Petroleum Definitions

14.0-1 14.
0 - Definitions
14.0 - DEFINITIONS
This section defines most of the units, abbreviations, technical terms, and slang used in this manual. 14.1 Units The following units and unit abbreviations are commonly used with regard to the Isocracker and its operation. API Degree API. Used to describe the density of liquid hydrocarbon streams at 15.6C (60F). Denser streams like residuum have a low API gravity number while lighter streams like gasoline have a high API gravity. API gravity is related to specific gravity by the following equation:
API = 141.5 131.5 Specific Gravity
BPOD
Barrels Per Operating Day. Used to describe the flow rate of oil streams. One barrel contains 42 U.S. gallons or 5.614 cubic feet. An "operating" day refers to a day on which the plant is operating. These barrels are corrected to standard conditions of 15.6C (60F). If the oil is a different gravity or flowing at a different temperature than the orifice meter design, the meter reading must be corrected. Sometimes feed rates are expressed per "calendar" day (BPCD), which averages the rate over the whole year, including downtime. Barrels Per Stream Day. The same as BPOD (Barrels Per Operating Day). Degree Baum. Used to describe the gravity of some aqueous streams, especially caustic. A 25B caustic solution contains about 19.2 wt % caustic and has a specific gravity of 1.208. Centipoise. A unit of viscosity. Water has a viscosity of 1.00 cP at 20C.
BPSD B
cP
TO BE REPRODUCED, AND USED, ONLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH WRITTEN PERMISSION OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY
CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY
Revision 0 29 Sep 95
14.0-2 14.1 - Units
cSt
CentiStoke. A unit of kinematic viscosity. Centistoke viscosity of a fluid is the centipoise viscosity divided by the density of the fluid. Water has a kinematic viscosity of 1.00 cSt at 20C. Kilocalorie. Used to describe a quantity of heat. It takes 1 kcal to heat 1 kg of water 1C and about 556 kcal to vaporize 1 kg of water into 1 kg of steam. Kilograms per Square Centimeter Absolute. Used to express pressures relative to total vacuum [0 kg/cm2 (a)] used in calculating meter correction factors and compression ratios. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1.033 kg/cm2 (a). Kilograms per Square Centimeter Gauge. Used to express gauge pressures (pressure above atmospheric pressure). This is the pressure shown on the face of a pressure gauge. To determine absolute pressure, add 1.033 to the reading on a pressure gauge. Kilograms per Hour. Used to describe the mass flow rate of a stream. Kilogram-Mole. Used to describe a quantity of compounds or mixture of compounds equal in weight to its average molecular weight. For example, 1 kg-mole of oxygen (O2, molecular weight = 32.0) weighs 32.0 kg, while 1 kg-mole of butane (C4H10, molecular weight = 58.1) weighs 58.1 kg. Kilowatt. Used to describe the power (rate of energy usage) of an electric motor or other electrical device. Liters per Minute. Used to describe the flow rate of liquid streams at process conditions such as pump suction. Unlike BPOD or BPSD, these units are not corrected to standard conditions. Cubic Meters per Hour. Used to describe the flow rate of liquid streams at either standard or process conditions. In this project, m3/hr refers to flow at process conditions; m3/hr @ 15.6C refers to flow at standard conditions. Millimeters of Mercury. (The chemical symbol for mercury is Hg.) Used to express absolute pressures, especially for vacuum systems. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mm Hg. A total vacuum is 0 mm Hg absolute or 760 mm Hg vacuum
kcal
kg/cm2 (a)
kg/cm2 (g)
kg/hr kg-mole
kW L/Min.
m3/hr
mm Hg
14.0-3 14.1 - Units
MM kcal/hr Nm3
Million Kilocalories per Hour. Used to describe the rate of heat transfer in an exchanger or fired heater. Normal Cubic Meter. Used to describe a quantity of gas which would occupy 1 cubic meter at 0C and 760 mm Hg. 22.4 Nm3 of a gas is equivalent to 1 kg-mole. Thus, 22.4 Nm3 of oxygen (O2) weighs 32.0 kg. One normal cubic meter is equivalent to about 37.3 SCF. Normal Cubic Meter per Cubic Meter of Oil. Used to describe a relative gas-to-oil ratio, especially hydrogen consumption or recycle gas ratio. One normal cubic meter of gas per cubic meter of oil is equivalent to about 5.92 SCFB. Parts Per Billion. 1000 ppb is equal to 1 ppm. Parts Per Million. Used to express a small weight concentration of liquids (ppmw) or volume concentration of gases (ppmv). It takes 10,000 ppm to make 1%. Standard Cubic Feet. Used to express gas volume at standard conditions of 15.6C (60F) and atmospheric pressure at sea level. Standard Cubic Feet Per Barrel of Oil. Used to describe a relative gasto-oil ratio, especially hydrogen consumption or recycle gas ratio.
