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Nonlinear Filtering
Linear lters Tend to blur edges and other image detail. Perform poorly with non-Gaussian noise. Result from Gaussian image and noise assumptions. Images are not Gaussian. Nonlinear lter Can preserve edges Very effective at removing impulsive noise Result from non-Gaussian image and noise assumptions. Can be difcult to design.
Linear Filters
Denition: A system y = T [x] is said to be linear if for all , I R y1 + y2 = T [x1 + x2] where y1 = T [x1] and y2 = T [x2]. Any lter of the form ys =
r
hs,r xr
Homogeneous Filters
Denition: A lter y = T [x] is said to be homogeneous if for all I R y = T [x]
This is much weaker than linearity. Homogeneity is a natural condition for scale invariant systems.
Median Filter
Let W be a window with an odd number of points. Then the median lter is given by ys = median {xs+r : r W } Is the median lter: Linear? Homogeneous?
Consider the 1-D median lter with a 3-point window. x(m) 0 y(m) ? 0 0 1 1 1,000 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 ?
| x s+ r |
Differentiating, we have d d F ( ) = d d =
| x s+ r |
r W
sign( xs+r )
r W
= f ( ) This expression only holds for = xs+r for all r W . So the solution falls at = xs such that 0=
r=(ss)
r W
sign( xs+r )
F ( ) =
k = 1
| xn + k |
0 Output value
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f ( ) =
k = 1
sign( xn+k )
F ( ) =
k = 1
| xn + k |
0 Output value
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ar | xs+r |
where ar are weights assigned to each point in the window W. Weighted median is computed by ys = arg min
r W
ar | xs+r |
Differentiating, we have d d F ( ) = d d =
r W
ar | xs+r |
r W
ar sign( xs+r )
= f ( ) This expression only holds for = xr for all r W . Need to nd s such that f () is nearly zero.
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F ( ) =
k = 1
a(k )| xn+k |
Weighted Median Function F() 110 100 Value of Functional 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 10 5 0 Output value 5 10
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f ( ) =
k = 1
Value of Functional
10 10 5 0 Output value 5 10
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ai +
i=1 i1
a(i)
i=i+1 p
a(i) a(i) + ai
i=i+1
a(i)
i=1
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