MEIOSIS

MEIOSIS
Occurs in plants and animals reproducing sexually gametogenesis or maturation of gametes Reduction of chromosomes to haploid conditions Two successive divisions but chromosomes divide only once.

Meiosis a type of cell division that occurs in specialized cells of the ovaries and testes at sexual maturity The ovaries and testes produce haploid gametes by meiosis
Key
Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

Haploid gametes (n = 23) Ovum (n)

Sperm Cell (n)

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Ovary

Testis

Diploid zygote (2n = 46)

Mitosis and development Multicellular diploid adults (2n = 46)

Figure 13.5

MEIOSIS
Consists of two successive nuclear divisions: a. First meiotic division (Meiosis I) - reduction division - involved reduction in the number of chromosomes - diploid to haploid - 46 chromosomes 23 chromosomes b. Second meiotic division(Meiosis II) - equational division - no reduction in the number of chromosomes Each of the two divisions has the same four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

 In animals meiosis occurs during gamete formation gametes are the only haploid cells

Key Haploid Diploid n Gametes n MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION n

Zygote

2n
Diploid multicellular organism

2n

Mitosis (a) Animals

Figure 13.6 A

Homologous Chromosomes - carry genes for the same traits (eye color, texture of hair, color of skin) - same length - similar pattern

Meiosis sexual reproduction haploid, diploid, gamete homologous chromosome two stages of meiosis independent assortment crossing-over
2n = 6

Figure 13.4 Describing chromosomes in a diploid cell at metaphase - in a eukaryote

Key Maternal set of chromosomes (n = 3) Paternal set of chromosomes (n = 3)

Two sister chromatids of one replicated chromosome Centromere

Two nonsister chromatids in a homologous pair

Pair of homologous chromosomes (one from each set)

Synapsis - a process where the homologous chromosomes line up side by side - process of linking of homologous chromosomes Tetrad - also called bivalent - a thick (4) structure being composed of (2) homologous chromosomes Crossing over - nonsister chromatid of (2) homologous chromosomes in a tetrad exchange DNA segments Chiasmata - point at which 2 non-sister chromatids intertwine

Meiosis two stages of meiosis

Figure 13.8 The Meiotic Division of an Animal Cell

MEIOSIS I: Separates homologous chromosomes

INTERPHASE

PROPHASE I

METAPHASE I

ANAPHASE I

Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Sister chromatids

Centromere (with kinetochore) Chiasmata Spindle Metaphase plate

Sister chromatids remain attached

Homologous Microtubule Tetrad chromosomes attached to Chromatin separate kinetochore Tetrads line up Homologous chromosomes Chromosomes duplicate (red and blue) pair and exchange segments; 2n = 6 in this example

Nuclear envelope

Pairs of homologous chromosomes split up

Prophase I Nuclear membrane disintegrates or breaks up Synapsis Crossing over Metaphase I Nuclear membrane disappeared Spindle apparatus is formed Homologous chromosomes line up at the center of the metaphase plate Anaphase I Homologoues separate and begin to move toward each pole Telophase I similar with telophase in mitosis daughter cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair transition to the second nuclear division is called interkinesis

Meiosis two stages of meiosis

Figure 13.8 The Meiotic Division of an Animal Cell

MEIOSIS II: Separates sister chromatids

TELOPHASE I AND CYTOKINESIS

PROPHASE II

METAPHASE II

ANAPHASE II

TELOPHASE II AND CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage furrow

Sister chromatids separate

Haploid daughter cells forming

Two haploid cells form; chromosomes are still double

During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate; four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chromosomes

Meiosis II resemble an ordinary mitotic division except that the number of chromosomes has been reduced by half Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II,Telophase II and Cytokinesis 4 new cells with haploid chromosomes Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis - Formation of two daughter - formation of four daughter cells cells (2N) (N) - Cells divide only once for - two nuclear divisions resulting every cell division cells with haploid number of chromosomes

- Chromosomes duplicate but do not pair

- occurs in somatic/body cells

- chromosomes form pairs which are segregated into (2) daughter cells of the first division - in the second division homologous chromosomes split and form 4 haploid cells - occurs in gametes

Meiosis in relation to Gametogenesis

Gametogenesis - process by which gametes undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature egg cells and sperm cells. two types: 1. spermatogenesis - male gametogenesis - testis 2. oogenesis - female gametogenesis - ovary

Spermatogenesis in frogs testis

Cross-section of frogs testis

Seminiferous tubules showing spermatogenesis

Cross section of ovary

Oogenesis

oogonium

Oogonia

Primary oogonium

Secondary oogonia

Spermatogenesis

spermatogonia

Primary spermatocytes

Secondary spermatocytes

Spermatozoa