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Background Information [2]
Classification [4]
Orchids get their name from the root word ‘orchis’ which means testicles, in reference to the
roots of some wild species especially of the genus Orchis, where the paired bublets give the
appearance of the male sex organs.
Of all the families of plants orchids are the largest. There are an estimated 750 to 1,000
genera and more than 25,000 species of orchids known today, with the number growing each
year! The largest number of species is found in the Dendrobium (1,500 spp), Bulbophyllum
(1,500 spp), and Pleurothalis (1,000 spp) genera. They are found on every continent in the
world with the largest variety found in Asia. There are even species which use hot springs in
Greenland to grow. Orchids can be epiphytic (growing high in the trees), terrestrial (growing
in the ground), lithophytes (grow on rocks), and a few are saprophytic (living off decaying
vegetation).
The family is prized for its beautiful and diverse flowers. The only plant with an economic
value to the common man is vanilla, which is a commonly enjoyed flavoring. The
hybridizing of these flowers has become a major economic force worldwide for cut flowers
and cultivation of plants by hobbyists. It is estimated $90 billion each year is pumped into the
world’s economy as a direct result of these fascinating flowers. In some countries Salep used
in Turkish Delight is gathered from Dactylorhiza, Eulophia, Ophrys, and Orchis species.
Flavorings are also derived from species of Angraecum, and Leptotes. Dendrobium species
are used in Australia as aboriginal body paint and Geodorum provides a strong gum for
musical instruments.
A plant consists of roots, shoots, and leaves in two growth patterns. Monopoidal plants
(single stem) grow in one direction, upright. Examples of monopoidal growth are found in
the genera Phalaenopsis, Vanda, and Aerangis. Sympoidal plants grow mostly horizontally
in several directions, with pseudobulbs connected by a main axis. Examples of these are
Dendrobium, Oncidium, Encyclia, Cattleya, and Cymbidium.
Leaves of orchids are arranged either alternately or are basal, rarely are they opposite or
whorled. Sometimes the leaves can be reduced to scales, but are generally simple and entire,
frequently fleshy and attached to an enlarged or swollen stem commonly sheathing at the
base.
The flowers of the orchid are strongly irregular and rarely unisexual (Cycnoches). As with
the lily, the typical flower has 5 circles, each with 3 parts. The outermost circle has 3 sepals
(The upper sepal called a ‘flag’, as in Irises). The inner circle has 2 ‘regular’ petals and a 3rd
specialized petal (the lip or labellum), commonly with a nectary appendage (sac or spur). The
stamen circle follows. The stamen circle is reduced with only one or two stamens. The
stigma and style fuse together to form a special organ, the column. The anthers on the stamen
open by longitudinal slits. The pollen is usually caked together in one to eight large waxy
lumps called pollinia, during pollination the sunstance is transferred as a whole. The pollinia
are usually hidden behind a waxy cap-like sterile lobe of the stigma called the rostellum. Last
is the ovary circle, which is inferior (the stamens and perianth are connected at the top of the
ovary). The pistil is formed of three united carpels; locules are either one or three in number.
The ovules are numerous and bourne on axils (if 3 locules) or parietal (if one locule)
placentas.
There are two distinguishable flower types, single and double stamened flowers. The double-
stamen flowers (Diandrous) have two productive stamens. The only diandrous flowered
orchids are cypiripedioideae from the genus Paphiopedilum. The single-stamen flowers
(Monandrous) have one productive stamen.
There are four main styles of inflorescences: single flower, raceme, cyme, and panicle.
The seeds form in capsules, generally developing in a month’s time. One seed weighs
1/3,500,000 of an ounce or 1/1,000,000 or a gram. The seed capsule bursts along 3 or 6
seams releasing the seeds. Each seed lacks endosperm (no food storage) and depends on a
symbiotic relationship with a fungus to develop and grow. The fungi penetrate the root
system and take over the feeding of the young shoot.
Orchids have no known fossil record, making classification in the past challenging.