Nm3/m3
ppb ppm
SCF SCFB
14.0-4 14.2 - Abbreviations
14.2 Abbreviations The following abbreviations are from refinery processing in general and hydrocracking in particular. ATF BAT BFW CAT Aviation Turbine Fuel. A cut which generally boils between 121C (250F) and 285C (545F). Bed Average Temperature. The arithmetic average of the inlet and outlet level average temperatures (LATs) of a given catalyst bed. Boiler Feedwater. Specially treated and deaerated water which is low in dissolved solids and oxygen and used to make steam in a boiler. Catalyst Average Temperature. The weighted average of the BATs. Each individual BAT is weighted by the fraction of the total active catalyst in that bed. Cold High Pressure Separator. Cold Low Pressure Separator. Catalyst Oriented Packing. A technique for dense loading of catalyst pellets which gives 5-10% more catalyst in a given volume than sock loading. Dimethyl Disulfide. A molecule (CH3SSCH3) used to sulfide fresh catalyst. An ASTM test method used to determine the boiling point distribution of a cut with an end point lower than about 370C (700F). An ASTM test method used to determine the boiling point distribution of a cut with an end point higher than about 370C (700F). End-of-Run. The point in time when the catalyst has fouled so much that catalyst replacement or regeneration is required. Full Vacuum. Hot High Pressure Separator. Hot Low Pressure Separator.
CHPS CLPS COP
DMDS D 86 D 1160 EOR F.V. HHPS HLPS
ID ICR LAT LHSV
Inside Diameter. Isocracker or Isocracking. Level Average Temperature. Average temperature at a level in a catalyst bed. Liquid Hourly Space Velocity. The ratio of reactor feed rate (bbl/hr or m3 at standard conditions) to catalyst volume (bbl or m3). Unit of measure is inverse hours (l/hr). Liquefied Petroleum Gas. Primarily propane and butanes with lesser amounts of ethane and pentane. Middle-of-Run. A point in time midway between SOR and EOR. Motor Operated Valve. A valve with a motor operator. Partial Pressure of Hydrogen or average partial pressure (denoted with a line over the p). For Chevrons kinetic estimates, the hydrogen partial pressure in the reactor is calculated by assuming all oil molecules are vaporized. The average partial pressure in the reactor generally refers to the linear average of the inlet and outlet. (See Section 13.0 for example.) Per Pass Conversion. Per pass conversion is the percentage of combined first-stage unconverted product and second-stage recycle oil which is converted to products in the second-stage reactor during each pass through the reactor. (See Section 13.0 for example.) Recycle Cut Point. The TBP cut point between the heaviest product cut and recycle feed. (See Section 13.0 for example.) Reid Vapor Pressure. A measure of the vapor pressure of a light hydrocarbon stock, used especially with gasolines and gasoline blending stocks. Start-of-Run. The point in time when the catalyst is fresh or newly regenerated. Sour Water Stripping. The sour water treating facilities. True Boiling Point. The boiling point of a pure liquid at atmospheric pressure.
LPG MOR MOV _ pH2 or pH2
PPC
RCP RVP
SOR SWS TBP
TEOR TSOR T*
Catalyst Average Temperature when the catalyst is at End-of-Run. Catalyst Average Temperature when the catalyst is at Start-of-Run or fresh conditions. "T-Star." A temperature used to characterize feeds. It is intended to approximate the initial cut point of the feed. It is the intersection of a line drawn through the TBP 30% and 50% points and the 0 LV % axis. (See Section 13.0 for illustration.) Tangent to Tangent Length. Length of cylindrical sections of columns, vessels, and reactors. Vacuum Gas Oil. An oil which is taken as a sidecut from a crude vacuum column. Conversion Below Recycle Cut Point. The amount of product boiling below RCP, minus the expansion. (See Section 13.0 for illustration.) Conversion Below T*. The amount of product boiling below T*, minus the expansion. (See Section 13.0 for illustration.)
T-T VGO X(RCP) X(T*)
14.0-7 14.3 - Technical Terms
