9
Volume (000 pieces) 2 68,295 132,248 166,641 162,352 176,406 180,566 174,224 18.3 -3.5 5.7
Price (Euro/piece) 4.61 3.84 3.95 3.77 3.68 4.09 4.27 4.3 2.1
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 3 455,088 727,739 709,420 767,667 767,875 643,878 705,866 12.3 9.6 -0.6
Volume (000 pieces) 3 400,465 76,132 66,502 72,761 68,568 58,056 62,644 6.6 7.9 -3.8
Price (Euro/piece) 1.14 9.56 10.67 10.55 11.20 11.09 11.27 1.6 3.3
Tunisia
Value (Euro 000) 4 617,519 597,094 569,033 595,340 603,524 494,144 508,912 8.9 3.0 -3.1
Volume (000 pieces) 6 64,899 48,269 44,324 45,754 43,982 34,742 35,198 3.7 1.3 -6.1
Price (Euro/piece) 9.52 12.37 12.84 13.01 13.72 14.22 14.46 1.7 3.2
Pakistan
Value (Euro 000) 5 147,572 197,818 238,443 279,554 299,877 319,528 320,234 5.6 0.2 10.1
Volume (000 pieces) 4 31,640 42,200 48,813 55,687 58,991 63,269 59,480 6.2 -6.0 7.1
Price (Euro/piece) 4.66 4.69 4.88 5.02 5.08 5.05 5.38 6.6 2.8
Morocco
Value (Euro 000) 6 443,178 340,488 344,825 352,464 308,690 240,195 249,275 4.3 3.8 -6.0
Volume (000 pieces) 7 347,866 36,601 36,769 37,213 30,947 23,932 25,065 2.6 4.7 -7.3
Price (Euro/piece) 1.27 9.30 9.38 9.47 9.97 10.04 9.95 -0.9 1.3
India
Value (Euro 000) 7 63,667 119,582 188,021 206,628 216,698 208,897 195,047 3.4 -6.6 10.3
Volume (000 pieces) 5 17,748 33,784 39,848 45,662 45,745 41,634 36,314 3.8 -12.8 1.5
Price (Euro/piece) 3.59 3.54 4.72 4.53 4.74 5.02 5.37 7.0 8.7
Vietnam
Value (Euro 000) 8 42,418 68,371 123,043 132,218 133,054 113,238 131,288 2.3 15.9 13.9
Volume (000 pieces) 9 10,681 15,340 48,569 72,768 40,787 22,178 20,386 2.1 -8.1 5.9
Price (Euro/piece) 3.97 4.46 2.53 1.82 3.26 5.11 6.44 26.1 7.6
Sri Lanka
Value (Euro 000) 9 73,817 82,035 88,649 93,155 94,161 108,871 127,802 2.2 17.4 9.3
Volume (000 pieces) 8 171,408 14,144 15,299 17,773 18,837 21,293 23,685 2.5 11.2 10.9
Price (Euro/piece) 0.43 5.80 5.79 5.24 5.00 5.11 5.40 5.5 -1.4
Indonesia
Value (Euro 000) 10 88,688 98,180 129,986 114,201 118,831 116,372 100,607 1.8 -13.5 0.5
Volume (000 pieces) 10 11,255 17,043 23,582 18,408 18,348 16,878 14,199 1.5 -15.9 -3.6
Price (Euro/piece) 7.88 5.76 5.51 6.20 6.48 6.89 7.09 2.8 4.2
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 2,539,545 3,679,384 4,006,105 4,614,380 4,939,889 4,792,890 5,124,418 89.4 6.9 6.8
Volume (000 pieces) 1,180,052 687,423 692,056 842,823 904,885 853,971 877,798 92.2 2.8 5.0
Price (Euro/piece) 2.15 5.35 5.79 5.47 5.46 5.61 5.84 4.0 1.8
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 3,715,881 4,484,648 5,002,370 5,322,802 5,619,726 5,370,803 5,734,339 100.0 6.8 5.0
Volume (000 pieces) 1,389,742 814,719 846,098 950,008 1,001,978 929,135 952,483 100.0 2.5 3.2
Price (Euro/piece) 2.67 5.50 5.91 5.60 5.61 5.78 6.02 4.2 1.8
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
154 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
EU IMPORTS OF WOMENS TROUSERS
GENERAL TRENDS
EU imports of womens
trousers rose in value
terms by 4.9% to a record
high in 2010
EU imports of womens trousers (Bull 888) rose in value terms by
4.9% in 2010, from Euro5,834 mn to a record high of Euro6,119 mn
(US$8,106 mn). The rise represented a return to the long-term growth
trend after imports had fallen by 4.1% in 2009 (Table 10).
In volume, imports rose
for the eighth consecutive
year
In volume terms, imports increased by 3.8%from 1,385 mn pieces
to 1,438 mn pieces. The rise represented the eighth year of
consecutive growth.
The average import price
rose by 1.0% but
remained below the levels
seen during 2005-08
The average price of EU imports of womens trousers rose by
1.0%from Euro4.21 per piece to Euro4.26 per piece. However, the
rise followed a 4.6% decline in the previous year and the average
price remained below the levels seen during 2005-08.
THE TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
In 2010 the top ten
supplied 90.5% of imports
by value and 93.2% by
volume
In value terms, the top ten suppliers accounted for 90.5% of total EU
imports of womens trousers in 2010.
In volume terms, the same ten suppliers accounted for 93.2% of the
import total.
China continued to be the
leading supplier, followed
by Turkey, Bangladesh,
Tunisia, Morocco, India,
Vietnam, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka and Egypt
China continued to be the leading supplier with a 40.7% share of the
market in value terms and a 51.1% share in volume. The second
largest supplier was Turkey (with a 17.1% share in value and a
10.5% share in volume), followed by Bangladesh (8.9% share in
value, 13.0% share in volume), Tunisia (6.0% share in value,
2.3% share in volume), Morocco (5.6% share in value, 3.1% share in
volume), India (3.4% share in value, 4.4% share in volume), Vietnam
(2.7% share in value, 2.8% share in volume), Pakistan (2.5% share in
value, 2.7% share in volume), Sri Lanka (2.1% share in value,
2.2% share in volume) and Egypt (1.4% share in value, 1.2% share in
volume).
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
Pakistan and Bangladesh
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of womens trousers, the best
performers in 2010 included:
G Pakistan: up by 16.5% in value and 11.8% in volume; and
G Bangladesh: up by 13.2% in value and 8.1% in volume.
The worst performers
included Sri Lanka,
Tunisia and India
The worst performers included:
G Sri Lanka: down by 8.7% in value and 3.2% in volume;
G Tunisia: down by 1.2% in value but up by 4.5% in volume; and
G India: down by 0.6% in value and 11.1% in volume.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 155
Table 10: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of womens trousers (Bull 888), 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro 000) 1 491,302 1,386,929 1,469,770 2,090,992 2,387,597 2,396,714 2,488,646 40.7 3.8 12.4
Volume (000 pieces) 1 94,528 428,154 396,088 587,573 686,370 701,314 734,496 51.1 4.7 11.4
Price (Euro/piece) 5.20 3.24 3.71 3.56 3.48 3.42 3.39 -0.9 0.9
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 2 820,197 1,181,851 1,187,758 1,256,342 1,077,136 966,679 1,047,877 17.1 8.4 -2.4
Volume (000 pieces) 3 519,804 154,180 147,294 167,103 138,194 151,239 151,652 10.5 0.3 -0.3
Price (Euro/piece) 1.58 7.67 8.06 7.52 7.79 6.39 6.91 8.1 -2.1
Bangladesh
Value (Euro 000) 3 192,847 355,442 536,742 432,021 428,553 478,794 542,156 8.9 13.2 8.8
Volume (000 pieces) 2 42,454 106,712 157,009 141,551 151,742 172,490 186,437 13.0 8.1 11.8
Price (Euro/piece) 4.54 3.33 3.42 3.05 2.82 2.78 2.91 4.8 -2.7
Tunisia
Value (Euro 000) 4 441,875 375,379 363,423 379,602 419,090 369,857 365,537 6.0 -1.2 -0.5
Volume (000 pieces) 8 55,873 36,236 34,363 34,798 35,097 31,047 32,431 2.3 4.5 -2.2
Price (Euro/piece) 7.91 10.36 10.58 10.91 11.94 11.91 11.27 -5.4 1.7
Morocco
Value (Euro 000) 5 401,241 436,413 423,032 400,979 361,614 317,221 345,400 5.6 8.9 -4.6
Volume (000 pieces) 5 60,484 53,798 52,030 49,768 41,692 39,537 43,863 3.1 10.9 -4.0
Price (Euro/piece) 6.63 8.11 8.13 8.06 8.67 8.02 7.87 -1.9 -0.6
India
Value (Euro 000) 6 119,605 163,922 188,776 192,984 197,529 210,873 209,536 3.4 -0.6 5.0
Volume (000 pieces) 4 36,207 45,372 50,974 58,514 65,382 70,506 62,667 4.4 -11.1 6.7
Price (Euro/piece) 3.30 3.61 3.70 3.30 3.02 2.99 3.34 11.8 -1.5
Vietnam
Value (Euro 000) 7 25,079 56,555 115,903 144,902 155,066 149,976 164,622 2.7 9.8 23.8
Volume (000 pieces) 6 5,312 17,502 65,446 103,299 58,162 39,425 40,101 2.8 1.7 18.0
Price (Euro/piece) 4.72 3.23 1.77 1.40 2.67 3.80 4.11 7.9 4.9
Pakistan
Value (Euro 000) 8 105,509 134,599 156,456 128,603 117,566 130,661 152,222 2.5 16.5 2.5
Volume (000 pieces) 7 35,023 35,932 39,719 34,679 32,362 35,011 39,138 2.7 11.8 1.7
Price (Euro/piece) 3.01 3.75 3.94 3.71 3.63 3.73 3.89 4.2 0.8
Sri Lanka
Value (Euro 000) 9 68,311 110,646 139,004 133,680 152,043 143,333 130,884 2.1 -8.7 3.4
Volume (000 pieces) 9 301,955 21,871 27,895 31,672 35,480 32,957 31,905 2.2 -3.2 7.8
Price (Euro/piece) 0.23 5.06 4.98 4.22 4.29 4.35 4.10 -5.7 -4.1
Egypt
Value (Euro 000) 10 8,353 22,082 35,611 47,385 78,018 86,317 88,561 1.4 2.6 32.0
Volume (000 pieces) 10 2,211 2,811 5,546 7,572 13,504 15,188 17,871 1.2 17.7 44.8
Price (Euro/piece) 3.78 7.85 6.42 6.26 5.78 5.68 4.96 -12.8 -8.8
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 2,674,321 4,223,818 4,616,474 5,207,488 5,374,213 5,250,424 5,535,442 90.5 5.4 5.6
Volume (000 pieces) 1,153,849 902,568 976,364 1,216,530 1,257,985 1,288,715 1,340,562 93.2 4.0 8.2
Price (Euro/piece) 2.32 4.68 4.73 4.28 4.27 4.07 4.13 1.4 -2.5
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 3,857,817 5,207,313 5,803,564 6,049,572 6,085,724 5,834,127 6,119,432 100.0 4.9 3.3
Volume (000 pieces) 1,363,725 1,084,622 1,186,782 1,355,762 1,378,230 1,384,611 1,437,731 100.0 3.8 5.8
Price (Euro/piece) 2.83 4.80 4.89 4.46 4.42 4.21 4.26 1.0 -2.4
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
156 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Low price suppliers in 2010
included Bangladesh, India,
China, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
Vietnam and Egypt
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of womens trousers
imported from Bangladesh (Euro2.91 per piece), followed by those
from India (Euro3.34 per piece), China (Euro3.39 per piece), Pakistan
(Euro3.89 per piece), Sri Lanka (Euro4.10 per piece), Vietnam
(Euro4.11 per piece) and Egypt (Euro4.96 per piece).
while Tunisia sold at the
highest price
Average prices were highest in 2010 in the case of imports from
Tunisia (Euro11.27 per piece).
Medium price suppliers
included Morocco and
Turkey
Medium price suppliersdefined as those shipping at an average price
of Euro5-9 per pieceincluded Morocco (Euro7.87 per piece) and
Turkey (Euro6.91 per piece).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Five of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of five of the EUs top
ten suppliers of womens trousers in 2010.
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from India,
Turkey and Vietnam
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
G India (up by 11.8%);
G Turkey (up by 8.1%); and
G Vietnam (up by 7.9%).
while the steepest falls
in price were seen in
imports from Egypt, Sri
Lanka and Tunisia
The steepest falls in price, by contrast, were seen in imports from:
G Egypt (down by 12.8%);
G Sri Lanka (down by 5.7%); and
G Tunisia (down by 5.4%).
EU IMPORTS OF MENS DENIM TROUSERS
GENERAL TRENDS
EU imports of mens
denim trousers rose in
value terms by 9.7% in
2010
EU imports of mens denim trousers (HS subheading 62034231) rose
in value terms by 9.7% in 2010, from Euro1,777 mn to Euro1,950 mn
(US$2,583 mn) (Table 11). As a result, denim trousers accounted for
34.0% of EU imports of all trousers in 2010.
In volume, imports were
up by 4.8%
In volume terms, imports were up by 4.8%from 253 mn pieces to
265 mn pieces. The rise was the fourth in succession.
Their average price rose
by 4.7% to its highest
level for at least seven
years
The average price of EU imports of mens denim trousers increased
by 4.7%from Euro7.04 per piece to Euro7.37 per piece. The rise
followed two years of decline. However, the average price was still at
its highest level for at least seven years.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 157
Table 11: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of mens denim trousers (HS subheading 62034231), 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro 000) 1 7,577 147,650 146,372 260,294 387,673 458,983 547,226 28.1 19.2 30.0
Volume (000 pieces) 1 1,131 44,630 24,043 41,903 70,565 80,367 91,629 34.6 14.0 15.5
Price (Euro/piece) 6.70 3.31 6.09 6.21 5.49 5.71 5.97 4.6 12.5
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 2 148,892 330,435 310,281 353,093 386,676 339,104 375,620 19.3 10.8 2.6
Volume (000 pieces) 4 33,718 31,627 24,520 27,814 29,114 26,656 29,216 11.0 9.6 -1.6
Price (Euro/piece) 4.42 10.45 12.65 12.69 13.28 12.72 12.86 1.1 4.2
Bangladesh
Value (Euro 000) 3 61,863 164,299 210,558 199,963 229,831 275,489 294,097 15.1 6.8 12.3
Volume (000 pieces) 2 11,862 42,292 52,400 50,659 58,464 63,645 63,162 23.9 -0.8 8.4
Price (Euro/piece) 5.22 3.88 4.02 3.95 3.93 4.33 4.66 7.6 3.7
Tunisia
Value (Euro 000) 4 131,532 233,449 207,609 208,075 221,301 193,741 202,054 10.4 4.3 -2.8
Volume (000 pieces) 5 14,590 16,461 14,421 14,083 13,940 11,807 12,471 4.7 5.6 -5.4
Price (Euro/piece) 9.02 14.18 14.4 14.77 15.87 16.41 16.20 -1.3 2.7
Pakistan
Value (Euro 000) 5 46,361 92,009 114,074 141,936 173,323 192,725 191,225 9.8 -0.8 15.8
Volume (000 pieces) 3 8,401 18,549 21,856 26,786 31,293 35,980 33,187 12.5 -7.8 12.3
Price (Euro/piece) 5.52 4.96 5.22 5.30 5.54 5.36 5.76 7.6 3.0
Morocco
Value (Euro 000) 6 87,123 86,216 81,973 78,363 71,286 66,590 86,166 4.4 29.4 0.0
Volume (000 pieces) 6 136,512 8,203 7,546 7,073 6,365 6,037 8,114 3.1 34.4 -0.2
Price (Euro/piece) 0.64 10.51 10.86 11.08 11.20 11.03 10.62 -3.7 0.2
India
Value (Euro 000) 7 2,472 9,712 40,902 55,042 57,250 55,051 43,815 2.2 -20.4 35.2
Volume (000 pieces) 7 378 1,600 3,833 5,614 5,069 4,906 3,783 1.4 -22.9 18.8
Price (Euro/piece) 6.54 6.07 10.67 9.80 11.29 11.22 11.58 3.2 13.8
Egypt
Value (Euro 000) 8 5,674 13,467 13,392 20,751 30,786 34,591 35,660 1.8 3.1 21.5
Volume (000 pieces) 8 687 1,234 1,073 1,597 2,727 3,105 3,013 1.1 -3.0 19.5
Price (Euro/piece) 8.26 10.91 12.48 13.00 11.29 11.14 11.84 6.2 1.6
Sri Lanka
Value (Euro 000) 9 10,986 7,268 9,993 10,450 9,100 13,524 25,608 1.3 89.4 28.6
Volume (000 pieces) 9 1,280 1,049 1,374 1,534 1,274 1,721 2,860 1.1 66.2 22.2
Price (Euro/piece) 8.59 6.93 7.27 6.81 7.14 7.86 8.95 14.0 5.3
Mauritius
Value (Euro 000) 10 35,919 9,724 18,176 26,940 32,829 28,172 23,282 1.2 -17.4 19.1
Volume (000 pieces) 11 4,597 1,252 2,234 3,216 3,893 3,201 2,474 0.9 -22.7 14.6
Price (Euro/piece) 7.81 7.77 8.13 8.38 8.43 8.80 9.41 6.9 3.9
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 538,400 1,094,230 1,153,330 1,354,907 1,600,055 1,657,970 1,824,752 93.6 10.1 10.8
Volume (000 pieces) 213,155 166,899 153,301 180,279 222,705 237,425 249,911 94.4 5.3 8.4
Price (Euro/piece) 2.53 6.56 7.52 7.52 7.18 6.98 7.30 4.6 2.2
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 695,344 1,281,424 1,393,475 1,501,221 1,734,321 1,777,013 1,950,082 100.0 9.7 8.8
Volume (000 pieces) 292,764 195,125 194,371 205,561 241,160 252,528 264,712 100.0 4.8 6.3
Price (Euro/piece) 2.38 6.57 7.17 7.30 7.19 7.04 7.37 4.7 2.3
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
158 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
THE TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
In 2010 the top ten
supplied 93.6% of imports
by value and 94.4% by
volume
In value terms, the top ten suppliers accounted for 93.6% of total EU
imports of mens denim trousers in 2010.
In volume terms, the same ten suppliers accounted for 94.4% of the
import total.
China continued to be the
leading supplier, followed
by Turkey, Bangladesh,
Tunisia, Pakistan,
Morocco, India, Egypt,
Sri Lanka and Mauritius
China continued to be the leading supplier with a 28.1% share of the
market in value terms and a 34.6% share in volume. The second
largest supplier was Turkey (with a 19.3% share in value and an
11.0% share in volume), followed by Bangladesh (15.1% share in
value, 23.9% share in volume), Tunisia (10.4% share in value,
4.7% share in volume), Pakistan (9.8% share in value, 12.5% share in
volume), Morocco (4.4% share in value, 3.1% share in volume), India
(2.2% share in value, 1.4% share in volume), Egypt (1.8% share in
value, 1.1% share in volume), Sri Lanka (1.3% share in value,
1.1% share in volume) and Mauritius (1.2% share in value, 0.9% share
in volume).
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
Sri Lanka, Morocco and
China
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of mens denim trousers, the best
performers in 2010 included:
G Sri Lanka: up by an impressive 89.4% in value and 66.2% in
volume;
G Morocco: up by 29.4% in value and 34.4% in volume; and
G China: up by 19.2% in value and 14.0% in volume.
The worst performers
included India, Mauritius
and Pakistan
The worst performers included:
G India: down by 20.4% in value and 22.9% in volume;
G Mauritius: down by 17.4% in value and 22.7% in volume; and
G Pakistan: down by 0.8% in value and 7.8% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Bangladesh, Pakistan and
China sold at the lowest
average prices in 2010
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of mens denim
trousers imported from Bangladesh (Euro4.66 per piece), followed by
those from Pakistan (Euro5.76 per piece) and China (Euro5.97
per piece).
while Tunisia, Turkey,
Egypt, India and Morocco
sold at the highest
Average prices were highest in 2010 in the case of imports from
Tunisia (Euro16.20 per piece), followed by those from Turkey
(Euro12.86 per piece), Egypt (Euro11.84 per piece), India
(Euro11.58 per piece) and Morocco (Euro10.62 per piece).
Medium price suppliers
included Mauritius and
Sri Lanka
Medium price suppliersdefined as those shipping at an average price
of Euro6-10 per pieceincluded Mauritius (Euro9.41 per piece) and
Sri Lanka (Euro8.95 per piece).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 159
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Eight of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of eight of the EUs top
ten suppliers of mens denim trousers in 2010.
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from Sri Lanka,
Bangladesh and
Pakistan
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
G Sri Lanka (up by 14.0%);
G Bangladesh (up by 7.6%); and
G Pakistan (up by 7.6%).
while falls in price were
seen in imports from
Morocco and Tunisia
Falls in price, by contrast, were seen in imports from:
G Morocco (down by 3.7%); and
G Tunisia (down by 1.3%).
EU IMPORTS OF WOMENS DENIM TROUSERS
GENERAL TRENDS
EU imports of womens
denim trousers rose in
value terms by 6.6% in
2010
EU imports of womens denim trousers (HS subheading 62046231)
rose in value terms by 6.6% in 2010, from Euro1,323 mn to
Euro1,411 mn (US$1,869 mn) (Table 12). At this level, imports
accounted for 23.1% of total EU imports of trousers.
In volume imports rose by
a marginal 0.3%
In volume terms, imports rose by a marginal 0.3%from
220 mn pieces to 221 mn pieces.
The average import price
rose by 6.4% but
remained below the level
reached in 2007
The average price of EU imports of womens denim trousers increased
by 6.4%from Euro6.01 per piece to Euro6.39 per piece. This rise
came after two years of decline and, as a result, the average price
remained below the level reached in 2007.
THE TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
In 2010 the top ten
supplied 94.4% of imports
by value and 95.2% by
volume
In value terms, the top ten suppliers accounted for 94.4% of total EU
imports of womens denim trousers in 2010.
In volume terms, the same ten suppliers accounted for 95.2% of the
import total.
China continued to be the
leading supplier, followed
by Turkey, Bangladesh,
Tunisia, Pakistan,
Morocco, Egypt, the USA,
India and Vietnam
China continued to be the leading supplier with a 36.6% share of the
market in value terms and a 51.5% share in volume. The second
largest supplier was Turkey (with a 22.7% share in value and a
12.0% share in volume), followed by Bangladesh (8.4% share in
value, 13.0% share in volume), Tunisia (8.2% share in value,
3.4% share in volume), Pakistan (5.9% share in value, 7.2% share in
volume), Morocco (4.7% share in value, 3.6% share in volume), Egypt
(2.7% share in value, 1.9% share in volume), the USA (2.6% share in
value, 0.7% share in volume), India (1.7% share in value, 1.3% share
in volume) and Vietnam (0.9% share in value, 0.7% share in volume).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
160 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 12: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of womens denim trousers (HS subheading 62046231), 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro 000) 1 8,670 235,047 181,930 299,134 439,461 469,692 516,554 36.6 10.0 17.1
Volume (000 pieces) 1 1,028 87,916 42,629 59,334 110,281 116,033 113,659 51.5 -2.0 5.3
Price (Euro/piece) 8.44 2.67 4.27 5.04 3.98 4.05 4.54 12.3 11.2
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 2 58,753 300,380 310,807 352,102 321,985 273,776 320,530 22.7 17.1 1.3
Volume (000 pieces) 3 7,750 25,618 25,322 29,802 26,312 23,173 26,530 12.0 14.5 0.7
Price (Euro/piece) 7.58 11.73 12.27 11.81 12.24 11.81 12.08 2.3 0.6
Bangladesh
Value (Euro 000) 3 26,061 81,170 131,225 90,015 87,404 100,468 118,049 8.4 17.5 7.8
Volume (000 pieces) 2 4,921 21,015 32,674 23,912 23,477 26,354 28,726 13.0 9.0 6.5
Price (Euro/piece) 5.3 3.86 4.02 3.76 3.72 3.81 4.11 7.8 1.2
Tunisia
Value (Euro 000) 4 60,607 104,625 87,993 99,498 135,804 126,822 115,281 8.2 -9.1 2.0
Volume (000 pieces) 6 6,923 9,596 7,043 7,490 9,114 8,265 7,517 3.4 -9.0 -4.8
Price (Euro/piece) 8.75 10.9 12.49 13.28 14.90 15.34 15.34 -0.1 7.1
Pakistan
Value (Euro 000) 5 20,472 62,219 69,048 56,451 56,487 68,992 83,341 5.9 20.8 6.0
Volume (000 pieces) 4 3,827 12,730 13,204 10,463 11,312 13,937 15,834 7.2 13.6 4.5
Price (Euro/piece) 5.35 4.89 5.23 5.40 4.99 4.95 5.26 6.3 1.5
Morocco
Value (Euro 000) 6 31,338 70,976 66,674 68,558 66,672 73,883 65,903 4.7 -10.8 -1.5
Volume (000 pieces) 5 4,962 7,390 6,655 6,734 6,242 7,733 7,848 3.6 1.5 1.2
Price (Euro/piece) 6.32 9.60 10.02 10.18 10.68 9.55 8.40 -12.1 -2.7
Egypt
Value (Euro 000) 7 490 16,244 22,119 25,579 41,097 44,169 38,244 2.7 -13.4 18.7
Volume (000 pieces) 7 83 1,257 1,925 2,204 4,614 5,048 4,301 1.9 -14.8 27.9
Price (Euro/piece) 5.88 12.92 11.49 11.61 8.91 8.75 8.89 1.6 -7.2
USA
Value (Euro 000) 8 5,225 54,398 56,489 38,885 41,489 37,951 36,710 2.6 -3.3 -7.6
Volume (000 pieces) 12 247 1,199 1,117 935 1,562 1,826 1,451 0.7 -20.5 3.9
Price (Euro/piece) 21.15 45.38 50.57 41.60 26.56 20.78 25.3 21.7 -11.0
India
Value (Euro 000) 9 4,478 15,978 17,340 19,005 16,660 22,239 24,139 1.7 8.5 8.6
Volume (000 pieces) 8 565 3,038 2,902 3,882 2,629 3,269 2,941 1.3 -10.1 -0.6
Price (Euro/piece) 7.93 5.26 5.97 4.90 6.34 6.80 8.21 20.7 9.3
Vietnam
Value (Euro 000) 10 657 1,865 5,015 4,465 5,259 11,349 12,577 0.9 10.8 46.5
Volume (000 pieces) 11 96 782 11,651 11,906 1,722 1,390 1,478 0.7 6.3 13.6
Price (Euro/piece) 6.85 2.38 0.43 0.38 3.05 8.16 8.51 4.2 29.0
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 216,751 942,902 948,639 1,053,693 1,212,319 1,229,341 1,331,328 94.4 8.3 7.1
Volume (000 pieces) 30,402 170,540 145,123 156,661 197,266 207,029 210,285 95.2 1.6 4.3
Price (Euro/piece) 7.13 5.53 6.54 6.73 6.15 5.94 6.33 6.6 2.7
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 329,004 1,112,837 1,178,646 1,205,086 1,322,613 1,323,016 1,410,692 100.0 6.6 4.9
Volume (000 pieces) 131,045 205,581 192,301 184,432 214,937 220,319 220,882 100.0 0.3 1.4
Price (Euro/piece) 2.51 5.41 6.13 6.53 6.15 6.01 6.39 6.4 3.4
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 161
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
Pakistan, Bangladesh and
Turkey
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of womens denim trousers, the
best performers in 2010 included:
G Pakistan: up by 20.8% in value and 13.6% in volume;
G Bangladesh: up by 17.5% in value and 9.0% in volume; and
G Turkey: up by 17.1% in value and 14.5% in volume.
The worst performers
included Egypt, Morocco
and Tunisia
The worst performers included:
G Egypt: down by 13.4% in value and 14.8% in volume;
G Morocco: down by 10.8% in value but up by 1.5% in volume; and
G Tunisia: down by 9.1% in value and 9.0% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Bangladesh, China and
Pakistan sold at the lowest
average prices in 2010
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of womens denim
trousers imported from Bangladesh (Euro4.11 per piece), followed by
those from China (Euro4.54 per piece) and Pakistan (Euro5.26
per piece).
while the USA, Tunisia
and Turkey sold at the
highest
Average prices were highest in 2010 in the case of imports from the
USA (Euro25.30 per piece), followed by those from Tunisia
(Euro15.34 per piece) and Turkey (Euro12.08 per piece).
Medium price suppliers
included Egypt, Vietnam,
Morocco and India
Medium price suppliersdefined as those shipping at an average price
of Euro6-10 per pieceincluded Egypt (Euro8.89 per piece), Vietnam
(Euro8.51 per piece), Morocco (Euro8.40 per piece) and India
(Euro8.21 per piece).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Eight of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of eight of the EUs top
ten suppliers of womens denim trousers in 2010.
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from the USA,
India and China
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
G the USA (up by 21.7%);
G India (up by 20.7%); and
G China (up by 12.3%).
while falls in price were
seen in imports from
Morocco and Tunisia
Falls in price, by contrast, were seen in imports from:
G Morocco (down by 12.1%); and
G Tunisia (down by just 0.1%).
EU IMPORTS OF WOMENS BLOUSES
GENERAL TRENDS
Imports of womens blouses
are considered sensitive
Imports of womens blouses (Bull 820) are considered to be highly
sensitive as far as the EU industry is concerned.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
12
Imports covered by the former Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) constitute the bulk of textile and clothing
imports into the EU. The MFA was used to regulate a large proportion of EU textile and clothing imports by
means of quotas or quantitative restrictions. The quotas were normally agreed bilaterally during negotiations
between a supplying country and an importing country. Each quota specified the quantity of exports of a
particular product (or group of products) which the specific supplying country was permitted to ship to the
importing country in a given year. The MFA was followed by the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
(ATC), which came into force on January 1, 1995. The ATC provided for the complete phasing out of
quotas on textile and clothing trade between World Trade Organization (WTO) members by December 31,
2004. However, the EU is technically permitted to apply or maintain quotas restricting imports from
countries which are not members of the WTO.
162 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
and were tightly restricted
over several decades
Consequently, they were tightly restricted over several decades by
quotas under the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA)
12
.
As a result, market shares
remained almost frozen
Because quota controls were long-established, market shares remained
almost frozen. As a result, many of the leading suppliers of blouses
remained unchanged for several years, although this is starting to
change.
Significantly, they grew stron-
gly after quota elimination
Significantly, imports grew strongly following the abolition of quotas
on December 31, 2004.
In 2010, however, EU
imports rose only slowly,
having declined in the
previous year
In 2010, however, imports of womens blouses rose in value terms by
a fairly modest 2.5%, from Euro3,268 mn to Euro3,349 mn
(US$4,436 mn), having declined by 1.8% in the previous year
(Table 13). Prior to 2009, imports had increased at double digit rates
in three out of the four years to 2008.
And in volume terms,
imports declined for the
second year in a row
In volume terms, imports actually fell in 2010, by 2.9%, from 797
mn pieces to 774 mn pieces, having also fallen in 2009. However,
imports remained above the levels seen prior to 2008.