Highlights in Orchid History
‘Lan’ a word that also meant ‘superior man,’ ‘elegant woman,’ as well
as ‘strong,’ ‘virile,’ & ‘beautiful’
o 1233 The first book on orchids, “Chin Chang Lan Pu” by Wang Keui-Lsueh
described 37 orchid species
o 1368/1644 Ming Dynasty gave many references for the use orchids as herbs
o 1851 RHS published articles which became the manual for orchid growing
o 1902 The first Cymbidium hybrids of the 20th century appeared and rapidly
increased over the next 20 years
o 1909 Noel Bernard attempted to isolate the fungi and compare germination of
infected and non-infected seedlings
The genus or species name may commemorate a person, describe some aspect of the plant, or
refers to the place of its origin. For example, Cattleya harrisoniana honors Harrison of
Aighburgh-Liverpool who introduced the species from Brazil. Cattleya amethystoglossa was
named for its amethyst-colored labellum. Paphiopedilum philippinense is native to the
Philippines.
Through the centuries, botanists have tried to express relationships among orchids and other
plants by ranking them in hierarchies according to similarities and differences in flower
structure and/or vegetative features. No fossil records to date have been found for orchids so
the evolution of this group is speculation and theory based on the trends in flowering plants.
As new technology (such as DNA analysis) becomes available the systematists are
reassessing the relationships of orchids, and other plants groups, on every level.
Since the names of plants reflect those relationships, the names may change as well but only
in accordance with rules established by the International Code of botanical Nomenclature.
Among other rules and recommendations, this Code specifies the various levels of the
hierarchy of classification.
Closely related genera are grouped into subtribes, names that end in -inae. Following the
Cattleya forbesii example, Cattleya is in subtribe Laeliinae along with its relatives such as
Laelia and Encyclia. Related subtribes are grouped into larger taxonomic units called tribes;
names of tribes end in eae Subtribe Laeliinae is in tribe Epidendreae. Finally, related tribes are
grouped into a subfamily, the names of which always end in -oideae. Tribe Epidendreae is in
subfamily Epidendroideae. According to Dressler, whose 1981 classification is followed here,
there are six subfamilies in the orchid family Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae,
Spiranthoideae Orchidoideae, Epedendroideae, and Vandoideae. Since that 1981 classification
was published, Dressler ~ 1986 1990a, 1990b) has amended the framework more than once at
many levels, with many more to come in all likelyhood. Since most orchid growers are
familier with the 1981 classification it was used here. The classification is complete from
Subfamily to Alliance, examples of the more commonly seen and cultivated genera were
listed to keep things somewhat simple.
Family
Subfamily
Tribe
Subtribe
Alliance
Genera
Species
Family Orchidaceae
Subfamily Apostasioideae (2 genera; 16 species)
Phragmipedium, Selenipedium
Subfamily Spiranthoideae (95 genera; 550 species—Asia, Africa & Australia)
Tribe Erythrodeae
Subtribe Tropidiinae
Alliance Goodyera
Alliance Anoectochilus
Genera: Spiranthes
Subtribe Pachyplectroninae
Genera: Pachyplectron
Subtribe Manniellinae
Genera: Manniella
Subtribe Cranichidinae
Alliance Prescottia
Subtribe Cryptostylidinae
Genera: Cryptostylis
Australia)
Tribe Neottieae (100 species)
Subtribe Limodorinae
Genera: Epipactis
Subtribe Listerinae
Genera: Listeria
Tribe Diurideae (550 species)
Subtribe Chloraeinae
Alliance Caladenia
Genera: Calendia
Alliance Caleanae
Genera: Drakaea
Subtribe Pterostylidinae
Genera: Pterostylis
Subtribe Acianthinae
Genera: Corybas
Subtribe Diuridinae
Genera: Thelymitra
Subtribe Prasophyllinae
Alliance Galeris
Genera: Platanthera
Alliance Orchis
Alliance Holothrix
Alliance Herminium
