1.0 REPORTING PRACTICAL WORK 1.

1 Raw Data Students must submit their raw data, graph or drawing to the instructor at the end of each experiment. The raw data should be presented in tabular form and all measurements performed according to the instructions in this lab manual should b e included on a sheet of A4 paper. The following particulars should also be included: Name of experiment Name of the students in the group Date experiment performed A short comment is expected on whether the results substantiated the theory and factors which contribute to discrepancies. A full report must be submitted within two weeks after the completion of the experiment. 1.2 Full Report The general order of the various sections of a full report is as below: Front cover Table of contents Abstract/summary Introduction Aims/objectives Theory Apparatus

 Experimental procedure Results Sample calculations Sample error calculations Discussion Conclusion Recommendations References Appendices 1.3 Abstract/Summary The summary is important because it provides information to persons not wanting to read the whole report. The summary should also contain the general conclusions of any experimental work under the test conditions and recommendations (if any). It should not discuss the reasoning or detailed evidence that is contained in the body of the report. Most importantly, the summary must be brief (1 paragraph). 1.4 Equipment Description and Experimental Techniques Enough should be said of the equipment and techniques so that the reader could operate the equipment if necessary. 1.5 Calculated Results A summary of the calculated results should be clearly tabulated. Related variables should be represented graphically where dependence needs to be shown.

1.6 Sample Calculations A sample calculation from a set of raw data obtained must be presented in the report showing all appropriate formulae used to obtain the final calculated result. 1.7 Error Calculations It is important to show the calculation of errors as the reader will know how efficient the experiment has been carried out. The experimental error calculation can be carried out by comparing it with the expected theoretical values. 1.8 Results and Discussion In this section, the results of the experiments are presented as a fulfillment of the aim. A coordinated analysis of what the data and calculated results mean is presented. The overall impression of the meaning of the experiment and its significance in the light of published work or established theory should be apparent from the analysis. The material should be presented logically. Even the most complicated explanation or theory can be conveyed easily to the reader if broken down and presented in a logical sequence. If the discussion is long, its organization should be facilitated by the use of subdivisions and headings. The discussion is more detailed than the abstract/summary in that it will include the opinion/reasoning of the author about various aspects of the experiment. The limitations of the experiment must be discussed and the accuracy of the result noted. This section must also show that the significance of the experimental findings has been appreciated. Recommended journals, textbooks or lecture notes will provide an aid to such an understanding.

1.9 Conclusions The analysis must be objective, keeping in mind experimental problems or deviations from conditions reported in published work and making a conclusion, if possible, in the light of this. 1.10 Recommendations The recommendations should indicate how experimental techniques or apparatus could be improved in light of the conclusions arrived at and the consistency of the experimental results in relation to the theory. It is also wise to include the observations which might have caused errors during the course of the experiment. 1.11 References References provide the reader with the sources of information that were used during the writing of the experimental report. Reporting the names of the books and journals referenced must follow a standard format that includes the author, journal, title, volume, date and publisher. 1.12 Appendices Appendices contain material that is not an integral part of the report or cannot be included conveniently in the body of the report. It could include material such as supporting information, mathematical derivations or any material that would overload the body of the report without contributing significantly to the immediate line of thought.

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (CPE554) NAME STUDENT NO. GROUP EXPERIMENT DATE PERFORMED SEMESTER PROGRAMME / CODE SUBMIT TO No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Title : : : : : : : : Allocated Marks (%) 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 20 10 5 5 5 100 Marks

Abstract/Summary Introduction Aims Theory Apparatus Methodology/Procedure Results Calculations Discussion Conclusion Recommendations Reference Appendix TOTAL MARKS Remarks: Checked by : --------------------------Date :

Rechecked by: --------------------------Date :

3.0 SAFETY PROCEDURES IN LABORATORY Laboratory safety is the top priority and this requires all people in the lab to be observing safe practices at all times! Following are some safety and procedural rules to help guide you in protecting yourself and others from injury in the laboratory. DO 1) MUST use PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS. 2) MUST wear proper ATTIRE and LAB COAT when you are in lab. 3) Long hair MUST be tied back and dangling jewelry and loose or baggy clothing must be secured. 4) Shoes MUST completely cover the foot. No sandals are allowed. 5) MUST reports any accidents, injury, fire or emergency happen to the LECTURER/LAB TECHNICIAN immediately. 6) MUST take CAUTION when handle with glass apparatus. 7) MUST know the location and understand the operation of: - FIRE EXTINGUISHERS - SAFETY SHOWER - EYE WASH STATION - FIRST AID KIT - FIRE ALARM - EMERGENCY EXIT ROUTE 8) MUST strictly follow laboratory safety principles. 9) Perform only those experiments authorized by the instructor. Never do anything in the laboratory that is not called for in the laboratory procedures or by your instructor. 10) Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all times. 11) Dispose of all chemical waste properly. Never mix chemicals in sink drains. 12) Wash your hands with soap and water after performing all experiments. DONT 1) Strictly NOT allowed to use combustible solution near to the open fire. 2) Strictly NOT allowed to heat combustible solution on the hot plate. 3) Strictly NOT allowed to EAT, DRINK and SMOKE in the lab. 4) Never return unused chemicals to their original containers.