The average price rose by
5.5% to its highest level
since 2006
The average price of EU imports of womens blouses rose by 5.5% in
2010from Euro4.10 per piece to Euro4.33 per piece. This rise came
after three years of consecutive decline. Nevertheless, the average
price was still at its highest level since 2006.
THE TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
In 2010 the top ten
supplied 93.4% of imports
by value and 94.0% by
volume
In value terms, the leading ten suppliers accounted for as much as
93.4% of total EU imports of womens blouses in 2010.
In volume terms, the same ten suppliers accounted for 94.0% of the
import total.
China remained the
leading supplier in 2010,
followed by India, Turkey
Bangladesh, Morocco,
Macedonia, Tunisia,
Indonesia, Sri Lanka and
Vietnam
China remained the leading supplier with a 30.4% share of the market
in value terms and a 30.7% share in volume. The second largest
supplier was India (with a 22.0% share both in value and volume),
followed by Turkey (18.7% share in value, 17.4% share in volume),
Bangladesh (6.2% share in value, 11.3% share in volume), Morocco
(6.1% share in value, 4.3% share in volume), Macedonia (2.6% share
in value, 2.1% share in volume), Tunisia (2.4% share in value,
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 163
1.4% share in volume), Indonesia (2.2% share in value, 1.9% share in
volume), Sri Lanka (1.6% share in value, 1.4% share in volume) and
Vietnam (1.3% share in value, 1.6% share in volume).
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
Vietnam, Indonesia and
China
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of womens blouses, the best
performers in 2010 included:
G Vietnam: up by 10.4% in value and 0.7% in volume;
G Indonesia: up by 9.4% in value but down by 5.1% in volume; and
G China: up by 7.3% in value and 4.2% in volume.
The worst performers
included Macedonia,
Morocco and Tunisia
The worst performers included:
G Macedonia: down by 17.3% in value and 27.0% in volume;
G Morocco: down by 5.1% in value and up by 1.6% in volume; and
G Tunisia: down by 2.7% in value and 3.8% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Bangladesh, Vietnam,
China, India, Turkey and
Sri Lanka sold at the
lowest average prices in
2010
Average prices were lowest in the case of womens blouses imported
from Bangladesh (Euro2.36 per piece), followed by those from
Vietnam (Euro3.57 per piece), China (Euro4.29 per piece), India
(Euro4.33 per piece), Turkey (Euro4.65 per piece) and Sri Lanka
(Euro4.82 per piece).
Tunisia and Morocco sold
at the highest
Average prices were highest in the case of imports from Tunisia
(Euro7.58 per piece) followed by those from Morocco
(Euro6.16 per piece).
Medium price suppliers
included Macedonia and
Indonesia
Medium price suppliers in 2010defined as those shipping at an
average price of Euro5-6 per pieceincluded Macedonia
(Euro5.20 per piece) and Indonesia (Euro5.13 per piece).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Nine of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of nine of the EUs top
ten suppliers of womens blouses in 2010.
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from Indonesia,
Macedonia, India and
Vietnam
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
G Indonesia (up by 15.3%);
G Macedonia (up by 13.2%);
G India (up by 13.1%); and
G Vietnam (up by 9.6%).
while the fall in price
was seen in imports from
Morocco
The fall in price, meanwhile, was seen in imports from:
G Morocco (down by 6.6%).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
164 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 13: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of womens blouses (Bull 820), 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro 000) 1 268,820 492,334 526,941 675,340 882,542 950,068 1,019,543 30.4 7.3 15.7
Volume (000 pieces) 1 36,973 123,810 106,156 135,306 203,716 227,925 237,593 30.7 4.2 13.9
Price (Euro/piece) 7.27 3.98 4.96 4.99 4.33 4.17 4.29 2.9 1.5
India
Value (Euro 000) 2 213,467 465,681 578,976 557,745 622,586 713,103 736,382 22.0 3.3 9.6
Volume (000 pieces) 2 54,979 110,974 136,407 138,826 157,419 186,212 170,019 22.0 -8.7 8.9
Price (Euro/piece) 3.88 4.20 4.24 4.02 3.95 3.83 4.33 13.1 0.6
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 3 240,426 443,516 539,099 715,408 696,536 616,453 624,837 18.7 1.4 7.1
Volume (000 pieces) 3 53,236 95,513 116,532 155,834 156,799 139,992 134,405 17.4 -4.0 7.1
Price (Euro/piece) 4.52 4.64 4.63 4.59 4.44 4.40 4.65 5.6 0.0
Bangladesh
Value (Euro 000) 4 69,427 88,958 124,794 147,036 175,970 195,182 206,143 6.2 5.6 18.3
Volume (000 pieces) 4 19,206 39,728 54,426 68,641 87,510 85,982 87,328 11.3 1.6 17.1
Price (Euro/piece) 3.61 2.24 2.29 2.14 2.01 2.27 2.36 4.0 1.1
Morocco
Value (Euro 000) 5 163,781 117,400 183,596 244,448 257,554 213,657 202,764 6.1 -5.1 11.5
Volume (000 pieces) 5 27,013 20,323 27,922 39,067 35,964 32,411 32,942 4.3 1.6 10.1
Price (Euro/piece) 6.06 5.78 6.58 6.26 7.16 6.59 6.16 -6.6 1.3
Macedonia
Value (Euro 000) 6 47,768 61,507 64,139 114,485 119,595 104,574 86,462 2.6 -17.3 7.0
Volume (000 pieces) 6 9,743 8,597 8,456 25,604 27,436 22,756 16,621 2.1 -27.0 14.1
Price (Euro/piece) 4.90 7.15 7.58 4.47 4.36 4.60 5.20 13.2 -6.2
Tunisia
Value (Euro 000) 7 77,576 57,211 68,848 88,133 88,071 81,491 79,322 2.4 -2.7 6.8
Volume (000 pieces) 10 11,041 8,279 9,804 12,759 12,644 10,874 10,460 1.4 -3.8 4.8
Price (Euro/piece) 7.03 6.91 7.02 6.91 6.97 7.49 7.58 1.2 1.9
Indonesia
Value (Euro 000) 8 64,031 46,320 64,693 74,309 72,437 67,920 74,320 2.2 9.4 9.9
Volume (000 pieces) 7 10,685 11,265 17,202 19,500 18,091 15,264 14,483 1.9 -5.1 5.2
Price (Euro/piece) 5.99 4.11 3.76 3.81 4.00 4.45 5.13 15.3 4.5
Sri Lanka
Value (Euro 000) 9 69,223 37,103 42,378 47,637 53,674 53,720 53,985 1.6 0.5 7.8
Volume (000 pieces) 9 16,968 8,328 9,879 11,741 12,366 11,446 11,195 1.4 -2.2 6.1
Price (Euro/piece) 4.08 4.46 4.29 4.06 4.34 4.69 4.82 2.7 1.6
Vietnam
Value (Euro 000) 10 11,966 15,853 25,719 32,355 39,718 40,089 44,243 1.3 10.4 22.8
Volume (000 pieces) 8 3,116 6,844 23,483 23,658 17,814 12,306 12,396 1.6 0.7 12.6
Price (Euro/piece) 3.84 2.32 1.10 1.37 2.23 3.26 3.57 9.6 9.0
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 1,226,485 1,825,882 2,219,183 2,696,895 3,008,682 3,036,257 3,128,002 93.4 3.0 11.4
Volume (000 pieces) 242,960 433,661 510,268 630,935 729,759 745,168 727,443 94.0 -2.4 10.9
Price (Euro/piece) 5.05 4.21 4.35 4.27 4.12 4.07 4.30 5.5 0.4
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 1,807,870 2,162,161 2,629,939 3,092,112 3,326,198 3,267,782 3,349,216 100.0 2.5 9.1
Volume (000 pieces) 335,968 503,665 604,730 721,872 803,179 796,529 773,668 100.0 -2.9 9.0
Price (Euro/piece) 5.38 4.29 4.35 4.28 4.14 4.10 4.33 5.5 0.2
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 165
EU IMPORTS OF MENS SHIRTS
GENERAL TRENDS
Imports of mens shirts
are sensitive in the EU
market and were subject
to rigid quotas up to the
end of 2004
Imports of mens shirts (Bull 817), like those of blouses, are regarded
as sensitive in the EU market. Consequently, they were subject to
rigid quota controls before the elimination of quotas on a global scale
at the end of 2004. Such quotas had a major impact on the pattern of
market shares, and that pattern lingers today.
In 2010 EU imports rose
in value terms by 9.2% to
reach a record high
In 2010 EU imports of mens shirts rose in value by 9.2%, from
Euro3,251 mn to Euro3,550 mn (US$4,703 mn). The rise followed a
6.9% drop in 2009. Nevertheless, imports reached a record high
(Table 14).
In volume, imports grew by
5.1% but fell short of the
levels reached in 2007-08
In volume terms, imports grew by 5.1%, from 745 mn pieces to
784 mn pieces. However, imports fell well short of the levels reached
in 2007 and 2008.
The average import price
rose by 3.9% to its highest
level for at least seven
years
The average price of EU imports of mens shirts rose by 3.9% in
2010from Euro4.36 per piece to Euro4.53 per piece. The rise was
the third in succession and, as a result, it was at its highest level for
at least seven years.
THE TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
In 2010 the top ten
supplied 87.3% of total
imports by value and
89.5% by volume
In value terms, the leading ten supplying countries accounted for as
much as 87.3% of total EU imports of mens shirts in 2010. In
volume, the same ten suppliers accounted for 89.5% of the import
total.
China continued to be the
leading supplier followed
by Bangladesh, India,
Turkey, Vietnam,
Indonesia, Tunisia,
Morocco, Macedonia and
Pakistan
China continued to be the leading supplier with a 29.7% share of the
market in value terms and a 29.8% share in volume. The second largest
supplier was Bangladesh (with a 17.5% share in value and a 28.6%
share in volume), followed by India (12.6% share in value, 12.0% share
in volume), Turkey (11.8% share in value, 6.7% share in volume),
Vietnam (3.6% share in value, 4.1% share in volume), Indonesia (3.5%
share in value, 2.8% share in volume), Tunisia (3.1% share in value,
1.3% share in volume), Morocco (2.3% share in value, 1.2% share in
volume), Macedonia (1.8% share in value, 0.9% share in volume) and
Pakistan (1.5% share in value, 2.1% share in volume).
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
Pakistan, China and
Bangladesh
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of mens shirts, the best performers
in 2010 included:
G Pakistan: up by an impressive 36.5% in value and 30.5% in
volume;
G China: up by 12.4% in value and 2.4% in volume; and
G Bangladesh: up by 10.9% in value and 4.8% in volume.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
166 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 14: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of mens shirts (Bull 817), 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro 000) 1 264,225 554,437 741,064 961,863 1,000,662 938,552 1,055,171 29.7 12.4 13.7
Volume (000 pieces) 1 49,725 157,004 211,119 279,660 270,340 227,997 233,537 29.8 2.4 8.3
Price (Euro/piece) 5.31 3.53 3.51 3.44 3.70 4.12 4.52 9.8 5.1
Bangladesh
Value (Euro 000) 2 540,607 431,262 476,111 485,431 519,639 561,267 622,380 17.5 10.9 7.6
Volume (000 pieces) 2 180,282 177,630 191,851 208,344 224,796 213,885 224,164 28.6 4.8 4.8
Price (Euro/piece) 3.00 2.43 2.48 2.33 2.31 2.62 2.78 5.8 2.7
India
Value (Euro 000) 3 254,992 299,918 374,159 415,457 425,639 419,586 448,966 12.6 7.0 8.4
Volume (000 pieces) 3 51,041 68,170 79,858 90,045 93,408 95,219 93,678 12.0 -1.6 6.6
Price (Euro/piece) 5.00 4.40 4.69 4.61 4.56 4.41 4.79 8.8 1.7
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 4 240,156 415,523 435,041 503,587 462,319 392,624 417,495 11.8 6.3 0.1
Volume (000 pieces) 4 80,139 56,210 54,539 63,217 57,876 46,973 52,344 6.7 11.4 -1.4
Price (Euro/piece) 3.00 7.39 7.98 7.97 7.99 8.36 7.98 -4.6 1.5
Vietnam
Value (Euro 000) 5 102,623 90,893 110,691 110,718 120,756 122,780 128,384 3.6 4.6 7.2
Volume (000 pieces) 5 20,014 20,718 28,717 31,941 29,231 26,213 31,984 4.1 22.0 9.1
Price (Euro/piece) 5.13 4.39 3.85 3.47 4.13 4.68 4.01 -14.3 -1.8
Indonesia
Value (Euro 000) 6 159,648 114,370 125,370 110,867 116,789 111,334 122,988 3.5 10.5 1.5
Volume (000 pieces) 6 27,640 27,036 29,013 23,501 23,888 21,494 22,072 2.8 2.7 -4.0
Price (Euro/piece) 5.78 4.23 4.32 4.72 4.89 5.18 5.57 7.6 5.7
Tunisia
Value (Euro 000) 7 106,532 104,161 109,740 121,034 126,429 107,625 108,875 3.1 1.2 0.9
Volume (000 pieces) 8 11,470 10,219 10,508 11,041 11,813 9,622 9,822 1.3 2.1 -0.8
Price (Euro/piece) 9.29 10.19 10.44 10.96 10.7 11.18 11.08 -0.9 1.7
Morocco
Value (Euro 000) 8 131,326 109,504 113,036 124,804 110,998 79,888 80,922 2.3 1.3 -5.9
Volume (000 pieces) 10 21,505 14,161 16,149 15,759 13,495 9,670 9,629 1.2 -0.4 -7.4
Price (Euro/piece) 6.11 7.73 7.00 7.92 8.22 8.26 8.40 1.7 1.7
Macedonia
Value (Euro 000) 9 61,961 69,571 83,537 87,168 77,013 60,002 62,347 1.8 3.9 -2.2
Volume (000 pieces) 13 8,026 7,057 8,222 9,218 8,220 6,715 7,024 0.9 4.6 -0.1
Price (Euro/piece) 7.72 9.86 10.16 9.46 9.37 8.93 8.88 -0.7 -2.1
Pakistan
Value (Euro 000) 10 25,435 31,719 43,717 46,923 43,489 38,405 52,419 1.5 36.5 10.6
Volume (000 pieces) 7 7,218 11,357 15,448 15,763 15,262 12,758 16,650 2.1 30.5 8.0
Price (Euro/piece) 3.52 2.79 2.83 2.98 2.85 3.01 3.15 4.6 2.4
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 1,887,505 2,221,358 2,612,465 2,967,851 3,003,732 2,832,063 3,099,946 87.3 9.5 6.9
Volume (000 pieces) 457,060 549,562 645,423 748,488 748,329 670,547 700,904 89.5 4.5 5.0
Price (Euro/piece) 4.13 4.04 4.05 3.97 4.01 4.22 4.42 4.7 1.8
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 2,937,458 2,754,762 3,190,273 3,490,417 3,493,128 3,250,790 3,550,412 100.0 9.2 5.2
Volume (000 pieces) 903,002 656,070 758,942 848,392 841,130 745,227 783,564 100.0 5.1 3.6
Price (Euro/piece) 3.25 4.20 4.20 4.11 4.15 4.36 4.53 3.9 1.5
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 167
The worst performers
included Tunisia and
Morocco
The worst performers included:
G Tunisia: up by only 1.2% in value and 2.1% in volume; and
G Morocco: up by only 1.3% in value and down by 0.4% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Bangladesh, Pakistan,
Vietnam, China and India
sold at the lowest average
prices in 2010
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of mens shirts
imported from Bangladesh (Euro2.78 per piece), followed by those
from Pakistan (Euro3.15 per piece), Vietnam (Euro4.01 per piece),
China (Euro4.52 per piece) and India (Euro4.79 per piece).
while Tunisia sold at the
highest
Average prices were highest in the case of imports from Tunisia
(Euro11.08 per piece).
Medium price suppliers
included Macedonia,
Morocco, Turkey and
Indonesia
Medium price suppliersdefined as those shipping at an average price
of Euro5-9 per pieceincluded Macedonia (Euro8.88 per piece),
Morocco (Euro8.40 per piece), Turkey (Euro7.98 per piece) and
Indonesia (Euro5.57 per piece).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Six of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of six of the EUs top ten
suppliers of mens shirts in 2010.
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from China, India
and Indonesia
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
G China (up by 9.8%);
G India (up by 8.8%); and
G Indonesia (up by 7.6%).
while the steepest falls
in price were seen in
imports from Vietnam
and Turkey
The steepest falls in price, by contrast, were seen in imports from:
G Vietnam (down by 14.3%); and
G Turkey (down by 4.6%).
EU IMPORTS OF WOMENS OVERCOATS
GENERAL TRENDS
EU imports of womens
overcoats rose in value
terms by 7.8% to a record
high in 2010
Imports of womens overcoats (Bull 806) rose in value by 7.8%
between 2009 and 2010, from Euro2,907 mn to a record high of
Euro3,133 mn (US$4,150 mn) (Table 15). The rise represented a
recovery following a 3.9% decline in 2009.
In volume terms, however,
imports fell for the second
consecutive year
In volume terms, however, imports fell by a further 5.0%from
303 mn pieces to 288 mn piecesfollowing a 10.0% decline in the
previous year. As a result, imports fell to their lowest level for at least
seven years.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
168 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 15: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of womens overcoats (Bull 806), 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro 000) 1 384,567 1,663,218 1,904,870 1,957,912 2,189,305 2,117,571 2,270,188 72.5 7.2 6.4
Volume (000 pieces) 1 84,789 230,924 237,056 244,999 260,951 234,869 217,734 75.5 -7.3 -1.2
Price (Euro/piece) 4.54 7.20 8.04 7.99 8.39 9.02 10.43 15.6 7.7
Vietnam
Value (Euro 000) 2 129,642 95,463 111,864 128,598 153,124 152,459 166,981 5.3 9.5 11.8
Volume (000 pieces) 3 7,888 8,071 16,830 19,170 15,548 13,998 12,706 4.4 -9.2 9.5
Price (Euro/piece) 16.44 11.83 6.65 6.71 9.85 10.89 13.14 20.7 2.1
Morocco
Value (Euro 000) 3 38,795 63,469 68,084 87,352 101,553 96,496 104,648 3.3 8.4 10.5
Volume (000 pieces) 6 2,910 3,583 3,356 3,904 6,350 4,079 4,527 1.6 11.0 4.8
Price (Euro/piece) 13.33 17.71 20.29 22.38 15.99 23.66 23.12 -2.3 5.5
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 4 79,422 125,927 105,743 131,404 116,171 83,035 96,398 3.1 16.1 -5.2
Volume (000 pieces) 4 5,560 11,511 10,014 12,632 11,058 8,223 8,167 2.8 -0.7 -6.6
Price (Euro/piece) 14.28 10.94 10.56 10.40 10.51 10.10 11.80 16.9 1.5
Indonesia
Value (Euro 000) 5 229,957 76,998 81,830 59,133 73,275 73,496 77,095 2.5 4.9 0.0
Volume (000 pieces) 5 15,107 7,225 8,751 5,834 6,812 6,874 6,821 2.4 -0.8 -1.1
Price (Euro/piece) 15.22 10.66 9.35 10.14 10.76 10.69 11.30 5.7 1.2
Bangladesh
Value (Euro 000) 6 88,180 39,162 53,574 39,008 44,708 52,017 73,155 2.3 40.6 13.3
Volume (000 pieces) 2 11,248 7,936 11,302 8,038 9,639 10,405 12,983 4.5 24.8 10.3
Price (Euro/piece) 7.84 4.93 4.74 4.85 4.64 5.00 5.63 12.7 2.7
Ukraine
Value (Euro 000) 7 45,650 44,979 39,359 41,292 47,692 36,396 35,263 1.1 -3.1 -4.8
Volume (000 pieces) 14 2,099 1,900 1,537 1,599 1,833 1,387 1,331 0.5 -4.1 -6.9
Price (Euro/piece) 21.75 23.67 25.60 25.83 26.02 26.24 26.50 1.0 2.3
Cambodia
Value (Euro 000) 8 7,473 13,038 16,293 16,157 19,891 20,744 29,506 0.9 42.2 17.7
Volume (000 pieces) 7 1,016 2,176 2,420 2,573 3,298 3,063 4,357 1.5 42.3 14.9
Price (Euro/piece) 7.35 5.99 6.73 6.28 6.03 6.77 6.77 0.0 2.5
India
Value (Euro 000) 9 23,868 27,975 30,538 28,179 33,897 31,693 26,866 0.9 -15.2 -0.8
Volume (000 pieces) 8 1,791 3,049 3,240 3,364 4,135 4,113 3,165 1.1 -23.0 0.8
Price (Euro/piece) 13.33 9.18 9.43 8.38 8.20 7.70 8.49 10.2 -1.5
Tunisia
Value (Euro 000) 10 38,422 28,346 23,972 22,943 19,887 23,684 25,900 0.8 9.4 -1.8
Volume (000 pieces) 17 2,487 1,427 984 937 728 824 793 0.3 -3.7 -11.1
Price (Euro/piece) 15.45 19.87 24.35 24.48 27.31 28.75 32.65 13.6 10.4
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 1,065,978 2,178,575 2,436,128 2,511,980 2,799,504 2,687,591 2,906,000 92.8 8.1 5.9
Volume (000 pieces) 134,894 277,802 295,491 303,050 320,353 287,836 272,585 94.5 -5.3 -0.4
Price (Euro/piece) 7.90 7.84 8.24 8.29 8.74 9.34 10.66 14.2 6.3
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 1,535,409 2,415,504 2,692,516 2,760,242 3,024,271 2,906,643 3,132,970 100.0 7.8 5.3
Volume (000 pieces) 245,649 301,130 321,546 322,897 337,037 303,485 288,334 100.0 -5.0 -0.9
Price (Euro/piece) 6.25 8.02 8.37 8.55 8.97 9.58 10.87 13.5 6.3
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 169
The average import price,
meanwhile, rose by a hefty
13.5%
The average price of imported womens overcoats, meanwhile, rose
by a hefty 13.5% in 2010, from Euro9.58 per piece to Euro10.87
per piece.
THE TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
The top ten supplied 92.8%
of imports by value and
94.5% by volume in 2010
In value terms, the leading ten suppliers accounted for 92.8% of total
EU imports of womens overcoats in 2010. In volume terms, the same
ten suppliers accounted for 94.5% of the import total.
China continued to be the
leading supplier, followed
by Vietnam, Morocco,
Turkey, Indonesia,
Bangladesh, Ukraine,
Cambodia, India and
Tunisia
China continued to be the leading supplier with a 72.5% share of the
market in value terms and a 75.5% share in volume. The second
largest supplier, at some distance, was Vietnam (with a 5.3% share in
value and a 4.4% share in volume), followed by Morocco (3.3% share
in value, 1.6% share in volume), Turkey (3.1% share in value,
2.8% share in volume), Indonesia (2.5% share in value, 2.4% share in
volume), Bangladesh (2.3% share in value, 4.5% share in volume),
Ukraine (1.1% share in value, 0.5% share in volume), Cambodia
(0.9% share in value, 1.5% share in volume), India (0.9% share in
value, 1.1% share in volume) and Tunisia (0.8% share in value,
0.3% share in volume).
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
Cambodia and Bangladesh
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of womens overcoats, the best
performers in 2010 included:
G Cambodia: up by 42.2% in value and 42.3% in volume; and
G Bangladesh: up by 40.6% in value and 24.8% in volume.
The worst performers
included India and
Ukraine
The worst performers included:
G India: down by 15.2% in value and 23.0% in volume; and
G Ukraine: down by 3.1% in value and 4.1% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Bangladesh, Cambodia,
India, China, Indonesia,
Turkey and Vietnam sold
at the lowest average
prices in 2010
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of womens overcoats
imported from Bangladesh (Euro5.63 per piece), followed by those
from Cambodia (Euro6.77 per piece), India (Euro8.49 per piece),
China (Euro10.43 per piece), Indonesia (Euro11.30 per piece), Turkey
(Euro11.80 per piece) and Vietnam (Euro13.14 per piece).
while Tunisia, Ukraine
and Morocco sold at the
highest
Average prices were highest in the case of imports from Tunisia
(Euro32.65 per piece), followed by those from Ukraine
(Euro26.50 per piece) and Morocco (Euro23.12 per piece).
There were no medium
price suppliers among the
top ten in 2010
There were no medium price suppliers in 2010defined as those
shipping at an average price of Euro15-20 per piece.
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Eight of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of eight of the EUs top
ten suppliers of womens overcoats in 2010.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
170 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from Vietnam,
Turkey and China
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
G Vietnam (up by 20.7%);
G Turkey (up by 16.9%); and
G China (up by 15.6%).
while the steepest fall in
price was seen in imports
from Morocco
The steepest fall in price, meanwhile, was seen in imports from:
G Morocco (down by 2.3%).
EU IMPORTS OF WOMENS DRESSES
GENERAL TRENDS
EU imports of womens
dresses continued to surge
in 2010, having grown in
value terms by 22.3%
EU imports of womens dresses (Bull 886B) continued to surge in
2010, having grown in value terms by a significant 22.3%, from
Euro2,811 mn to Euro3,438 mn (US$4,554 mn) (Table 16). The rise
represented the fifth consecutive year of double digit growth. As a
result, imports in 2010 were worth almost four times as much as in
2005.
In volume, imports were
up by 20.5%
In volume terms, imports rose by 20.5%from 424 mn pieces to
510 mn pieces. As in the case of value, the rise in volume in 2010
came after strong increases between 2005 and 2009.
The average price
increased by 1.5% but
remained below the
average prices recorded
during 2006-08
The average price of EU imports of womens dresses increased by
1.5% in 2010from Euro6.64 per piece to Euro6.74 per piece.
However, this remained below the average prices recorded during
2006-08.
THE TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
In 2010 the top ten
accounted for 92.5% of
imports by value and
93.0% by volume
In value terms, the top ten suppliers accounted for 92.5% of total EU
imports of dresses in 2010.
In volume terms, the same ten suppliers accounted for 93.0% of the
import total.
China continued to be the
leading supplier, followed
by India, Turkey,
Morocco, Tunisia,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Indonesia, Switzerland
and the USA
China continued to be the leading supplier with a 46.3% share of the
market in value terms and a 45.0% share in volume. The second
largest supplier was India (with a 16.5% share in value and a
19.1% share in volume), followed by Turkey (12.7% share in value,
11.8% share in volume), Morocco (6.6% share in value, 5.6% share
in volume), Tunisia (2.9% share in value, 1.9% share in volume),
Bangladesh (2.6% share in value, 6.2% share in volume), Sri Lanka
(1.4% share in value, 1.8% share in volume), Indonesia (1.3% share
in value, 1.3% share in volume), Switzerland (1.1% share in value,
0.1% share in volume) and the USA (1.1% share in value, 0.3% share
in volume).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 171
Table 16: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of womens dresses (Bull 886B), 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro 000) 1 196,629 301,108 411,611 593,955 910,380 1,261,227 1,590,331 46.3 26.1 39.5
Volume (000 pieces) 1 18,623 42,857 31,221 51,605 112,087 178,665 229,652 45.0 28.5 39.9
Price (Euro/piece) 10.56 7.03 13.18 11.51 8.12 7.06 6.92 -1.9 -0.3
India
Value (Euro 000) 2 140,445 168,688 245,316 367,231 413,179 506,735 568,590 16.5 12.2 27.5
Volume (000 pieces) 2 20,579 31,297 40,607 67,425 75,071 93,270 97,294 19.1 4.3 25.5
Price (Euro/piece) 6.82 5.39 6.04 5.45 5.50 5.43 5.84 7.6 1.6
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 3 110,158 107,562 184,940 360,284 276,830 323,222 437,066 12.7 35.2 32.4
Volume (000 pieces) 3 18,229 14,667 23,401 52,371 36,306 44,686 60,102 11.8 34.5 32.6
Price (Euro/piece) 6.04 7.33 7.90 6.88 7.62 7.23 7.27 0.5 -0.2
Morocco
Value (Euro 000) 4 73,358 64,861 116,768 175,971 189,631 205,499 225,762 6.6 9.9 28.3
Volume (000 pieces) 5 10,110 8,679 14,100 22,007 21,593 25,932 28,794 5.6 11.0 27.1
Price (Euro/piece) 7.26 7.47 8.28 8.00 8.78 7.92 7.84 -1.1 1.0
Tunisia
Value (Euro 000) 5 48,415 33,646 42,064 67,808 73,948 79,428 101,149 2.9 27.3 24.6
Volume (000 pieces) 6 6,753 3,786 4,412 7,440 7,094 7,603 9,637 1.9 26.7 20.5
Price (Euro/piece) 7.17 8.89 9.53 9.11 10.42 10.45 10.50 0.5 3.4
Bangladesh
Value (Euro 000) 6 14,358 13,864 25,569 50,797 55,914 74,173 89,491 2.6 20.7 45.2
Volume (000 pieces) 4 4,099 6,675 9,712 18,172 23,693 29,874 31,831 6.2 6.5 36.7
Price (Euro/piece) 3.50 2.08 2.63 2.80 2.36 2.48 2.81 13.2 6.2
Sri Lanka
Value (Euro 000) 7 41,515 15,747 20,421 30,747 36,022 34,850 47,809 1.4 37.2 24.9
Volume (000 pieces) 7 12,749 3,653 4,189 6,812 7,415 6,931 9,128 1.8 31.7 20.1
Price (Euro/piece) 3.26 4.31 4.87 4.51 4.86 5.03 5.24 4.2 4.0
Indonesia
Value (Euro 000) 8 36,837 14,512 24,104 35,095 31,025 36,916 43,473 1.3 17.8 24.5
Volume (000 pieces) 8 5,846 2,561 5,145 7,101 5,230 5,649 6,427 1.3 13.8 20.2
Price (Euro/piece) 6.30 5.67 4.69 4.94 5.93 6.53 6.76 3.5 3.6
Switzerland
Value (Euro 000) 9 5,854 11,586 18,193 30,732 40,746 40,306 38,426 1.1 -4.7 27.1
Volume (000 pieces) 29 99 132 122 180 212 350 368 0.1 5.3 22.8
Price (Euro/piece) 59.15 87.91 148.90 170.54 192.23 115.30 104.36 -9.5 3.5
USA
Value (Euro 000) 10 25,283 21,916 29,322 43,881 44,271 38,105 37,722 1.1 -1.0 11.5
Volume (000 pieces) 18 730 701 963 1,338 1,386 1,425 1,394 0.3 -2.2 14.7
Price (Euro/piece) 34.63 31.26 30.45 32.80 31.95 26.74 27.06 1.2 -2.8
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 692,853 753,491 1,118,308 1,756,500 2,071,945 2,600,460 3,179,819 92.5 22.3 33.4
Volume (000 pieces) 97,817 115,006 133,873 234,450 290,087 394,386 474,627 93.0 20.3 32.8
Price (Euro/piece) 7.08 6.55 8.35 7.49 7.14 6.59 6.70 1.6 0.4
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 970,033 882,574 1,310,513 2,072,171 2,307,785 2,811,072 3,438,168 100.0 22.3 31.3
Volume (000 pieces) 136,123 135,349 166,273 293,986 323,761 423,575 510,214 100.0 20.5 30.4
Price (Euro/piece) 7.13 6.52 7.88 7.05 7.13 6.64 6.74 1.5 0.7
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
172 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
Sri Lanka, Turkey,
Tunisia and China
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of womens dresses, the best
performers in 2010 included:
G Sri Lanka: up by 37.2% in value and 31.7% in volume;
G Turkey: up by 35.2% in value and 34.5% in volume;
G Tunisia: up by 27.3% in value and 26.7% in volume; and
G China: up by 26.1% in value and 28.5% in volume.