Alliance Habenaria
Genera: Nabenaria
Subtribe Huttonaeinae
Genera: Huttonaea
Tribe Diseae
Subtribe Disinae
Genera: Disa
Subtribe Satyriinae
Genera: Satyrium
Subtribe Coryciinae
Genera: Wullschlaegelia
Subfamily Epidendroideae (90–100 genera; 10,000 species)
Tribe Vanilleae
Subtribe Vanillinae (200 species)
Genera: Vanilla
Subtribe Lecanorchidinae
Genera: Lecanorchis
Subtribe Palmorchidinae
Genera: Diceratostele
Subtribe Pogoniinae
Genera: Pogonia
Tribe Gastrodieae
Subtribe Nerviliinae
Genera: Nervilia
Subtribe Gastrodiinae
Genera: Arethusa
Subtribe Thuniinae
Genera: Thunia
Subtribe Bletiinae
Alliance Arundina
Genera: Arundina
Alliance Calopogon
Genera: Calopogon
Alliance Calanthe
Alliance Plocoglottis
Genera: Plocoglotis
Alliance Tainia
Genera: Tainia
Alliance Coelia
Genera: Coelia
Alliance Chysis
Genera: Chysis
Subtribe Sobraliina
Genera: Sobralia
Subtribe Coelogyninae
Genera: Adrorhizon
Genera: Cryptarrhena
Tribe Calypsoeae
Genera: Calypso
Tribe Epidendreae (8,000 species—Cosmopolitan)
Subtribe Eriinae
Alliance Eria
Genera: Eria
Alliance Ceratostylis
Subtribe Podochilinae
Genera: Rhynchophreatia
Subtribe Glomerinae
Alliance Isochilus
Genera: Hexisea, Isochilus
Alliance Cattleya
Sophronitis
Alliance Barkeria
Alliance Epidendrum
Genera: Epidendrum
Alliance Leptotes
Genera: Leptotes
Alliance Neocogniauxia
Genera: Neocogniauxia
Subtribe Meiracyllinae
Genera: Meiracyllium
Subtribe Pleurothallidinae
Genera: Bulbophyllum
Subtribe Sunipiinae
Genera: Sunipia
Genera: Polystachya
Tribe Vandeae (130 genera; 1,700 species—Tropical Asia, Pacific Islands,
Africa)
grown)
Alliance Vanda
Alliance Trichoglottis
Robiquetia, Trichoglottis
HYBRIDS
Rhynchovanda, Vandaenopsis
Subtribe Angraecinae (300–400 species—Tropical Africa & Madagascar)
Alliance Angraecum
Alliance Camplylocentrum
Genera: Campylocentrum
Subtribe Aerangidinae (300–400 species—Tropical Africa &
Madagascar)
Genera: Corallorhiza
Subtribe Zygopetalinae (150 species—most hybrids for the tribe appear
in this subtribe)
Alliance Warrea
Alliance Zygopetalum
Alliance Bollea
Alliance Vargasiella
Genera: Vargasiella
HYBRIDS
Zygonisia, Zygostylis
Subtribe Bifrenariinae
Genera: Dichaea
Subtribe Telipogoninae
Alliance Bromheadia
Genera: Bromheadia
Alliance Eulophia
Genera: Eulophia
Alliance Cyrtopodium
Alliance Cymbidium
Alliance Dipodium
Genera: Dipodium
HYBRIDS
Genera: Genyorchis
Subtribe Thecostelinae (40+ species)
Genera: Thecostele
Subtribe Acriopsidinae (40+ species)
Genera: Acriopsis
Subtribe Catasetinae (150 species—Epiphytes found in the estern
hemisphere)
hemisphere)
Genera: Pachyphyllum
Subtribe Oncidiinae (56–78 genera; 900+ species—Troical America)
Alliance Trichocentrum
Genera: Trichocentrum
Alliance Comparettia
Ionopsis, Rodriguezia
Alliance Trichophilia
Alliance Lockhartia
Genera: Lockhartia
HYBRIDS (107 hybrids)
Wilsonara
Growing Orchids
o Temperature
Preferences vary
o Light
• Too much can cause root rot and prevent water uptake in the
end, dehydrating the plant
To be sure the orchid gets enough drench the potting mix and allow it
to dry out before watering again to prevent over watering
• The top layer will dry out more quickly so check below the
surface!
o Growing Medium
• Choose a medium that works well with your habits and growing
environment
o Repotting
• Repotting Steps
Areas that are dark and soft rather then light and
firm
o Gently pack the mix, making sure the roots are held
firmly in the pot
o Cattleya (KAT–lee–ah)
60+ spp
Plants grow in spring and summer, flower in spring or autumn and rest
in winter.
o Phalaenopsis (fayl–eh–NOP–sis)
40+ spp
The main species cultivated came from the Philippine Islands and
Borneo
Keep shaded
o Dendrobium (den–DROH–bee–um)
1,500 spp
Semi-deciduous in cultivation
o Pahiopedilum (paff–ee–oh–PED–ih–lum)
50–60 spp
• Evergreen
Provide shade
• Do not mist
o Oncidium (on–SID–ee–um)
350–400 spp
Plants grow in spring and summer; flower in autumn & rest in winter.