14.3 Technical Terms The following technical terms are useful in understanding the operations of the Isocracker; most are used in this manual: Ammonia A molecule (NH3) which is formed by reaction of hydrogen with organic nitrogen molecules in the feed. Ammonia forms a basic solution in water and helps to absorb hydrogen sulfide. A compound (NH4Sx) which is injected into the effluent cooler to eliminate cyanide-induced corrosion and to harden iron sulfide scale to limit erosion. A class of molecules which contain one or more benzene rings. In the hydrotreating process, some of the feed aromatics are saturated to naphthenes by hydrogenation. A class of molecules which contain a very high number of unsaturated rings and high levels of metals, sulfur, and nitrogen. Quantitatively measured as material insoluble in hot heptane. A set of boiling point data used to describe a mixture of molecules. A test method used to obtain an assay of a mixture whose heaviest molecule boils at about 370C (700F). A test method used to obtain an assay of a mixture whose heaviest molecule boils higher than 370C (700F). A cut which generally boils between about 121C (250F) and 285C (545F). A nonnoble metal. Typical base metals are Ni, Fe, Mo, etc. Maldistribution of liquid and vapor flow in a catalyst bed such that sections of the bed are bypassed by liquid. A high pressure stream drawn from or "bled off" from the reactor loop recycle gas stream to control loop pressure or recycle gas purity. A flat plate inserted between flanges in a pipe to prevent flow. A synonym for gate valve.
Ammonium Polysulfide Aromatics
Asphaltenes
Assay ASTM D 86 ASTM D 1160
Aviation Turbine Fuel Base Metal Bed Channeling Bleed Gas Blind Block Valve
Boiling Point
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the system pressure. The boiling point refers to atmospheric pressure if no pressure is stated. For example, the boiling point of water is 100C at atmospheric pressure. But it is also 208C at the 17.6 kg/cm2 (g) pressure in a steam drum. The range of temperatures over which a mixture boils, usually at atmospheric pressure. The liquid stream which leaves the bottom of a distillation column. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a mixture just equals the system pressure (same as boiling point). So called because this is the temperature at which the first "bubble" of vapor forms as the mixture is heated. A substance which accelerates the rate of a reaction but which remains basically unchanged after the reaction is complete. The desulfurization, denitrification, demetalization, saturation, or hydrocracking (depending on the type of catalyst) ability of a catalyst at a particular temperature. The greater its degree of conversion for a given temperature, the more "active" a catalyst is. The total time a single catalyst charge is in service from startup until EOR is reached. A substance which partially destroys the ability of a catalyst to speed up a reaction. Removal and replacement of the top layer of catalyst in the first reactor bed. This is performed when deposits severely plug the upper catalyst layer, imposing a pressure drop across the first bed. A basic molecule usually used in a water solution to neutralize an acid, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The percentage of pure cetane in a blend of cetane and alpha-methylnaphthalene which matches the ignition quality of a diesel fuel sample. This quality, specified for middle distillate fuels, is analogous to the octane number for gasolines. A valve which permits flow in the forward direction but not in the reverse direction. [Also called a nonreturn valve (NRV).]
Boiling Range Bottoms Bubble Point
Catalyst Catalyst Activity
Catalyst Life Catalyst Poison Catalyst Scalping (Skimming) Caustic Cetane Number
Check Valve
Circulating Reflux
A stream which is drawn from the side of a distillation column, cooled below its bubble point then returned to a tray further up the column to partially condense some of the upflowing vapor. Also known as a pumparound. A thin, protective layer of corrosion-resistant metal bonded to the surface of a thicker layer of a base metal with less corrosion resistance. A fine steel mesh pad used to promote the separation of water from oil. Deposits of carbon-rich material which slowly accumulate on the catalyst from undesirable side reactions and reduce its activity. The process by which coke is deposited on catalyst or process equipment and piping. A tall vertical vessel containing trays or packing used for distillation or absorption. The part of a fired heater immediately above the firebox in which most of the heat is transferred by convection rather than radiation. The amount of feed material which becomes light products in the reactor. (See Section 13.0 for illustration.) An undesirable reaction between the metal of a vessel wall or pipe and certain chemicals which gradually "eats" away enough metal to require replacement. One of the products from a distillation column. A light cut contains low boiling components and comes from the upper section of the column. A heavy cut contains high boiling components and comes from the lower section of the column. The boiling point corresponding to the intersection of the cumulative composite assay curve drawn between two adjacent cuts and a vertical line connecting the start and end points of the two cuts. (See Section 13.0 for example.) The process by which metal-bearing molecules react with hydrogen to form metal sulfides which deposit on the catalyst surface.