The worst performers
included Switzerland and
the USA
The worst performers included:
G Switzerland: down by 4.7% in value but up by 5.3% in volume;
and
G the USA: down by 1.0% in value and 2.2% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and
India sold at the lowest
average prices in 2010
Average import prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of womens
dresses imported from Bangladesh (Euro2.81 per piece), followed by
those from Sri Lanka (Euro5.24 per piece) and India
(Euro5.84 per piece).
while Switzerland, the
USA and Tunisia sold at
the highest
Average prices were highest in the case of imports from Switzerland
(Euro104.36 per piece), followed by those from the USA
(Euro27.06 per piece) and Tunisia (Euro10.50 per piece).
Medium price suppliers
included Morocco, Turkey,
China and Indonesia
Medium price suppliersdefined as those shipping at an average price
of Euro6-10 per pieceincluded Morocco (Euro7.84 per piece),
Turkey (Euro7.27 per piece), China (Euro6.92 per piece) and
Indonesia (Euro6.76 per piece).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Seven of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of seven of the EUs top
ten suppliers of womens dresses in 2010.
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from Bangladesh
and India
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
G Bangladesh (up by 13.2%); and
G India (up by 7.6%).
while the steepest fall in
price was seen in imports
from Switzerland
The steepest fall in price, meanwhile, was seen in imports from:
G Switzerland (down by 9.5%).
EU IMPORTS OF WOMENS SKIRTS
GENERAL TRENDS
EU imports of womens
skirts fell in value terms
by 5.0% in 2010
EU imports of womens skirts (Bull 886C) fell in value by 5.0% in
2010from Euro1,072 mn to Euro1,019 mn (US$1,350 mn)
(Table 17). This was the fourth fall in succession, although it
represented a slowdown following declines of 7.2% in 2009, 23.0%
in 2008 and 16.8% in 2007.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 173
In volume, imports fell by
3.9%
In volume terms, imports fell by 3.9%from 199 mn pieces to
191 mn pieces. This decline was the fifth in a row. Again, however,
it represented a slowdown on the declines witnessed in previous years.
The average unit price
fell by 1.1%
The average price of imports of womens skirts fell by 1.1% in 2010,
from Euro5.39 per piece to Euro5.33 per piece, having risen by 4.1%
in the previous year.
THE TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
In 2010 the top ten
accounted for 93.0% of
imports by value and
94.6% by volume
In value terms, the top ten suppliers accounted for 93.0% of total EU
imports of womens skirts in 2010.
In volume terms, the same ten suppliers accounted for 94.6% of the
import total.
China continued to be the
leading supplier followed
by Turkey, India,
Morocco, Tunisia,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Macedonia, Vietnam and
Indonesia
China continued to be the leading supplier with a 42.7% share of the
market in value terms and a 47.1% share in volume. The second
largest supplier was Turkey (with a 15.7% share in value and a
12.3% share in volume), followed by India (10.7% share in value,
11.3% share in volume), Morocco (7.6% share in value, 5.9% share
in volume), Tunisia (4.3% share in value, 2.4% share in volume),
Bangladesh (3.6% share in value, 7.1% share in volume), Sri Lanka
(3.5% share in value, 4.3% share in volume), Macedonia (1.9% share
in value, 1.0% share in volume), Vietnam (1.8% share in value,
2.1% share in volume) and Indonesia (1.2% share in value, 1.2% share
in volume).
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010 included
Morocco, Bangladesh,
Vietnam and Turkey
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of womens skirts, the best
performers in 2010 included:
G Morocco: up by 13.7% in value and 20.2% in volume;
G Bangladesh: up by 6.8% in value and 9.0% in volume;
G Vietnam: up by 5.1% in value but down by 11.9% in volume; and
G Turkey: up by 1.6% in value and 12.5% in volume.
The worst performers
included India, Indonesia,
China and Macedonia
The worst performers included:
G India: down by 17.0% in value and 19.7% in volume;
G Indonesia: down by 6.4% in value but up by 1.4% in volume;
G China: down by 6.3% in both value and volume; and
G Macedonia: down by 6.1% in value and 7.2% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Vietnam, China, India and
Indonesia sold at the lowest
average prices in 2010
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of womens skirts
imported from Bangladesh (Euro2.73 per piece), followed by those
from Sri Lanka (Euro4.31 per piece), Vietnam (Euro4.52 per piece),
China (Euro4.84 per piece), India (Euro5.03 per piece) and Indonesia
(Euro5.23 per piece).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
174 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 17: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of womens skirts (Bull 886C), 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro 000) 1 302,550 662,544 738,118 651,819 499,534 464,036 434,977 42.7 -6.3 -8.1
Volume (000 pieces) 1 60,219 140,650 143,832 148,471 113,683 96,002 89,944 47.1 -6.3 -8.6
Price (Euro/piece) 5.02 4.71 5.13 4.39 4.39 4.83 4.84 0.1 0.5
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 2 131,147 286,408 261,206 230,789 165,536 157,407 159,847 15.7 1.6 -11.0
Volume (000 pieces) 2 19,627 40,054 32,922 30,617 22,344 20,970 23,600 12.3 12.5 -10.0
Price (Euro/piece) 6.68 7.15 7.93 7.54 7.41 7.51 6.77 -9.8 -1.1
India
Value (Euro 000) 3 78,279 346,052 330,724 199,179 147,420 131,222 108,870 10.7 -17.0 -20.6
Volume (000 pieces) 3 15,005 58,556 54,885 36,469 28,624 26,946 21,629 11.3 -19.7 -18.1
Price (Euro/piece) 5.22 5.91 6.03 5.46 5.15 4.87 5.03 3.4 -3.2
Morocco
Value (Euro 000) 4 113,033 157,299 131,518 103,767 82,493 68,490 77,842 7.6 13.7 -13.1
Volume (000 pieces) 5 17,607 20,443 16,842 13,078 10,097 9,448 11,355 5.9 20.2 -11.1
Price (Euro/piece) 6.42 7.69 7.81 7.93 8.17 7.25 6.86 -5.4 -2.3
Tunisia
Value (Euro 000) 5 81,540 78,354 74,800 67,521 54,766 45,750 44,163 4.3 -3.5 -10.8
Volume (000 pieces) 7 11,778 8,858 7,999 7,011 5,061 4,264 4,492 2.4 5.3 -12.7
Price (Euro/piece) 6.92 8.85 9.35 9.63 10.82 10.73 9.83 -8.4 2.1
Bangladesh
Value (Euro 000) 6 9,736 29,981 39,292 37,750 32,610 34,606 36,949 3.6 6.8 4.3
Volume (000 pieces) 4 2,637 10,177 13,390 14,226 13,957 12,414 13,537 7.1 9.0 5.9
Price (Euro/piece) 3.69 2.95 2.93 2.65 2.34 2.79 2.73 -2.1 -1.5
Sri Lanka
Value (Euro 000) 7 25,859 27,318 34,262 32,260 32,042 37,347 35,255 3.5 -5.6 5.2
Volume (000 pieces) 6 76,724 5,732 6,738 7,006 7,255 8,938 8,176 4.3 -8.5 7.4
Price (Euro/piece) 0.34 4.77 5.08 4.60 4.42 4.18 4.31 3.2 -2.0
Macedonia
Value (Euro 000) 8 9,215 10,613 14,249 22,681 20,344 20,612 19,348 1.9 -6.1 12.8
Volume (000 pieces) 11 1,356 1,299 1,416 2,221 1,949 2,015 1,869 1.0 -7.2 7.6
Price (Euro/piece) 6.79 8.17 10.06 10.21 10.44 10.23 10.35 1.2 4.8
Vietnam
Value (Euro 000) 9 6,809 7,723 15,466 16,154 15,720 17,077 17,954 1.8 5.1 18.4
Volume (000 pieces) 8 1,989 2,308 6,533 14,627 5,759 4,506 3,972 2.1 -11.9 11.5
Price (Euro/piece) 3.42 3.35 2.37 1.10 2.73 3.79 4.52 19.3 6.2
Indonesia
Value (Euro 000) 10 21,153 11,901 14,243 11,674 12,888 12,814 11,997 1.2 -6.4 0.2
Volume (000 pieces) 9 4,926 3,282 3,538 2,430 2,477 2,262 2,293 1.2 1.4 -6.9
Price (Euro/piece) 4.29 3.63 4.03 4.80 5.20 5.66 5.23 -7.6 7.6
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 779,323 1,618,193 1,653,880 1,373,594 1,063,354 989,361 947,203 93.0 -4.3 -10.2
Volume (000 pieces) 211,868 291,360 288,096 276,155 211,205 187,766 180,867 94.6 -3.7 -9.1
Price (Euro/piece) 3.68 5.55 5.74 4.97 5.03 5.27 5.24 -0.6 -1.2
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 943,362 1,749,147 1,800,732 1,498,960 1,154,728 1,072,011 1,018,628 100.0 -5.0 -10.2
Volume (000 pieces) 235,101 313,436 310,060 292,300 223,062 198,914 191,150 100.0 -3.9 -9.4
Price (Euro/piece) 4.01 5.58 5.81 5.13 5.18 5.39 5.33 -1.1 -0.9
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 175
Macedonia sold at the
highest average price
Average prices were highest in the case of imports from Macedonia
(Euro10.35 per piece).
Medium price suppliers
included Tunisia, Morocco
and Turkey
Medium price suppliersdefined as those shipping at average prices
of Euro6-10 per pieceincluded Tunisia (Euro9.83 per piece),
Morocco (Euro6.86 per piece) and Turkey (Euro6.77 per piece).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Five of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of five of the EUs top
ten suppliers of womens skirts in 2010.
The fastest increase in
price was witnessed in
imports from Vietnam
The fastest increase in price was witnessed in imports from:
G Vietnam (up by 19.3%).
while the steepest falls
in price were seen in
imports from Turkey,
Tunisia and Indonesia
The steepest falls in price, by contrast, were seen in imports from:
G Turkey (down by 9.8%);
G Tunisia (down by 8.4%); and
G Indonesia (down by 7.6%).
EU IMPORTS OF WOMENS SUITS
GENERAL TRENDS
Womens suits include co-
ordinates sold as a package
Womens suits (Bull 879) include coordinates sold as a package at
retail.
EU imports of these items
rose in value terms by
3.5% in 2010, but
remained well below the
levels seen prior to 2009
In value terms, EU imports of these items rose by 3.5% in
2010from Euro66 mn to Euro69 mn (US$91 mn). However, the rise
followed declines of 22.5% in 2009, 29.0% in 2008 and 15.3% in
2007. As a result, imports were still at their second lowest level in at
least seven years (Table 18).
In volume imports were
up for the second year in
succession but remained
relatively low
In volume terms, imports of womens suits rose by 9.3%, from
10.2 mn pieces to 11.1 mn pieces. The rise was the second in
succession. However, imports remained below the levels seen prior to
2008.
The average import price
fell by 5.3%
The average price of imports of womens suits fell by 5.3%, from
Euro6.50 per piece to Euro6.15 per piecewhich was the lowest price
ever recorded.
THE TOP TEN SUPPLYING COUNTRIES
In 2010 the top ten supplied
92.4% of imports in value
terms and 94.7% in volume
In value terms, the top ten suppliers accounted for 92.4% of total EU
imports of womens suits in 2010. In volume terms, the same ten
suppliers accounted for as much as 94.7% of the import total.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
176 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Table 18: EU: top ten suppliers
a
of womens suits (Bull 879), 2000-10
Annual
average
% change
Rank % share 2009- 2005-
2010 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010
China
Value (Euro 000) 1 71,520 69,323 89,706 72,149 44,455 29,552 30,514 44.5 3.3 -15.1
Volume (000 pieces) 1 5,363 10,423 10,526 10,313 5,816 6,040 5,966 53.5 -1.2 -10.6
Price (Euro/piece) 13.34 6.65 8.52 7.00 7.64 4.89 5.11 4.5 -5.1
India
Value (Euro 000) 2 2,795 5,092 5,563 7,182 6,589 7,497 10,243 14.9 36.6 15.0
Volume (000 pieces) 2 551 620 656 834 819 1,005 2,096 18.8 108.5 27.6
Price (Euro/piece) 5.07 8.22 8.47 8.61 8.05 7.46 4.89 -34.5 -9.9
Turkey
Value (Euro 000) 3 11,927 15,020 12,989 9,669 9,070 8,084 7,041 10.3 -12.9 -14.1
Volume (000 pieces) 3 1,286 1,812 1,398 1,328 1,218 879 689 6.2 -21.6 -17.6
Price (Euro/piece) 9.27 8.29 9.29 7.28 7.44 9.20 10.22 11.1 4.3
Tunisia
Value (Euro 000) 4 6,687 4,281 3,212 4,792 4,378 3,420 3,981 5.8 16.4 -1.4
Volume (000 pieces) 7 257 149 151 299 267 223 171 1.5 -23.3 2.9
Price (Euro/piece) 26.04 28.81 21.32 16.01 16.40 15.33 23.27 51.8 -4.2
Morocco
Value (Euro 000) 5 5,367 2,111 2,649 2,794 2,131 1,719 3,636 5.3 111.5 11.5
Volume (000 pieces) 6 386 213 353 287 138 132 299 2.7 127.1 7.1
Price (Euro/piece) 13.91 9.93 7.50 9.72 15.45 13.06 12.16 -6.9 4.1
USA
Value (Euro 000) 6 1,338 1,221 1,954 1,449 2,295 1,814 2,374 3.5 30.8 14.2
Volume (000 pieces) 12 36 35 135 38 59 48 59 0.5 22.4 10.8
Price (Euro/piece) 36.88 34.65 14.45 37.79 39.17 37.75 40.35 6.9 3.1
Pakistan
Value (Euro 000) 7 906 2,012 2,638 2,938 1,967 2,627 2,286 3.3 -13.0 2.6
Volume (000 pieces) 5 136 525 593 724 590 784 537 4.8 -31.5 0.4
Price (Euro/piece) 6.65 3.83 4.45 4.06 3.33 3.35 4.25 27.0 2.1
Bangladesh
Value (Euro 000) 8 121 318 531 1,027 363 469 1,570 2.3 234.9 37.6
Volume (000 pieces) 4 39 110 260 408 126 90 657 5.9 630.0 43.1
Price (Euro/piece) 3.12 2.90 2.04 2.52 2.89 5.21 2.39 -54.1 -3.8
Switzerland
Value (Euro 000) 9 2,986 9,224 5,028 4,700 4,149 3,015 945 1.4 -68.7 -36.6
Volume (000 pieces) 23 31 54 19 28 26 12 10 0.1 -10.3 -28.0
Price (Euro/piece) 97.81 169.86 262.34 167.18 160.60 258.03 90.17 -65.1 -11.9
Hong Kong
Value (Euro 000) 10 2,002 2,502 3,947 1,196 760 453 814 1.2 79.9 -20.1
Volume (000 pieces) 10 106 751 833 113 77 50 75 0.7 49.5 -36.8
Price (Euro/piece) 18.86 3.33 4.74 10.61 9.92 8.97 10.79 20.3 26.5
Total of above
Value (Euro 000) 105,649 111,104 128,215 107,894 76,157 58,651 63,404 92.4 8.1 -10.6
Volume (000 pieces) 8,191 14,691 14,925 14,373 9,136 9,263 10,560 94.7 14.0 -6.4
Price (Euro/piece) 12.90 7.56 8.59 7.51 8.34 6.33 6.00 -5.2 -4.5
All extra-EU
Value (Euro 000) 143,621 135,193 142,088 120,380 85,495 66,281 68,614 100.0 3.5 -12.7
Volume (000 pieces) 10,506 16,487 16,292 15,575 10,037 10,202 11,149 100.0 9.3 -7.5
Price (Euro/piece) 13.67 8.20 8.72 7.73 8.52 6.50 6.15 -5.3 -5.6
a
Ranked according to value of imports in 2010.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 177
China continued to be the
leading supplier followed
by India, Turkey, Tunisia,
Morocco, the USA,
Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Switzerland and Hong
Kong
China continued to be the leading supplier with a 44.5% share of the
market in value terms and a 53.5% share in volume. The second
largest supplier was India (with a 14.9% share in value and an
18.8% share in volume), followed by Turkey (10.3% share in value,
6.2% share in volume), Tunisia (5.8% share in value, 1.5% share in
volume), Morocco (5.3% share in value, 2.7% share in volume), the
USA (3.5% share in value, 0.5% share in volume), Pakistan
(3.3% share in value, 4.8% share in volume), Bangladesh (2.3% share
in value, 5.9% share in volume), Switzerland (1.4% share in value,
0.1% share in volume) and Hong Kong (1.2% share in value,
0.7% share in volume).
BEST AND WORST PERFORMERS
The best performers
among the top ten
suppliers in 2010
included Bangladesh,
Morocco, Hong Kong,
India and the USA
Among the EUs top ten suppliers of womens suits, the best
performers in 2010 included:
G Bangladesh: up by a massive 234.9% in value and 630.0% in
volume;
G Morocco: up by 111.5% in value and 127.1% in volume;
G Hong Kong: up by 79.9% in value and 49.5% in volume;
G India: up by 36.6% in value and by 108.5% in volume; and
G the USA: up by 30.8% in value and 22.4% in volume.
The worst performers
included Switzerland,
Pakistan and Turkey
The worst performers included:
G Switzerland: down by 68.7% in value and 10.3% in volume;
G Pakistan: down by 13.0% in value and 31.5% in volume; and
G Turkey: down by 12.9% in value and 21.6% in volume.
HIGHEST AND LOWEST IMPORT PRICES
Bangladesh, Pakistan,
India and China sold at
the lowest average prices
in 2010
Average prices were lowest in 2010 in the case of womens suits
imported from Bangladesh (Euro2.39 per piece), followed by those
from Pakistan (Euro4.25 per piece), India (Euro4.89 per piece) and
China (Euro5.11 per piece).
while Switzerland, the
USA and Tunisia sold at
the highest
Average prices were highest in the case of imports from Switzerland
(Euro90.17 per piece), followed by those from the USA (Euro40.35
per piece) and Tunisia (Euro23.27 per piece).
Medium price suppliers
included Morocco, Hong
Kong and Turkey
Medium price suppliersdefined as those shipping at an average price
of Euro9-15 per pieceincluded Morocco (Euro12.16 per piece),
Hong Kong (Euro10.79 per piece) and Turkey (Euro10.22 per piece).
BIGGEST PRICE MOVEMENTS
Six of the top ten achieved
price increases in 2010
Average import prices increased in the case of six of the EUs top ten
suppliers of womens suits in 2010.
The fastest increases in
price were witnessed in
imports from Tunisia,
Pakistan and Hong
Kong
The fastest increases in price were witnessed in imports from:
G Tunisia (up by 51.8%);
G Pakistan (up by 27.0%); and
G Hong Kong (up by 20.3%).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
13
The EU15 comprises Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK.
178 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
while the steepest falls
in price were seen in
imports from Switzerland,
Bangladesh and India
The steepest falls in price, by contrast, were seen in imports from:
G Switzerland (down by 65.1%);
G Bangladesh (down by 54.1%); and
G India (down by 34.5%).
APPENDIX
EXCHANGE RATES
Changes in Asian
exchange rates are
presented in Table 19
Data showing trends in the average exchange rates of selected Asian
countries and the US dollar against the euro for the period from 1997
to the first quarter of 2010 are presented in Table 19.
Table 19: Trends in average exchange rates against the euro: the USA and selected Asian countries, 1997-2011
(units of currency per euro)
1 qtr
1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
China 9.37 9.29 7.62 7.41 7.80 9.35 10.28 10.20 10.01 10.42 10.22 9.52 8.98 9.00
Hong Kong 8.75 8.70 7.17 6.98 7.35 8.80 9.68 9.68 9.76 10.70 11.47 10.80 10.31 10.65
India 41.03 46.31 41.38 42.23 45.78 52.60 56.24 54.80 56.77 56.41 63.54 67.27 60.59 61.89
Indonesia 3,287 11,239 7,712 9,122 8,786 9,688 11,102 12,076 11,510 12,538 14,133 14,407 12,056 12,174
Japan 136.7 146.9 99.3 108.8 118.1 131.0 134.4 136.8 146.1 161.2 152.3 130.2 116.5 112.6
Malaysia 3.18 4.40 3.50 3.40 3.58 4.29 4.72 4.71 4.61 4.71 4.89 4.90 4.28 4.17
Pakistan 46.37 50.52 49.65 55.22 56.14 65.20 72.48 74.17 75.77 83.33 103.3 113.8 113.1 117.0
Philippines 33.30 45.89 40.76 45.67 48.65 61.28 69.64 68.53 64.41 63.09 65.11 66.24 59.81 59.88
South Korea 1,075 1,572 1,041 1,154 1,174 1,347 1,423 1,275 1,198 1,274 1,604 1,772 1,533 1,531
Sri Lanka 66.67 72.49 70.83 80.05 90.11 109.0 125.7 124.9 130.6 151.6 159.2 160.2 150.0 151.4
Taiwan 31.05 38.42 28.73 30.24 32.52 38.82 41.44 39.98 40.85 45.03 46.26 45.99 41.81 40.09
Thailand 35.44 46.42 37.03 39.83 40.54 46.94 50.02 50.05 47.57 44.24 48.43 47.78 42.09 41.79
USA 1.13 1.12 0.92 0.90 0.94 1.13 1.24 1.24 1.26 1.37 1.47 1.39 1.33 1.37
Source: Pacific Exchange Rate Services.
EFFECT OF QUOTA LIBERALISATION ON IMPORTS
In 1995, the first year of
quota liberalisation under
the ATC, imports were
almost static
During 1995the first year of the quota liberalisation process under
the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC)EU15
13
imports of
textiles and clothing covered by the former Multi-Fibre Arrangement
(MFAsee page 162) were almost static: value growth was only
2.8% and volume growth was zero. This came after a year of solid
growth in 1994when imports rose by 7.2% in value and by 14.9%
in volume.
Although import growth
accelerated in 1996 and
surged in 1997
In 1996 imports rose by 6.6% in both value and volume. And during
1997 the rate of import growth increased further with imports
climbing by 16.7% in value and by 11.3% in volume. However, this
acceleration largely reflected an increase in EU domestic demand and
economic recovery in 1997. It was unlikely to have been due to the
MFA phase-out, as no quotas were removed during 1997.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 179
it returned to more
moderate levels in 1998
In 1998 growth returned to more moderate levels, as in 1996. Imports
grew in 1998 by 6.1% in value terms and by 7.5% in volume.
and slowed further in
1999
In 1999 import growth slowed further. In value terms imports grew by
4.5%. In volume, they rose by 5.8% over the same period.
In 2000 imports rose
significantly
In 2000 imports rose in volume by 8.1%. And in value terms they
surged by as much as 16.1%.
But growth slowed in
2001
But in 2001 import growth slowed to more moderate rates of 4.5% in
value and 6.6% in volume.
and in 2002 imports fell
in value and grew more
slowly in volume
By 2002 the upward trend was arrested as imports fell in value by
0.3%from Euro65.24 bn to Euro65.03 bn. In volume terms, imports
grew by a slower 4.9%, from 6.02 mn tons to 6.32 mn tons.
In 2003 the decline in im-
port value continued but
volume growth almost
doubled
The decline in the value of imports continued in 2003, as imports fell
by 0.8%from Euro65.03 bn to Euro64.52 bn. In volume terms,
however, imports grew by 9.6%almost twice as fast as in
2002from 6.32 mn tons to 6.92 mn tons.
indicating falling unit
values and greater compe-
tition among suppliers
The fact that imports rose substantially in volume while falling in
value is indicative of a considerable decline in unit values and greater
competition among suppliers.
In 2004 the decline in
value was reversed
In 2004 the decline in import value, which started in 2002, was
reversed with an increase of 3.4% to Euro66.7 bn.
But imports grew more
than twice as fast in
volume, thus indicating a
further decline in the
average price
In volume terms imports rose to 7.44 mn tons. This amount was 7.5%
more than in the previous year, which represented a slight slowdown
in growth. Nonetheless, with import volume growing more than twice
as fast as import value, it is clear that a further significant fall in
average import prices took place in 2004.
In 2005, following the
global elimination of
quotas, EU15 imports fell,
surprisingly
In 2005, the first year after the global elimination of quotas, import
trends were surprisingly subdued. In value terms EU15 textile and
clothing imports fell by 0.7% to Euro66.3 bn. In volume terms they
fell by as much as 3.4%. Moreover, this was the first fall in ten years.
Also, the average price of
EU15 imports rose for the
first time in five years
although it was still lower
than at any time during this
period apart from in 2004
As a result of these developments, the average price of EU15 textile
and clothing imports actually rose in 2005for the first time in five
yearsfrom Euro8.97 per kg to Euro9.22 per kg.
Nonetheless, it was still lower than at any other time during this
five-year periodapart from in 2004.
Furthermore, the average
price of EU27 imports fell to
its lowest level on record
Furthermore, the average price of EU27 textile and clothing imports
fell to Euro7.08 per kgwhich was the lowest level on record.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
180 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
THE IMPACT OF CHINAS ACCESSION TO THE WTO
Chinas accession to the
WTO provided a bonanza
The accession of China to the WTO in 2001 provided the country
with a bonanza.
In 1995 quotas had been
lifted on imports from
WTO member countries
In 1995, under the ATC, quotas had been removed on exports of a
number of categories from WTO member countries, but China did not
benefit from the quota removal as it was not a member of the WTO.
In 1998 more products
were removed from quota
and growth rates raised
but China did not benefit
In 1998 a further batch of products was removed from quota, and the
rates of growth of remaining quotas were uplifted. Again, however,
China did not benefit from this further lifting of quotas and its quota
growth rates remained unchanged.
When China did join the
WTO in 2001 it benefited
from accumulated
liberalisation since 1995
But when China did join the WTO in 2001, it was allowed to benefit
immediately from the accumulated effects of the quota liberalisation
measures which had taken place since January 1995. The benefits
included:
including the elimination
of some quotas
G the elimination of quotas on those products which had already
been made quota-free for WTO members; and
and enlargement of the
rest
G the annual enlargement of quotas on remaining products, from
which WTO members had been benefiting since 1995.
China gained from seven
years of liberalisation
overnight
Thus the benefits of the quota phase-out accrued to China overnight
whereas other suppliers had gained them only gradually over seven
years (1995-2001).
which facilitated a
surge in shipments to the
EU in 2002-04
These benefits facilitated a surge in Chinese textile and clothing
shipments to the EU in 2002, which was followed by another surge
in 2003 and a further hike in 2004.
The growth in Chinese
shipments was faster in
volume than in value,
indicating falling average
prices
However, the rises in shipments were greater in volume than in value,
indicating falling average prices. In 2002 EU textile and clothing
imports from China soared by 33.9% in volume terms, but in value
terms the rise was only 11.4%. In 2003 the increase was 31.1% in
volume but only 9.1% in value.
In 2004 EU imports from
China grew by 17.7% in
volume and 14.8% in value
In 2004 EU imports from China again grew faster in volume than in
value, indicating falling average prices. In volume terms imports were
up by 17.7% whereas in value terms they grew by a slower 14.8%.
As a result, their average
price fell by 2.5% to only
Euro7.90 per kg, which
was 32.5% lower than in
2001
As a result, the average price of imports from China declined by 2.5%
to only Euro7.90 per kg.
At this level, the average import price was 32.5% less than in 2001,
when it had stood as high as Euro11.71 per kg.
Falling prices have
displaced competing
suppliers
The downward price movement had a significant effect on the EU
import market as a whole, and caused a major displacement of
competing suppliers. The problems were particularly acute in the
markets for product categories which were freed from quotas in 2002.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
14
Ten categories of EU textile and clothing imports from China were subject to safeguard restrictions
between mid-2005 and the end of 2007, namely: certain woven fabrics made of cotton (Category 2); knitted
shirts, T-shirts and lightweight fine knitted jumpers and pullovers (Category 4); jerseys and pullovers
(Category 5); woven trousers (Category 6); blouses (Category 7); woven bed linen (Category 20); dresses
(Category 26); brassires (Category 31); woven table and kitchen linen (Category 39); and flax and ramie
yarn (Category 115).
15
Eight categories of EU textile and clothing imports from China were subject to a joint surveillance system
in 2008 namely: knitted shirts, T-shirts and lightweight fine knitted jumpers and pullovers (Category 4);
jerseys and pullovers (Category 5); woven trousers (Category 6); blouses (Category 7); woven bed linen
(Category 20); dresses (Category 26); brassires (Category 31); and flax and ramie yarn (Category 115).
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 181
Despite this, there was an
upturn in the average
price of imports from
China in 2005
Despite this, however, there was an upturn in 2005. At Euro8.21
per kg, the average price of textile and clothing imports from China
was up by 3.9%, thereby more than reversing a 2.5% drop in 2004.
The rise in 2005 came about because growth in the value of imports
from China (41.4%) was faster than the increase in volume (36.1%).
There was also a rise in
2006 as the imposition of
safeguard quotas reduced
availability while demand
increased
There was also some upward pressure on prices in 2006 as the
imposition of safeguard quotas on a number of Chinese products led
to a reduction in supplycombined with a sudden increase in demand
as buyers sought supplies before the quotas became fully utilised. As
a result, the average price of EU25 imports from China rose by 6.8%
in 2006, from Euro7.95 per kg to Euro8.48 per kg.
But downward pressure
returned in 2007 as Chinese
quotas were unfilled
In 2007, however, downward pressure returned as buyers realised that
Chinese quotas had not been fully utilised. As a result, the average
price of EU27 imports from China fell by 2.9%.
Prices rose in 2008 and in
2009 to combat falling
order volumes but once
orders pick up again
further downward
pressure could be exerted
on prices
Despite the elimination of quotas at the end of 2007, however, prices
rose again in 2008 and also rose in 2009. That said, these price rises
are believed to be related to the fact that order volumes dropped
significantly during the global financial crisis, thus reducing the
extent of bulk purchase discounts. Once orders begin to pick up again,
it is expected that further downward pressure will be exerted on
prices.
IMPACT OF THE ELIMINATION OF CHINA SAFEGUARD
RESTRICTIONS ON EU IMPORTS FROM CHINA AND EU
IMPORTS FROM VIETNAM
Ten categories of EU
imports from China were
subject to safeguard
restrictions from mid-2005
until the end of 2007
Ten categories of EU textile and clothing imports from China became
subject to safeguard restrictions in mid-2005 and continued to be
regulated by restrictions in 2006 and 2007.
Of the ten, four were textile categories and six were clothing
14
.
In January 2008 a joint
surveillance system was
established to monitor
eight of the ten categories
On January 1, 2008immediately after the safeguard restrictions were
eliminatedthe EU and China established a joint surveillance system
to monitor trade in eight of the ten product categories which had been
subject to safeguard restrictions during 2005-07
15
.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
16
See also Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports, Textile Outlook International, No 130, July-August 2007.
182 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Impact of the elimination of China safeguard restrictions on EU
imports from China
Imports from China of
goods previously subject to
restrictions rose strongly
in 2009, as in 2008
EU imports of Chinese goods which had been subject to safeguard
restrictions from mid-2005 to the end of 2007 continued to rise
sharply in volume in 2009 despite the global recessionalthough
growth was slower than the double and triple digit rates observed in
2008.