• Evergreen
• Less in winter
Usually provides tall, slender stems that branch out at the top to
produce a shower of bright (usually) yellow flowers
o Tropical America
• Rest in winter
• Evergreen
• Mist in summer
o Cymbidium (sim-BID-ee-um)
60+ spp
Repot in spring after flowers are spent. Do not repot after June as it
may prevent blooming the following year
Odontoglossum = 250spp
• Tropical America
Miltonopsis = 5 spp
• Tropical America
Plants grow nearly all year with the flower period varying according to
type
Evergreen
o Vanda (VAN–dah)
o Zygopetalum (zy–go–PET-a–lum)
2 spp
Keep in shade
• Do not mist
These have large pseudobulbs and four leaves which are ribbed,
narrowly oval and easily damaged
Flower spike originates from inside the first leaf on the partially
completed pseudobulb and usually produces 6–8 flowers
o Masdevallia (mas–deh–VAHL–lee–ah)
275 spp
• No rest period
• Evergreen
Provide shade
• Do not mist
• Petals and lip are minute and almost unseen at the flower’s
center
o Epidendrum (eh–pee–DEN–drum)
400 spp
Tropical America
• 1 sp in West Africa
• Flower in spring
• Rest in winter
o Maxillaria (max–ill–AIR–ee–ah)
300 spp
The Americas
Plants grow in summer
• Evergreen
• Mist in summer
o Lycaste (lye–KASS–tee)
25 spp
Tropical America
• Flower in spring
• Rest in winter
• Deciduous
o Angraecum (an–GRY–cum)
220 spp
Tropical & Sub-tropical Africa, Malagasy, Indian Ocean Islands & the
Philippines
• Evergreen
In winter several large, white, waxy flowers, each with a long spur are
produced on a long spike
o Calanthe (ka–LAN–thee)
120 spp
• Rest in winter
• Deciduous
Shade in summer
• Do not mist
• Pleione have 10 sp
• Bletilla have 10 sp
• Do not mist
Mainly terrestrial
Awards for Orchids
For purposes of hybridization or awards, specific plants may be given clonal or cultivar
names, following the species name and enclosed in single quotes, such as Cattleya skinneri
'Many'. Any awards that clone might receive then follow the clonal name, e.g. Cattleya
skinneri 'Many', CCM/ AOS. For crosses the name of the hybrid is followed by a clonal
name, such as Brassidium Fly Away ‘Miami.’
There are several national orchid societies that grant awards for flower quality or cultural
excellence: the American Orchid Society (AOS) the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS)
Deutsche Orchideen- (DOG), as well as regional and local societies, about 40 in all.
The highest award that the American Orchid Society and Royal Horticultural Society give for
flower quality is the First Class Certificate (FCC). The next highest is the Award of Merit
(AM). In addition, the American Orchid Society grants a third quality award, the Highly
Commended Certificate (HCQ).
Other societies such as the Deutsche Orchideen-Gesellschaft award Gold (GM), Silver
(SM) and Bronze Medals (BM) to flowers.
Awards such as the Certificate of Cultural Merit (CCM/AOS) and Certificate of Cultural
Commendation (CCC/RHS) recognize superior cultivation of specimen plants.
Orchid Genera Names
Below is a list of names for cultivated orchid genera followed by their abbreviated names, this
list is not complete but represents most of the exhibited genera. The first column is the
judging class as defined by the Mid-America Classification adopted onApril 11, 2000. The
letter ‘H’ indicates the judging class(es) for hybrids of that genus. The last column indicates
whether the genus is a naturally occurring genus or which genera were crossed to produced it.
103-105
x Pescatoria
Rodriguezia
Herschelianthe)
Sarcochilus
Zspm
x Zspm
115 Monnierara Monn Ctsm x Cyc x Morm
085,87
L x Schom x Soph
Sarchochilus
Soph
Award—Best of Show
Group Exhibit
A. Open Competition
1. Orchid plants in flower, arranged for effect, more than 50 square feet
6. Orchid plants in flower, arranged for effect, more than 50 square feet
C. Amateur Competition
10. Orchid plants in flower, arranged for effect, more than 50 square feet
11. Orchid plants in flower, arranged for effect, 50 square feet maximum
12. Orchid plants in flower, arranged for effect, 25 square feet maximum
13. Cut flowers, arranged for effect, no space limitations
14. Orchid exhibit, with emphasis on artistic effect, using one to five plants, 25
D. Cattleya Alliance
19. Brassavola species, hybrids and intergenerics other than above but excluding
cattleyas
21. Laelia species, hybrids and intergenerics other than above but excluding
cattleya.