4.0 LAB MANUAL (OPEN ENDED)

4.1 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (L1) Reactor is the heart of any process in industry. Reactor can be classified into two types; continuous stirred tank reactor and a plug flow reactor. Both of this type of reactor can be operate in a continuous and a batch mode depending on the nature of the reaction. Reactor can be equip with a heating or cooling coil for heating process or cooling process. It is depending on the nature of reaction which is exothermic or endothermic. A reactor also can be equip with bed of catalyst for a better reaction processes.

Questions 1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology by using the continuous stirred tank reactor available in the laboratory. 2. Develop a simple reaction by using chemical available in the laboratory and conduct the experiment in a batch and in a continuous stirred tank reactor. Choose only a non-hazardous chemical to run the experiment. Please consult the laboratory technician for the choice of chemicals. 3. Determine the order and the reaction rate and the relationship between conversion, reaction rate, reactor volume and feed rate. 4. Vary the reaction temperature and investigate the relation between temperature and reaction rate.

4.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor in Series (L2) Reactor is the heart of any process in industry. Reactor can be classified into two types; continuous stirred tank reactor and a plug flow reactor. Both of this type of reactor can be operate in a continuous and a batch mode depending on the nature of the reaction. Reactor can be equip with a heating or cooling coil for heating process or cooling process. It is depending on the nature of reaction which is exothermic or endothermic. A reactor also can be equip with bed of catalyst for a better reaction processes. For a high capacity reaction, either a series of reactor or a single huge reactor is use.

Questions 1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology by using the continuous stirred tank reactor in series available in the laboratory. 2. Develop a simple reaction by using chemical available in the laboratory and conduct the experiment in a batch and in a continuous stirred tank reactor. Choose only a non-hazardous chemical to run the experiment. Please consult the laboratory technician for the choice of chemicals. 3. Determine the conductivity of the reaction for each of the reactor. Investigate the changes of the conductivity throughout time.

4.3 Cooling Tower (L6) Cooling towers are commonly used in industry to reduce the temperature of utility cooling water to allow its reuse in heat exchangers. Inside a cooling tower, a liquid warm water stream is exposed to unsaturated air. The temperature of the water is decreased by the simultaneous transfer of mass and heat at the gas-liquid interface.

Questions 1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology by using Water Cooling Tower HE152 available in the laboratory. 2. Choose the suitable filling/packing tower on your own. 3. Determine the correlation of water to air mass flow ratio with increasing water flow rate. 4. Determine the cooling load effect, effect of different air flow rates and also the effect of different flow rates on the wet bulb approach and pressure drop through the packing. 5. Estimate the evaporation rate of water (water loss) for the tower.

4.4 Gas Dispersion (L9) The diffusivity of the vapour of a volatile liquid in air can be conveniently determined by Winklemanns method in which liquid is contained in a narrow diameter vertical tube, maintained at a constant temperature, and an air stream is passed over the top of the tube to ensure that the partial pressure of the vapour is transferred from the surface of the liquid to the air stream by molecular diffusion.

The apparatus that we are concerned with for this experiment is the gas Dispersion Apparatus that consists of an acrylic assembly which is sub-divided into two compartments. One compartment is constructed from clear acrylic and is used as a constant temperature water bath. The other compartment incorporates an air pump and the necessary electrical controls for the equipment. The assembly is mounted on adjustable feet.

Questions 1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology for this experiment. 2. Construct a suitable graph from your data to calculate the diffusivity, D. 3. Use different temperatures and comment on the effect of temperature on the diffusivity, D.

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4.5 Liquid-Liquid Extraction (L12) Extraction is a process that separates components based upon chemical differences rather than differences in physical properties. The basic principle behind extraction involves the contacting of a solution with another solvent that is immiscible with the original. The solvent is also soluble with a specific solute contained in the solution. Two phases are formed after the addition of the solvent, due to the differences in densities.

The simple example of liquid-liquid extraction is when we mixed together solvent (water) and solution (organic solvent / propionic acid) and then allowed them to separate into the extract phase and the raffinate phase. The extract phase will be water and propionic acid and the raffinate, organic solvent with a trace of propionic acid.

Questions 1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology regarding liquid-liquid extraction. 2. Determine the distribution coefficient for the system organic solvent-propionic acid-water and show its dependence on concentration. 3. Demonstrate how a mass balance is performed on the extraction column and measure the mass transfer coefficient with the aqueous phase as the continuous medium.

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4.6 Membrane Separation Unit (L14) New chemical separation techniques such as membrane separations are becoming increasingly popular as it provides effective separation without the use of heating energy as in distillation processes. Heat sensitive materials can be separated or concentrated by virtue of their molecular weights.

Membrane separation technology has evolved from a small-scale laboratory technique to a large-scale industrial process during the past 30 years. Numerous theoretical models for ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis have been proposed along with the identification of new factors controlling flux or mass transfer through membranes. The basic operating patterns are best outlined in terms of the hydrodynamic resistance resulting from the buildup of deposited materials on the membrane surface.

Questions 1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology for this experiment by using Membrane Test Unit available in the laboratory. 2. Study the characteristic on different types of membranes. 3. Construct a suitable graph of permeate weight versus time from your data and comment it.

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