At the same time, the
average prices of these
imports continued to fall
At the same time, the average prices of these imports continued to
fall. However, the drops were not as dramatic as the double digit
declines witnessed a year earlier (Table 20).
The declines in 2008-09
contrasted with the situation
in 2006 when imports plum-
meted and prices soared
The declines in 2008-09 were in direct contrast to the situation in
2006 when, following the implementation of safeguard restrictions in
mid-2005, imports of these products fell in volume at double digit
rates and rose in price at double and triple digit rates
16
.
Of the six clothing
categories affected by the
safeguard restrictions,
imports of the five
categories examined in this
report rose
Of the six clothing categories affected by the safeguard restrictions,
five are examined in this report. Of the five, EU imports of womens
dresses rose at the fastest rate in volume terms in 2009 (up by 80.9%),
following a 168.0% surge in 2008. The second fastest rise was in
womens blouses (up by 24.3%), followed by pullovers (up by
20.0%), trousers (up by 16.1%) and T-shirts (up by 6.1%).
while their average
prices fell, especially in the
case of womens dresses
All five categories were also subject to price falls in 2009. The fastest
fall was in the average price of womens dresses from China. In fact,
this decreased by 15.8% after declining by 31.6% a year earlier. The
fall contrasted sharply with the situation in 2006 when, following the
implementation of restrictions in the middle of the previous year, the
average price of womens dresses imported from China had risen by
132.5%. The second fastest fall in 2009 was in the average price of
T-shirts (down by 9.0%), followed by trousers (down by 8.7%),
womens blouses (down by 7.7%) and pullovers (down by 5.3%).
Nonetheless, Chinese
exporters increased the
value of their supplies to
the EU market in all five
categories except T-shirts
Despite these falls in average prices, Chinese exporters managed to
increase the value of their supplies to the EU market in all five
categories except for T-shirts. In the case of dresses, for instance, the
value of imports from China rose by 52.2%, while that of womens
blouses increased by 14.7% and pullovers by 13.6%.
In categories which had
not been subject to
safeguard restrictions,
growth in imports from
China was more in line
with growth in imports
from all sources, as in the
case of mens shirts
In the categories which had not been subject to safeguard restrictions,
rates of growth in imports from China were much more in line with
rates of growth in imports from all sources.
In the case of mens shirts, for example, imports from China fell in
value by 8.5% while imports from all sources fell by 7.0%. In volume
terms, imports from China fell by 20.3% while imports from all
sources fell by 11.8%. The average price of imports of these items
from China rose by 14.8% whereas the average price of imports from
all sources rose by 5.5%.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 183
and womens skirts Similarly, imports of womens skirts from China fell by 3.8% in value
while imports from all sources fell by 5.4%. In volume terms, imports
from China fell by 12.9% while imports from all sources declined by
9.2%. The average price of imports from China, meanwhile, rose by
10.5% while the average price of imports from all sources increased
by 4.3%.
Table 20: EU: growth in clothing imports from China and Vietnam, and associated price changes, selected
categories, 2007-09
(%) Value growth Volume growth Price change
Status
a
2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009
T-shirts
China Subject to quota 58.2 7.4 -3.5 79.0 23.1 6.1 -11.6 -12.8 -9.0
Vietnam n/a 11.3 -4.9 -15.1 42.0 -53.9 -53.1 -21.7 106.0 80.8
Pullovers
China Subject to quota 34.4 110.5 13.6 47.1 183.2 20.0 -8.6 -25.7 -5.3
Vietnam n/a -8.0 15.3 -15.9 -17.5 -31.6 -35.0 11.5 68.6 29.5
Trousers
China Subject to quota 69.1 24.5 5.9 70.3 44.9 16.1 -0.7 -14.1 -8.7
Vietnam n/a 11.8 3.0 -12.0 46.4 -45.2 -42.9 -23.6 88.2 54.2
Womens blouses
China Subject to quota 50.6 42.4 14.7 47.5 72.2 24.3 2.1 -17.3 -7.7
Vietnam n/a 23.4 21.6 2.9 1.4 -25.8 -31.2 21.6 63.9 49.5
Mens shirts
China Open 24.5 2.3 -8.5 30.4 -8.5 -20.3 -4.5 11.8 14.8
Vietnam n/a -1.6 7.5 6.0 5.6 -10.8 -0.4 -6.8 20.6 6.4
Womens overcoats
China Open 6.3 10.6 -6.1 5.5 5.6 -9.1 0.8 4.8 3.3
Vietnam n/a 44.8 32.1 2.3 69.6 4.5 9.0 -14.7 26.5 -6.2
Womens dresses
China Subject to quota 56.8 83.2 52.2 82.8 168.0 80.9 -14.2 -31.6 -15.8
Vietnam n/a 37.4 46.1 20.9 215.8 -71.7 -15.4 -56.5 416.8 42.9
Womens skirts
China Open -8.5 -22.8 -3.8 5.6 -23.3 -12.9 -13.3 0.7 10.5
Vietnam n/a 4.3 -3.9 4.9 126.2 -61.1 -24.9 -53.9 146.9 39.6
Womens suits
China Open -31.1 -44.7 -43.7 -4.9 -41.1 -22.2 -27.6 -6.1 -27.6
Vietnam n/a 10.8 -38.2 -40.5 146.4 -67.1 -67.8 -55.0 87.5 85.1
Total clothing
China n/a 15.7 15.8 1.0 15.3 14.2 -4.0 0.3 1.5 5.2
Vietnam n/a 9.7 10.7 -4.1 23.6 -33.0 -29.5 -11.3 65.3 36.1
a
"Subject to quota" relates to imports from China during mid-2005 to 2007.
Source: CITH; CIRFS; European Commission.
Impact of the elimination of China safeguard restrictions on EU
imports from Vietnam
Imports from Vietnam
fell sharply in volume
terms in 2008 and 2009 in
five categories which had
been subject to
safeguards restricting
supplies from China
EU imports of dresses, pullovers, trousers, T-shirts and womens
blouses from Vietnam all fell sharply in volume but surged in price
in 2009in contrast to imports of these items from China.
All five product categories had been subject to safeguards restricting
supplies from China between mid-2005 and the end of 2007when
the restrictions were eliminated.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
184 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
This was in contrast to the
previous two years, when
imports surged in volume
but plummeted in price
The trend in imports of these products from Vietnam in 2009, as in
2008, was in sharp contrast to the trend in 2006 and 2007. During this
latter period, imports of these items had surged in volume but had
plummeted in price.
But these trends were not
confined to categories
which had been subject to
China safeguard
restrictions, and in 2008
and 2009 there were sharp
price rises in many other
categories
However, the falls in volume and rises in price in 2008 and 2009 were
not merely confined to the categories which had been subject to China
safeguard restrictions. Indeed, in 2008 the average price of imports
from Vietnam rose at either double or triple digit rates in the nine
clothing categories examined in this report, while volumes fell at
double digit rates in eight of the nine categories. And in 2009 double
digit price increases and volume falls were witnessed in seven of the
nine categories.
notably womens suits,
T-shirts, trousers,
womens blouses, dresses,
skirts and pullovers
In the case of womens suits, for example, the average import price
rose by 85.1%. There were also sharp rises in the average prices of
imports of T-shirts (up by 80.8%), trousers (up by 54.2%), womens
blouses (up by 49.5%), dresses (up by 42.9%), skirts (up by 39.6%)
and pullovers (up by 29.5%).
together with sharp
falls in volume
In volume terms, the fastest decline was in imports of womens suits
(down by 67.8%), followed by T-shirts (down by 53.1%), trousers
(down by 42.9%), pullovers (down by 35.0%), womens blouses
(down by 31.2%), skirts (down by 24.9%) and dresses (down by
15.4%).
The return of EU buyers to
China hit Vietnamese
clothing exports in general
It would appear, therefore, that the return of EU buyers to China
adversely affected Vietnamese clothing exports in generalnot merely
those categories which had been subject to safeguard restrictions.
EU buyers turned to
Vietnam after mid-2005
when Chinese supplies
were restricted but
Vietnamese suppliers had
to offer low prices to fend
off other competitors
It is known that EU buyers turned to Vietnam after mid-2005 for
supplies of many categories in case the safeguard restrictions
prevented them from obtaining those supplies from China.
However, Vietnamese suppliers were forced to lower their prices in
order to secure such business in the face of fierce competition from
Bangladesh and other low cost producers.
In 2009 Vietnamese prices
were closer to the levels pre-
vailing before the restrictions
on China were introduced
Now that trading patterns have become more normal, Vietnamese
exporters are selling at price levels which are closer to those that
prevailed before the safeguard restrictions against China were
introduced.
and higher than the
prices of imports from
China
In fact, in the case of clothing imports as a whole, the average price
of EU imports from Vietnam was higher than the average price of EU
imports from China in 2009 for the first time since 2005.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 185
Glossary
3GT: the name of a family of polymers, fibres and textiles with stretch properties
developed by Toray Industries, based on the polyester polytrimethylene
terephthalate (PTT). 3GT fibres are marketed by Invista under the brand
name T400 and 3GT fabrics are marketed by Toray under the brand name
Fitty.
807: a commonly used term (formerly utilised by US Customs) to describe a
category of apparel which has been assembled in an overseas country from
fabric pieces cut in the USA from fabric formed in any country. The duty
levied on apparel imported under 807 is based only on the value added to the
goods overseas rather than the whole customs value of the goods. This
provision is now specified under code 9802.00.8065 of the USAs
Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS). This outward processing arrangement
benefits mainly countries which are close to the USAparticularly those in
the Caribbean Basin (see also 807A).
807A: a commonly used term (formerly utilised by US Customs) to describe a
category of apparel which has been assembled in an overseas country from
fabric pieces cut and formed in the USA. The duty levied on apparel
imported under 807A, a modification of 807, is based only on the value
added to the goods overseas rather than the whole customs value of the
goods. Also, goods imported under 807A are provided with almost unlimited
access to the US market. This provision is specified under code 9802.00.8015
of the USAs Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS).
Abaca: a banana-like plant (Musa textilis) native to the Philippines which has broad
leaves with long stalks. The fibres obtained from the stalks are used to make
cordage, fabric, and paper. (Also called manila and manila hemp.)
Acetate: a type of fibre chemically derived from cellulose.
AGOA: African Growth and Opportunity Act. The Act, implemented in October
2000, provides for duty-free and quota-free access to the US market for
apparel made in Sub-Saharan Africa. To qualify for AGOA benefits, apparel
must be made in an eligible Sub-Saharan African country and, normally, be
produced from materials formed within the region or in the USA. For a
limited period, however, the third country fabric provision permits apparel
makers in lesser developed Sub-Saharan African countries to source materials
globally without losing AGOA benefits.
Air-laid: a web or batt of staple fibres formed using the air laying process.
Air laying: a method in which fibres are first dispersed into an air stream, and then
condensed from the air stream on to a permeable cage or conveyor to form
a web or batt of staple fibres.
Air texturing: a process in which yarns are over-fed through a turbulent air stream so that
entangled loops are formed in the filaments.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
186 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Ajour: an embroidery technique which creates open areas, often in figured patterns
and usually on a woven fabric.
Alpaca: fibre from the fleece of the alpaca or llama.
Angora: the hair of the angora rabbit. Angora hair should be distinguished from the
hair of the angora goat, which is the source of mohair.
Anti-dumping duty: an extra duty imposed on an imported product by an importing country (or
group of countries, as in the case of the EU) to compensate for the dumping
of goods by a foreign supplier.
Appliqu: a pattern constructed by applying one fabric on top of another.
Arran: a traditional style of fishermens cable-knit sweaters.
Article XIX: an article describing a measure available to a member of the World Trade
Organisation (WTO) which enables it to protect its market from import
surges (see safeguard).
Artificial fibres: see cellulosic fibres.
Art silk: artificial silk, usually made from cellulosic fibres such as viscose rayon.
Asean: Association of Southeast Asian Nations comprising Brunei, Cambodia,
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and
Vietnam.
Astrakhan: a thick woven or knitted cloth with a surface of loops or curls which imitates
the coat of an Astrakhan lamb.
ATC: Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, which embodied the results of the
negotiations on textiles and clothing conducted under the Uruguay Round of
multilateral trade talks. The ATC provided for the phasing out of MFA
quotas between January 1995 and December 2004.
Bandana: handkerchief designs in simple colour and white stylised patterns, including
spots and paisley.
Basket weave: a textile weave consisting of double threads interlaced to produce a checkered
pattern similar to that of a woven basket.
Bast fibre: fibre obtained from the stems of certain types of plant.
Batik: a traditional dyeing process in which portions of cloth are coated with wax
and therefore resist the dye, enabling distinctive patterns to be created. Batik
fabrics are characterised by a streaky or mottled appearance.
Batt: single or multiple sheets of fibre used in the production of nonwoven fabric.
Bayadre: a fabric or design with horizontal plain or patterned stripes.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 187
BCF: (bulked continuous filament) textured yarn used mainly in the construction
of carpets or upholstery.
Bedford cord: a fabric constructed in such a way as to show rounded cords in the warp
direction with pronounced sunken lines between them.
Bicomponent fibres and
yarns:
a yarn having two different continuous filament components (see also
multicompartment fibres and yarns and multicomponent fibres and
yarns).
Birdseye: a fabric woven to produce a pattern of very small, uniform spots.
Blooming: the tendency of a yarn to become fuller-looking when wetted and dried under
certain conditions. In practice, the overall yarn diameter increases
slightlyresulting in a halo effect or softer lookand the length
diminishes. The effect usually results from a change in fibre crimp and,
hence a redistribution of the fibres in a yarn, rather than shrinkage of the
fibre itself.
BOD: biological oxygen demanda measure of pollution by oxygen-consuming
organic materials in an effluent stream.
Boiling: a process in which a yarn or garment made from staple fibre containing
wool or animal hair is left in boiling water so that the original fabric
construction is obscured by the felted surface.
Boucl: a compound yarn, similar to a gimp yarn, comprising a twisted core with an
effect yarn wrapped around it so as to produce wavy projections on its
surface. In general, boucl yarns exhibit an irregular pattern of semi-circular
loops and sigmoid spirals whereas gimp yarns display fairly regular semi-
circular projections.
Bouclette: a small boucl effect.
Bourette: a silk noil fabric made from short fibre (silk waste) with a textured surface.
Bowl: one of a pair of large rollers forming a nip.
Brocade: usually a jacquard woven fabric in which the figure is developed by floating
the warp threads, the weft threads, or both, and interlacing them in a more
or less irregular order.
Brocatelle: a heavy figured cloth in which the pattern is created by warp threads in a
satin weave.
Brushed fabrics: fabrics which have undergone a brushing process to produce a napped
surface. Brushed fabrics usually have a soft, slightly weathered, broken-in
feel.
Brushing: a finishing process for woven or knitted fabrics in which brushes or other
abrading elements are used to raise a nap (a fuzzy or downy surface).
Cable: to twist together two or more folded yarns.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
188 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Cabotage: the transport of goods or passengers between two points in the same country.
Originally the term was used to refer to shipping but it now also covers
aviation and road transport. Also commonly used as part of the term
cabotage rights, which means the right of a company from one country to
trade, operate aircraft or transport goods within the domestic borders of
another country.
Calendered: a term used to describe a fabric which has been passed through rollers to
smooth and flatten it or confer surface glaze.
Camel: the hair of the camel or dromedary; also used as a broad description of fawn
colour.
Canvas: a plain weave usually made from cotton or linen.
Caprolactam: a chemical intermediate used in the manufacture of polyamide (nylon).
Carbonisation: a chemical process for eliminating vegetable matter from animal fibres such
as wool by degrading it to an easily friable (readily crumbled) condition. The
process usually involves treatment with an acid followed by heating.
Hydrochloric acid gas is used in the case of the dry carbonisation process
while sulphuric acid solution is used in wet carbonisation.
Carded: description of a continuous web or sliver produced by carding.
Carding: the disentanglement, cleaning and intermixing of fibres to produce a
continuous web or sliver suitable for subsequent processing. This is achieved
by passing the fibres between moving pins, wires or teeth.
Cashmere: hair with a mean diameter of 18.5 microns or less from the downy undercoat
of Asiatic or selectively bred feral goats.
Caterpillar yarn: yarn with protruding tufts which gives the appearance of a caterpillar.
Cationic dyeable yarn (CDY): a yarn dyed with cationic dye, usually made from modified polyester,
modified nylon or acrylic, which is often used to achieve cross-dyed effects.
Cationic dyeable yarn can be used in a pattern with regular yarn in the same
fabric. The pattern becomes visible by dyeing the fabric in two baths, one for
each of the types of yarn. When cationic fibre is fixed with conventional
fibre, various multicoloured and cross-dye effects can be achieved from a
single dye bath.
Cationic dye: a type of dye used on modified polyester, modified nylon or acrylic in order
to achieve special effects, such as cross dyeing, in fabric form (see also
cationic dyeable yarn (CDY).
Cavalry twill: a firm warp-faced cloth, woven to produce a steep twill effect.
CDY: cationic dyeable yarn.
Cellophane effect: an effect created in a fabric which gives it the iridescent appearance of
cellophane.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 189
Cellulosic fibres: fibres made or chemically derived from a naturally occurring cellulose raw
material.
Cellulosic filament: filaments made or chemically derived from a naturally occurring cellulose
raw material.
Centipoise: a measure of viscosity, equal to 0.001 newton second per m
2
.
Chainette: a tubular cord produced on a circular knitting machine.
Challis: a lightweight plain-weave fabric, made from cotton or wool, usually with a
printed design.
Chambray: a cotton shirting fabric woven with a coloured warp and white weft.
Changeant: see shot.
Cheesecloth: an open lightweight plain-weave fabric, usually made from carded cotton
yarns.
Chelator: substance which binds particular ions, removing them from solution.
Chemical bonding: part of a production route for making nonwovens; binders are applied to a
web which, when dried, bond the individual fibres to form a coherent sheet.
Chenille: a yarn consisting of a cut pile which may be one or more of a variety of
fibres helically positioned around axial threads that secure it. Gives a thick,
soft tufty silk or worsted velvet cord or yarn typically used in embroidery
and for trimmings.
Chiffon: a very light, transparent fabric in a plain weave.
Chin: textiles with a mottled pattern.
Chinoiserie: fabric designs which are derived from or which are imitations of Chinese
motifs.
Chintz: a glazed, printed, plain-weave fabric, usually made of cotton.
CIF: cost, insurance and freight.
Circular jersey: fabric produced on circular knitting machines (see also weft knitting).
Cir: a lightweight performance fabric with a shiny surface made from synthetic
fibres for use in outerwear.
Cloqu: a compound or double fabric with a figured blister effect, produced by using
yarns of different character or twist which respond in different ways to
finishing treatments.
CM: cut and make (see CMT).
CMT: cut, make and trim. A system whereby a manufacturer produces garments for
a customer by cutting fabric provided by the customer and sewing the cut
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
190 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
fabric into garments in accordance with the customers specification. In many
cases, the customer also arranges for the fabrics, trim and accessories to be
supplied. In general, manufacturers operating on a CMT basis do not become
involved in the design of the garment or in the procurement of materials but
are merely concerned with its production.
Comforter: an over-covering on a bed that is made with a fabric shell filled with an
insulating material.
Commission manufacturing: a form of production whereby manufacturing is undertaken by one
manufacturer, for a fee, on behalf of another manufacturer or a non-
manufacturer. Typically, commission manufacturing involves the production
of goods utilising materials provided by the client, and ownership of
materials remains with the client. Similarly, the goods made using these
materials are owned by the client.
Composite,
composite material:
a product formed by intimately combining two or more discrete physical
phasesusually a solid matrix, such as a resin, and a fibrous reinforcing
component.
Conjugate fibres and yarns: see bicomponent fibres and yarns.
Continuous filament: see filament.
Conversationals: printed patterns using depictions of people and recognisable objects.
Cord: a term used to describe the way in which textile strands have been twisted,
such as in cabled or plied yarns.
Cordelette: a yarn in which the fibre is wound like a cord.
Corduroy: a cut weft pile fabric in which the cut fibres form a surface of cords or ribs
in the warp direction.
Core-spun yarn: a yarn consisting of an inner core yarn surrounded by staple fibres. A core-
spun yarn combines the strength and/or elongation of the core thread and the
characteristics of the staple fibres which form the surface.
Core-twisted yarn: a yarn produced by combining one fibre or filament with another during a
twisting process.
Count: a measure of linear density. (See also decitex, denier, English cotton
count, metric count, Ne and Nm.)
Countervailing duty: an extra duty imposed on an imported product by an importing country (or
group of countries, as in the case of the EU) to compensate for subsidies
deemed to be illegal which are given to the manufacturer of the product in
the exporting country.
Courtelle: A brand name for acrylic fibre used by Acordis (formerly Courtaulds).
Cover factor (knitted
fabrics):
(tightness factor) a number that indicates the extent to which the area of a
knitted fabric is covered by yarn. It is also an indication of the relative
looseness or tightness of the knitting.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 191
Cover factor (woven
fabrics):
a number that indicates the extent to which the area of a fabric is covered by
one set of threads. For any woven fabric, there are two cover factors: a warp
cover factor and a weft cover factor. Under the cotton system, the cover
factor is the ratio of the number of threads per inch to the square root of the
cotton yarn count.
Covert: a warp-faced fabric, usually of a twill weave, with a characteristic mottled
appearance obtained by the use of a grandrelle (two-colour twisted yarn) or
mock grandrelle warp.
Crease-resist finish: a finish, usually applied to fabrics made from cotton or other cellulosic fibres
or their blends, which improves the crease recovery and smooth-drying
properties of a fabric. In the process used most commonly, the fabric is
impregnated with a solution of a reagent which penetrates the fibres and,
after drying and curing, cross-links the fibre structure under the influence
of a catalyst and heat. The crease-resistant effect is durable to washing and
to normal use.
Crpe: a fabric characterised by a crinkled or puckered surface.
Crpe de chine: a lightweight fabric, traditionally of silk, with a crinkly surface.
Crpon: a crpe fabric which is more rugged than the usual crpe with a fluted or
crinkled effect in the warp direction.
Cretonne: a strong, printed cotton cloth which is sometimes made with a weft of cotton
waste.
Crimp: the waviness of a fibre or filament.
Crimped yarn: see textured yarn.
Crock: a measure of the resistance of a fabric to the loss of colour due to rubbing
or abrasion.
Crocking: the loss of dye colour due to rubbing or abrasion.
Cross-dyeing: the dyeing of a yarn or fabric containing a mixture of fibres, at least one of
which is coloured separately.
Cross-linking: the creation of chemical bonds between polymer molecules to form a three-
dimensional polymeric network, for example in a fibre or pigment binder.
Cupro: a cellulosic fibre obtained by the cuprammonium process.
Curcuma: a fabric with a yellow colour similar to that produced by the curcuma spice.
Cure: see curing.
Curing (chemical
finishing):
a process carried out after the application of a finish to a textile fabric in
which appropriate conditions are used to effect a chemical reaction. Usually,
the fabric is heat treated for several minutes. However, it may be subject to
higher temperatures for short times (flash curing) or to low temperatures for
longer periods and at higher regain (moist curing).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
192 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Cut and sew: a system of manufacturing in which shaped pieces are cut from a layer of
fabric and stitched together to form garments. In the case of tubular knitted
fabric, the cloth is either cut down one side and opened up into a flat fabric
or left as a tube and cut to shape.
Cut, make and trim: see CMT.
Damask: a figured woven fabric in which the design is created by the use of satin and
sateen weaves.
Decitex: a unit of the tex system. A measure of linear density; the weight in grams
of 10,000 metres of yarn.
Decitex per filament (dpf): the average decitex of each filament in a multifilament yarn.
Decortication (flax): the process of removing woody outer layers from the stem of the flax plant
to yield flax fibres.
Dlav: a fabric with a washed effect.
Delocalisation: the geographical move of a production unit to a low cost country. (Note that
the term is increasingly being used to describe all forms of shifts in
production, including foreign sourcing and subcontracting.)
Denier: a measure of linear density; the weight in grams of 9,000 metres of yarn.
Denim: a 3/1 warp-faced twill fabric made from a yarn-dyed warp and an undyed
weft yarn. Traditionally, the warp yarn was indigo-dyed.
Dent: the space between adjacent wires in a reed.
Dents/inch: a unit of measure which denotes the number of reed wires and spaces
between adjacent wires in one inch.
Dvor: the production of a pattern on a fabric by printing it with a substance that
destroys one or more of the fibre types present.
Dip-dyed yarns: yarns produced by dip dyeing.
Dip dyeing: a process in which a textile or garment is dipped into a dye bath to achieve
dye take-up only in those areas immersed.
District check: distinctive woollen checks originally made in different districts of Scotland.
DMT: dimethyl terephthalatea chemical intermediate used in the manufacture of
polyester.
Dobby machine: a device fitted to a weaving machine which is capable of being programmed
to make dobby weaves by selectively raising some heald shafts containing
warp threads and selectively depressing others. Dobby machines are capable
of weaving a wider range of patterns than non-Dobby machines such as cam
looms, but they are not capable of weaving the wide variety and
sophistication of patterns offered by jacquard machines.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 193
Dobby weave: a fabric, often of a complex construction, woven on a dobby machine by
selectively raising some heald shafts containing warp threads and selectively
depressing others.
Dogstooth or houndstooth check: a small colour and weave effect using a 2/2 twill.
Donegal: a tweed yarn or fabric with different colour neps.
Doupion: a fabric made of irregular, raw, rough silk reeled from double cocoons, or a
man-made fibre substitute designed to imitate the silk equivalent.
Dpf: see decitex per filament.
Drafting: a process which reduces the linear density of an assembly of fibres.
Drafting typically occurs in the early stages of producing yarns from staple
fibres.
Draw ratio: In a drawing process, the ratio of the linear density of the undrawn yarn to
that of the drawn yarn.
Draw spinning: a process for spinning partially or highly oriented filaments in which the
orientation is introduced after melt spinning but prior to the first forwarding
or collecting device.
Draw textured yarn (DTY): yarn produced by the draw texturing method.
Draw texturing: a process in which the drawing stage of synthetic yarn manufacture is
combined with the texturing process.
Draw twist: a process of orienting a filament yarn by drawing it and then twisting it in
integrated sequential stages.
Drill: a twill fabric, usually piece-dyed, similar in construction to a denim.
Dry spinning: in the dry spinning process, polymer is dissolved in a solvent before being
spun into warm air, where the solvent evaporates. This leaves the fibrous
polymer ready for drawing.
DTY: see draw textured yarn.
Dumping: the offer for sale of large quantities of goods in a foreign market at low
prices, usually in order to gain market share, while maintaining higher prices
in the home market. Dumping may be deemed to have taken place when a
product is sold in a foreign market at a price which is less than the cost of
production plus a normal profit margin.
Durable press: (also known as permanent press) a finishing treatment designed to impart to
a textile material or garment the retention of specific contours, including
defined creases and pleats, which are resistant to normal usage, washing
and/or dry cleaning.
Dye liquor: The liquid that contains the dye and the reagents necessary for dyeing.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
194 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Elastane: a man-made fibre containing at least 85% polyurethane which is capable of
high stretch followed by rapid and substantial recovery to its unstretched
length. (See also elastomer; elastomeric yarn.)
Elastomer: a polymer which has high extensibility together with rapid and substantially
complete elastic recovery. (See also elastane; elastomeric yarn.)
Elastomeric yarn: a yarn formed from an elastomer.
Electret: a permanently polarised dielectric material whose electric field is similar to
the magnetic field of a permanent magnet.
Elit: a brand name used by Nylstar for its PBT (polybutylterephthalate) fibre.
Embossing: a process in which a pattern is formed in relief by passing fabric through a
calender in which a heated metal bowl engraved with a pattern is
compressed against a soft bowl.
Embroidery: a decorative pattern superimposed on an existing fabric by machine stitching
or hand needlework.
Emerised: a fabric which has been passed over a series of emery-covered rollers to
produce a suede-like finish.
End: (in weaving) an individual warp yarn.
End-and-end: fabrics having alternating warp yarns, usually one in a colour and one in
white.
Engineered stripes: yarn dyed knitwear made on modern knitting equipment with wide bands of
multiple colours. The effect is not possible to achieve on less sophisticated
repeat machines.
English cotton count: see Ne.
Entrept: a trading centre or port at a geographically convenient location where goods
are imported and re-exported without directly entering the local economy.
According to the strict definition, goods are imported into and re-exported
from an entrept without incurring liability for duties.
Etamine: a fine wool crpe.
Exhaustion: see exhaust treatment.
Exhaust treatment: a batchwise treatment in which a substance (such as a finish) is selectively
adsorbed by a textile material immersed in the treatment liquor.
Fairisle: a type of sweater knitted with a coloured pattern in a traditional design
originating in Scotland.
False twist: the twist inserted in a yarn using false twisting such that the net twist in the
yarn is zero.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 195
False twisting: a twisting operation applied at an intermediate position on a yarn so that no
net twist can be inserted, as distinct from twisting at the end of a yarn where
real twist is inserted.
False-twist texturing: a process in which a single filament yarn is twisted, set and untwisted. When
yarns made from thermoplastic materials are heat-set in a twisted condition,
the deformation of the filaments is memorised and the yarn is given
greater bulk.
Fancy yarn: a yarn which differs from the normal construction of single and folded yarns
by way of deliberately produced irregularities in its construction. These
irregularities are formed by increasing the input of one or more of the yarns
components, or including periodic effects such as knops, loops, curls or
slubs.
FDY: fully drawn yarn.
Fell (of the cloth): the edge of the fabric in a weaving loom formed by the last weft thread.
Felting: the matting together of fibres during processing. This is achieved on animal
hair or wool by the application of moisture or heat, which causes the
constituent fibres to mat together.
Fibre: a material used to make textiles which is flexible, fine, and has a high ratio
of length to thickness.
Fibrillation: the longitudinal splitting of a fibre or filament to give either micro-fine
surface hairs or a complete breakdown into sub-micron fibres. In fabrics for
apparel, fibrillation can be used to create a variety of surface textures and
attractive aesthetics. In hydroentangled nonwoven fabrics, the fibrils make
entanglement easier and can give added strength to the fabric.
Fibroin: a tough, elastic protein which forms the principal component of raw silk.
Filament: a fibre of indefinite length.
Fil coup: extra, floating, wefts which are embodied in a fabric, particularly a jacquard,
and can be cut to produce a fringe effect.
Filling: see weft.
Finish oil: oil that is put on a yarn, either flat or textured, to reduce friction during
subsequent processing stages.
Flamm: a slub yarn.
Flannel: generally, a cotton or wool fabric, which has been napped on one or both
sides (usually both) followed by a bleaching, dyeing or printing process and
then brushed or rerun through the napping machine to revive the nap. Flannel
fabrics are perceived to have a soft and warm feel.
Flannelette: a woven cotton fabric with a soft, raised surface.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
196 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Flax: the fibre used to make linen textiles.
Fleece fabric: a fabric, usually knitted, with a heavy napped surface on one side. The fabric
is produced using two types of yarn, one for the face area and the other for
the reverse. After fabric formation and processing, the reverse area is brushed
to produce the fleece effect. The inside surface of a sweatshirt is usually
napped.
Floating (warp): a length of warp yarn which passes over two or more weft threads (rather
than intersecting with them) in a woven structure.