22. Sophronitis species, hybrids and intergenerics other than above but excluding
cattleyas
23a.Cattleya species
30. Cattleya hybrids and intergenerics other than above, Splashed or flared petals,
any color
32. Cattleya and allied genera species, hybrids and intergenerics, Miniature
E. Cypripedium Alliance
Color in Paphiopedilum species and hybrids is based on the dominant flower color
44d. Allied Cypripedium species, hybrids and intergenerics other than above
55. Renanthera species, hybrids and intergenerics other than above, but excluding
59. Vanda hybrids and intergenerics other than above, but excluding Doritis and
Phalaenopsis
60. Allied Vanda genera, species, hybrids and intergenerics other than above, but
Multiflora refers to plants that when mature are expected to have flowers with 3" maximum
natural spread and multi-branched inflorescences.
61. Doritis species and hybrids
65. Phalaenopsis hybrids and Doritaenopsis, White with colored lip, no markings
G. Oncidium Alliance
91. Allied oncidium genera species, hybrids and intergenerics other than above
H. Cymbidium Alliance
102. Allied cymbidium genera species, hybrids and intergenerics other than
above.
I. Dendrobium
109. Allied Dendrobium species, hybrids and intergenerics other than above
J. Miscellaneous Genera
111. Pleurothallis and allied genera species, hybrids and intergenerics other than
above
114. Zygopetallum and allied genera species, hybrids and intergenerics other than
above
115. Catasetum, Cycnoches, Mormodes and allied genera species, hybrids and
intergenerics
118. Miniature species, hybrids and intergenerics, all classes except Cattleya and
excluding inflorescence.
Award—Class 120
All art work, classes 121 through 124, must have been executed by the exhibitor
122. Photographs
124. Needlepoint, Tapestry, Needlework, and Art Exhibits other than above
Award—Classes 121–125
L. Orchids in Use
128. Arrangements
Award—Classes 126–128
Michiana Orchid Society Show Information
EXHIBITION GUIDELINES
All exhibitors are expected to familiarize themselves with the show schedule and exhibition
guidelines.
1. Each exhibitor agrees upon entry to abide by the rules and regulations of the show. All
questions regarding the interpretation of these rules shall be referred to the Show Co-Chairs
for a decision.
2. There are no fees to the exhibitor for entries or assistance in setting up exhibits.
3. In order to sell orchid plants and related materials at the show, a vendor must place an
exhibit of at least 25 square feet in the show. It must conform to the quality of the show as
interpreted by the Show Committee.
4. Foliage plants, moss, etc., may complement exhibits, but no artificial or dyed moss or
foliage of any kind will be permitted with the exception of artificial grass used as a floor
covering. Plants in flower or cut flowers other than orchids will not be permitted in the
exhibit. No dyed flowers will be permitted.
5. Neither the host society nor show sponsor is responsible for loss or damage to any plants,
blooms, corsages, containers or other property of exhibitors. However, every precaution will
be exercised for their safety.
6. Any lighting used for effect is the responsibility of the exhibitor. It must be coordinated
with the Staging Committee.
7. All plants or cut flowers exhibited must be properly labeled without identification of the
owner until judged.
8. No cut flowers will be permitted in flowering plant exhibits, and no flowering plants will
be permitted in cut flower exhibits.
1. Inspect your plants carefully before you decide to put them in a show; pests and diseases
have no place in a show. Too many exhibitors have brought healthy plants to a show and
taken home a host of afflictions.
2. It saves considerable time if you obtain entry tags ahead of the time of the show and make
them available to the entry clerk upon arrival. Upon completion by the entry clerk, the tag
may be placed on plants as the exhibit is set up. The entry clerk will check for correct naming
of plants and make corrections on the entry tag. Exhibitors are expected to make appropriate
changes or corrections to their display tags.
3. A separate entry tag must be made for each plant, cut flower, or exhibit. Print legibly on
each entry form (tag). If the clerks can’t read it, they won’t be able to find it.
