ME 2134: Fluid Mechanics I Part 2 By T. T.

Lim Office: E2-03-18

Recommended and Reference Texts:

(1) Cengel Y.A. and Cimbala J.M.: Fluid Mechanics: Fundamental and Applications (McGraw-Hill 2006) (2) E.John Finnemore and Joseph B. Franzini: Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications (10th edition), McGraw Hill, 2002. (3) R.W. Fox and A.T. McDonald: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (4th edition), John Wiley & Sons, 1992. (4) K.L. Kumar: Engineering Fluid Mechanics. Eurasian Publishing house (5) B. Massey (revised by J Ward-Smith): Mechanics of Fluids. Stanley Thornes (Publishers) Ltd, c1998. (6) B.R. Munson, D.F. Young and T.H. Okiishi: Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics (3rd edition), John Wiley & Sons, 1998.

(7) M.C. Potter and D.C. Wiggert: Mechanics of Fluids (2nd edition), Prentice-Hall International, 1997 (8) Irving H. Shames: Mechanics of Fluids (3rd Edition), McGraw Hill, 1992. (9) Alexander J. Smits: A Physical Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (1st edition), John Wiley, 2000. (10) V.L. Streeter, E.B. Wylie and K.W. Bedford: Fluid Mechanics (9th edition), McGraw Hill, 1998. (11) F.M. White: Fluid Mechanics (7th Edition), McGraw Hill, 2011. (12) A. Jeffrey: Handbook of Mathematical Formulas and Integration (2nd Edition), Academic Press, 2000.

Module Outline: 1. Equilibrium of Moving Fluids (in translation and rotation). 2. Momentum and its Applications. 3. Dimensional Analysis and Similitude. 4. Analysis of Pipe Flow

Equilibrium of Moving Fluids

(A) Statics of a Moving System
Pa

Stationary Tank

z p

p= pa + gz

Pa

p= ??
z

Moving Tank

V=Constant

A container moving with a CONSTANT VELOCITY

Pa z p V=Constant

p= pa + gz

When the entire continuum is in uniform RECTILINER motion, the governing principle of the statics of a fluid in the gravity field remains the same.

(B) Uniform Rectilinear Acceleration

Pa

Accelerating Tank

z p

a=Constant acceleration

Questions:

p= ? What does the fluid/air interface look like ?

z x

az

a ax

dz dx

Under constant acceleration

p+

p dz z 2
C

p dx p x 2
A

az dz
p

ax
D

p dx p+ x 2

Fluid element has a unit depth

wt dx

p dz z 2

p+
B

p dz z 2
C

Face AB

Area dz 1 dz 1 dx 1 dx 1

Pressure

Force

p dx x 2

az dz
A

p dx
wt

ax
D

p+

p dx x 2

CD BC AD

p dz p z 2

Fluid element has unit depth

p dx p x 2 p dx p + x 2 p dz p + z 2 p dz p z 2

p dx p dz.1 x 2 p dx p + dz.1 x 2 p dz p + dx.1 z 2 p dz p dx.1 z 2

The equation of motion in the x-direction is p dx p dx p . dz p + . dz = (dx.dz.1)a x x 2 x 2 Simplifying the above equation gives p = a x x (B1)

p+

p dz z 2
C

Face
B

Area dz 1 dz 1 dx 1 dx 1

Pressure

Force

AB
p+ p dx x 2

p dx x 2

az dz p ax wt dx
A D

CD BC AD

p dz p z 2

Fluid element has a unit depth

p dx p x 2 p dx p + x 2 p dz p + z 2 p dz p z 2

p dx p dz.1 x 2 p dx p + dz.1 x 2 p dz p + dx.1 z 2 p dz p dx.1 z 2

Similarly, the equation of motion in the z-direction is

p dz p dz p . dx p + . dx g(dx.dz.1) = (dx.dz.1)a z z 2 z 2

Expanding and simplifying the above equation gives

p = (a z + g ) z

(B2)

Integrate equation (B1) gives,

p = a x x + f ( z ) + c1

p = a x x

(B1)

(B3)

where f(z) is a term containing only z, and c1 is a constant. Similarly, integrating equation (B2) gives
p = (a z + g )z + f ( x ) + c 2
p = (a z + g ) z

(B2)

(B4)

where f(x) is a term containing only x, and c2 is a constant. Now equations (B3) and (B4) are compatible only if po
p = [a x x + (a z + g )z ] + c 3

z 0 x

(B5)

where c3 is a new constant which depends on boundary condition. Substituting the boundary condition (at x=0, z=0, p=po.) into equation (B5) gives c3=po Therefore equation (B5) becomes
p = [a x x + (a z + g )z ] + p o (B6)

To find the slope of the free surface, we substitute p=po into equation (B6) which leads to
tan = dz a = x dx az + g
p = [a x x + (a z + g )z ] + p o (B6)

(B7)

It can be shown that the lines of constant pressure, also called ISOBARS are parallel to the free surface.