Floating (weft): a length of weft yarn which passes over two or more warp threads (rather
than intersecting with them) in a woven structure.
Flock: a material obtained by reducing textile fibres to fragments by, for example,
cutting, tearing, or grinding.
Flocking: a process in which short chopped lengths of fibre (flock) are applied to an
adhesive coated backing fabric or other substrate. The application is usually
carried out electrostatically.
Flock printing: a process in which a fabric is printed with an adhesive, followed by the
application of finely chopped fibres over the whole surface of the fabric by
means of dusting-on, an air blast, or electrostatic attraction. The fibres adhere
to the printed areas, and are removed from the unprinted areas by mechanical
action.
Flounce: hanging strips of material which are normally sewn to the hem of a skirt.
Foam printing: a process in which a rubber solution is turned into a foam and squeezed
through a screen to make a rubber print. Also known as puff rubber
printing.
Fob: free on board: goods are delivered on-board a ship or to another carrier at no
cost to the buyer.
Folded yarn: a yarn made by twisting two or more single yarns together in one operation.
FOY: fully oriented yarn.
Fris: a fine boucl yarn.
Fuji silk: a spun-silk fabric woven in a plain weave.
Full package supplier
(garments):
a supplier who carries out all steps involved in the production of a finished
garmentincluding design, fabric purchasing, cutting, sewing, trimming,
packaging, and distribution. Typically, a full package supplier will organise
and coordinate: the design of the product; the approval of samples; the
selection, purchasing and production of materials; the completion of
production; and, in some cases, the delivery of the finished product to the
final customer.
Gaberdine: a firmly woven, warp-faced twill cloth.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 197
Garnetting: a type of carding process employed to open up waste fibres and yarns for
subsequent recycling.
Gatt: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, a multinational trade organisation
established in 1947 and based in Geneva, Switzerland. Gatt was superseded
by the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1995.
Gauge: the number of needles per unit length (usually 1 inch) along a needle bed or
needle bar or flat knitting machine. For circular knitting machines, the unit
length is the circumference of the needle cylinder.
Gauze: a lightweight open texture fabric produced in a plain weave or a simple leno
woven fabric.
Generalised System of
Preferences (GSP):
a system of tariff preferences operated by developed countries. The EUs
scheme, introduced in 1971, was designed to foster the development of
developing countries by granting them easier access to the EU market.
Beneficiary countries granted GSP treatment were not required to contribute
anything in return.
Georgette: a fine lightweight open fabric woven in crpe yarns.
Geotextile: a permeable textile cloth used in contact with soil or rock as part of a civil
engineering operation.
Greige cloth: see grey cloth.
Grey cloth: Grey cloth, also known as loom-state cloth or greige cloth, is a fabric in the
condition in which it leaves the loom or knitting machine, ie before any
bleaching, dyeing or finishing treatment has been given to it.
Gilet: a waist- or hip-length garment, usually sleeveless, fastening up the front;
sometimes made from a quilted fabric, and designed to be worn over a blouse
or shirt.
Gimped yarn: a yarn similar to boucl in which the effect component is wrapped around
the core yarn either tightly or loosely according to the amount of excess
delivery and the doubling twist inserted. Generally speaking, boucl yarns
exhibit an irregular pattern of semi-circular loops and sigmoid spirals whereas
gimp yarns display fairly regular semi-circular projections.
Gingham: a plain-weave lightweight fabric, usually made of cotton, with small checks.
Ginnery: a factory where cotton ginning takes place.
Ginning: the process of separating cotton lint from the seed.
Grading (in garment
manufacture):
a process of adjusting the size of each pattern piece to fit different body
sizes.
Grandrelle: a two-ply yarn composed of single yarns of different colours or contrasting
lustre.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
198 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Greige: a term used to describe textile products prior to bleaching, dying or finishing.
Some greige textiles may, however, contain dyed or finished yarns.
Grinning: a flaw in a fabric, especially a ribbed fabric, that occurs either when warp
threads show through the covering weft threads or when the threads have
slipped, leaving open spaces on either side.
Grosgrain: a plain-weave fabric with a rib in the weft direction, the rib being more
pronounced than in a taffeta.
Ground: a base cloth for printing.
GSP: see Generalised System of Preferences.
Guipure: a lace construction produced by embroidering a thread pattern onto a fabric,
the fabric being subsequently removed by chemical or other means to leave
an open work lace.
Habotai: a lightweight silk fabric commonly used for linings, hangings and underwear.
Hand: fabric quality or characteristicssuch as softness, firmness, drapability, or
finenessperceived by touch.
Hand feel: see hand.
Handle: see hand.
Hank: an unsupported coil comprising wraps of yarn (or sliver) made by winding
the yarn on a reeling machine with a cross-wound pattern and then binding
it to prevent tangling.
Hank dyeing: the process of dyeing a yarn in hank form; hank dyeing is used where the
yarn must preserve a fuller handle and bulk in order to obtain the desired
effect in a knitted garment.
Harris tweed: a woollen tweed fabric woven on handlooms by crofters in the Outer
Hebrides in Scotland. Harris tweed is traditionally woven 75 cm wide but
modern handlooms can produce 150 cm width fabric.
Heald: a steel wire or strip with an eye in the centre, or a similar device through
which a warp yarn is threaded. The heald enables the yarn to be raised or
lowered during weaving to create a shed.
Heald shaft: a frame in which a large number of healds are mounted. Typically a loom
contains two or more heald shafts, depending upon the complexity of the
weave pattern required. The heald shaft is raised or lowered by means of
cams or a dobby mechanism to form a shed and to create different weave
patterns.
Heddle: another word for heald.
Hemp: a light-coloured, strong bast fibre obtained from the hemp plant Cannabis
sativa.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 199
Herringbone: a broken twill weave giving a zigzag or herringbone effect.
Hollow spindle system: a system of yarn formation in which sliver or roving is drafted and the
drafted twistless strand is wrapped with a yarn as it passes through a rotating
hollow spindle. The binder or wrapping yarn is mounted on the hollow
spindle and is unwound and wrapped around the core by rotation of the
spindle. The technique may be used for producing a range of wrap spun
yarns or fancy yarns.
Honeycomb: a fabric structure in which the warp and weft threads form ridges and
hollows, so as to give a cellular appearance.
Hopsack: a modification of a plain weave in which two or more ends or picks weave
as one.
Hydroentanglement: a process for bonding a nonwoven fabric by using high pressure water jets
to intermingle the fibres.
Hydrophilic: a term used to describe a material which tends to mix with or to be wetted
by water.
Hydrophilicity: the extent to which a material is hydrophilic.
Hydrophobic: a term used to describe a material which tends to repel or not to be wetted
by water.
Ikat: a traditional technique resulting in a streaky effect, created by tying and
dyeing lengths of yarn before weaving.
Industrial textiles: a category of technical textiles used as part of an industrial process, or
incorporated into final products.
Innerwear: clothing, such as lingerie, designed to be worn next to the skin.
Intarsia: a motif design knitted in solid colours into a weft knitted fabric.
Interlaced yarn: see intermingled yarn.
Interlock fabric: an interlock fabric is a double faced rib-based weft knitted structure
consisting of two 1x1 rib fabrics joined by interlocking sinker groups. It is
made on machines equipped with two sets of opposed needles. This type of
fabric has a bulky and soft handle and is used for making mens and
womens T-shirts and also for producing furnishings.
Intermingled yarn: a multifilament yarn in which cohesion is imparted to the filament bundle
by entwining the filaments instead of, or in addition to, twisting. The effect
is usually achieved by passing the yarn under light tension through the
turbulent zone of an air-jet.
Intumescent system (flame
retardancy):
a flame retardant system which undergoes charring and foaming upon thermal
degradation (for example, when exposed to an ignition source such as a
flame). A blown protective cellular char is formed on the surface of the
textile, providing protection from heat and flame.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
200 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Islands-in-the-sea: a type of bicomponent yarn in which one component polymer is formed,
during extrusion, as longitudinal strands within the matrix of a second
polymer.
Jacobs fleece: the natural brown shade of the Jacobs sheep.
Jacquard: a description of techniques used for knitting and weaving to obtain large-
scale and/or figured designs (named after the inventor, Joseph Marie
Jacquard, 1752-1834). Jacquard looms are fitted with harnesses which
facilitate control over individual warp threads, rather than groups of warp
threads as in the case of non-jacquard looms. Consequently, jacquard looms
are capable of weaving much more complex and sophisticated patterns than
are possible using dobby machines.
Jasp: a fabric characterised by a subtle striped effect.
Javanese: a viscose cloth made from a spun weft and filament warp, characterised by
a dull sheen.
Jersey fabric: a generic name applied to weft knitted fabric.
Joint venture: a joint undertaking of a new, usually risky business in, for example, a
developing country or in Eastern Europe.
Judo: a structured cloth constructed in varieties of piqu weave and usually made
in cotton.
Jute: a fibre obtained from the bast layer of the plants Corchorus capsularis and
Corchorus olitorius.
Kaftan: an oriental garment consisting of a long under-tunic tied at the waist by a
girdle.
Kelim: Turkish carpets with stylised geometric patterns.
Kemp: coarse, white, dead animal-hair mixed with animal fibre which shows up in
a finished yarn or fabric as a lighter colour.
Knop: a bunch of fibres appearing along the length of a yarn, giving a spot effect.
Lace: fine open-work fabric with a mesh ground upon which patterns are worked.
Lacquer: a fabric finish which achieves a varnished look.
Ladder yarn: a knitted tape yarn with the appearance of a ladder.
Lay: lengths of fabric, several plies high, which have been spread on a cutting
table ready for cutting. The fabric is subsequently cut in accordance with a
cutting plan which is usually designed to optimise materials utilisation.
Laying-up: the process of spreading lengths of fabric on a cutting table to make a lay.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 201
Lay plan: a plan in garment making of the lay height, lay length, colour mix, selection
of fabric pieces to be cut, and the batches from which the fabric is to be
used.
Leaching: the removal of a substance (such as a dyestuff) by a liquid which is in
contact with the substance.
Leno-mesh: a fabric in which warp threads have been made to cross one another between
picks during leno weaving.
Leno weaving: a form of weaving in which warp threads are made to cross one another
between weft insertions.
Leno woven fabric: a fabric characterised by an open cellular appearance.
Linear density: the weight per unit length of a yarn or fibre. Units of linear density include
decitex and denier.
Liquor ratio: the ratio between the mass of liquor employed in a wet processing treatment
and the mass of fibrous material treated.
Loden: a thick heavy waterproof woollen cloth which is used to make garments,
especially coats.
LOI (limiting oxygen index): a measure of flammability; the level of oxygen in the oxygen/nitrogen
atmosphere (expressed as a percentage) that must be present before a fibre
will ignite and burn when exposed to flame.
Looper: an eyed stitch-forming element which carries an under thread or a cover
thread on some types of sewing machine.
LOY: low orientation yarn.
Lurex: the brand name for a yarn with a metallic appearance, made by the company
Lurex. The word is also used by the trade as a generic description.
Lycra: Invistas brand name for its elastane or spandex fibre.
Lyocell: the generic name given to a relatively new family of cellulosic fibres and
yarns which have been produced by solvent spinning. The process is widely
regarded as being environmentally-friendly, and the product offers a number
of advantages over traditional cellulosic fibres.
Macram: knotted threadwork.
Madras check: a colour-woven cotton fabric designed in colourful checks and usually
associated with typical cotton checks from Madras in India.
Maguey (Agave americana): (also known as the Century Plant) an agave originally from Mexico but now
cultivated worldwide The leaves of the plant yield fibres, known as pita,
which are suitable for making rope, matting and coarse cloth. They are also
used for the embroidery of leather in a technique known as piteado.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
202 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Mako cotton: very fine cotton spun from extra long staple Egyptian fibre.
Maltint: a yarn that is dyed unevenly to achieve an artificial aged effect.
Manila, manila help: see abaca.
Man-made fibre: a fibre which is manufactured rather than occurring naturally. Man-made
fibres can be further divided into: cellulosic or artificial fibres, which are
made from naturally occurring polymers such as wood pulp; and synthetic
fibres, which are made from chemically derived polymers.
Man-made filaments: filaments which are manufactured and which do not occur in nature.
Maquiladoras: plants, common in Mexico and other Latin American countries, which
process and assemble components or part-assembled goods made in the USA
or another country and return the finished products to the USA or elsewhere
for final sale. Usually, maquiladoras are in-bond assembly plants, which
means that incoming goods can be freely imported without being liable to
customs duty.
Maquilas: see maquiladoras.
Marker (in garment
manufacture):
a plan of pattern pieces from which the cloth will be cut. Effectively it is the
final jigsaw of all the pattern pieces to be cut in a particular lay.
Market capitalisation: a measure of company size, calculated by multiplying the number of shares
which a company has issued by the current market price.
Marl yarn: a yarn, usually woollen-spun, consisting of two or more single ends of
different colours twisted together. (See also Grandrelle.)
Marocain: a crpe fabric with a weft-ways rib.
Masterbatch: a concentrated blend of pigments, additives and/or fillers in a base polymer.
Masterbatch is added in small amounts to a large volume of material which
is same as, or is compatible with, the base polymer to produce the desired
formulation.
Matelass: a double cloth with a quilted appearance.
mcd/m
2
: millicandela per m
2
. The candela is the SI (Systme International) unit for
luminous intensity.
Mlange: a yarn produced from coloured printed tops or slivers. It is indistinguishable
from a mixture yarn in that each fibre carries more than one colour.
Meltblown: part of a production route for making nonwovens; extruded synthetic
filaments are sucked by high pressure air jets from the die to form random
length, very fine fibres which are deposited on to a belt.
Melt flow index: an indication of the viscosity of molten polymer. The index serves to
indicate the flow characteristics of a melt under given temperature and
pressure conditions.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 203
Melt spinning: the conversion of molten polymer into filaments by extrusion through a
spinneret and subsequent cooling of the extrudate.
Mercerisation: a treatment of yarns or fabrics with caustic alkali, in which fibres are swollen
and stretched to increase lustre in the finished product.
Merino wool: wool from the Merino sheep, with a mean fibre diameter generally of 24
microns or less.
Metallo-plastic: a yarn made from a synthetic or plastic material with a metallic appearance.
Metric count: see Nm.
MFA: Multi-Fibre Arrangementa special protocol agreed by members of Gatt as
derogation from normal Gatt rules. The MFA, which ran from 1974 to 1994,
established a framework for individual pairs of Gatt member countries to
negotiate bilateral agreements with a view to establishing quantitative
restraints (quotas) on textile and clothing trade between the two partners.
Normal Gatt rules insist that all Gatt parties are to be treated equally (see
MFN). On January 1, 1995, the MFA was superseded by the Agreement on
Textiles and Clothing (ATC).
MFN: most favoured nation: a basic principle of the World Trade Organisation
(WTO) which requires countries to treat imports from one WTO member no
less favourably than imports from another WTO member.
Microfibre: a fibre or filament with a linear density of less than 1.0 decitex. Some
commercial fibres or filaments as coarse as 1.3 decitex are classified as
microfibres by their producers. Decitex is the weight in decigrams (0.1 gm)
of 1 km of filament or yarn. (1 km of a 1 decitex filament weighs 0.1 gm.)
Microfilament: a continuous filament with a linear density of less than 1.0 decitex. Some
commercial filaments as coarse as 1.3 decitex are classified as
microfilaments by their producers.
Micron (micrometre): one millionth (10
-6
) of a metre.
Micronaire value: a measurement of cotton fibre quality. The micronaire value is a function of
fibre fineness and maturity: low values indicate fine and/or immature fibres,
whereas high values indicate coarse and/or mature fibres. The micronaire
value is determined in practice by measuring the resistance to air flow of a
specified mass of fibres (in the form of a plug) confined in a chamber of
a specified volume.
Microyarn: a yarn consisting of several microfilaments.
Milling: a process in which wool and other animal fibre fabrics are compacted by
wetting them and putting them through a rotary milling machine.
Mock leno: a woven structure which imitates the appearance of leno weaves, ie it has an
open structure.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
204 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Modal: a type of cellulosic fibre which has improved strength and modulus when
wet.
Modulus: a measure of the ability of a fibre to resist extension. Normally measured as
the ratio of the stress (or load) applied on a yarn or filament to the
elongation (strain) resulting from the application of that stress.
Mohair: the hair of the angora goat.
Moir: a rippled effect created by applying heat and heavy pressure by means of
rollers on a ribbed or corded fabric. Where not deliberately introduced as
part of a design, moir effects are caused by faults in the fabric and have the
appearance of wavy lines.
Moleskin: a thick cotton fabric, originally uncut corduroy having a very high weft sett,
which is piece-dyed and given a smooth raised finish to simulate the fur of
a mole.
Monofilament yarn: a yarn consisting of a single filament.
Mordant: a substance, usually a metallic compound, applied to a substrate to form a
complex with a dye, which is retained by the substrate more firmly than the
dye itself.
Moulin: a type of two-colour twist yarn which gives a mottled effect in fabric.
Mousseline: a general term for very fine, semi-opaque fabricsfiner than muslinsmade
of silk, wool or cotton.
Multicompartment fibres: fibres formed from multicomponent (or conjugate) fibres by separately
extruding fibres of different polymers. While still in the molten state, the
fibres are combined and blown with fluid jets. This produces vortices within
the fibre. As the fibre is drawn, the vortices can, under the right conditions,
be converted to hollow structures running along the length of the fibre. The
compartments so formed may lie side by side within the composite fibre or
contained within it in an annular structure.
Multicomponent fibres and
yarns:
a yarn having two or more different continuous filament components (see
also multicompartment fibres and yarns and bicomponent fibres and
yarns).
Multifilament yarn: a yarn made up of more than one filament.
Nap: a soft or fuzzy surface on a fabric, usually achieved by brushing.
Napped: a fabric which has been treated to give a soft or fuzzy surface (nap) usually
by brushing.
Ne: a unit denoting English cotton count, and an indirect (length per unit weight)
measure of linear density. The Ne value is the number of 840 yd lengths of
yarn weighing 1 lb.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 205
Nm: a unit denoting metric count, and an indirect (length per unit weight)
measure of linear density. The Nm value is the number of 1 km lengths of
yarn weighing 1 kg.
Needlebonding: see needlepunching.
Needlefelting: see needlepunching.
Needlepunching: a process for making a nonwoven textile in which a continuous mat of
randomly laid fibres or filaments is entangled with barbed needles. This
causes matting and the production of a felt textile.
Needling: see needlepunching.
Nep: a small knot of entangled fibres commonly regarded as a fault but sometimes
introduced as an effect.
Nip: a line or area of contact or proximity between two contiguous surfaces which
move so as to compress and/or control the velocity of textile material passed
between them.
Nm: a unit denoting metric count, an indirect (length per unit weight) measure of
linear density. The metric count is the number of 1 km lengths of yarn
weighing 1 kg.
Noil: shorter fibres separated from longer fibres in combing.
Nonwoven: (according to ISO 9092:1988) a manufactured sheet, web or batt of
directionally or randomly orientated fibres, bonded by friction and/or
cohesion and/or adhesion, excluding paper and products which are woven,
knitted, tufted, stitchbonded incorporating binding yarns or filaments, or
felted by wet-milling, whether or not additionally needled.
Nylon: another word for polyamide.
OBM: original brand manufacturing. See also original design manufacturing
(ODM) and original equipment manufacturing (OEM).
ODM: original design manufacturing. See also original brand manufacturing
(OBM) and original equipment manufacturing (OEM).
OEM: see original equipment manufacturing.
Offshore processing: see outward processing.
Ombr: a term used to describe fabrics with a dyed, printed or woven design in
which the colour is graduated from light to dark and often into stripes of
varying shades.
Ond: a fabric with a waved effect produced by calendering or weaving.
Open-end spinning: a spinning system in which sliver feedstock is highly drafted and thus
creates an open end or break in the fibre flow. The fibres are subsequently
assembled on the end of a rotating yarn and twisted in. Techniques for
collecting and twisting the fibres into a yarn include rotor spinning and
friction spinning.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
206 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
OPA: outward processing arrangements.
OPT: outward processing trade.
Organdie: a plain-weave fabric of light weight and with a permanent stiff finish.
Organza: a thin but stiff plain woven silk fabric.
Organzine: a silk yarn used for weaving or knitting. The yarn comprises single threads
which are twisted, folded two-, three- or four-fold, and finally twisted in the
direction opposite to that of the single yarn.
Original brand
manufacturing (OBM):
a business model which focuses on branding rather than on design (original
design manufacturingODM) or manufacturing (original equipment
manufacturingOEM).
Original design
manufacturing (ODM):
a business model which focuses on design rather than on branding (original
brand manufacturingOBM) or manufacturing (original equipment
manufacturingOEM).
Original equipment
manufacturing (OEM):
a business model which focuses on the manufacturing process rather than on
design (original design manufacturingODM) or branding (original
brand manufacturingOBM). In the clothing industry, OEMs typically
manufacture according to customer specifications and in many cases use raw
materials supplied or specified by the customer.
Ottoman: a warp-faced fabric showing a bold weft-way rib.
Outward processing: a procedure whereby a company based in one country exports material to
another country for additional processing, and then reimports the processed
products for further treatment, for domestic distribution, or for re-export. The
most common form of outward processing involves the exporting of fabric
from a high cost country to a low cost country for assembly or part-assembly
into garments.
Oxford: a plain-weave shirting of good quality yarns that has two warp ends weaving
as one.
Padding (finishing): the impregnation of a substrate with a liquor or paste followed by
squeezingusually by passing the substrate through a nipto leave a
specific quantity of liquor or paste on the substrate.
Paisley: a traditional decorative pattern featuring an Indian cone or pine.
Pann: a satin-faced velvet or silk fabric with a high lustre which is achieved by
finishing.
Partially oriented yarn
(POY):
a continuous filament yam made by extruding a synthetic polymer so that
a substantial degree of molecular orientation is present in the resulting
filaments, but further molecular orientation is possible. The resulting yarn
will usually require a positive draw ratio in subsequent processing in order
to orient the molecular structure fully and optimise the yarns tensile
properties.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 207
Passementerie: an open-work braid technique, traditionally used for furnishing braid.
PBT: polybutylterephthalate, a type of polyester used as an engineering plastic and,
for specialist uses, in the form of a fibre.
Peachskin: the term used to describe the soft surface of certain textiles which feels like,
and has the appearance of, the skin of a peach.
Pepper and salt: a fabric with a speckled effect, often black and white.
PET: polyethylene terephthalate polymer, the most common form of polyester.
Pick: a single weft thread in a fabric, as woven.
Pigment dyeing: a process used to give garments a characteristic washed out or weathered
look, while offering good light- and wash-fastness and reasonable crocking
(wet-rub) resistance. By their nature, pigments produce garments which
change and age over time as they are washed. Unlike dyes, pigments are
insoluble in water and are milled into a paste for garment dyeing or printing.
The addition of anionic dispersing agents induces a slight negative charge on
the surface of the pigment particles and, if the fibre has been treated to give
it a positive charge, a polar bond is formed. The process is completed when
a resinous binder is applied to lock the pigment in place. Alternatively,
pigments such as Indigo can be reduced to a water-soluble or leuco form
which may be used to dye fabrics in the same manner as dyestuffs. Once the
dyeing stage is completed the material is exposed to air and this regenerates
the pigment that is trapped inside the fibres. Surplus pigment is removed
from the fibre surface by washing in a slurry of an abrasive material such as
Fullers Earth in a process known as fulling. This has been the method used
traditionally on worsted mens suitings and, in recent years, on cotton denim
for blue jeans.
Pima: a type of fine, extra-long staple cotton.
Piqu (knitted): a jersey fabric with a special pattern of loop formation.
Piqu (woven): a woven cloth showing rounded cords in the weft direction with sunken lines
between them.
Placement print: a fabric printed with a single motif, such as a portrait head, for display on a
particular part of a garment, as opposed to a fabric printed with a repeat
pattern.
Plating: a process for making a knitted fabric from two yarns of different
propertiesone on the face of the fabric, the other on the back.
Pliss: a French term, meaning pleated, which is applied to fabrics with a puckered
or crinkled effect.
Ply yarn: see folded yarn.
Pointelle: a form of knit stitch resembling lace.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
208 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Polar fleece: a fleece-back jersey fabric.
Polymer: a long molecule made up of many smaller repeat molecules; the following
polymers are the main ones used to make synthetic fibres:
G polyacrylic;
G polyamide (nylon);
G polyester;
G polypropylene; and
G polyurethane.
Polymerise: the process of linking small chemical units together to form larger molecules.
Polynosic: a type of cellulosic fibre characterised by a high wet modulus of elasticity.
When sanded or raised, fabrics made from this fibre have the soft, peachskin
surface found in washed silks.
Polytrimethylene
terephthalate (PTT)
a polymer used in the manufacture of fibres and textiles with stretch
properties, including those developed by Toray Industries and known as 3GT.
Pongee: a lustrous lightweight plain-weave fabric, originally woven in silk.
Popcorn: a fabric which has undergone a special finishing technique to give it a texture
resembling fluffy kernels of popcorn.
Poplin: a plain-weave cotton-type fabric with weftways ribs and a high warp sett.
POY: see partially oriented yarn.
Prepreg: an assembly of fibres impregnated with resin that has been prepared for
preforming into a composite shape; a subsequent curing process is used to
set the resin and form the composite.
Prince of Wales: a large-scale check, typified by a reversing effect ground with an overcheck.
Product-specific safeguard: (see also safeguards, textile safeguard) a measure available to a member of
the World Trade Organisation (WTO) which enables it to protect its market
from import surges of particular products from China which cause market
disruption. The measure is applicable to any type of product (industrial and
agricultural goods) and will remain available for use by WTO members until
December 11, 2013.
Progressive bundle system: a system traditionally employed in apparel production where the task of
assembling the garment is broken down into small operations, and bundles
of work are progressed down the production line through each operation in
sequence until the assembly process is complete (see also unit production
system).
Provenal: small stylised florals typical of the Provence region of France.
PTA: pure terephthalic acid, used in the manufacture of polyester.
PTT: polytrimethylene terephthalate (see also T400 and 3GT).
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 209
Puff rubber printing: see foam printing.
Qiviut: hair from the musk ox. Qiviut is finer and more expensive than cashmere.
Quantitative limit: see quota.
Quilting: layers of padded cloth held together by stitching.
Quota: a quantitative restraint imposed by an importing country on an exporting
countryor established by agreement between the two trading
partnerswhich is designed to limit shipments of a product from the
exporting to the importing country. (See also MFA and ATC.)
Radio frequency
identification (RFID)
systems:
radio frequency identification (RFID) systems provide a method to
automatically identify and locate manufactured products over distances of up
to several hundred metres. They rely on storing and remotely retrieving data
from electronic tags using devices which can transmit and pick up data via
radio waves. The systems usually comprise a universal infrastructure which
consists of electronic readers, tags and radio-frequency identification
management computer software.
Raffia: a fibre obtained from the leaves of the raffia palm.
Ramie: a bast fibre similar to flax, the fibre used for making linen textiles.
Raschel: a two-needle warp knitting system.
Ratin: a cloth with a rough surface, which has been achieved by finishing and/or the
use of fancy yarns.
Rayon: a term used to describe fibres made from regenerated cellulose. (See also
viscose, modal and acetate.)
Real twist: twist inserted in a yarn through the rotation of a yam end (as in uptwisting
or downtwisting) or the repeated passage of a thread loop around an end, as
in two-for-one twisting.
Redox: a type of chemical reaction in which one of the reagents is reduced, while
another is oxidised.
Redox agent: a substance which promotes redox reactions.
Reed: a device consisting of several wires closely set which separate warp threads
in a loom. The reed determines the spacing of the warp threads, guides the
weft carrying device, and beats up the weft against the fell of the cloth.
Reed width: the width of the fabric in the reed.
Regain: the ratio of the weight of water in a material to the oven-dry weight of the
material.
Resin: see prepreg, composite; also used as another word for polymer.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
210 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Resist treatment: a treatment applied to part of a fabric which causes the area treated to resist
the take-up of dye.
Retting (flax): the subjection of a crop of flax or deseeded flax straw to chemical or
biological treatment in order to make fibre bundles more easily separable
from the woody part of the stem. (See also decortication.)
RFID: see radio frequency identification (RFID) systems.
Ribbon yarns: yarns that are woven or knitted in the form of a ribbon.
Rib fabric: a knitted fabric with a rib pattern. Depending upon the usage, the pattern can
be altered to exhibit different rib effects. Rib fabric is used mainly in round
necks and cuffs for certain types of T-shirts. It is also used for making
undergarments.
Ring spun: a spinning system in which twist is inserted in a yarn by using a revolving
traveller. This method gives a tighter twist than the more modern, faster and
usually cheaper open-end spinning process.
Rotor spinning: a method of open-end spinning which uses a rotor (a high speed centrifuge)
to collect and twist individual fibres into a yarn.
Roving: a collection of relatively fine fibrous strands used in the later or final
processes of preparation for spinning.
Rubber printing: see foam printing.
Ruching: Adding a frill of lace or other material, often pleated.
Safeguard: (see also textile safeguard, product-specific safeguard) a measure available
to a member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), enabling it to restrict
imports of a product temporarily (take safeguard action) under Article XIX
of the WTO if its domestic industry is injured or threatened with serious
injury caused by a surge in imports. An import surge justifying safeguard
action can be a real increase in imports (an absolute increase), or it can be
an increase in the share of imports in a shrinking market, even if the import
quantity has not increased (relative increase). Industries or companies may
request safeguard action by their government. A safeguard measure should
not last more than four years, although this can be extended up to eight years.
Measures imposed for more than a year must be progressively liberalised. An
exporting country can retaliate against the imposition of a safeguard against
it by, for instance, raising tariffs on exports from the country which is
enforcing the safeguard measure.
Sandwash: the soft peachskin finish obtained by blasting a fabric with fine sand.
Sanforizing: a controlled compressive shrinkage process. The word Sanforized is a
registered trade mark and can be used to describe fabrics which meet defined
and approved standards of washing shrinkage.
Sari patterns: traditional Indian sari designs.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 211
Satin weave: a warp-faced fabric with binders arranged to produce a smooth surface.
Schappe silk yarns: spun silk yarns which have not been degummed through a fermentation
process. Up to 10% of gum may remain on the fibre prior to spinning.
Scouring: the treatment of textiles in aqueous or other solutions in order to remove
natural fats, waxes, proteins and other constituents, as well as dirt, oil and
other impurities.
Scutching (flax): the operation of separating the woody part of deseeded or retted flax straw.
SDY: see spin draw yarn.
Seasonless solids: basic colours which do not change from season to season, including black,
white and navy.
Seersucker: a fabric characterised by the presence of puckered areas contrasted by flat
areas, usually in stripes along the length of the cloth.
Sett: a term used to define the weft or warp density of a woven fabric, usually in
terms of the number of threads per centimetre.
Shantung: a silk fabric similar to pongee, but heavier, which was originally woven in
wild silk from Shantung, China.
Shape memory polymers
(SMPs):
chemical compounds which have one form at a certain temperature, which
can be given a different shape when subjected to a stimulus such as heat, and
which, under certain conditions, can return to their original memorised
form. Current textile research is focused on using shape memory polymers
to create smart fabrics with protective and moisture management
capabilities.
Shed: an opening formed during weaving by raising some warp threads and
lowering others to facilitate the passage of a weft yarn or a weft carrying
device across the weaving machine.