Cladding Coalescer Pad Coke Coking Column Convection Section Conversion Corrosion
Cut
Cut Point
Demetalation
Demister Pad
A fine steel mesh pad placed at the top of a vessel just below the vapor outlet to coalesce and remove tiny liquid droplets or mist entrained in the rising vapor.
DenitrificationThe process by which nitrogen is removed from hydrocarbon compounds by reaction with hydrogen to form ammonia. Desulfurization Dew Point Diesel The process by which sulfur is removed from hydrocarbon compounds by reaction with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide. The temperature at which a mixture of vapor molecules first forms a drop of liquid when it is cooled. A cut which generally boils between about 150C (302F) and 370C (700F), used to power automobile, truck, or marine engines. A molecule (CH3SSCH3) used to sulfide fresh catalyst. The exit or high pressure end of a pump or compressor. The process of separating a mixture of molecules into two or more boiling ranges by contacting upflowing vapor with downflowing liquid. Two consecutive block valves, separated by a short length of pipe with a third block valve off a tee. Used to give positive isolation between two systems. The third valve is usually kept open to detect if there is a through either of the two main valves. A measure of furnace firebox gauge pressure usually measured in inches of water. A typical draft is 13 mm of water at the burners of a fired heater, which means that the pressure inside the firebox near the burners is 13 mm of water less than atmospheric. Higher draft means lower pressure (higher gauge reading). A short length of pipe with flanges at both ends to permit easy removal. Used for positive isolation of two systems. Also known as a removable spool (RS). The stream leaving the bottom of the reactor. The aging process of reactor metal, particularly weld metal, in which prolonged exposure to high temperatures causes the metal to deteriorate slightly and become brittle.
Dimethyl Disulfide Discharge Distillation Double Blocks and Bleeder leak Draft
Dropout Spool
Effluent Embrittlement
Endothermic Reaction End Point Entrainment Equilibrium
A chemical reaction which absorbs heat. The last and highest temperature reported in an assay which indicates the boiling point of the molecules boiling when the assay was stopped. The physical phenomenon of a mist or fog of liquid droplets being transported in a vapor stream. In a chemical system, the state of affairs in which a chemical reaction and its reverse reaction are taking place at equal velocities, so the concentrations of reacting substances remains constant. Air which enters a furnace over and above the amount theoretically required for complete, stoichiometric combustion of the furnace fuel. A chemical reaction which gives off heat. The section of a fired heater where the burners are located and where heat is transferred to the tubes by radiation. The radiant section. The lowest temperature at which an oil gives off enough vapor to make a small flash when a flame is passed over it. The lowest temperature at which the vapor of an oil can ignite. The section of a distillation column where the feed enters and flashes into separate vapor and liquid streams. A condition in a distillation column where the liquid and vapor rates are so high that either massive amounts of liquid are carried upward with the vapor (vapor rate is too high) or liquid backs up in the downcomers and spills out on the trays above. The gas stream containing fired heater combustion products which flows through the convection section and up the stack. The rate at which catalyst temperature must be increased with time to hold the target product level constant. Catalyst temperature is increased to offset loss of activity due to coking and metals deposition on the catalyst. A name used for a distillation column which makes three or more cuts.
Excess Air Exothermic Reaction Firebox Flash Point
Flash Zone Flooding
Flue Gas Fouling Rate
Fractionator
Freeze Point Fresh Catalyst Fresh Feed Gate Valve
