Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Marymount Manhattan College, New York, NY How to Improve Quantitative and Analytical Skills of Life Science Undergraduates
No human endeavor can be called science if it cannot be demonstrated mathematically. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Quantitative Reasoning
Goals for students
Students should be able to: read and analyze data Create models draw inferences Support conclusions based on sound mathematical reasoning
information
Identify alternate quantitative models and select the appropriate model to fit the problem
Select and apply correct model to a specific problems Draw conclusions from the model Provide justification for the selected model
2.
Learning Goal #2 Represent quanttative information verbally, numerically, symbolically, visually and and draw inferences
1. 2.
Share results in appropriate formats: verbally, graphically, symbolically Presents results in multiple formats Explain the linkage between the different formats Discusses the various methods of communicating the results Interpret data and judge the whether or not the information is useful in solving discipline specific problem Determine if a given data set is appropriate for a given problem Justify the choice of data
Applications
Everything
arithmetic, order of operations, measured numbers scientific notation; dimensional analysis centages
system or between systems; deriving molar concentrations from g and ml solutions, percent composition of compounds Abundance, mixture problems
Fractions/proportions/ratios/per
Applications
Average atomic masses Acids, and bases, calculating
logarithms, quadratic equations Slope as instantaneous rate of change. Differential and Integral equations Graphing (data presentation & interpretation) Interpretation of graphical information -- Draw inference
measurements
All measurements
numbers
Exact numbers are
10
Uncertainty in Measurements
11
Uncertainty in Measurements
The least count of an instrument is the size of the smallest scale
division on the instrument The smaller the least count the more precise the instrument is said to be.
12
Significant Figures
Learning Objectives
Explain
the concept of significant figures Define rules for deciding the number of significant figures in a measured quantity. Explain the concept of an exact number. Define rules for determining the number of significant figures in a number calculated as a result of a mathematical operation. Explain rules for rounding numbers. Provide some exercises to test your skill at significant figures.
13
14
Taylor J. (1999). The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements. University Science Books.
16
Taylor J. (1999). The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements. University Science Books.
17
Measure of Precision
The standard deviation is a statistical measure of the precision for a
19
Dimensional Analysis
20
The conversion may be set up in this fashion: 3.5 x 10-6 g/L x 1 lb / 453.6 g x 28.32 L / 1 ft3 = 0.22 x 10-6 lb/ft3 = 2.2 x 10-7 lb/ft3
21
23
24
24.10% of an isotope with mass 205.9745 amu, 22.10% of an isotope with mass 206.9759 amu, and 52.40% of an isotope with mass 207.9766 amu. Calculate the average atomic mass and identify the element
Calculate the average atomic mass of argon to two decimal places
given the following information: argon36 (25.97 amu, 0.337%), argon-38 (37.96 amu, 0.063%), argon-40 (39.96 amu, 99.600%).
Calculate the percent relative abundance of the two isotopes of a given element with given average atomic mass of the element and given exact masses of both isotopes
Mixture Problems
112.9043(X)+114.9041(Y)=114.82 X+Y=1 Substitution Method: Y=1-X 112.9043(X)=114.9041(1-X)=114.82 X=0.042=4.2% (In 113) Y=0.958=95.8% (In 115)
29
Mixture Problem #1
A chemist has a solution that is 75% sulfuric acid and a
solution that is 25% sulfuric acid. How much of each should she use to obtain 40 milliliters of a solution that is 45% sulfuric acid? Create a system of 2 linear equations X+Y=40 0.75X+0.25Y=(0.45)(40) Substitute; Y=40-X 0.75X+0.25(40-X)=0.45(40) X=16 mL 75% solution Y=24 Ml 25% solution
30
Mixture Problem #2
31
32
33
Acids, Bases, and pH . Calculate pH and [H+] When water dissociates it yields a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide. H2O <--> H+ + OH- ; pH = -log[H+] and [H+] = 10-pH
Calculate pH given [H+] = 1.4 x 10-5 M ; pH = -log[H+]=- log(1.4 x 10-5)=4.85 Calculate [H+] from a known pH. Find [H+] if pH = 8.5 [H+] = 10-pH [H+] = 10-8.5 [H+] = 3.2 x 10-9 M
34
x = {-6.5 x 10-5 + [(6.5 x 10-5) + 4(0.01)(6.5 x 10-5)]}/2 = 7.7 x 10-4 pH = -log[H+] = -log(x)= -log(7.7 x 10-4)= -(-3.11)=3.11
35
Analysis of Results The pH of a 0.01 M benzoic acid solution is 3.11. In this solution we found the acid only dissociated by 7.7 x 10-4 M. The original concentration was 1 x 10-2 or 770 times stronger than the dissociated ion concentration. If we substitute C for (C - x) in the Ka equation, Ka = x/(C - x) Ka = x/C ; x = KaC ; x = (6.5 x 10-5)(0.01)=6.5 x 10-7 x = 8.06 x 10-4 pH = -log[H+] = -log(x)=-log(8.06 x 10-4)=-(-3.09) pH = 3.09
36
37
38
[ A]
mol
rate
mol
mol ( n 1) sec
40
Zero order reaction r = k where k has units of mole/( L) (sec) First order reaction r = k [A] where k, has units of (1/sec) Second-Order Reaction r = k [A]^2, where k, has units of L/ (mole)(sec) Blaunch. D. (2009). Chemical Kinetics. Retrieved from www.chm.davidson.edu
41
Order in [A]
Rate Law
Integrated Form, y = mx + b
Half-Life t1/2
[A]t = - k t +[A]o
t1/ 2 =
[ A]0 2k
ln[A]t = - k t + ln[A]o
1 1 =kt + [ A]0 [ A]t
t1/ 2 =
ln2 0.693 = k k
rate = k [A] 2
1 vs. t [A]t
(slope = k)
t1/ 2 =
1 k [ A]0
42
[ A]t =kt ln [ A ]0
Using the properties of logarithms,
or
[ A] ln 0 = k t [ A]t
ln
a = ln( a) ln(b ) b
If ln(y) = x then y = ex
[ A]t =e [ A ]0
kt
or
[ A ]0 =e kt [ A]t
43
B:
Time, s 0 5 10 15 20
47
Graphs
Relationships among variables -- Concept of
function Interpretation of graphical information (linear, polynomials, exponential, logarithmic) Visualization of data -- Histograms, pie charts, scatter plots Log-log and log-linear plots Draw inference
48
Functions
Linear -- Slopes and intercepts Polynomial -- Factors and roots Rational -- Fractions of polynomials Power integral and fractional powers, nth roots Exponential -- growth/decay, relation to logarithm Logarithm -- Natural and base b, growth rate, relation to exponential
49
50