—If you have not followed the procedure as recommended in #2 above, obtain a
sufficient supply of ENTRY FORMS from the entry desk, sometimes called the entry
registration desk.
—Also obtain an EXHIBIT and EXHIBITOR NUMBER at the desk. You are the
exhibitor, and the show officials identify you by the number which they give you at this time.
The exhibit number is assigned to that individual, individuals, or group who are responsible
for the exhibit. These numbers must appear on each entry form. They assist the clerks and
judges in locating plants and exhibits while judging.
—On each entry form, indicate the CLASS NUMBER for each entry. Check the
SHOW SCHEDULE for the correct class. It is your responsibility to get your entries in the
correct class! Incorrectly entered entries may be disqualified by the judges. Lowell Jacks’
cross-reference list is available at the entry desk.
—Under name, indicate the name of the plant or flower followed by the word,
SPECIES, in the space for the cross if such is the case. If the entry is a hybrid, indicate the
parentage. Check Sander’s List of Orchid Hybrids or Wildcatt database if you are not sure.
These are both available at the entry desk. If the entry is an exhibit, write the square feet of
the exhibit.
—DO NOT WRITE IN THE AWARDS SECTION.
—Return the completed entry tags to the entry desk in numerical order by CLASS
NUMBER. Each entry will receive a TAG NUMBER. When completed, the tags will be
separated from the carbon copy, which you then place on the entry. Please correct any
exhibition tags also to match the entry tag. The original entry tag stays at the entry desk to be
used by the judging teams.
—A word to the wise: Maybe NOT every plant you use in your exhibit is worthy of a
ribbon; read up on ribbon judging and make some entry decisions for yourself. For AOS
judging, every plant, whether entered for ribbon judging or not, will be considered for AOS
awards.
—If your entry, on this blooming, has been in an AOS sanctioned activity previously,
it is not eligible for AOS judging again THIS blooming; so write on the tag “NOT FOR AOS
JUDGING.”
CLASSIFICATION
1. Entries not in accordance with the schedule will be disqualified, and the Show Committee
reserves the right to remove all inferior exhibits at any time.
3. An exhibitor may enter no more than three (3) plants or cut flowers in any one class.
Exceptions are classes 117 through 120.
4. A meristem plant or cut flower may not be entered as a seedling blooming for the first
time.
5. For purposes of this schedule, the word “hybrid” means a cross made with the genus listed,
unless preceded by the word “intergeneric,” in which case, two or more different genera are
used in the cross.
6. The same exhibit cannot be entered in more than one class. Any individual plant or cut
flower cannot be entered in more than one class with the exceptions of classes #119 and
#120, but may be part of an exhibit.
7. For the purpose of this show, an amateur is defined as any person who has not sold more
than a total of two hundred (200) plants and/or flowers in the last year.
8. In general, blush colors, two-tone flowers and pastel colors should be entered in the “other
colors” classifications.
JUDGING
1. An American Orchid Society (AOS) sanctioned show must comply with the current rules
of the American Orchid Society Handbook on Judging and exhibition and any interim rules
issued by the AOS Committee on Awards. There will be three or more judges accredited by
the American Orchid Society. The decisions of these judges will be final. The American
Orchid Society system of judging will be used in all events. All judges and clerks are
expected to familiarize themselves with the show rules. All plants and flowers will be
considered for recognition based on present quality, without regard to previous awards. To
maintain highly competitive standards, no trophies or other recognition will be awarded if, in
the judges’ opinion, the flower, plant or exhibit does not warrant such recognition. Judges
may subdivide or add additional classes at their discretion.
2. In shows approved for AOS judging: All flowers, whether entered for ribbon judging or
not, will be considered for AOS awards unless otherwise marked by the exhibitor. If the
flowers have previously been exhibited at an AOSfunction, they are considered to have been
screened and therefore are not eligible for further consideration. They should be marked “Not
for AOS judging.” This will not disqualify the flower from consideration in the proper ribbon
or trophy class. Submission of plants or cut flowers for judging shall obligate the exhibitor to
accept any award granted and to pay any fees connected with such an award except where he
has clearly indicated before the judging that this entry is not to be AOS judged.