The temperature at which the first wax crystals become visible when a light oil (usually jet or naphtha) is chilled. Catalyst which has not yet been deactivated by coke or catalyst poisons. Feed which has not yet passed through the reactor. A valve designed to be either fully open or fully closed. In the open position, the valve will cause essentially no pressure drop. Significant valve trim erosion can occur if a gate valve is used to regulate flow. A valve designed to regulate the flow rate of a stream. It causes a substantial pressure drop, even in the open position. The highest boiling molecules in a mixture. The high boiling molecules of the naphtha cut. The hydrocracker heavy naphtha cut generally boils between 110C (230F) and 121C (250F). Maximum naphtha recovery increases the boiling end point to 165C (330F). It is normally used to make gasoline, often after being processed in a catalytic reformer. Areas of a catalyst bed in which large amounts of heat are released due to maldistribution of liquid and vapor feed across the bed. In areas of low flow, the oil is reacted under more severe conditions and overcracking and coking can result. Catalyst in hot spot areas is deactivated much more rapidly than under design operating conditions. A class of molecules which contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. In practice, molecules which contain only trace levels of sulfur, nitrogen, or metals are also called hydrocarbons. Crude oil and its refined products are hydrocarbons. The product from a hydrocracker. A process in which large molecules are cracked into smaller ones accompanied by a large consumption of hydrogen such that the products are richer in hydrogen than the feed. The process of adding hydrogen to a compound either to saturate it or to separate it into two or more compounds. Defined by Chevron Research and Technology Company as the partial
Globe Valve Heavy Ends Heavy Naphtha
Hot Spots
Hydrocarbon
Hydrocrackate Hydrocracking
Hydrogenation Hydrogen Partial
Pressure
pressure of hydrogen in the reactor assuming all the components of the oil feed are vaporized. Usually expressed as the arithmetic mean of inlet and outlet hydrogen partial pressures. A molecule (H2S) which is formed by reaction of hydrogen with organic sulfur molecules in the feed. A highly toxic gas. A process in which oil feed is desulfurized, denitrified, demetalized, saturated, and mildly cracked in the presence of excess hydrogen and a catalyst. Water injected into the effluent vapor air cooler to dissolve ammonium salts from the effluent. The top of the water layer and the bottom of the oil layer in a separator. The trade name of the hydrocracking process licensed by Chevron Research and Technology Company. The ratio of isoparaffins (branched chain) to normal paraffins (straight chain). Often used interchangeably with kerosene. Within this manual, it is synonymous with ATF. Within this manual it is synonymous with ATF. The viscosity of a fluid divided by its density. The viscosity in cP divided by the density in g/cc equals the kinematic viscosity in centistokes (cSt). High pressure gas (mostly hydrogen) lost from the high pressure section through loose connections or through the recycle gas compressor seals. The lowest boiling molecules in a hydrocarbon mixture. Typically butane and lighter molecules.
Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrotreating
Injection Water Interface Level Isocracking Iso/Normal Ratio Jet Kerosene Kinematic Viscosity Leaks Light Ends
Light NaphthaThe lightest boiling molecules of the naphtha cut. The hydrocracker light naphtha cut generally boils between 30C (90F) and 110C (230F) (C5-110C cut). Live Catalyst Manufactured Hydrogen Any sulfided catalyst which has been in hydrocarbon service. High purity hydrogen (95-100%) produced by reacting hydrocarbons with steam in a hydrogen plant. The reaction products are hydrogen and carbon oxides.
Mercaptans
Mercaptans is a common name for Thiols. Thiols are a class of hydrocarbon molecules containing sulfur. The chemical structure of a mercaptan contains a sulfur atom bonded to one carbon atom and one hydrogen atom. These compounds typically have a noxious odor. Skunk scent is butyl mercaptan. Highly poisonous compounds which are produced by reaction between catalyst metals and carbon monoxide in the recycle gas. Carbonyls form at temperatures less than 205C (400F). If a reactor is to be opened following a shutdown, CO must be purged to below 30 ppm in the recycle gas before cooling the reactor below 205C (400F). A unit of pressure used to define absolute pressures below 1 atmosphere, 760 mm of mercury represents a pressure equal to 1 atmosphere. A cut which generally boils between 30C (90F) and about 170C (338F) and is used to make gasoline. A class of molecules which contain one or more saturated rings but no unsaturated rings. A metal carbonyl [Ni(CO)4] which is one of the most toxic substances known to man. (See Section 9.0.) A precious metal. Usually a rare metal, sometimes used in catalysts. Typical noble metals are platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and gold (Au). A term numerically indicating the relative antiknock value of a gasoline. Straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon compounds which contain one or more unsaturated bonds. A situation in which a controller is modulating a control valve stem position to match a process variable with the desired set point. The situation is off control when the control valve goes fully open or fully closed. A special valve which gives exceptionally tight shutoff. A measure of the extent of overvaporization of the fractionator feed as it enters the flash zone. The liquid passing through the flash zone from the tray above.
