Energy Change & Chemical Reaction Thermochemical Equation & Heat of Reaction Consider the reaction between hydrogen

gas and chlorine gas to form hydrogen chloride gas. H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) 2 HCl (g)
1 1 H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) HCl (g) 2 2

H = -183 kJ H = -91.5 kJ

H = Enthalpy of reaction (or heat of reaction) (4) Heat Change and Bond Energy (a) Energy change in a reaction Any chemical change involves a change in bonding between atoms or ions. Some bonds in reactants are broken and new bonds are formed to give the product. In each and every chemical reactions, there is always energy absorbed to break bonds in reactants and bonds formed to make new chemicals. Breaking of bonds absorbs energy and is an ______________ change. Formation of bonds releases energy and is an _____________ change. Consider the reaction, H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) 2 HCl (g) Enthalpy 2 H + 2 Cl

H2 + Cl2 HCl + HCl

(b) Bond Energy Bond energy is the energy absorb (or __________) when one mole of a particular bond is broken (or __________). Bond Bond Energy (kJmol-1) H-H 435 Cl-Cl 244 C-C 347 C=C 611 CC 835 O=O 498 NN 945

Bond H-Cl O-H C-H C-Cl C-O C=O Bond Energy 431 464 414 338 360 736 -1 (kJmol ) Example (1) Calculate the approximate heat of reaction of the following equation from bond energy values: H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) 2 HCl (g)

Exercise (2) The thermochemical equation for the reaction between hydrogen and bromine is given below: H2 (g) + Br2 (g) 2 HBr (g) H = -101.4 kJ mol-1

From a separate Data Book, the H-H and Br-Br bond energies are 436.1 and 191.7 kJmole -1 respectively. Calculate the bond energy of H-Br bond.

Exercise (3) Account for the fact that chlorine gas (Cl2) is much more reactive than nitrogen gas (N 2) in ordinary conditions, using bond energies.

Standard Enthalpy Changes (1) Standard Conditions The standard conditions for temperature at ______ K (25 oC) pressure at ONE atmosphere. concentration at ONE mole dm-3 (M) for solution. Any enthalpy change measured under these conditions is called standard enthalpy change and given the symbol H or ______. Consider the reaction, 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O (l) H298 = -575 kJ mol-1

Calculate the values of H298 of the following (i) (ii)

1 O2 (g) 2 1 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (g) 2

H2O (l) H2 (g) +

Given that heat of vaporization of water: H2O (l) H2O (g) (2) Standard Heat of Combustion

H298 = + 44 kJ mol-1

The heat of combustion of a substance is the heat change, which occurs when _____ mole of it is completely burned in oxygen. C2H6 (g) + 3
1 O2 (g) 2 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (l) 2

Hc = -1542 kJ mol-1

To determine the heat of combustion, Hc by burning a known mass of substance

Exercise (1) When 0.601 g of ethanol, C2H5OH, was completely burned in excess oxygen, the heat produced raised the temperature of 300 g of water by 14.1 oC. (a) Calculate the heat of combustion of ethanol. (b) Write a thermochemical equation for the reaction. (c) Draw an energy level diagram to represent the change. (Assume there were no heat losses to the surroundings and given that the specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 Jg-1 K-1)