Shepherds check: a small check effect in contrasting colours, often black and white.
Shetland: a wool yarn or fabric with a soft yet firm handle, plain dyed or in mixture
shades.
Shin gosen: fabrics made from ultra-fine polyester filament yarns with enhanced comfort,
handle, drape and aesthetics. Shin gosen fabrics are designed specifically to
appeal to end users by employing a combination of sophisticated fibre and
fabric processing technologies.
Shirring: making puckers or gathers in a fabric, often by using elasticated thread in
parallel rows.
Shives (flax): short pieces of woody waste beaten from flax straw during scutching.
Shot: a colour effect seen in a fabric woven with a warp of one colour and a weft
of a contrasting colour.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
212 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Single knitted fabric: a fabric produced by knitting a single yarn continuously. In this type of
fabric, the face and the back show different patterns.
Sinker: a sinker is a blade which works in conjunction with knitting needles, and
assists with loop formation and holding a fabric down.
Sirospun yarns: worsted ply yarns spun on a slightly modified ring-spinning frame, which
creates the yarns directly from two rovings. In forming the yarns, the
spinning frame twists the two rovings together, thereby holding the fibres in
place. The process, developed in Australia, eliminates the step of forming two
separate single yarns.
Size: a substance applied to warp yarns (but also sometimes to weft yarns) prior
to weaving in order to protect the yarns from abrasion, to strengthen them,
and to lubricate them.
Sliver: fibres in rope form prior to twisting in the spinning process.
Slub yarns: yarns with a deliberately uneven surface.
Snarl yarns: yarns which are so highly twisted that they curl back on themselves into
knots and snarls, like twisted strands of elastic.
Soleiado: a term, originally the name of a company, used to describe a Provenal print.
Sorona: a brand name for Invistas PBT fibre.
Space-dyed yarns: yarns produced by the space dyeing process.
Space dyeing: a dyeing process in which yarn is coloured at intervals.
Spandex: the generic name used in the USA to denote elastane fibre.
Spin drawing: a process for spinning partially or highly oriented filaments in which the
spinning and drawing processes are integrated sequential stages. Most of the
orientation in spin drawing is introduced between the first forwarding device
and the take-up.
Spin draw yarn (SDY): yarn produced by the spin drawing method.
Spinneret: a nozzle or plate provided with fine holes or slits through which a fibre-
forming solution or melt is extruded during fibre manufacture.
Spinning solution: a solution of fibre-forming polymer ready for extrusion through a spinneret.
Spunbond: nonwovens made from a continuous mat of randomly laid filaments. The
filaments are bonded together by heat and pressure or needlepunching.
Spunmelt: a nonwoven structure made by extruding molten polymer through spinnerets
to form fibres. Spunmelt processes are used in the manufacture of spunbond
nonwovens, meltblown nonwovens and combinations of the two.
Spunbonding: the process used to manufacture spunbonded nonwovens.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 213
Standard minute: the amount of effort expended in one minute by the average worker, suited
and accustomed to his or her task, working at normal speed under normal
conditions, with due allowance for fatigue resulting from the effort expended.
A standard minute corresponds to the productivity to be expected from an
average worker for a guaranteed minimum wage without financial incentives.
Standard performance: the rate of output which qualified workers will naturally achieve without
over-exertion as an average over the working day or shift provided they know
and adhere to the specified method and provided they are motivated to apply
themselves to their work. This performance is denoted as 100 on the standard
rating and performance scales.
Staple fibres (man-made): man-made fibres of predetermined short lengths, usually prepared by cutting
or breaking filaments of the material into lengths suitable for their intended
processing route.
Stitchbonding: a process in which a series of interlooped stitches are inserted along the
length of a pre-formed fabric, an array of cross-laid yarns or a fibre web.
Proprietary systems include Arachne, Malipol and Maliwatt.
Striated: an effect applied to a yarn to give the appearance of striationslines of
colour or fine parallel scratches or grooves, as on the surface of a rock over
which a glacier has flowed.
Subcontracting: an arrangement whereby one business (subcontractor) manufactures all or part
of a specific product on behalf of another business (main contractor) in
accordance with plans and technical specifications supplied by the main
contractor. The main contractor has final economic responsibility in such an
arrangement.
Sublimation: a process in which a substance is changed directly from a solid into a gas or
vapour without first melting.
Substantivity: the attraction between a fibre and a substance (such as a chemical finish)
under conditions whereby the substance is selectively extracted by the fibre
from the application medium (for example, water).
Sueded fabric: a fabric finished in such a way as to imitate suede leather.
Surfactant (surface active
agent):
a molecule which, when added to a liquid at low concentration, changes the
properties of that liquid at a surface or interface. Surfactants are used in
cleaners and detergents to: improve wetting and spreading; provide
detergency by solubilising and suspending soils; produce, modify or control
foam; emulsify and disperse substances such as silicone wax; couple or
compatibilise formulation components; and modify viscosity.
Synthetic fibres: man-made fibres made from a polymer that has been produced artificially,
in contrast to fibres made from naturally occurring polymers such as
cellulose. The term synthetic fibres is also used to refer to synthetic
filaments.
Synthetic filaments: man-made filaments made from a polymer that has been produced
artificially, in contrast to filaments made from naturally occurring polymers
such as cellulose.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
214 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
T400: see 3GT.
Tactel: a brand name used by Invista for its nylon fibre.
Taffeta: a closely woven, plain-weave fabric with a crisp handle and a smooth
surface.
Tanquis: a type of long staple fibre cotton.
Tape yarn: a yarn used for knitwear in the form of a tape with a large width-to-thickness
ratio. Such yarns are typically formed by weaving or knitting. Knitted tape
yarns are often made on circular knitting machines, giving them a tubular
cross-section.
Tapestry: a closely woven figured fabric with a compound structure in which a pattern
is developed by the use of coloured yarns in the warp or in the weft or both.
A fine binder warp and weft may be incorporated. The fabric is woven on
jacquard looms and is normally used for upholstery.
Tartan: a fabric, originally a woollen 2/2 twill worn by Scottish Highlanders, woven
in checks of various colours.
Taupe: a brownish-grey colour, from the French word for mole.
Technical textiles: textile materials and products manufactured primarily for their technical
performance and functional properties rather than their aesthetic or decorative
characteristics. End uses include aerospace, industrial, marine, medical,
military, safety and transport textiles, and geotextiles.
Teflon: a brand name used by DuPont for a stain-resist fabric treatment.
Tenacity: a unit used to measure the strength of a fibre or yarn, usually calculated by
dividing the breaking force by the linear density.
Tencel: a brand name used by Lenzing for a recently developed cellulosic fibre
which is generically known as lyocell. Tencel, originally developed by
Courtaulds, is stronger than viscose cellulosic fibre and is characterised by
its softness and drape.
Tex: a measure of linear density; the weight in grams of 1,000 metres of yarn.
Textile safeguard: Under the terms of Chinas accession to the World Trade Organisation
(WTO), a special safeguard provision is available to members of the WTO
for restricting imports of Chinese textile and apparel products in the event of
market disruption due to increased imports. In general, any export restraint
imposed may not last longer than one year unless it is reapplied through
further consultations, or otherwise agreed to by China and the WTO member.
The special textile safeguard mechanism will be applicable until the end of
2008.
Textured yarn: a continuous filament yarn that has been processed to introduce durable
crimps, coils, loops or other fine distortions along the lengths of the
filaments.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 215
Texturing: a process during which a textured yarn is produced.
Thai silk: silk from Thailand typified by a rough texture.
Thermal bonding: part of a production route for making nonwovens in which a web, which
must contain some meltable synthetic fibres, is heated by a hot gas or by
calendering. The fibres melt and form inter-fibre bonds.
Third country fabric provision: also referred to as the special apparel provision. See AGOA.
Tie-dye: a traditional dyeing process in which fabric is tied and dyed.
Titre: linear density. (See also denier, decitex.)
Toile de Jouy: classic designs originally created in the 1760s for the French court by textile
designers in the town of Jouy en Josas.
Ton: (in this publication) 1,000 kilograms.
Top: sliver which forms the starting material for the worsted and other drawing
systems. Tops are usually formed by combing, or by the cutting or controlled
breaking of continuous filament man-made fibres and the assembly of the
resultant staple fibres into sliver.
Tow: the name given to an untwisted assembly of a large number of filaments;
tows are cut up to produce staple fibres.
Tree bark: the visual effect of tree bark created in a fabric weave.
Tricotine: a weft-face woven fabric, originally with a cotton warp and worsted weft,
which displays a fine, flat twill line.
Tricot, warp knitted: a warp knitted fabric knitted with two full sets of warp threads, each set
making a 1 and 1 lapping movement but in opposite directions. Additionally
the term is now used generically to cover all types of warp knitted fabric
made on tricot warp knitting machines.
Tricot warp knitting
machine:
a warp knitting machine using bearded or compound needles mounted
vertically, or nearly so, in which the fabric is supported and controlled by
sinkers. The fabric is removed from the knitting point at approximately 90
to the needles movement (nearer the horizontal than the vertical).
Tuck stitch: a stitch consisting of a held loop.
Tulle: a fine net fabric made from silk yarn.
Tussah: wild silk from Thailand characterised by an irregular surface.
Tweed: originally, a coarse, heavyweight, rough surfaced wool fabric for outerwear,
woven in Scotland. The term is now applied to fabrics made in a wide range
of weights and qualities, generally from woollen spun yarns.
Twill: a fabric produced by constructing a weave that repeats on three or more
warp threads and weft threads, and produces diagonal lines on the face of
the fabric.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
216 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Unit production systems: an advanced apparel manufacturing system in which a single garment is
progressed through a sequence of operations. Using a unit production system,
a garment is automatically transported via a computer-controlled overhead
hanging system, which has been ergonomically designed to reduce the
amount of handling of the garment (see also progressive bundle system).
UPS: see unit production systems.
Uptwisting: a system of twisting one or more yarns by withdrawing them over-end from
a rotating package. Uptwisting forms the second stage in two-stage twisting.
Vegetal fibres: fibres derived from annual and perennial plants.
Velour: a knitted or woven pile fabric.
Velvet: a cut warp pile fabric in which the cut fibrous ends of yarn form the surface
of the fabric.
Venetian fabric: a lightweight wool or worsted fabric in a satin or twill weave. In some cases
the fabric is napped.
Viloft: A brand name for a viscose fibre with a hollow cross-section which offers
softness, extra bulk and absorbency.
Viscose: the generic name for a type of cellulosic fibre or cellulosic filament
obtained by the viscose process.
Voile: a lightweight open textured plain-weave cloth.
Waffle: a figured structure based on the piqu weave, which is often associated with
the appearance of a honeycomb.
Wale: a column of loops along the length of a knitted fabric.
Warp: yarns which run along the length of a fabric.
Warp knitting: a method of making a knitted fabric in which the loops made from each of
several warp threads are formed substantially along the length of the fabric.
Warp knitting is characterised by the fact that each warp thread is fed more
or less in line with the direction in which the fabric is produced.
Web: a sheet of fibres produced by a carding machine (carded web) or combing
machine (combed web). (See also batt.)
Weft: yarns which run across the width of a fabric (also known as filling).
Weft knitting: a method of making a knitted fabric in which the loops made by each weft
thread are formed substantially across the width of the fabric. Weft knitting
is characterised by the fact that each weft thread is fed more or less at right
angles to the direction in which the fabric is produced.
Whipcord: a firmly constructed fabric with a bold, warp twill.
Wicking: the passage of fluids along or through a textile material.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Glossary
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 217
Worsted: term used to describe yarns which are spun wholly from combed wool in
which the fibres are reasonably parallel, and to describe fabrics or garments
made from such yarns.
Wrapped yarn: see wrap-spun yarn.
Wrap spinning: a system for manufacturing wrap-spun yarn.
Wrap-spun yarn: a yarn consisting of a core wrapped with a binder.
WTO: World Trade Organisation, a body based in Geneva, Switzerland, which
superseded the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Gatt) in 1995
following negotiations conducted between 1986 and 1993 under the Uruguay
Round of multilateral trade talks.
Yarn-dyed: a term used to describe a design or fabric which is constructed from, and
coloured by means of, pre-dyed yarns.
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Index to Textile Outlook International
218 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
Index to
Textile Outlook International
No 1 September 1985
An Important New Journal for a Rapidly
Changing Industry
Foreign Direct Investment and the Hong Kong Textile
and Clothing Industry
Vantona Viyella and Nottingham Manufacturing
International Yarn and Fabric Cost Comparisons
Time to Plan an End to the MFA?
Staple Yarn ManufacturingThe New Spinning Systems
World Textile Machinery Shipments
Has Linen Reached its Peak?
No 2 November 1985
Multi-Fibre Disarrangement?
Internationalisation of the Japanese Textile Industry
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Multi-Fibre ArrangementThe Case for Renewal
Australias Protection System Up for Review
Profile of Courtaulds plc
Fire Barriers in Aircraft Seats
Yarn and Fabric OutlookA Textile Agents View
No 3 January 1986
MFA Conference, Brussels
Multinational Activity in the Mediterranean Rim
Role of Spain and Portugal in an Enlarged European
Textile Community
The MFA and its Alternatives
Survival Strategies for the US Textile Fibre-Apparel
Pipeline
An Analysis of Textile Patents
Licensing LegendsMurjanis Strategy for Apparel
Marketing in the Late 1980s
No 4 March 1986
MFA Developments
China Report
US Nonwovens Outlook
After the VetoThe US Textile Industrys Response
Why a UK Textile and Clothing Manufacturer Seeks
Liberalisation of the MFA
Profile of the French Textile Industry
Putting Designers in their Place
No 5 May 1986
The Relevance of the MFA in Textile Sourcing
West European Nonwovens Industry
MFA RenewalThe European Communitys Position
Rapid Emergence of the Southern Mediterranean Textile
Producers
Profile of the French Clothing Industry
Profiles of Bidermann SA, DMC, SFFAW-Boussac and
Prouvost
Man-Made Fibre Capacity GrowthThe Leading
Suppliers of Plant and Technology
No 6 July 1986
Time to Lower the Barriers Against World
Textile Trade
Multinational Activities in the Eastern Bloc
Fibre and Textile Industry of Eastern Europe and the
USSR
Why the MFA Should be Renewed
Evaluating Overseas Sourcing Options
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
No 7 September 1986
Towards MFA V
Profile of the Turkish Textile Industry
Fourth Multi-Fibre Arrangement
Profile of Coats Viyella plc
Why the Developing Countries Deserve a Fairer Deal
High Technology in the Clothing Industry
No 8 November 1986
Survival Through Specialisation, High Added
Value and High Technology
Polypropylene FibresA Growth Market
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
MFA IVThe US Textile Industry Response
A Market and Financial Profile of Courtaulds Fibres
Luxury Fibres
No 9 January 1987
UK Imports Up As a New MFA Begins
Internationalisation of the US Textile Industry
Profiles of Seven Leading Brazilian Textile Companies
MFA IV Bilaterals and the European Community
Profile of the Belgian Textile and Clothing Industry
Carpets: World Manufacture and Markets
No 10 March 1987
Man-Made FibresA New Mood of
Confidence
Internationalisation of the West German Textile Industry
World Textile Trade and Consumption: Forecasts to 1990
Australia: A New Textiles and Clothing Protection
System
Quick Response: US and UK Experiences
International Design Connections
No 11 May 1987
Why the UK Textile Industrys Revival Could
Be Short-Lived
Internationalisation of the UK Textile Industry
Profile of Jamaicas Export Clothing Industry
Face to Face: Alan Pedder of ICI Fibres
Changing Patterns of UK Fabric Converting
Clothing Assembly: Automation Versus Flexibility
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Index to Textile Outlook International
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 219
No 12 July 1987
Dollar Depreciation: Some Winners, Some
Losers
Outward Processing of Apparel: West Germany to Eastern
Europe and Yugoslavia
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Textile Bedding Products: An International Survey
Survey of West European Textile Mill Fibre Consumption
by End Use
Nonwovens: Textile Substitution in Hospital Operating
Rooms
No 13 September 1987
Textile Aid
Nonwovens: Challenge from the Far East
Profile of the Swiss Textile and Clothing Industry
French Woven Fabrics Industry
French Woven Fabric Producers
Textiles into the 1990s
No 14 November 1987
Itma 87
Egyptian Textiles and Clothing: Growth and Prospects
Profile of Tootal: International Manufacturing and
Distribution
South Korean Textile and Clothing Industry
Supplying the Automobile Industry with Fabrics
Internationalisation of Benetton
No 15 January 1988
Post-Crash Scenarios
Italys Prato Textile Industry
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
After the Crash: US Textile and Apparel Outlook
Frankfurt Trade Fairs: Face to Face with Dr Horstmar
Stauber
Globalisation of Retailing
No 16 March 1988
Locating Textile Agents
Prospects for Brazils Textile and Clothing Industry
Profile of Dawson International
Malaysian Textile and Clothing Industry
US Nonwovens Market
UK Wool Textile Industry
No 17 May 1988
Turkey: the Communitys 13th Member State?
Caribbean Apparel: US Policy on Imports
World Textile Trade and Consumption: Forecasts to 1995
Prospects for Spains Textile Industry
US Nonwovens: the Ten Leading Companies
UK Carpet Market
No 18 July 1988
Learning to Live with the Dollars Fall
Indias Apparel Export Industry
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Profile of the Italian Textile Industry
Elastane Fibres: Focus on Du Ponts Lycra
Profile of the Linen Industry
No 19 September 1988
Feel the Quality or Measure the Width?
Restructuring of the Mexican Textile and Clothing Industry
Profile of the Italian Clothing Industry
Using Consumption Forecasts to Evaluate Trends in Textile
Trade
Portuguese Textiles: Living with EC Membership
UK Home Furnishings Market
No 20 November 1988
1992: Dream or Nightmare?
Israels Textile and Clothing Industry
Profiles of Italian Textile and Clothing Companies
Face to Face: Udo Stark of Akzo Fibres and Polymers
Design attitudes: Spain, Italy, USA and UK
Profile of Coloroll: Creators of Home Interiors for the
Mass Market
No 21 January 1989
Cellulosics Fight Back
Profile of the Biella Wool Textile Industry
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
US Textile and Apparel Outlook
Labelling Requirements for the UK Textile and Clothing
Market
1992: Implications for the EC Textile and Clothing
Industry
No 22 March 1989
Getting Their Akt Together
Thailands Garment Export Trade
West European Market for Cotton Yarns and Grey Cloth
US Nonwovens Industry
Japanese Man-Made Fibres and Textiles: Facing up to Low
Cost Competition
Profile of the West German Textile and Clothing Industry
No 23 May 1989
Fibre Maker Looks East
Tunisian Textiles and Clothing: Prospects for Exports and
Foreign Investment
EC/China Textile Trade Agreement
Face to Face: Guillaume Hofmann and D OSullivan on the
EC/China Agreement
Workwear and Thermal Protection
Ramie: Short Lived Curiosity or Fibre of the Future?
No 24 July 1989
China in Their Hands
Profile of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Pakistan
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
ECs Strategy in Textiles and Clothing for 1992 and
Beyond
Profiles of Leading West German Textile Companies
World Market for Silk Products
No 25 September 1989
Plus a Change
Cotton Industries of Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and
Zimbabwe
Changing Structures in the US Carpet Industry
Apparel Retailing in the USA
Managing for Production Flexibility in the Clothing
Industry
Profiles of Hugo Boss, Escada and Mondi
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Index to Textile Outlook International
220 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
No 26 November 1989
Cutting the Cord
Profile of Indias Apparel Export Industry
Profile of Dominion Textile Inc
Textiles and Clothing Trends in North America, Japan
and Western Europe
Nonwovens Industry in Western Europe
Profile of the Textile Industry in Hungary
No 27 January 1990
The 1990s: When Competition Goes Truly
Global
Profile of Courtaulds plc: Strategies for the 1990s
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Silk-Like, Breathable and Other Microfilament Fabrics
Profile of Laura Ashley
Profile of the Canadian Apparel Industry
No 28 March 1990
Gatt Rules OK?
Profile of the Knitting Industry in Israel
The US Nonwovens Industry
Marketing Factors Affecting the Globalisation of Textiles
Profile of the French Clothing Industry
Survey of Attitudes to 1992
No 29 May 1990
Redrawing Europes Textile Map
World Textile Trade and Consumption: Forecasts to 2000
The Brazilian Textile and Clothing Industry: the
Barriers Come Down
The MFA and Beyond: the EC Perspective
Clothing Manufacture: New Methods of Working
Profile of Burlington Industries
No 30 July 1990
Gatt Talks: Storm Clouds Gathering
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
The Textile Industry in China
The French Textile Industry
Networking a Brand: the Case of Poron
The Irish Textile and Clothing Industry: Preparing for
the Single Market
No 31 September 1990
Retracing the Old Silk Road
Textiles and Clothing in Spain: Facing the EC Challenge
Liberalising the MFA: Implications for the European
Textile and Clothing Industry
Australian Textiles, Clothing and Footwear: Learning
to Live With Lower Protection
Profile of West Point-Pepperell Inc: A US Giant Caught
in a Hostile Takeover
Apparel Retailing in Canada
No 32 November 1990
Far Sighted Vision
Cotton in the USA
Profiles of Devanlay, DMC and the VEV Group
Mergermania in US Textiles and Clothing
Fair Trade in Textiles and Clothing: A Battle Still to
be Won
Automation in Textiles: the Mill of the Future
No 33 January 1991
The Gulf Crisis: Boom or Bust for the Textile
Industry?
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 1991/92
Profile of Bonas Machine Company
Clothing Distribution in France
Merino Sheep: Bringing Fine Wool Production to the UK
No 34 March 1991
Towards MFA V?
The Future of Clothing Retailing in Europe
Profile of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Romania
A Japanese Approach to Investment
Profile of the Belgian Textile and Clothing Industry
The Textile and Clothing Industry in Bangladesh
No 35 May 1991
A New Lease of Life for the Textile
Industryby Transplant
The World Market for Polyester
South Koreas Textile and Clothing Industry: An Export
Perspective
The Rise and Fall of Northern Feather
The Portuguese Textile and Clothing Industry
The Consequences of Abolishing the MFA
No 36 July 1991
MFA 4
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Spring/Summer 1992
The Turkish Textile and Clothing Industry
The Man-Made Fibre Industry in Western Europe
Textiles and Clothing in Scandinavia
No 37 September 1991
Spinning Old Yarns
The Australian Wool Crisis
Changing Attitudes to the Management of Quality
Profiles of Liz Claiborne and VF Corporation
Northern Irelands Linen Weavers
Incentives for Abolishing Piecework in Quick Response
Clothing Manufacture
No 38 November 1991
Small May No Longer Be Beautiful
Textiles and Clothing In Eastern Europe: Industries in
Crisis
Consumer Spending on Clothing and Footwear in the EC
High Technology in the Clothing Industry
Textiles and Clothing in Mauritius
Apparel Sourcing: A Survey of Retail Buyers Attitudes in
Canada, the USA and Western Europe
No 39 January 1992
The Uruguay Round: the Final Haul?
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 1992/93
Profile of the Indian Textile and Clothing Industry
Profile of Marks & Spencer
Competitiveness of the EC Soft Goods Industry
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Index to Textile Outlook International
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 221
No 40 March 1992
In Pursuit of the Holy Grail
Outlook for the US Textile and Apparel Industries
Microfibres: A Whim of Fashion or Tomorrows
Commodity?
Profile of Coats Viyella plc
Profile of the South African Textile and Clothing Industry
Clothing Manufacturer-Retailers in Europe
No 41 May 1992
ICI Finally Pulls the Plug
World Fibre Consumption Trends: Part 1European
Community
The Man-Made Fibre Industry in Taiwan
China Report
Textiles and Clothing in Bulgaria: Struggling to Survive
Trends in the West European Market for Denim Jeans
No 42 July 1992
Regrouping the Troops
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Spring/Summer 1993
World Fibre Consumption Trends: Part 2USA,
Canada, Mexico, Japan and China
The Textile Industry in Hong Kong
Profiles of Interior Fabric Producers in the Netherlands
No 43 September 1992
Making Money in a Recession
Textiles and Clothing in Tunisia
World Fibre Consumption Trends: Part 3India,
Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines, South Korea, Turkey
and Brazil
The Clothing Industry in Hong Kong
Profile of Barmag
Vietnam Report
No 44 November 1992
Shifting Sands in the Worlds Textile and
Apparel Industries
Courtaulds Tencel: A New Fibre for the Mass Market
Competitiveness of the Mexican Textile Chain
Textiles and Clothing in South Korea
Prospects for Textiles and Clothing in Brazil
Foreign Investment in the Mauritian Textiles and
Clothing Industry
No 45 January 1993
The MFA Lives On for Another Year
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 1993/94
Prospects for Sri Lankas Export Apparel Industry
Profile of the Verbeke-Van Damme Group
Franchised Retailing of Textiles and Clothing in France
No 46 March 1993
European Textiles after the Recession
Apparel Retailing in the USA
CIS Report
Team Working in the UK Garment Industries
The Belgian Tufted Carpet Industry
European Fashion in Recession
No 47 May 1993
Make or Buy?
The World Silk Market
Denim: Trends in European Production and Trade
Profile of Ratti Group
Garment Sourcing Options for EC Markets
Computer-Aided Design and Manufacture in the UK
Textile and Clothing Industry
No 48 July 1993
Asia Pacific: A Glimpse of the Future
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Australian Textiles, Clothing and Footwear: Living Without
Quotas
Outlook for the US Textile and Apparel Industries
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Spring/Summer 1994
Retailing of Clothing and Home Textiles in the European
Community
No 49 September 1993
A Long-Term Investment
Structural Changes in Asian Textiles and Clothing
Industries: the Second Migration of Production
Prospects for Textiles and Clothing in Portugal
Outlook for the US Carpet Industry
The Israeli Textile and Apparel Industries: Adjusting to
Liberal Economic Policies
A Balanced Sourcing Strategy for the UK Textile and
Clothing Market
No 50 November 1993
The Multi-Fibre Arrangement Comes of Age
World Textile and Clothing Consumption: Forecasts to
2002
Realising the Opportunities in the New Europe
Trends in US and EC Textiles and Clothing Imports
Textile Floorcoverings in Western Europe: New Initiatives
for the 1990s
Textiles and Clothing in Turkey: Part 1
No 51 January 1994
End of the Line for the MFA
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 1994/95
Sourcing from Albania
Internationalisation of Production by EC Textile and
Clothing Manufacturers
Textiles and Clothing in Turkey: Part 2
No 52 March 1994
USA puts MFA on Life Support
The New Gatt Agreement: Implications for the Worlds
Textile and Clothing Industries
World Textile and Clothing Consumption: Forecasts to
2002 for 17 Leading Countries
Textiles and Clothing in the Persian Gulf
Outlook for Consumer Spending on Clothing in the
European Union
Japans Changing Textiles and Clothing Market
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Index to Textile Outlook International
222 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
No 53 May 1994
The Quota is Dead, Long Live the Quota
Profile of Sara Lee
Hong Kongs Textile and Clothing Industry: Prospects to 1997
and Beyond
Trends in Cotton Consumption in Western Europe
The Changing Role of First-Line Management in the
Textile and Clothing Industry
Profile of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Bangladesh
No 54 July 1994
Me-Too, says Hualon
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Spring/Summer 1995
Profile of Indias Textile and Apparel Industries
Competitiveness of the EU Fabrics Industry
Profile of Moroccos Textile and Clothing Export Industry
No 55 September 1994
USA Goes Global
World Textile and Clothing Consumption: Developed
Countries Update
Outlook for the US Textile Industry
Textiles and Clothing in Spain
Global Changes in the Market for Silk and Silk Products
Profile of Marks and Spencer: A Growing International
Presence
No 56 November 1994
Has the Quota Phase-out Already Begun?
Trends in US and EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Outlook for the US Apparel Industry
The Market for Mens and Boys Woven Shirts in the EU
Leading Producers in the North American Carpet Industry
Interfibre Competition in the 1990s
No 57 January 1995
Countdown to 2005
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 1995/96
Profile of Kellwood Co
Corporate Re-engineering and Organisational Change
in the Textile and Clothing Sector
Textile and Garment Sourcing and the Single European
Market
No 58 March 1995
Globalisation Gathers Pace
Textiles and Clothing in China
Apparel Retailing in the USAPart 1
Profile of the Textile Industry in Pakistan: Problems
and Prospects
Impact of New Technology in the Clothing Industry:
Outlook to 2000
Globalisation of South Americas Textile and Clothing
Industry
No 59 May 1995
The Globalisation of Delocalisation
Textiles and Clothing in Indonesia
Clothing Manufacturing and Distribution in France
Profiles of Jean Cacharel, Grard Pasquier and Zannier
Apparel Retailing in Mexico
Profile of Shaw Industries
No 60 July 1995
Counting the Cost of Cotton
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Spring/Summer 1996
Profile of Burlington Industries
Outlook for Textiles and Clothing in South Africa
Apparel Retailing in the USAPart 2
No 61 September 1995
The Next Ten Years
World Textile and Clothing Consumption: Forecasts to
2004
Production and Sourcing Strategies of German Apparel
Manufacturing Companies
Profile of Courtaulds Textiles
The European Market for Bodyfashion: Part 1Lingerie
and Mens Underwear
Outlook for the US Textile Industry
No 62 November 1995
Growing Job Opportunities in West European
ClothingBut Only for Some
Textiles and Clothing in Eastern Europe: Business
Opportunities Not to be Missed
World Textile and Clothing Consumption: Forecasts to
2004 for Developed Countries
Customer Bonding: A Major Challenge for the Textile and
Clothing Industry
Outlook for the US Apparel Industry
Innovations in Fibres, Textiles and Machinery
No 63 January 1996
New Markets, New Suppliers, New Opportunities
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 1995/96
Trends in US and EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Fabric Purchasing by the German Apparel Manufacturing
Industry
Textiles and Clothing in Taiwan: Industry at a Cross-Roads
No 64 March 1996
Spinning a Fine Yarn
Denim and Jeans: Trends in EU Production and Trade
The MFA Phase-Out and EU Clothing Sourcing: Forecasts
to 2005
Profile of Dominion Textile
European Clothing: New Training Practices, New Payment
Systems
The European Market for Bodyfashion: Part 2Nightwear
and Loungewear
No 65 May 1996
Brazil Points the Way to Trade Liberalisation
Profile of Springs Industries
Brazilian Textiles and Clothing: Adapting to Liberalisation
Profiles of Reliance, Arvind Mills, Raymond, Century and
Morarjee
Colombias Textile and Clothing Industry
Profiles of Coltejer, Fabricato, El Cid, and Everfit-Indulana
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Index to Textile Outlook International
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 223
No 66 July 1996
A Question of Origin
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Spring/Summer 1997
Profiles of Indo Rama, Vardhman, GTN Group and
Ginni Filaments
Trends in the North American Carpet Market
Liberalisation of World Trade in Textiles and Clothing:
the Views of Exporting and Importing Countries
No 67 September 1996
Liberalisation or Procrastination?