Metal Carbonyls
Millimeters of Mercury Naphtha
Naphthenes Nickel Carbonyl Noble Metal Octane Number Olefins On Control
Orbit Valve Overflash Overflash Liquid
Overhead Overlap
The vapor stream leaving the top of a column. (a) (Distillation) - The spread between two assay temperatures of two adjacent cuts. The most common spread is the difference between the ASTM D 86 95% point of the lighter cut and the ASTM D 86 5% point of the heavier cut. (b) (Feed) - The volume percent of feed that boils less than T*. The phase during catalyst regeneration in which coke and sulfur are oxidized (burned off) by reaction with oxygen. A scale for describing how acidic or basic a solution is. Neutral water has a pH of 7.0. Solutions with pH below seven are ten times more acidic for each lower pH number. Solutions with pH above seven are ten times more basic for each higher pH number. Example: A solution with a pH of 9.0 is 100 times more basic than a solution with a pH of 7.0. (a) A specially formed metal ring (Pall ring) or other shaped objects used to promote effective contact between liquid and vapor in a column. (b) A device used to seal the shafts of valves and pumps. Straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon compounds with no unsaturated bonds or rings. The proportionate share of the total vapor pressure attributed to a given molecular compound in a mixture of compounds. (See Section 13.0.) See ammonium or sodium polysulfide. The lowest temperature at which an oil will flow. See Noble Metal. Within this manual, it is synonymous with circulating reflux. Steam that is injected into a firebox to prevent the possibility of an uncontrolled fire. A word used to describe a solid material (for example, iron sulfide) capable of spontaneous ignition when exposed to the air. The portion of recycle gas which is injected between catalyst beds to control the temperature of the reactants.
Oxidation pH
Packing
Paraffins Partial Pressure Polysulfide Pour Point Precious Metals Pumparound Purge Steam Pyrophoric Quench Gas
Quench Solution Radiant Section
A solution used during regeneration to cool the acid gases through their dew point and neutralize them before any severe corrosion occurs. The section of a fired heater contained in the firebox in which most of the heat is transferred by direct radiation from the flames rather than by convection. A fired heater or heat exchanger which partially vaporizes some of the column bottoms to generate vapor for stripping. A portion of fractionator bottoms containing second-stage fresh feed and recycle feed returned to the second-stage reactor as feed. Products are used as recycle feed during startup and sometimes during emergency situations. The portion of the recycle compressor discharge which is not used as quench gas. A phase during catalyst regeneration in which metal sulfates formed during the oxidation phase are partially reduced by controlled reaction with hydrogen to prevent temperature runaway during subsequent catalyst sulfiding. The portion of the condensed overhead vapor which is returned to the top tray of the column. The process of restoring the activity of the catalyst. See oxidation and reduction. A graph showing the CAT as a function of days onstream. A hydrocarbon compound in which all carbon atoms are connected by single bonds. A liquid product drawn from the side of a distillation column. The temperature of the outside of a fired heater tube wall or reactor wall. A test used to indicate the tendency of a jet fuel to smoke upon combustion. A compound (Na2Sx) which is injected into the effluent vapor air cooler to eliminate cyanide-induced corrosion and to harden iron sulfide scale to limit erosion.
Reboiler Recycle Feed
Recycle Gas Reduction
Reflux Regeneration Run Plot Saturated Sidecut Skin Temperature Smoke Point Sodium Polysulfide
Sour Specific Gravity
A term used to characterize any stream containing H2S or sulfur or any equipment processing such a stream. The specific gravity of a liquid or solid is the ratio of its density to the density of water at a specified reference temperature. The specific gravity of a gas is the ratio of its density to the density of air at the same temperature and pressure as those of the gas.