Po
IS O BA RS

a
IS OB AR

Po
S

A Large Open Cylinder

A Small Closed Cylinder

 ax = a
p = [a x x + (a z + g )z ] + p o (B6)

For a simple case of acceleration along the x-axis only, substitute ax=a, az=0 into equation (B6), and we obtain
p = [ax + gz ] + p o

and the inclination of the free surface to the direction of the acceleration is given by

tan =

a g

Tank truck
Acknowledgement: Wikimedia

Applications: This type of analysis is important in the design of the tank-truck where brakes may be applied abruptly or a tank car for a railway. It is also important in the design of a fuel system of an airplane

Tank car of railway

Acknowledgement: China Railway

Worked Example

Equilibrium of Fluid in ROTATION

(C) Uniform Spin of Liquid in a Container

T=0

T>T1

When a body of fluid rotates uniformly without relative motion between different elements of the fluid in a container, each particle moves in a circle. Under this condition, the fluid is said to undergo a SOLID-BODY ROTAION Because an external torque is required to start the motion, the term Forced Vortex has also been used. Once steady conditions are established, there is no relative motion between fluid particles and thus no shear forces exist, even in a real fluid.

p+

p dz . z 2

Side-view

zo z

r
z r
dr

dz

dz

p dr . r 2

p dr/2

p+

Wt

p dr . r 2

p dz . z 2

Top-view

r r p dr p . r 2

p dr p
p dr . r 2

p+

The velocity of a typical element of dimension r, r, dz at a radial distance r from the axis of rotation is u=u=r The acceleration of the same element is given by r2 in a radially inward direction. Equation of motion of the fluid element in the radial (r) direction may be written as
d p dr p dr 2 p rddz p + (r + dr )(d)dz + 2pdr dz = r ( rd dz dr ) 2 r 2 r 2 p dr p dr 2 2 p r p + (r + dr ) + pdr = r dr r 2 r 2 p dr p dr p dr pr .r pr + pdr + .r + dr + pdr = 2 r 2 dr r 2 r 2 r 2 p p dr dr.r dr = 2 r 2 dr r 2 r
dz
p

Radial direction
p+ p dz . z 2

p dr . r 2

p wt
p p dz . z 2

p+

p dr . r 2

p r
p p dr . r 2

Simplifying the above equation leads to

p = 2 r r

dr p p

p+

p dr . r 2

(C1)

In the z-direction
p dz p dz p (dr.rd) p + (dr.rd) g (dr.rd.dz ) = 0 z 2 z 2 p = g z

(C2)
p+ p dz . z 2

Integrate equation (C1) gives

r p = + f ( z) + c 2
2 2

p = 2 r r

(C1)
dz
p

p dr . r 2

(C3)
p

p wt
p dz . z 2

p+

p dr . r 2

where f(z) is a term containing only z, and c is a constant Integrate equation (C2) gives
p = gz + f ( r ) + c1

p r
p p dr . r 2

(C4)

dr p p

p+

p dr . r 2

where f(r) is a term containing only r, and c1 is a constant Equations (C3) and (C4) are compatible only if
p = gz + 2 r2 + c2 2

(C5)

where c2 is a new constant which depends on boundary condition

10

At r=0, z=zo and p = po (reference pressure) (see figure), it can be shown that c2= po+g zo

p = gz + 2

r2 + c2 2

(C5)

Therefore, equation (C5) becomes po

1 p = g(z z o ) + 2 r 2 + po 2

(C6) zo
z r

To find the equation of the free surface, we let p=po Therefore, equation (C6) becomes
1 0 = g(z z o ) + 2 r 2 2
z= 1 2 2 r + zo 2g 1 p = g(z z o ) + 2 r 2 + po 2

(C6)

(C7)

which is a PARABOLOID OF REVOLUTION (see figure below)

ISOBARS Original fluid level before rotation

Zmax Zo (i.e. Zmin)

Z1

R Isobars in Rotating Cylinder with Liquid

11

The slope of the liquid level at any radius r is given by

dz 2 r2 r2 = = = tan dr g 2g

z= 1 2 2 r + zo 2g

(C7)

r R

Application: A centrifugal pump and a centrifuge make use of this principle. Here, an enclosed mass of water is whirled rapidly to create the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet.

Acknowledgement: Encyclopedia Britannica

Acknowledgement: ITT Corporation

Centrifugal pump

12

Rotation stops

1 Initial State

Increasing Rotational Speed (Open Container)

Tall Cylinder: No spillage of fluid

Rotation stops

1 Initial State

Increasing Rotational Speed (Open Container)

Short cylinder: Spillage of fluid

13

1 Initial State

Increasing Rotational Speed (Closed Container)

Short cylinder: Spillage of fluid

Let us go through a simple example

14