8/24/99 Equipment Design

EQUIPMENT DESIGN:
BASIC CONCEPTS
GOALS:
u Definitions and Concepts
u Types of Design
u Design Methodology
8/24/99 Equipment Design
I nput
Streams
Output
Streams
Operating
Parameters
Size
Parameters
EQUIPMENT
CHARACTERIZATION
8/24/99 Equipment Design
DEFINITIONS
u EQUI PMENT RATI NG:
Given the input streams, operating parameters, and
size parameters, determine the equipment
performance and output streams
u EQUI PMENT SI ZI NG:
Given the input streams and the performance
specifications, estimate the economically important
size parameters using approximate methods
u EQUI PMENT DESI GN:
Produce a design in enough detail to guide the
fabrication of the item of equipment
8/24/99 Equipment Design
Equipment Design Methodology
Set
Performance
Specifications
Determine
Operational
Constraints
Choose Equipment
Type and
Design Parameters
Perform Rating
Calculations
Satisfy Specs
& Constraints?
No
I terate
Yes
Done
Try First
8/24/99 Equipment Design
EXAMPLE #1: REFLUX DRUM
PROBLEM: Design a reflux drum for a distillation column
u For a residence time of 15 minutes when half full,
u That has a length to diameter ratio L/D = 3.0, and
u I s horizontal.
OPERATI NG CONDI TI ONS:
u Flow rate out of drum is 5,000 Kg/hr
u Flow is 100% Ethanol (SG = 0.789)
8/24/99 Equipment Design
From Overhead
Condenser
Distillate
Reflux to Column
D
L
REFLUX DRUM
8/24/99 Equipment Design
u Holdup = (5000 kg/hr)(0.25 hr) = 1250 kg
u Density = (0.789)(1000 kg/m
3
) = 789 kg/m
3
u

Volume = (2)(1250 kg)/(789 kg/m
3
) = 3.17 m
3
(To simplify the size calculations, neglect the holdup in the
dished heads of the drum.)
u Volume = 3.1416 (D
2
) L (but L = 3.0 D, so)
u D
3
= 3.17/(3)/(3.1416) So,
u D = 0.695 m and L = 2.09 m.
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
8/24/99 Equipment Design
EXAMPLE #2: FLASH DRUM
PROBLEM: Design a flash drum that is
u To flash a stream that is 60 mol% ethylene and 40
mol% water at a flow rate of 800 kmol/hr,
u To produce a vapor that is 99% ethylene
u At a fractional recovery of ethylene of 99 %
u The flash drum is a vertical pressure with an L/D = 4.0.
OPERATI NG CONSTRAI NTS:
u Low entrainment of water in the vapor
u 10 minute holdup of liquid when drum is 1/2 full
8/24/99 Equipment Design
VAPOR
LI QUI D
Heating
or
Cooling
FEED
FLASH DRUM
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DESIGN PROCEDURE
uBASI C DESI GN VARI ABLES: Pressure P and Heat
Duty Q..
u Guess values for P and Q. Do the adiabatic flash
calculation to determine V, L and their compositions and
temperature
u I f the performance specifications are satisfied, proceed
to size the drum. I f not iterate on P and Q.
u Size drum to satisfy entrainment, liquid holdup and L/D
constraints.
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SUMMARY
u For very simple situations, the design calculations are
explicit.
u For most situations, the design calculations involve a
trial-and-error search for those values of key design
variables that satisfy the performance specifications and
constraints.
u The details of the design methodology will differ from
one equipment type to another.
u The details of the design methodology may also differ
for different performance specifications for the same type
of equipment.