Spent CatalystCatalyst which has lost its activity and which will be discarded or regenerated. Spillback A stream which "spills back" from compressor (or pump) discharge to suction to ensure that the compressor (or pump) operates above a minimum flow rate. The process which strips light hydrocarbons from a product stream to meet storage requirements. A system is in steady state when there is no accumulation or depletion of heat or mass (i.e., the total mass flowing into a system is equal to the total moss flowing out of the system, and the temperature of the system is constant). A valve which functions as a check valve when the handwheel is unscrewed and as a closed block valve when the handwheel is screwed down. An oil stream which has not undergone any cracking or other chemical modification. A product from crude distillation. A small distillation column which is used to remove the light ends from a cut by reboiling or steam stripping. The entrance or low pressure end of a pump or compressor. A process in which the highly active metals deposited on a base metal catalyst are converted from oxides to metal sulfides, which promotes smoother, more stable hydrotreating reactions. An element contained in some of the feed molecules which gets converted to hydrogen sulfide in the reactor. (a) A condition of highly unstable operation of a centrifugal compressor due to low flow. (b) A volume in the bottom of a vessel used to hold liquid.
Stabilization Steady State
Stop-Check Valve
Straight-Run (Oil) Stripper Suction Sulfiding
Sulfur Surge
Sweet Tail
A stream containing no hydrogen sulfide or sulfur. The difference between the end point of a cut and the nominal final cut point or the difference between the start point of a cut and the nominal initial cut point. A condition in which a high temperature leads to a high reaction rate which, in turn, leads to a higher temperature and so on. This can only happen if the reaction is exothermic. A rapidly accelerating temperature excursion. Structural damage produced in metal equipment (such as reactors) by heating or cooling the equipment too quickly. A reboiler in which the process fluid moves due to the density difference of the inlet and outlet fluid caused by partial vaporization. A procedure during startup of a reactor in which ammonia or other basic compounds are adsorbed onto the catalyst surface to improve performance. A characteristic distillation curve for an oil which relates the volume fraction in which a component vaporizes to its atmospheric boiling point. The curve is usually represented by a series of temperatures, tn, where t is the atmospheric distillation temperature at n LV % distilled. A period of downtime used for general maintenance or catalyst handling operations. Naphtha which has a high content of butane and other light gases (hydrocarbons and H2S) such that its RVP is too high to permit safe storage. A type of tray used in a distillation column which has many small caps which slide up and down in holes through the tray. This gives a higher turndown ratio than the more common sieve tray. The pressure exerted by a liquid in a closed system. The vapor pressure increases with increasing temperature. When the temperature gets high enough that the vapor pressure equals the system pressure, that temperature is called the bubble point and the liquid begins to boil.
Temperature Excursion Temperature Runaway Thermal Shock Thermosiphon Reboiler Titration
True Boiling Point Curve (TBP Curve) Turnaround Unstabilized Naphtha
Valve Tray
Vapor Pressure
Viscosity Wash Water
The resistance of a fluid to flow. The unit of viscosity is the Poise. A more convenient unit is 1/100th of a Poise, the centipoise (cP). Water has a viscosity of 1 cP at 20C. Water injected into the effluent air cooler to "wash out" ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. Within this manual, it is synonymous with injection water. A condition in a distillation column where the tray pressure drop is so low (from low vapor rate) that some of the liquid flows through the holes in the tray instead of flowing over the outlet weir into the downcomer. The percentage of a given product formed in the reactor relative to the fresh feed.
Weeping
Yield
14.0-20 14.4 - Chemical Symbols
14.4 Chemical Symbols The following standard chemical symbols are used in this manual: Ca CH3SSCH3 Co CO CO2 Cr Fe Hg H2 H2O H2S Mg Mo Na Na2Sx NH3 NH4Cl NH4HS NH4OH NH4Sx Ni Calcium Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS) Cobalt Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide Chromium Iron Mercury Hydrogen Water Hydrogen Sulfide Magnesium Molybdenum Sodium Sodium Polysulfide Ammonia Ammonium Chloride Ammonium Bisulfide Ammonium Hydroxide Ammonium Polysulfide Nickel
14.0-21 14.4 - Chemical Symbols
Ni(CO)4 N2 O2 TBA V W
Nickel Carbonyl Nitrogen Oxygen Tri-n-butylamine Vanadium Tungsten