3. First, second and third place ribbons may be awarded to the best three (3) entries in each
class other than a trophy class. An honorable mention ribbon award may be offered when, in
the opinion of the judges, an additional recognition is merited. All plants and cut flowers
must be correctly entered in the appropriate class, or reclassified by a judge, to be eligible for
ribbon judging. Exhibitors will enter their plants using standard Mid-America show tags.
After completing the registration of the material, the carbon copy goes on the plant while the
original remains at the entry desk. Entry tags should show plant parentage, clonal name, if
assigned, and previous awards to the clone (see section on entry tags). Each plant should be
entered into ONE class only, with the above exceptions. An official copy of the correct entry
classes to enter your plants is available at the entry desk. Where a plant could conceivably fit
into more than one class, the exhibitor shall enter it into the first applicable class listed. A
mericlone is considered a vegetative division of the original plant and must be treated as
such. If a plant is a mericlone, it should be so designated and the clonal name given. Species
classes will include natural hybrids. Criteria employed in ribbon class definitions refer to
characteristics prevailing for mature plants grown according to normal horticultural practice
5. All trophies are open to all exhibitors in this show if the exhibit is entered properly and
show rules are complied with, unless otherwise specified in this schedule.
6. In order to be eligible for any special trophies, plants and exhibits must be entered for
ribbon judging. No separate entry is required.
7. Each exhibit may be entered in ONE CLASS ONLY. All exhibits must be entered on
standard Mid-America entry tags. The copy goes on the exhibit and the original to the entry
registration desk. All exhibits are eligible for the AOS Show Trophy and will be judged in
accordance with the criteria in the current AOS Handbook on Judging and Exhibition.
An Orchid Glossary
Anther—The part of the stamen containing the pollen; the end of the column.
Backbulb—An old pseudobulb behind the part of a sympodial orchid that is actively growing.
Although there may be no leaves the presence of undamaged "eyes" is a sign that growth is
possible.
Column—The organ of an orchid flower that is made up of both the male (anther) and female
(style) reproductive parts.
Crest—A toothed, fringed, hairy adornment, or callus growth on the lip of some orchid
flowers.
Crock—Small pieces of broken earthenware or flower pots, placed in the bottom of a pot
when repotting to aid in drainage.
Cross—The mating of two different orchid clones, whether varieties, species, hybrids.
Crown—The point where leaves grow from on monopodial orchids. Usually the V shaped
area in the center of the plant.
Cyme—A determinate inflroescene where the terminal flower is older then the subtending
lateral flowers.
Epiphyte, epiphytic—A plant which naturally grows upon another plant but does not derive
any nourishment from it. Many of the orchids in cultivation are epiphytic.
Eye—The bud of a sympodial orchid that will eventually develop into a new lead.
Foliar spray—Many minor nutrients and trace elements beneficial to growth are best absorbed
through the stomata of an orchids leaves when mixed with water and sprayed on the plant.
Habit—The general appearance of a plant (whether it's erect, pendant, climbing, weedy, etc )
Keiki—A Hawaiian word referring to a baby plant produced asexually by an orchid plant,
usually used when referring to Dendrobiums or Vandaceous orchids.
Lead—An immature vegetative growth on a sympodial orchid that will develop into flower-
producing structure.
Leaf span—The size of a plant, measured from leaf tip to center of crown to other leaf tip.
Used on phalaenopsis, paphiopedilums and other monopodial orchids.
Lip—A modified petal of the orchid flower specialized to aid in pollination and different than
the other petals.
Mericlone—A plant derived from tissue culture that is identical to its parent.
Monopodial—Orchids which grow upward from a single stem producing leaves and flowers
along that stem.
Panicle—An inflorescence with a main stem and branches, the flowers on the lower branches
open earlier than the upper ones.
Petal—One of the three inner segments, which aren’t modified to form a lip.
Photosynthesis—The process a plant uses to produce carbohydrates and sugar from water and
carbon dioxide in the air using chlorophyl-containing cells exposed to light.
Pistil—The ovule (seed) bearing organ of a flower (including, when complete, the ovary,
style, and stigma).
Pollen—A general term referring to the hapoid (n) pollen grains which are the immature male
gametophytesin the seed reproductive cycle.
Pollinium—(pl. = pollinia) The coherent (waxy) mass of pollen grains found in the anther.
Polyploid—A term applied to a plant that possesses one or more extra sets of chromosomes
beyond the normal number for that plant.