Profile of Levi Strauss
Foreign Investment in the Indian Textile and Clothing
Industry
Profile of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Ireland
Profiles of KBC and Kunert
Profile of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Zimbabwe
No 68 November 1996
Move East, Move South, or Move Out
Profile of the Schiesser Eminence Group
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Hong Kong and China: the Joining of Two Giants in
Textiles and Clothing
Productivity: A Key Strategy of the Hong Kong Textile
and Clothing Industry
Knitting: A High Technology Industry
No 69 January 1997
Sourcing Apparel, Down Mexico Way
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 1997/98
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
World Capacities and Shipments of Textile Machinery
Profiles of Gruppo Tessile Miroglio and Benetton
No 70 March 1997
Customs Union? What Customs Union?
Profile of the Textile Industry in Turkey
World Textile and Clothing Consumption: Forecasts to
2005
Profile of Gamma Holding
Structured On-the-Job Training for Greater Competitiveness
International Trade in Dyestuffs
No 71 May 1997
Growing Competition Threatens Mexicos
Honeymoon
Profile of Coats Viyella
The Clothing Industry in Turkey
The Rise of Shiloh: Bucking the Trend in UK Spinning
Outlook for the US Textile Industry
Profiles of Domo, Louis de Poortere, Bekaert Textiles
and Textiles De Witte Lietaer
No 72 July 1997
A Tougher Line on Illegal Shipments
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Spring/Summer 1998
Profiles of DMC and Chargeurs
Trends in the North American Carpet Market
Setting the Pace in Global Retailing
No 73 September 1997
Will Asia Make a Comeback?
World Capacities and Shipments of Textile Machinery
Textile and Clothing Consumption in China, the European
Union, Japan, and the USA:
Forecasts to 2005
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
Prospects for the European Textile Finishing Industry
Outlook for the US Apparel Industry
No 74 November 1997
EU Clothing Production May Still Have a Bright
Future
Profile of Cotton Incorporated
Textile and Clothing Consumption in Ten EU Countries:
Forecasts to 2005
Developments in Ink Jet Printing
Profiles of Readicut International and Welbeck
Investing in Textiles and Clothing: Eastern Europe or Asia?
No 75 January 1998
The End of an Era for Dominion Textile
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 1997/98
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Ensuring Successorship in the Textile and Clothing
Industry
Innovations in Fibres, Textiles and Machinery
No 76 March 1998
Another Wave of Restructuring Hits the UKs
Textile and Apparel Chain
Profile of Tommy Hilfiger
International Trade in Dyestuffs
Profiles of Galey & Lord and Guilford Mills
Manufacturer-Retailer Panels: Helping UK Producers to
Compete Against Imports
The European Market for Bodyfashion: Market Overview
No 77 May 1998
Israeli Firms Move Offshore
Profiles of Cone Mills and Shaw Industries
Sports Fashion Retailing in the UK
Textile and Apparel Exports from Israel and Jordan are Set
for Growth
The European Market for Bodyfashion: Hosiery, Socks,
Beachwear and Swimwear
Outlook for the US Textile Industry
No 78 July 1998
Asian Crisis: the Impact Spreads Far and Wide
World Textile Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Spring/Summer 1999
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
Profiles of Nisshinbo Industries and Toyobo
Profiles of US Textile Companies
No 79 January 1999
Europes Fibre Makers in a Spin
Profile of WestPoint Stevens
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 1999/2000
Profile of Mexicos Textile and Clothing Industry
World Capacities and Shipments of Textile Machinery
Profile of Courtaulds Textiles
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Index to Textile Outlook International
224 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
No 80 March 1999
Caribbean Parity May Now Become a
Reality, Thanks to the Asian Crisis
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Profiles of the Dewhirst Group and Martin International
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Outlook for the US Apparel Industry
Profile of Marks and Spencer
No 81 May 1999
Falling Confidence Hits Global Textile Industry
Profiles of 17 US Apparel Companies
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Spring/Summer 2000
Textile and Clothing Consumption in Six Asian
Countries: Forecasts to 2005
Textiles and Apparel in the Gulf States
Profile of Arcadia Group
No 82 July 1999
In Japan, the Torch of Giantism Is Still Burning
Profile of Toray
World Capacities and Shipments of Textile Machinery
Textiles and Clothing in the Middle East: Focus on
Jordan and the Occupied Territories
Outlook for the Womens Bodyfashion Market in Europe
Polyester into the Next Millennium
No 83 September 1999
Who Wants Global Free Trade in Textiles and
Apparel?
Profile of the Spinning and Weaving Industry in Pakistan
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Profile of the Guatemalan Clothing Export Industry
Competitiveness of the Indian Textile Supply Chain
Profile of Coats Viyella
No 84 November 1999
Textiles and Apparel for the Upwardly Mobile
Profile of the Brazilian Textile and Clothing Industry
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 2000/01
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
Profiles of Companies in Jordan and the Palestinian
Territories
Innovations in Fibres, Textiles and Machinery
No 85 January 2000
New Windows of Opportunity in the Global
Textile and Clothing Market
Profile of St John Knits
Indias Apparel Export Industry: Meeting the Challenge
of a Quota-Free Market
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Thailands Textile and Garment Industry: After the
Asian Crisis
Trends in World Textile and Clothing Trade
No 86 March 2000
Offshore Manufacturing May Be No Panacea
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Textiles and Clothing in Tunisia: Gearing up for Market
Liberalisation
Clothing Retailing in the UK: Forecasts to 2004
Outlook for the Mens Bodyfashion Market in Europe
Profiles of Two German Retail Giants: Karstadt and
Kaufhof
No 87 May 2000
Even the US Industry Approves of a New Act to
Liberalise US Imports
Profile of Wal-Mart
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Spring/Summer 2001
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
Outlook for Japans Man-Made Fibre Industry
Changing Strategies in Japans Apparel Market
No 88 July 2000
Innovation Helps Japans Apparel Makers to Stay
Ahead of the Competition
Denim and Jeans: Trends in EU Production and Trade
Profiles of Onward Kashiyama, Renown and World
World Capacities and Shipments of Textile Machinery
Total Customer Care in the Clothing Industry
Prospects for Household Textile Markets in Developed
Countries
No 89 September 2000
In an Era of Liberalisation, Trade Restrictions
Seem More Complex than Ever
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Profiles of 12 US Textile Companies
Prospects for Indias Man-Made Fibre Industry
New US Legislation Helps Caribbean Countries to Remain
Competitive Against Mexico and Asian Countries
Trends in the Market for Swimwear
No 90 November 2000
Will 2005 Kill Cambodias Golden Goose?
Prospects for Cambodias Garment Industry
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 2001/02
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Managing People for Competitiveness in the Clothing
Industry
Innovations in Fibres, Textiles, Apparel and Machinery
No 91 January 2001
Southern Africa: Ramatex Hopes to Be the Early
Bird That Catches the Worm
World Markets for Elastane (Spandex) Yarns
Profiles of Hualon and Apacinti
Trends in World Textile and Clothing Trade
Profile of Ramatex: A Malaysian Group with Investments
in China and South Africa
Europes Main Corporatewear Markets: Forecasts to 2010
No 92 March 2001
Chinas WTO Membership Put on Hold?
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Profiles of Allied Textile and Sirdar
Developments in Chemical Finishes for Textile Fabrics
Profiles of Pillowtex and Culp
Sports Clothing in the UK
No 93 May 2001
Asian Countries Have Been Hit Hardest by the
US Economic Slowdown
Profile of Fruit of the Loom
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Spring/Summer 2002
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in South
Africa
Andean Countries Seek Parity with Caribbean Basin
Countries to Compete in the US Market
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Index to Textile Outlook International
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 225
No 94 July 2001
Is There a Future for Apparel Manufacturing in the USA?
Profile of VF Corporation
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
Profile of William Baird
World Capacities and Shipments of Textile Machinery
Global Apparel Sourcing: Options for the Future
No 95 September 2001
September 11 and its Aftermath: Is a Global Downturn
in Textiles and Apparel Inevitable?
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Profiles of 12 US Apparel Companies
Textile Chemicals: Profiles of Five Global Players
Profiles of Chargeurs and DMC
Outlook for the US Apparel Industry
No 96 November 2001
Speed, Connectivity and Value-Creating Intangibles: the New
Rules of the International Apparel Sourcing Business
Profile of MAS Holdings: Managing Joint Ventures in Sri
Lanka
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 2002/03
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in
Yugoslavia
Profile of Polo Ralph Lauren
Innovations in Fibres, Textiles, Apparel and Machinery
No 97 January-February 2002
Can Fast Retailing Maintain its Unique Glow?
Profile of Levi Strauss
Prospects for the Fibre, Textile and Apparel Markets in
India
Profiles of 12 Yugoslav Textile and Clothing Companies
Trends in World Textile and Clothing Trade
Fast Retailing: Japans Biggest Apparel Retailer Goes
Global
No 98 March-April 2002
AGOA: A Flash in the Pan? Or a Real Opportunity for
Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa?
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Profiles of Nisshinbo and Toyobo
AGOA: New Opportunities for the Textile and Clothing
Industries in Sub-Saharan Africa
Asias Textile Machinery Builders Seek Wider Global
Markets
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in
Madagascar
No 99 May-June 2002
Sourcing for Western Markets: Quick Response or
Lowest Cost?
Profiles of CIEL Textile and Groupe Socota
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Spring/Summer 2003
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Mauritius
Profile of Inditex: Building on the Success of Zara
No 100 July-August 2002
Lithuania: Small and Thriving. But Can the Momentum
be Maintained?
Profile of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Lithuania
Global Trends in Fibre Production, Consumption and Prices
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
World Capacities and Shipments of Textile Machinery
Profile of Leggett & Platt: Rapid Growth Through
Acquisition
No 101 September-October 2002
US Textile and Apparel Imports from China DoubleA
Wake-Up Call for Other Developing Countries?
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Textiles and Apparel in China: Competitive Threat or
Investment Opportunity?
Profile of Dogi: A World Leader in Stretch Knitted Fabrics
Opportunities for Textiles and Clothing in Sub-Saharan
Africa
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Malaysia
No 102 November-December 2002
Natural Man-Made Fibres: a Way Forward for Companies
in High Cost Countries?
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Sri Lanka
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 2003/04
Innovations in Fibres, Textiles, Apparel and Machinery
Profiles of Textile and Clothing Companies in Botswana and
Zambia
Discount and Value Clothing Retailing in the UK
No 103 January-February 2003
Vietnams Textile and Apparel Exports Soar. But Will US
Quotas Clip the Industrys Wings?
Prospects for the Textile and Garment Industry in Vietnam
Global Trends in Fibre Production, Consumption and Prices
Profiles of Five Malaysian Textile and Apparel Producers
Trends in World Textile and Clothing Trade
Profiles of Arvind Mills, GTN Textiles, and Vardhman
No 104 March-April 2003
Will a Free Trade Area of the Americas Solve Latin
Americas Textile and Clothing Crisis?
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Profiles of Leading Textile and Apparel Companies in
Vietnam
Digital Textile Printing: A Design Tool or Technology for
Full-Scale Production?
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industries in Belarus
Trends in the Market for Sports and Other Performance
Apparel
No 105 May-June 2003
Will China Sweep the Board When Textile and
Apparel Quotas Are Finally Eliminated?
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Spring/Summer 2004
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
Indias Apparel Exporters: Planning for the End of Quotas in
2005
Profiles of Five Leading Textile and Apparel Companies in
Brazil
No 106 July-August 2003
An Uncertain Future for the Garment Industries in
Bangladesh and Mexico
Textiles and Clothing in Mexico: Facing Up to Growing
International Competition
Global Trends in Fibre Prices, Production and Consumption
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
World Capacities and Shipments of Textile Machinery
Prospects for the Textile and Apparel Industry in Bangladesh
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Index to Textile Outlook International
226 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
No 107 September-October 2003
The Big Bang: Winners and Losers in the Textile
and Clothing Industry in 2005 and Beyond
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn Fairs for Autumn/Winter
2004/05
Clothing Retailing in China
Profile of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Portugal
Competitiveness of the Hong Kong Apparel Industry: from
Manufacturer to Fashion Hub
No 108 November-December 2003
Chinese Quotas and a New AGOA Could Give Poorer
Countries Another Chance
Profile of the Maquila Apparel Industry in Honduras
Survey of the European Fabric Fairs for Autumn/Winter
2004/05
Innovations in Fibres, Textiles, Apparel and Machinery
Profiles of Liz Claiborne and Jones Apparel Group
Impact of New US Textile and Apparel Quotas Against
China
No 109 January-February 2004
Thinking the Unthinkable: Will the Textile and Apparel
Quota Phase-Out Be Postponed?
Textiles and Apparel in China: Preparing for Quota-Free
Markets in 2005 and Beyond
Global Trends in Fibre Production, Consumption and Prices
Profiles of Four Leading Indian Apparel Exporters: Gokuldas
Exports, Poppys, Orient Craft, and Jyoti Apparels
Trends in World Textile and Clothing Trade
Creating and Preserving Value in the Textile and Apparel
Supply Chain: From Fibre to Retail
No 110 March-April 2004
Global Textiles and Clothing: A Crisis of Unprecedented
Proportions?
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Profile of Tavex Algodonera
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
Survey of the European Yarn Fairs for Spring/Summer 2005
Profiles of Textile and Apparel Companies in Sri Lanka
No 111 May-June 2004
Post-2004 Strategies: Companies Avoid Putting All Their
Eggs in Chinas Basket
Apparel Retailing in India: Opportunities for Foreign Firms
Survey of the European Fabric Fairs for Spring/Summer
2005
Trends in Japanese Textile and Clothing Imports
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Colombia
Profiles of Three Leading Singapore Clothing Companies:
Ocean Sky, Sing Lun, and Unistar Goo-Way Sourcing
No 112 July-August 2004
Post-Quota Scenarios in Textiles and Clothing
The Rise and Fall of the Garment Industries in Mexico and
the Caribbean Basin
Global Trends in Fibre Prices, Production and Consumption
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
World Capacities and Shipments of Textile Machinery
Trade in Textiles and Clothing: The Way Forward from 2005
No 113 September-October 2004
Post-Quota Scenarios: Restrictions on Textile and Clothing
Trade Will Continue Beyond January 1, 2005
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn Fairs for Autumn/Winter
2005/06
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Egypt
Profiles of Four Leading Chinese Clothing Companies
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Pakistan
No 114 November-December 2004
Post-Quota Scenarios: China Applies the Brakes to
its Textile and Clothing Export Growth
Profiles of Three Leading Hong Kong Textile and Clothing
Companies: Ace Style, Crystal Group and Pacific Textiles
Survey of the European Fabric Fairs for Autumn/Winter
2005/06
Innovations in Fibres, Textiles, Apparel and Machinery
World Textiles and Clothing After Quota Elimination:
Winners and Losers
A New Era for Global Textile and Clothing Supply Chains
No 115 January-February 2005
Post-Quota Scenarios: How Free Is Free Textile and Clothing
Trade?
Profile of Klopman International: European Leader in
Polyester/Cotton Workwear
Global Trends in Fibre Production, Consumption and Prices
Profiles of Two Chinese Clothing Companies: Jiangsu
Sunshine Group and Youngor Group
Trends in World Textile and Clothing Trade
Survey of Chinese Garment Company Strategies: Summer
2005 Buying Season
No 116 March-April 2005
Post-Quota Scenarios: the EU Prepares to Impose Safeguard
Quotas Against China
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Profile of TAL Group: A Leading Hong Kong Apparel
Company with an International Presence
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
Survey of the European Yarn Fairs for Spring/Summer 2006
Profile of Manama Textile Mills: Expanding in the Middle
East
No 117 May-June 2005
US-Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade
Agreement (CAFTA-DR): Another Step Towards American
Integration
Profile of Marks & Spencer: Focus on Clothing
Survey of the European Fabric Fairs for Spring/Summer 2006
Trends in Japanese Textile and Clothing Imports
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Thailand
Market Access in Textiles and Clothing: Linkages Between
Trade and Trade Policy
No 118 July-August 2005
Post-Quota Scenarios in Textiles and Clothing: Europes Bra
Wars
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Guatemala
Global Trends in Fibre Prices, Production and Consumption
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
World Capacities and Shipments of Textile Machinery
Trends in Consumer Behaviour and the Global Clothing
Market
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Index to Textile Outlook International
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 227
No 119 September-October 2005
Post-Quota Scenarios in Textiles and Clothing: Chinese
Producers Re-Assess Their Production and Export Strategies
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Profiles of Six Textile and Clothing Companies in Thailand
Profile of Nano-Tex: A Leader in Nanotechnology-Based
Textile Treatments
Profile of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Turkey
Fast Retailing: Raising the Profile of the Uniqlo Brand
No 120 November-December 2005
Counterfeiting of Textiles and Apparel: A Growing Global
Business
Profiles of Three Leading Indian Exporters of Home Textiles
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 2006/07
Innovations in Fibres, Textiles, Apparel and Machinery
Trends in World Textile and Clothing Trade
Outlook for Asian Textile and Clothing Trade in the Post-
Quota Era
No 121 January-February 2006
Indian Textile and Clothing Companies Go Global
Prospects for the Textile and Garment Industry in India
Global Trends in Fibre Production, Consumption and Prices
Profile of Spyder Active Sports: A Leader in Performance
Ski Wear
Trends and Innovations in the Denim Industry
Cotton and the WTO: What Has Been Achieved?
No 122 March-April 2006
Post-Quota Scenarios in Textiles and Clothing: Sub-Saharan
African Producers Invest for Survival
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Profile of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Brazil
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
Profile of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Syria
The West European Market for Womens Hosiery
No 123 May-June 2006
Vietnam and WTO Membership: Is a Boom in Textiles and
Clothing Around the Corner?
Prospects for the Textile and Garment Industry in Indonesia
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Spring/Summer 2007
Trends in Japanese Textile and Clothing Imports
Profile of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Ukraine
The European Market for Womens Lingerie
No 124 July-August 2006
Chinas Apparel Export Growth Collapses in the US Market
Challenges in Global Textile and Apparel Sourcing: Focus on
Li & Fung
Profile of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Lithuania
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 1Yarn
Manufacture
The European Market for Womens Swimwear
No 125 September-October 2006
Post-Quota Scenarios in Textiles and Clothing: China Is Not
the Only Winner
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Global Trends in Fibre Prices, Production and Consumption
Prospects for the Textile and Garment Industry in the
Philippines
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 2Fabric
Manufacture
Developments in Home Textiles
No 126 November-December 2006
UK Clothing Retailer Marks & Spencer Turns the Corner
Prospects for the Textile and Garment Industry in Malaysia
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 2007/08
Innovations in Fibres, Textiles, Apparel and Machinery
Trends in World Textile and Clothing Trade
Profile of IC Companys: a Multi-Branded Approach to
Fashion Retail
No 127 January-February 2007
World Fibre ProductionAnother Leap Forward
Profile of Oxford Industries
Developments in Textile Colorants
Sourcing Apparel from India
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 3Finishing
Profile of KappAhl: A Nordic Fashion Retailer With a
Distinct Product Concept
No 128 March-April 2007
Ethiopia Sets Ambitious Expansion Targets for its Textile and
Clothing Industry
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Textiles and Apparel in Bulgaria: Prospects for the Industry
Following EU Accession
Global Trends in Fibre Production, Consumption and Prices
Foreign Investment and Collaboration in Indias Textile and
Apparel Industry
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
No 129 May-June 2007
Smaller Textile and Clothing Suppliers Under Threat as
EU Quotas on Imports from China Come to an End
Prospects for the Textile and Garment Industry in Vietnam
Survey of the European Fabric Fairs for Spring/Summer 2008
Denim Fabric: Global Trade and Leading Players
Profile of Raymond: Growth Through Foreign Collaboration
and Vertical Integration
Smart Fabrics and Intelligent Textiles in the UK: Seven
Companies at the Forefront of Innovation
No 130 July-August 2007
Organic Cotton: Small But Growing
Profile of H&M: A Pioneer of Fast Fashion
Developments in Apparel Technology
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 1Yarn
Manufacture
Strategies For Textile and Apparel Manufacturers in the Post-
Quota Era: Prospects to 2015
No 131 September-October 2007
Textiles and Clothing in China: Competitive Threat or
Market Opportunity?
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Global Trends in Fibre Prices, Production and Consumption
Survey of the European Yarn and Fabric Fairs for
Autumn/Winter 2008/09
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 2Fabric
Manufacture
The Rise of Japanese Textile Suppliers to the US
Automotive Industry
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Index to Textile Outlook International
228 Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011
No 132 November-December 2007
How Green Is Our Clothing?
World Trade in T-Shirts
Innovations in Fibres, Textiles, Apparel and Machinery
Trends in World Textile and Clothing Trade
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 3Finishing
Green Textiles and Apparel: Environmental Impact and
Strategies for Improvement
No 133 January-February 2008
Sri Lankan Clothing Firms Invest in India
Prospects for the Textile and Garment Industry in Cambodia
Profile of Iconix Brand Group: A Unique Business Model for
Maximising Brand Value
Textiles and Clothing in Sri Lanka: Profiles of Five
Companies
Textile Lobbyists in Brussels
Fibres and Fabrics for Performance Footwear
No 134 March-April 2008
Is China Losing its Competitive Edge in Textiles and
Clothing?
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends
Survey of the European Yarn Fairs for Spring/Summer 2009
Global Trends in Fibre Production, Consumption and Prices
Prospects for Garment Production in Romania: One of
Europes Most Important Sources
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
No 135 May-June 2008
Specialisation: The Key to Competitiveness in the Post-Quota
Global Apparel Market?
Prospects for the Textile and Garment Industry in Bangladesh
Survey of the European Fabric Fairs for Spring/Summer 2009
Textiles and Clothing in Colombia: Profiles of Eight
Companies
New Uses for Wearable Textile-Based Health Monitoring
Technology
Indias Apparel Exports: Strategic Responses to Slower
Growth
No 136 July-August 2008
Crisis Hits Chinas Clothing Industry
Profile of Gildan: A Vertically Integrated Producer of Low
Cost Activewear, Underwear and Socks
Survey of the European Yarn Fairs for Autumn/Winter 2009/10
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 1Yarn
Manufacture
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in the Czech
Republic
No 137 September-October 2008
The Global Economic Crisis Looks Set to Engulf the Textile
and Clothing Industry in Asia
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends:
China, South-East Asia and South Asia
Survey of the European Fabric Fairs for Autumn/Winter
2009/10
Global Trends in Fibre Prices, Production and Consumption
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 2Fabric
Manufacture
The EUs Generalised System of Preferences (GSP): Impact
on Textile and Clothing Trade
No 138 November-December 2008
Protectionism Looms Over the Global Textile and Clothing
Industry
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends:
USA and EU
Prospects for the Textile and Garment Industry in Hong Kong
Innovations in Fibres, Textiles, Apparel and Machinery
Trends in World Textile and Clothing Trade
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 3Finishing
No 139 June 2009
Brazils Textile and Clothing Industry Rides out the
Stormbut for How Long?
Prospects for the Textile and Garment Industry in China
Survey of the European Yarn Fairs for Spring/Summer 2010
International Comparison of Production Costs: Spinning,
Texturing, Weaving and Knitting
Textiles and Clothing: Opportunities for Recycling
World Trade in Socks
No 140 August 2009
Even China Is Struggling in the Recession-Hit US Textile
and Apparel MarketDespite the Lifting of Quotas
Product Life Cycle Management in the Textile and Apparel
Industry
Survey of the European Fabric Fairs for Spring/Summer 2010
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 1Yarn
Manufacture
Anti-Odour Clothing: Bringing Fresh Appeal to the Textile
and Apparel Market
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
No 141 September 2009
Geographical Proximity May No Be Longer a Critical Factor
in Textile and Apparel Sourcing
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends:
China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan
Profile of Delta Galil: A Global Innovator in Underwear,
Socks and Seamless Apparel
Global Trends in Fibre Prices, Production and Consumption
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 2Woven Fabric
Manufacture
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
No 142 November 2009
Instability and Social Unrest Could Undermine Growth in
Garment Sourcing from Low Cost Asian Countries
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends:
the USA, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico
Survey of the European Yarn Fairs for Autumn/Winter 2010/11
Prospects for the Textile and Garment Industry in Pakistan
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 3Knitted Fabric
Manufacture
Strategies of Online Clothing Retailers: Gap, Asos, Yoox,
Marks & Spencer (M&S), Future Bazaar and Bivolino
No 143 February 2010
Can Apparel Still Be Made Competitively in Developed
Countries?
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends:
the EU
Survey of the European Fabric Fairs for Autumn/Winter
2010/11
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 4Dyeing and
Finishing
Trends in World Textile and Clothing Trade
Profile of American Apparel: US Manufacturing and Strong
Brand Recognition Bring Success
Textile Outlook International, No 151 July 2011 Index to Textile Outlook International
Textiles Intelligence Limited 2011 229
No 144 April 2010
Li & Fung Will Source Less Apparel from China and More
from Bangladesh and Other Asian Countries
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Thailand
Survey of the European Yarn Fairs for Spring/Summer 2011
Global Trends in Fibre Prices, Production and Consumption
Technological Developments in the Clothing Industry
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
No 145 June 2010
Global Textile and Apparel SourcingThe Views of Four
Brands
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends:
South Asia and South-East Asia
Survey of the European Fabric Fairs for Spring/Summer 2011
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 1Yarn
Manufacture
Profile of Tukatech: Pioneering Clothing Design Technology
for Developing Countries
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
No 146 August 2010
The Hidden Costs of Textile and Apparel Sourcing
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends:
China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan
Denim Fabric: Global Trade and Leading Players
Evolving Business Models in the Textile and Apparel
Industry
Textiles and Clothing in Vietnam: Riding the Crest of a
Wave
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 2Woven
Fabric Manufacture
No 147 October 2010
End of the Line for Cheap Clothing?
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends:
the USA, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico
Survey of the European Yarn Fairs for Autumn/Winter
2011/12
Global Trends in Fibre Prices, Production and Consumption
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Sri Lanka
World Markets for Textile Machinery: Part 3Knitted
Fabric Manufacture
No 148 December 2010
Strategic Sourcing for Sustainable Savings
Prospects for the Textile and Apparel Industries in Bulgaria,
Kosovo and Macedonia
Survey of the European Fabric Fairs for Autumn/Winter
2011/12
Profiles of 18 Textile and Apparel Companies in Indonesia
Trends in World Textile and Clothing Trade
Taiwan Leads Asia in Sustainable High Performance Fibres
and Fabrics
No 149 March 2011
After the Earthquakes: Impact on the Textile and Clothing
Industry
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends:
the EU
Survey of the European Yarn Fairs for Spring/Summer 2012
Prospects for the Apparel Industry in Haiti
UK Apparel Retailing: Profiles of Arcadia Group, Marks &
Spencer, New Look, Next and Primark
Comparisons of Spinning, Texturing, Weaving and Knitting
Costs in Eight Countries
No 150 June 2011
Pakistans Textile and Clothing Exporters May Gain Duty-Free
Access to EU Markets
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends:
South Asia and South-East Asia
Survey of the European Fabric Fairs for Spring/Summer 2012
Global Trends in Fibre Prices, Production and Consumption
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Guatemala
Trends in US Textile and Clothing Imports
No 151 July 2011
TexprocessA New Trade Fair for the Global Sewn
Products Industry
World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends:
China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan
Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Taiwan
World Markets for Home Textiles: Focus on Home Linen
and Profiles of Leading Players
Product Developments and Innovations
Trends in EU Textile and Clothing Imports
To order copies of past reports, please contact Textiles Intelligence Limited, Alderley House, Wilmslow SK9 1AT,
United Kingdom, tel: +44 (0)1625 536136, fax: +44 (0)1625 536137, email: info@textilesintelligence.com, website:
www.textilesintelligence.com
Payment details:
I woul d l i ke to pay by di rect transfer i nto:
Barcl ays Bank pl c, Pal l Mal l Corporate Group, PO Box 15165, London SW1A 1QF, UK.
Account Name: Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted. Account Number: 20887846. Sort Code: 20- 67- 59
I encl ose a cheque (UK sterl i ng drawn on a UK Bank, or Euros or US dol l ars) made payabl e
to Texti l es Intel l i gence Ltd
Pl ease send me a proforma i nvoi ce (publ i cati ons sent on recei pt of payment)
Pl ease charge to my credi t card: Ameri can Express Mastercard Vi sa
Card No: Expi res End: /
Si gnature: Date:
VAT/ TVA/ IVA Reg No. (Europe onl y)
Address of cardhol der i f di fferent from del i very address:
Subscribe without delay! To stay ahead of your competitors you can not afford to be without this unique publication!
Name & address details:
Name (Mr/ Mrs/ Mi ss/ Ms)
Job ti tl e
Company name
Address
Country Postcode
Nature of busi ness
Tel Fax
Emai l address
Please send your order to:
Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted, Al derl ey House,
Al derl ey Road, Wi l msl ow SK9 1AT, UK
Tel : +44 (0)1625 536136
Fax: +44 (0)1625 536137
Emai l : i nfo@texti l esi ntel l i gence.com
Websi te: www.texti l esi ntel l i gence.com
Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted. Regi stered i n Engl and and Wal es No. 03567033.
Regi stered Offi ce: MBL House, 16 Edward Court, Al tri ncham Busi ness Park, George Ri chards Way, Al tri ncham WA14 5GL, UK.
Global Apparel Markets
Four ti mes a year, Global Apparel Markets provi des essenti al and up- to- date anal ysi s and i nsi ght i nto the gl obal apparel i ndustry. Reports
contai n updates on retai l trends, product devel opments, trade pol i cy, company and country profi l es, and busi ness news to keep retai l ers,
manufacturers and i nvestors i nformed of the facts and fi gures whi ch affect thei r busi ness.
Each issue contains:
an edi tori al feature whi ch contai ns insight and authoritative analysis from our
team of experts;
a detailed research-based report or company profi l e coveri ng i nformati on on
sourci ng, devel opments i n technol ogy, col our and/ or fabri c trends, market sectors such
as di scount retai l i ng, or other i ssues whi ch affect compani es i n the apparel i ndustry;
a round- up of i ndustry product developments and innovations;
a feature on trade and trade policy;
advi ce on strategy; and
busi ness news.
Research-based reports planned for the first year include the following:
Devel opments i n apparel technol ogy
Di scount cl othi ng retai l i ng
Corporate soci al responsi bi l i ty
Mass customi sati on and fi t
Radi o frequency i denti fi cati on
Sourci ng apparel from South and South- East Asi a
Strategi es of cl othi ng manufacturers i n the post- quota era
The effect of onl i ne shoppi ng and the Internet on the apparel i ndustry
Trends i n apparel fabri cs: a revi ew of key fabri c fai rs i n Europe and Asi a
TOI
Please send me:
I woul d l i ke to subscri be to Global Apparel Markets
Price: UK Rest of Europe, The Americas
Middle East & Africa & Asia Pacific
Pri nted subscri pti on 630 1,095 US$1,410
Pri nted/ el ectroni c subscri pti on 945 1,643 US$2,115
Pri nted si ngl e i ssue 235 410 US$530
Pri nted/ el ectroni c si ngl e i ssue 353 615 US$795
For single issues pl ease wri te i ssue number/ s or date/ s here:

Pl ease wri te your emai l address here
Pl ease note that sterl i ng pri ces appl y to customers whose del i very addresses are i n the UK onl y. Euro pri ces appl y to customers
i n the rest of Europe, Mi ddl e East and Afri ca, and US dol l ar pri ces appl y to customers i n the Ameri cas and Asi a Paci fi c.