Petroleum Definitions

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Petroleum Definitions

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

14.0-1 14.

CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY

14.0-2 14.1 - Units

CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY

14.0-3 14.1 - Units

CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY

14.0-4 14.2 - Abbreviations

CHPS CLPS COP

DMDS D 86 D 1160 EOR F.V. HHPS HLPS

CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY

14.0-5 14.2 - Abbreviations

ID ICR LAT LHSV

LPG MOR MOV _ pH2 or pH2

SOR SWS TBP

CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY

14.0-6 14.2 - Abbreviations

T-T VGO X(RCP) X(T*)

CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY

14.0-7 14.3 - Technical Terms

Ammonium Polysulfide Aromatics

Assay ASTM D 86 ASTM D 1160

CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY

14.0-8 14.3 - Technical Terms

Boiling Range Bottoms Bubble Point

Catalyst Catalyst Activity

14.0-9 14.3 - Technical Terms

CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY

14.0-10 14.3 - Technical Terms

CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY

14.0-11 14.3 - Technical Terms

Endothermic Reaction End Point Entrainment Equilibrium

Excess Air Exothermic Reaction Firebox Flash Point

Flash Zone Flooding

Flue Gas Fouling Rate

CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY

14.0-12 14.3 - Technical Terms

Freeze Point Fresh Catalyst Fresh Feed Gate Valve

Globe Valve Heavy Ends Heavy Naphtha

Hydrogenation Hydrogen Partial

CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY

14.0-13 14.3 - Technical Terms

Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrotreating

14.0-14 14.3 - Technical Terms

Millimeters of Mercury Naphtha

Naphthenes Nickel Carbonyl Noble Metal Octane Number Olefins On Control

Orbit Valve Overflash Overflash Liquid

CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY

14.0-15 14.3 - Technical Terms

CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY

14.0-16 14.3 - Technical Terms

Quench Solution Radiant Section

Reboiler Recycle Feed

Recycle Gas Reduction

CONFIDENTIAL PROPERTY OF CHEVRON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANY

14.0-17 14.3 - Technical Terms

Sour Specific Gravity

Stabilization Steady State

Straight-Run (Oil) Stripper Suction Sulfiding

14.0-18 14.3 - Technical Terms

Temperature Excursion Temperature Runaway Thermal Shock Thermosiphon Reboiler Titration

True Boiling Point Curve (TBP Curve) Turnaround Unstabilized Naphtha

14.0-19 14.3 - Technical Terms

Viscosity Wash Water