Pouch—Replaces the lip in Paphiopedilum alliance plants, it's actually two petals that have
fused.
Pseudobulb—A thickened portion of the stem of many orchids functioning as a water and
food storage device.
Rhizome—A root-bearing stem of sympodial orchids that progressively sends up leafy shoots.
Saprophyte—A plant lacking green color and depending on decaying material for its
nutrition.
Scape—An unbranched inflorescence with one flower. An inflorescence that arises from the
base of the pseudobulb.
Stolon—A branch that grows horizontally above the medium and produces roots and shoots at
the nodes.
Sympodial—Orchids that grow laterally and produce leafy growths along a rhizome
Velamen—The thick sponge-like covering of the roots of epiphytic orchids which helps
prevent water loss and aids in absorption.
Virus—A type of infectious agent, much smaller than common microorganisms, several
forms of which affect certain kinds of orchids.
Orchid Collections in Botanical Gardens,
United States and Canada
Anna Scripps Conservatory
Detroit (Belle Isle), MI
313/852-4064
http://www.bibsociety.org
merits.
404/876-5859
http://www.atlantabotanicalgarden.org
Birmingham, AL
205/414-3900
http://www.bbgardens.org
718/623-7200
http://www.bbg.org
615/353-2148
http://www.cheekwood.org
Notes: Two small greenhouses are devoted to orchids (a warm and cool
651/487-8201
303/331-4000
http://www.botanicgardens.org
180 genera; 686 species; 963 taxa
Notes: Collection contains many plants collected from the wild in the
Des Moines, IA
515/323-8900
http://www.desmoinesbotanicalcenter.org
Miami, FL
305/667-1651
http://fairchildgarden.org
Filoli Gardens
Woodside, CA
650/364-8300
http://www.filoli.org
2 genera; 16 taxa
Flamingo Gardens
Davie/Ft. Lauderdale, FL
954/473-2955
http://www.Flamingogardens.org
260/427-6440
http://www.botanicalconservatory.org
http://www.lotusland.org
7 genera; 10 taxa
Notes: A small collection slowly being added to. The plants are grown
317/327-7184
415/666-7077
often seen.
Orlando FL
407/246-2620
http://www.leugardens.org
Papaikou, HI
808/964-5233
http://www.hawaiigarden.com
Washington DC
202/686-8500
http://
mansion
808/522-7060
http://www.co.honolulu.hi.us/parks/hbg
514/872-1438
http://www.ville.montreal.qc.ca/jardin/jardin.htm
Cattleya
Krohn Conservatory
Cincinnati, OH
513/421-5707
312/742-7736
25 genera; 75 species
Longwood Gardens
Kennett Square, PA
610/388-1000
http://www.longwoodgardens.org
Notes: Many old clones and species remain from the original collection
http://www.aabga.org/memberpages/losangeles
941/366-5731
http://www.selby.org
314/577-5111
http://www.mobot.org
320 genera; 1527 species; 3165 taxa; 8635 plants; 65000 in herbarium
Notes: Acquisitions date back to the late 1800s. This is one of the largest
413/538-2116
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/botan
Muttart Conservatory
Edmonton, Alberta
780/496-8740
405/297-3995
508/877-7630
http://www.newfs.org
504/483-9386
718/817-8700
http://www.nybg.org
Stillwater, OK
405/744-5414
http://home.okstate.edu/okstate/dasnr/hort/hortlahome.nsf/toc/obga
Phipps Conservatory
Pittsburgh, PA
412/622-6915
http://www.phipps.conservatory.org
516/922-9200
http://www.plantingfields.com
Notes: Inventory records and culture information are available for review
by the visitors.
909/625-8767
http://www.rsabg.org
6 genera; 7 species
Hamilton, Ontario
905/527-1158
http://www.rbg.ca
720 taxa
210/207-3255
http://www.sabot.org
619/231-1515
http://www.sandiegozoo.org
http://www.aoc.gov
Berkeley, CA
510/642-0849
http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/garden
Irvine, CA
714/824-5833
http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/arboretum
96 taxa
734/998-7061
http://www.sa.umich.edu/mbg
704/547-4055
253/591-5330
Haleiwa, HI
808/638-8655
collected specimens.
Muncie, IN
765/285-8839
http://web.bsu.edu/fseec/environment/WOSCB.htm