The round- up of i ndustry product developments and
innovations i ncl udes i nformati on on: desi gn; fabri c treatments and
fi ni shes; "green" i ssues; machi nery; new fi bres for apparel fabri cs;
new manufacturi ng processes; smart fabri c appl i cati ons; and yarns
and fabri cs for apparel .
The feature on trade and trade policy provi des an overvi ew of
gl obal trade i n the mai n consumer markets, detai l s of recent trade
agreements i n sel ected regi ons, and i nsi ght and stati sti cal data.
The strategy report provi des "food for thought". It i ncl udes opi ni ons
based on fi rst- hand i ntervi ews wi th i ndustry experts and consul tants
who speci al i se i n strategi es empl oyed i n the gl obal apparel i ndustry.
The round- up of business news i ncl udes i ndustry speci fi c news
about: acqui si ti ons, di vestments and mergers; conferences and
exhi bi ti ons; fi nanci al resul ts of l eadi ng compani es; corporate soci al
responsi bi l i ty; i nvestments; j oi nt ventures, cooperati on, l i censi ng and
di stri buti on agreements; markets; patents and trademark di sputes; and
cel ebri ty promoti ons.
Each i ssue al so contai ns an extensi ve glossary of terms and a l i st of
useful contact details.
Payment details:
I woul d l i ke to pay by di rect transfer i nto:
Barcl ays Bank pl c, Pal l Mal l Corporate Group, PO Box 15165, London SW1A 1QF, UK.
Account Name: Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted. Account Number: 20887846. Sort Code: 20- 67- 59
I encl ose a cheque (UK sterl i ng drawn on a UK Bank, or Euros or US dol l ars) made payabl e
to Texti l es Intel l i gence Ltd
Pl ease send me a proforma i nvoi ce (publ i cati ons sent on recei pt of payment)
Pl ease charge to my credi t card: Ameri can Express Mastercard Vi sa
Card No: Expi res End: /
Si gnature: Date:
VAT/ TVA/ IVA Reg No. (Europe onl y)
Address of cardhol der i f di fferent from del i very address:
Subscribe without delay! To stay ahead of your competitors you can not afford to be without this unique publication!
Name & address details:
Name (Mr/ Mrs/ Mi ss/ Ms)
Job ti tl e
Company name
Address
Country Postcode
Nature of busi ness
Tel Fax
Emai l address
Please send your order to:
Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted, Internati onal Subscri pti ons
Al derl ey House, Wi l msl ow SK9 1AT, UK
Tel : +44 (0)1625 536136
Fax: +44 (0)1625 536137
Emai l : i nfo@texti l esi ntel l i gence.com
Websi te: www.texti l esi ntel l i gence.com
Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted, Regi stered i n Engl and and Wal es No. 03567033.
Regi stered offi ce: Century House, Ashl ey Rd, Hal e, Al tri ncham, WA15 9TG, UK.
Performance Apparel Markets
A new publication on high performance activewear
and corporate apparel from Textiles Intelligence the
worlds leading provider of business information to
the international fibre, textile and apparel industries.
Why performance apparel?
Performance apparel represents one of the fastest growi ng sectors of the
i nternati onal texti l e and cl othi ng i ndustry. Market growth i s bei ng fuel l ed by the
emergence of new fi bres, new fabri cs and i nnovati ve process technol ogi es.
The market i s al so bei ng boosted by changes i n consumer l i festyl es. Peopl e are
l i vi ng l onger and spendi ng more ti me on l ei sure acti vi ti es. New hi gh- tech fabri cs
are bei ng devel oped for a wi de range of acti ve sports such as aerobi cs, athl eti cs,
runni ng, cycl i ng, hi ki ng, mountai neeri ng, swi mmi ng, sai l i ng, wi ndsurfi ng,
bal l ooni ng, parachuti ng, snowboardi ng, and ski - i ng.
Exci ti ng i nnovati ons are emergi ng i n fi re retardant materi al s and those whi ch
protect agai nst extreme temperatures. Added to that i s the growi ng market for
corporatewear whi ch, i n some cases, i s becomi ng i ncreasi ngl y fashi on- ori ented.
And, i ncreasi ngl y, hi gh- tech fabri cs and apparel desi gned for hi gh performance
wear are crossi ng over the boundary i nto everyday fashi on.
Why subscribe to Performance Apparel Markets?
To understand the market and i ts dri vi ng forces, you need to have a regul ar source of
hi gh qual i ty i nformati on whi ch focuses on the business of performance apparel .
And Performance Apparel Markets i s compl etel y unbi ased l i ke other Texti l es
Intel l i gence publ i cati ons i t does not carry any adverti si ng.
Why cant I get the information off the Internet?
Texti l es Intel l i gence a spi n- off from the hi ghl y regarded Economi st Intel l i gence
Uni t saves you ti me by si fti ng through the mass of i nformati on i n the
marketpl ace, careful l y sel ecti ng the most i mportant data and addi ng val ue to i t
through thoughtful and i nsi ghtful anal ysi s.
Moreover, much of the i nformati on publ i shed by Texti l es Intel l i gence i s based on
ori gi nal research and i s not avai l abl e el sewhere.
Who should subscribe to Performance Apparel Markets?
Whether you are connected wi th fi bres, texti l es, fashi on, sportswear, protecti ve
cl othi ng, corporatewear, or l ei surewear or any other type of apparel Performance
Apparel Markets wi l l hel p you to pl an the future strategy of your busi ness.
What will a subscription to Performance Apparel Markets
give me? Each i ssue wi l l contai n:
A report on maj or devel opments i n the gl obal performance apparel market,
focusi ng on new products, new technologies, new fibres and key players
A detailed, independently-researched report on one of the fol l owi ng
topi cs: moi sture management; temperature regul ati on; stretch; hi gh strength;
refl ecti ve wear; support wear; UV protecti on; wi ndproof, waterproof and
water- resi stant technol ogi es; fl ame retardancy; and "smart" texti l es
A company profile, outl i ni ng the business, product, market and
manufacturing strategies empl oyed by a key pl ayer i n the performance
apparel i ndustry
A summary of business news and devel opments affecti ng gl obal
performance apparel markets, maj ori ng on i nnovati ons, mergers and
acqui si ti ons, i nvestments, j oi nt ventures, and fi nanci al performances.
I woul d l i ke to subscri be to Performance Apparel Markets
Price: UK Rest of Europe, The Americas
Middle East & Africa & Asia Pacific
pri nted versi on onl y 655 1,140 US$1,445
pri nted and el ectroni c (si ngl e user) 983 1,710 US$2,168

Pl ease wri te your emai l address here
Pl ease note that sterl i ng pri ces appl y to customers whose del i very addresses are i n the UK onl y. Euro pri ces appl y to customers
i n the rest of Europe, Mi ddl e East and Afri ca, and US dol l ar pri ces appl y to customers i n the Ameri cas and Asi a Paci fi c.
Payment details:
I woul d l i ke to pay by di rect transfer i nto:
Barcl ays Bank pl c, Pal l Mal l Corporate Group, PO Box 15165, London SW1A 1QF, UK.
Account Name: Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted. Account Number: 20887846. Sort Code: 20- 67- 59
I encl ose a cheque (UK sterl i ng drawn on a UK Bank, or Euros or US dol l ars) made payabl e
to Texti l es Intel l i gence Ltd
Pl ease send me a proforma i nvoi ce (publ i cati ons sent on recei pt of payment)
Pl ease charge to my credi t card: Ameri can Express Mastercard Vi sa
Card No: Expi res End: /
Si gnature: Date:
VAT/ TVA/ IVA Reg No. (Europe onl y)
Address of cardhol der i f di fferent from del i very address:
Subscribe without delay! To stay ahead of your competitors you can not afford to be without this unique publication!
Name & address details:
Name (Mr/ Mrs/ Mi ss/ Ms)
Job ti tl e Nature of busi ness
Company name
Address
Country Postcode
Tel Fax
Emai l address
Please send your order to:
Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted, Internati onal Subscri pti ons
Al derl ey House, Wi l msl ow SK9 1AT, UK
Tel : +44 (0)1625 536136
Fax: +44 (0)1625 536137
Emai l : i nfo@texti l esi ntel l i gence.com
Websi te: www.texti l esi ntel l i gence.com
Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted, Regi stered i n Engl and and Wal es No. 03567033.
Regi stered offi ce: Century House, Ashl ey Rd, Hal e, Al tri ncham, WA15 9TG, UK.
I woul d l i ke to subscri be to Technical Textile Markets
Price: UK Rest of Europe, The Americas
Middle East & Africa & Asia Pacific
Pri nted versi on onl y 935 1,660 US$2,170
Pri nted and el ectroni c 1,403 2,490 US$3,255
Si ngl e copy/ i es - pri nted versi on onl y 350 each 620 each US$815 each
(pl ease speci fy i ssue/ s bel ow)
Si ngl e copy/ i es - pri nted and el ectroni c 525 each 930 each US$1,223 each
(pl ease speci fy i ssue/ s bel ow)
Speci fy i ssue/ s here

Pl ease wri te your emai l address here
Pl ease note that sterl i ng pri ces appl y to customers whose del i very addresses are i n the UK onl y. Euro pri ces appl y to customers
i n the rest of Europe, Mi ddl e East and Afri ca, and US dol l ar pri ces appl y to customers i n the Ameri cas and Asi a Paci fi c.
Technical Textile Markets
Business and market analysis of worldwide trends in fibres, nonwovens, technical textiles and functional apparel
Hi gh performance fi bres and techni cal texti l es represent two of the faster
growi ng sectors of the gl obal texti l e i ndustry. Attracted by strong growth
rates, many producers of apparel texti l es are movi ng over to techni cal
texti l es as competi ti on from l ow cost i mports i ncreases.
Techni cal texti l es, based on hi gh technol ogy, are more "i mport- proof" than
conventi onal texti l es and apparel . Al so, there are great opportuni ti es for producers to
gai n a competi ti ve edge and to earn hi gher margi ns through advanced technol ogy.
Tradi ti onal appl i cati ons for hi gh performance fi bres and techni cal texti l es i ncl ude
conveyor bel ts, tarpaul i ns, tyre cords and ropes. Producers are al so manufacturi ng
hi gh- tech products for an i ncreasi ngl y wi de range of i ndustri al end uses.
However, as the markets for fashion and sports clothing have
started to merge, high performance fibres and technical textiles
are also meeting the demand for new materials created by
changes in consumer "lifestyle". Furthermore, as leisure time
increases, so does the demand for specialist sports goods.
Publ i shed four ti mes a year, Technical Textile Markets
provi des easi l y accessi bl e i nformati on, desi gned to keep you i nformed about changes
and devel opments i n the man- made fi bre, techni cal texti l e, and performance apparel
i ndustri es. Much of the i nformati on and data publ i shed i n
Technical Textile Markets i s di ffi cul t or i mpossi bl e to obtai n el sewhere, and
much coul d take your researchers months to gather, col l ate and anal yse.
A subscription to Technical Textile
Markets will provide you with:
Profiles of fi bre and techni cal texti l e companies around the world thei r
strengths and weaknesses; how they operate; whi ch markets they are expl ori ng;
thei r future pl ans for devel opment
Updates on innovations and developments i n fi bres, techni cal texti l es,
apparel and machi nery
Regul ar reports on the worlds leading nonwovens companies
Profiles of the fi bre and techni cal texti l e i ndustri es i n different countries
Analyses of developments i n the nonwovens i ndustry, i n the man- made fi bre
i ndustry, and i n a wi de range of new and tradi ti onal end use markets
Regul ar statistical reports, i ncl udi ng data not publ i shed el sewhere
A quarterl y Global News Round-Up, i ncl udi ng busi ness news, detai l s of
mergers and acqui si ti ons and i nvestments, and fi nanci al resul ts
Editorial comment on the key issues faci ng the i ndustry
Reports on new technological developments wi th cl ear, authori tati ve
comments on thei r economi c and commerci al si gni fi cance
Market information and forecasts - anal yses of i mportant commerci al end-
use markets; and trends from the vi ewpoi nt of fi bre producers
Cl earl y presented tables, charts and diagrams
Payment details:
I woul d l i ke to pay by di rect transfer i nto:
Barcl ays Bank pl c, Pal l Mal l Corporate Group, PO Box 15165, London SW1A 1QF, UK.
Account Name: Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted. Account Number: 20887846. Sort Code: 20- 67- 59
I encl ose a cheque (UK sterl i ng drawn on a UK Bank, or Euros or US dol l ars) made payabl e
to Texti l es Intel l i gence Ltd
Pl ease send me a proforma i nvoi ce (publ i cati ons sent on recei pt of payment)
Pl ease charge to my credi t card: Ameri can Express Mastercard Vi sa
Card No: Expi res End: /
Si gnature: Date:
VAT/ TVA/ IVA Reg No. (Europe onl y)
Address of cardhol der i f di fferent from del i very address:
Order Form
Name & address details:
Name (Mr/ Mrs/ Mi ss/ Ms)
Job ti tl e
Company name
Address
Country Postcode
Nature of busi ness
Tel Fax
Emai l address
Please send your order to:
Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted, Internati onal Subscri pti ons 2654
Al derl ey House, Wi l msl ow SK9 1AT, UK
Tel : +44 (0)1625 536136
Fax: +44 (0)1625 536137
Emai l : i nfo@texti l esi ntel l i gence.com
Websi te: www.texti l esi ntel l i gence.com
Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted, Regi stered i n Engl and and Wal es No. 03567033.
Regi stered offi ce: Century House, Ashl ey Rd, Hal e, Al tri ncham, WA15 9TG, UK.
Please send me:
Pl ease send me copy(i es) of World Markets for Woven Textiles and Apparel
Speci al Report No. 2653 ISBN 1 902625 07 2
Price: UK Rest of Europe, The Americas
Middle East & Africa & Asia Pacific
Pri nted versi on onl y 350 665 US$765
Pri nted and el ectroni c 525 995 US$1,145
on CD- Rom or by emai l (pl ease speci fy)
NB: sterl i ng pri ces appl y to customers i n the UK onl y; euro pri ces appl y to customers i n the rest of Europe,
Mi ddl e East and Afri ca; and US dol l ar pri ces appl y to customers i n the Ameri cas and Asi a Paci fi c.
Pl ease send me detai l s of other reports publ i shed by Texti l es Intel l i gence on the gl obal fi bre,
texti l e and apparel i ndustri es
World Markets for Woven Textiles and Apparel: Forecasts to 2010
Weaving: a growth sector
Woven fabri cs are used worl dwi de i n a wi de vari ety of appl i cati ons
i ncl udi ng apparel , househol d texti l es and furni shi ngs, medi cal i tems,
i ndustri al uses, and techni cal products. Fabri c weavi ng consumes about
28 mn tons of fi bres per annum equi val ent to over hal f of the gl obal
texti l e market. Moreover, gl obal producti on of woven products wi l l grow
by 25% between 2002 and 2010, reachi ng more than 35 mn tons. Most
of thi s growth wi l l take pl ace i n Asi a.
Relocation to low cost countries will intensify
Imports of texti l es and apparel wi l l grow i n the devel oped economi es of
Western Europe, the USA, and Japan and, i ncreasi ngl y, i n the newl y
i ndustri al i sed economi es of Tai wan and South Korea. Furthermore, i mport
growth wi l l i ntensi fy after the end of 2004 when quotas restri cti ng
i nternati onal texti l e and cl othi ng trade are el i mi nated under the
Agreement on Texti l es and Cl othi ng (ATC). Manufacturers i n devel oped
countri es are l i kel y to respond by rel ocati ng operati ons to producti on
centres i n l ow wage countri es. Those who choose nearby l ocati ons wi l l
al so benefi t from market proxi mi ty and speed of response.
Growth will be fuelled by demand for technical textiles
For producers i n devel oped economi es, there are i ncreasi ng possi bi l i ti es
of growth i n the techni cal , medi cal and i ndustri al sectors. Such growth
woul d ensure that weavi ng remai ns a si gni fi cant sector wi thi n the texti l e
i ndustri es i n devel oped countri es duri ng the earl y part of the 21st century.
World Markets for Woven Textiles and Apparel: Forecasts
to 2010 exami nes al l these i ssues and more. In parti cul ar, i t wi l l
provi de you wi th:

an assessment of the technologies used at al l stages of the


weavi ng process, for both stapl e fi bre yarns and fi l ament yarns;
an i ndi cati on of the response of developers of weavi ng
technol ogy to new requi rements i mposed by the weavi ng sector;
an i nsi ght i nto the levels of fibre quality whi ch wi l l be
necessary to enabl e new technol ogi es to be empl oyed i n the
most effecti ve manner;
production cost breakdowns and trends for di fferent
countri es and compari sons of producti on costs between di fferent
weavi ng technol ogi es;
authoritative predictions of the future gl obal market for
woven texti l es and apparel , wi th parti cul ar emphasi s on expected
tradi ng patterns and the factors l i kel y to affect competi ti on; and
expert forecasts of gl obal and regi onal markets for woven
texti l es and apparel to 2010.
Payment details:
I woul d l i ke to pay by di rect transfer i nto:
Barcl ays Bank pl c, Pal l Mal l Corporate Group, PO Box 15165, London SW1A 1QF, UK.
Account Name: Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted. Account Number: 20887846. Sort Code: 20- 67- 59
I encl ose a cheque (UK sterl i ng drawn on a UK Bank, or Euros or US dol l ars) made payabl e
to Texti l es Intel l i gence Ltd
Pl ease send me a proforma i nvoi ce (publ i cati ons sent on recei pt of payment)
Pl ease charge to my credi t card: Ameri can Express Mastercard Vi sa
Card No: Expi res End: /
Si gnature: Date:
VAT/ TVA/ IVA Reg No. (Europe onl y)
Address of cardhol der i f di fferent from del i very address:
Order Form
Name & address details:
Name (Mr/ Mrs/ Mi ss/ Ms)
Job ti tl e
Company name
Address
Country Postcode
Nature of busi ness
Tel Fax
Emai l address
Please send your order to:
Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted 2654
Internati onal Subscri pti ons
Al derl ey House
Wi l msl ow SK9 1AT
Uni ted Ki ngdom
Tel : +44 (0)1625 536136
Fax: +44 (0)1625 536137
Emai l : i nfo@texti l esi ntel l i gence.com
Websi te: www.texti l esi ntel l i gence.com
Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted, Regi stered i n Engl and and Wal es No. 03567033.
Regi stered offi ce: Century House, Ashl ey Rd, Hal e, Al tri ncham, WA15 9TG, UK.
Please send me:
Pl ease send me copy(i es) of World Markets for Knitted Textiles and Apparel
Speci al Report No. 2652 ISBN 1 902625 06 4
Price: UK Rest of Europe, The Americas
Middle East & Africa & Asia Pacific
Pri nted versi on onl y 350 665 US$765
Pri nted and el ectroni c 525 995 US$1,145
on CD- Rom or by emai l (pl ease speci fy)
NB: sterl i ng pri ces appl y to customers i n the UK onl y; euro pri ces appl y to customers i n the rest of Europe,
Mi ddl e East and Afri ca; and US dol l ar pri ces appl y to customers i n the Ameri cas and Asi a Paci fi c.
Pl ease send me detai l s of other reports publ i shed by Texti l es Intel l i gence on the gl obal fi bre,
texti l e and apparel i ndustri es
World Markets for Knitted Textiles and Apparel: Forecasts to 2010
Knitting: a growth sector
The worl d produces over 17 mn tons of kni tted texti l es and apparel
representi ng one thi rd of the gl obal texti l e market. Moreover, output i s forecast
to grow by 25% over the next ten years, reachi ng more than 21 mn tons.
New fibres open up new markets
Kni tted texti l es and apparel are used i n a wi de range of basi c apparel i tems such
as T- shi rts, underwear and sweaters. But the i ndustry i s changi ng. New markets
are emergi ng as hi gh- tech fi bres are used and manufacturi ng technol ogy becomes
more sophi sti cated. Desi gners are di scoveri ng that kni tted goods now offer
more scope than ever before, to be used i n an i ncreasi ngl y sophi sti cated range
of products.
New technology offers more flexibility, customised products,
smaller order sizes
Producers are i nvesti ng i n machi nery whi ch offers the l atest technol ogi cal
devel opments i n order to become more fl exi bl e and make better qual i ty products.
Automati on has been used i n the past to produce l arge orders at l ow pri ces. But
todays technol ogi cal advances are provi di ng producers wi th the fl exi bi l i ty to offer
smal l bespoke, customi sed orders tai l ored to speci fi c customer requi rements at
competi ti ve pri ces.
World Markets for Knitted Textiles and Apparel: Forecasts to 2010
exami nes al l these i ssues and more. In parti cul ar, i t wi l l provi de you wi th:
detai l s of trends in knitting capacity, production, and investments
i n ci rcul ar kni tti ng, warp kni tti ng, hosi ery kni tti ng, fl at kni tti ng, ful l y
fashi oned kni tti ng and speci al i ty kni tti ng;
a survey of manufacturing costs in major producing countries,
i ncl udi ng the i mpact of new and ol d machi nery, devel opments i n automati on
and technol ogy, and l abour costs;
a detai l ed descri pti on of the manufacturing technologies empl oyed i n
the kni tti ng sector, and an assessment of technological changes and the
i mpact of qui ck response;
detai l s of the effects on productivity of increased automation and the
i ntroducti on of seaml ess technol ogy;
compari sons between di fferent types of staple fibres and continuous
filament yarn, and thei r sui tabi l i ty for vari ous end uses;
assessments of process developments i n kni tti ng and downstream
marketi ng, wi th parti cul ar emphasi s on apparel , hosi ery, home furni shi ng,
automoti ve and techni cal texti l e markets;
detai l ed anal yses of the worl ds key markets, i ncl udi ng Western Europe,
Eastern Europe, Turkey, Asi a, North and South Ameri ca, Russi a and other
CIS countri es, and Afri ca;
a comprehensi ve set of predictions and forecasts to 2010.
Payment details:
I woul d l i ke to pay by di rect transfer i nto:
Barcl ays Bank pl c, Pal l Mal l Corporate Group, PO Box 15165, London SW1A 1QF, UK.
Account Name: Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted. Account Number: 20887846. Sort Code: 20- 67- 59
I encl ose a cheque (UK sterl i ng drawn on a UK Bank, or Euros or US dol l ars) made payabl e
to Texti l es Intel l i gence Ltd
Pl ease send me a proforma i nvoi ce (publ i cati ons sent on recei pt of payment)
Pl ease charge to my credi t card: Ameri can Express Mastercard Vi sa
Card No: Expi res End: /
Si gnature: Date:
VAT/ TVA/ IVA Reg No. (Europe onl y)
Address of cardhol der i f di fferent from del i very address:
Order Form
Name & address details:
Name (Mr/ Mrs/ Mi ss/ Ms)
Job ti tl e
Company name
Address
Country Postcode
Nature of busi ness
Tel Fax
Emai l address
Please send your order to:
Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted, Al derl ey House,
Wi l msl ow SK9 1AT, UK
Tel : +44 (0)1625 536136
Fax: +44 (0)1625 536137
Emai l : i nfo@texti l esi ntel l i gence.com
Websi te: www.texti l esi ntel l i gence.com
Texti l es Intel l i gence Li mi ted, Regi stered i n Engl and and Wal es No. 03567033.
Regi stered offi ce: Century House, Ashl ey Rd, Hal e, Al tri ncham, WA15 9TG, UK.
Indias Textile and Apparel Industry: Opportunities for Sourcing and Collaboration
India: a growing source
Indi a suppl i es over US$13 bn worth of texti l es and apparel to the worl ds
markets. And exports are growi ng rapi dl y as more and more buyers around the
worl d turn to Indi a as an al ternati ve to Chi na. In 2005 spurred by the gl obal
el i mi nati on of quotas shi pments to the EU soared by 30% and those to the
USA shot up by 34%. These i ncreases are remarkabl e, gi ven that EU i mports
from al l sources rose by onl y 8% whi l e US i mport growth was j ust 6%.
Growing international competitiveness
The reasons for Indi as success are not hard to fi nd. Apart from Chi na, no
other country can match the si ze, depth, spread and competi ti veness of the
Indi an texti l e and apparel i ndustry. Indi a has a compl ete suppl y chai n from a
vast raw materi al suppl y to hi gh qual i ty fi ni shed products. Labour costs are
among the l owest i n the worl d. Indi an fi rms offer experi ence, entrepreneurshi p
and desi gn ski l l s whi ch Chi nese fi rms fi nd hard to match. The i ndustry i s al so
hi ghl y versati l e: smal l er fi rms offer the fl exi bi l i ty needed for smal l er orders
whi l e gi ant fi rms have the capaci ty to servi ce the worl ds bi ggest buyers.
Government pol i ci es have changed too. As the Indi an economy opens up to
the outsi de worl d, forei gn i nvestment opportuni ti es are bei ng transformed.
Expanded capacities, new technology
Si nce the el i mi nati on of quotas, Indi an fi rms have been geari ng up to meet fast
growi ng forei gn demand for thei r products. New capaci ti es are bei ng bui l t, and
competi ti veness i s i mprovi ng as new technol ogy i s i nstal l ed at a dramati c rate.
Well known names benefit from Indias strengths
Leadi ng forei gn retai l ers and apparel brands are taki ng advantage of Indi as strengths
as an al ternati ve to Chi na and other countri es. Wel l known names i ncl ude Carrefour,
Decathl on, Gap, H&M, JC Penney, Levi Strauss, Marks & Spencer, Metro Group,
Ni ke, Reebok, Target, Tesco, Tommy Hi l fi ger and Wal - Mart. In the post- quota era,
these and new pl ayers wi l l turn i ncreasi ngl y to Indi a for thei r sourci ng requi rements.
Collaboration and joint ventures
Indi a i s openi ng up to the outsi de worl d. Wi th economi c l i beral i sati on, there are new
opportuni ti es for creati ng j oi nt ventures ai med at suppl yi ng i nternati onal markets.
But there i s al so scope for sel l i ng forei gn brands i n Indi as huge domesti c market.
Indias Textile and Apparel Industry: Opportunities for Sourcing and
Collaboration exami nes al l these i ssues and more! In parti cul ar, i t wi l l hel p you
to i denti fy:
who your competitors are, and the strategies they are adopti ng for future
growth;
where geographically to establ i sh manufacturing operations, i ncl udi ng
speci al economi c zones and apparel parks;
the best manufacturers and exporters to approach when outsourci ng
whether i n yarns, fabri cs, home texti l es or apparel ;
the best products to buy and where to buy them based on Indi as
performance i n the maj or consumer markets; and
the best ways i n whi ch to collaborate with Indian companies to ensure
future success.
TOI 125
Please send me:
Pl ease send me copy(i es) of Indias Textile and Apparel Industry
Speci al Report No. 2654 ISBN 1 905576 66 8 and 978 1 905576 66 1
Price: UK Rest of Europe, The Americas
Middle East & Africa & Asia Pacific
Pri nted versi on onl y 495 795 US$995
Pri nted and el ectroni c 745 1,195 US$1,495
on CD- Rom or by emai l (pl ease speci fy)
Pl ease wri te your emai l address here
Pl ease note that sterl i ng pri ces appl y to customers whose del i very addresses are i n the UK onl y. Euro pri ces appl y to customers
i n the rest of Europe, Mi ddl e East and Afri ca, and US dol l ar pri ces appl y to customers i n the Ameri cas and Asi a Paci fi c.
Payment details:
I would like to pay by direct transfer into:
Barclays Bank plc, Pall Mall Corporate Group, PO Box 15165, London SW1A 1QF, UK.
Account Name: Textiles Intelligence Limited. Account Number: 20887846. Sort Code: 20-67-59
I enclose a cheque (UK sterling drawn on a UK Bank, or Euros or US dollars) made payable
to Textiles Intelligence Ltd
Please send me a proforma invoice (publications sent on receipt of payment)
Please charge to my credit card: American Express Mastercard Visa
Card No: Expires End: /
Signature: Date:
VAT/TVA/IVA Reg No. (Europe only)
Address of cardholder if different from delivery address:
Order Form
Name & address details:
Name (Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms)
Job title
Company name
Address
Country Postcode
Nature of business
Tel Fax
Email address
Please send your order to:
Textiles Intelligence Limited, Alderley House,
Alderley Road, Wilmslow SK9 1AT, UK
Tel: +44 (0)1625 536136
Fax: +44 (0)1625 536137
Email: info@textilesintelligence.com
Website: www.textilesintelligence.com
Textiles Intelligence Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 03567033.
Registered Office: MBL House, 16 Edward Court, Altrincham Business Park, George Richards Way, Altrincham WA14 5GL, UK.
CIRFS MARKET FORECASTS:
World Markets for Interior Textiles to 2012
The statistics and analysis presented give a
clear, comprehensive and unique picture of
the development of the household textiles,
furnishings and floorcoverings industries
CIRFS MARKET FORECASTS: World Markets for Interior Textiles
to 2012 is a major new market report produced by experts assembled by
the internationally renowned organisation Comit International de la
Rayonne et des Fibres Synthtiques (CIRFS). It is now available to
non-members of the organisation for the first time.
CIRFS MARKET FORECASTS: World Markets for Interior Textiles
to 2012 examines the world markets for:
carpets (woven, tufted and needlefelt);
bedding products (sheets, blankets, pillowcases and duvet covers);
towelling products (including towels of every type, kitchen towels and
flannels); and
table linen, net curtains, solid drapes and upholstery fabrics.
The core of the report consists of country and regional profiles which
detail trends, estimates and forecasts to 2012 of production, trade and
consumption of the main interior textiles.
Chapters analyse: Western Europe; Russia; the Americas; Africa and the
Middle East; and Australasia.
Please send me:
Please send me copy(ies) of CIRFS MARKET FORECASTS: World
Markets for Interior Textiles to 2012
Special Report No. 2655 ISBN 978 0 9552270 4 2
Price: UK Rest of Europe, The Americas
Middle East & Africa & Asia Pacific
Printed version only 425 635 US$850
Printed and electronic 635 995 US$1,270
on CD-Rom or by email (please specify)
Please write your email address here
Please note that sterling prices apply to customers whose delivery addresses are in the UK only. Euro prices apply to customers in
the rest of Europe, Middle East and Africa, and US dollar prices apply to customers in the Americas and Asia Pacific.
In addition, the report includes:
an overview of the market for household textiles, furnishings and
floorcoverings, including trends in the number of dwellings and the
fashion component of interior textiles;
a discussion of the factors affecting production, including measures
undertaken to improve competitiveness at national and supranational
levels, and important technical developments; and
an analysis of the socioeconomic pressures and current and future
macroeconomic forces affecting overall consumption of interior
textiles including the Doha Development Agenda of multilateral trade
negotiations, the future policy of the European Union regarding trade
defence instruments and the price of raw materials.
The report includes 34 tables of comprehensive statistical information
giving a unique forecast of the interior textiles industry worldwide.
The Authors
The report was written under the guidance of a group of experts from
leading fibre manufacturing companies including Radici Group - Fibres,
Advansa, Sinterama, Trevira and Kelheim Fibres.
It was written by David Morris of CIRFS, the representative body for the
European man-made fibres industry.
The Publisher
The report is published by International Newsletters Ltd.
Textiles Intelligence Limited
International Subscriptions
Alderley House
Wilmslow
Cheshire SK9 1AT
United Kingdom
Telephone: +44 (0)1625 536136
Facsimile: +44 (0)1625 536137
Email: info@textilesintelligence.com
Website: www.textilesintelligence.com

Вам также может понравиться