I. INTRODUCTION - Brief description of the research paper Change is the only thing that is constant.

That is why every company should be ready and prepared for innovation when time for changes arises. One of the revolution that is starting is the appreciation on the value of becoming an environmentalist not only as a manufacturer but also as a consumer. Going green is not a fresh idea it has been implemented before according to Wikipedia Encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_marketing) The term Green Marketing came into prominence in the late 1980s and early 1990s. now that its the 21st century the society has been once again realized that our environment is everyone business. Mason, K. (2009, June17). Effects Of Plastic On The Environment Revealed. University News Centre. Retrieved from http://www.plymouth.ac.uk/pages/view.asp?page=26783. The Society continues to profit on numerous benefit plastic products have brought such as applications in medicine, electronics and energy saving parts in cars and aeroplanes. Though, the main use of plastics is for disposable items of packaging which are typically discarded within a year of production. As a consequence of the durability of plastics and their disposable usage, plastic waste is rapidly accumulating landfill. Papers in the volume show that natural habitats from the poles to the equator have also become contaminated with large, small and even microscopic fragments of plastic. This debris presents a physical hazard to wildlife including seabirds, fish and turtles. There is also evidence that plastics have the potential to transport and release potentially harmful chemicals. Chemicals used in plastic production are shown to leach from landfill and contaminate aquatic habitats and if ingested there is concern that plastics could transport chemicals directly to wildlife. The effects on the environment of the habit formed through years of production and usage can be seen and felt nowadays. Places have been succumbed into pollution, sickness have been spreading producing on millions of death every year because of pollution. According to an article on the internet, Integrated Waste Management Authority. (2012). Impact of Plastic. Retrieved from http://www.iwma.com/programs-events/Impact%20of%20Plastic.html. The number of disposable bags used in Calif. exceeds 14 billion annually. A study in 1997 showed 58% of Americans prefer paper to plastic, yet a report from Film and Bag Federation found that 4 out of 5 grocery bags used are plastic. Almost no plastic grocery bags have any recycled content. In contrast, paper bags typically have 25-40% or even 60% recovered paper fiber. Californians use over 19 billion plastic grocery bags and merchandise bags each year, roughly 552 bags per person, generating 147,038 tons of unnecessary waste, enough to stretch around the globe over 250 times. Supermarkets push plastic bags, because they cost them about half of what a paper bag costs and because they are so light they are cheaper to transport. Grocery bags are at the top of their operating expenses so they have jumped at the chance to cut costs there and push use of plastic over paper.

This have proven that the mentality of the manufacturer is whatever the cost on the environment as long as they will gain much more profit the use of plastics will be acceptable. According to Roach, J (2003). National Geographic News. Are Plastic Grocery Bags Sacking the Environment?, The "paper or plastic" challenge that vexed earnest shoppers throughout the 1980s and 90s is largely moot today. Most grocery store baggers don't bother to ask anymore. They drop the bananas in one plastic bag as they reach for another to hold the six-pack of soda. The pasta sauce and noodles will get one too, as will the dish soap. Plastic bags are so cheap to produce, sturdy, plentiful, easy to carry and store that they have captured at least 80% of the grocery and convenience store market since they were introduced a quarter century ago, according to the Arlington, Virginia-based American Plastics Although there are considerable benefits on using plastics for the manufacturer there are still substantial negative implications on the environment because of it. Wagner, J.The Effect of Plastic Bags on Environment. Health Guidance. Retrieved from http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/14901/1/The-Effects-of-Plastic-Bags-on-Environment.html. , The use of plastic bags on the environment is demoralizing even there are some implementations regarding the banning on the use of plastic bags in the market. It has a bad effect on our environment and the damage needs to be controlled. Right now there is no disposal method that will really help eliminate the problem on the environment. There are estimated 300 million plastic bags end up in the Atlantic Ocean and this is a big dilemma. These bags are very dangerous for sea life, especially those of the mammal variety. It is dangerous for a hunting animal to eat a piece of plastic. Needless deaths from plastic bags are increasing every year. Porpoises are the most common victim. Because they eat sea nettles and jelly fish they are the most likely to mistake the plastic bag for food. If they survive the swallowing of the bag, it is unlikely that they are able to continue with normal digestion and thus eventually die a slow and painful death from toxicity or intestinal blockage.As one species begins to die off at an abnormal rate, every other living organism in the waterway is impacted. There are either too many or too few and changes within the environment continue to kill off yet more organisms. Because it also takes hundred years for the average plastic bags to decay, every bag that ends up in the woodlands of the country threatens the natural progression of wildlife. Because the break down rate is so slow the chances that the bag will harmlessly go away are extremely lean. These plastic bags are responsible for suffocation deaths of woodland animals as well as inhibiting soil nutrients. The huge litter in the land that is made up of plastic bags has likely to kill over and over again. It has been estimated that one bag has the potential to unintentionally kill one animal per every three months due to unintentional digestion or inhalation. If you consider the number of littered plastic bags ranges from 1.5 million to 3 million depending on location, this equals a lot of ecosystem sustaining lives lost.

If there is no balance of the ecosystem food sources dry up and hunger will occur. With the continuous use of plastic bag eventually affects devastation even to the human population. According to an article Wagner, J.The Effect of Plastic Bags on Environment. Health Guidance. Retrieved from http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/14901/1/The-Effects-of-Plastic-Bags-on-Environment.html., Based from Wagner, J. Health Guidance, there are alternatives instead of using plastic bags and the search for more alternatives continues. Paper bags are a possible option but they also take their toll on the environment. The use of trees to increase the production of paper products combined with the increased energy that is required to make paper bags will also have a negative environmental effect. Reusable plastic bags are being introduced to regions that want to outlaw the plastic bag altogether. These are stronger and more durable and can be used for three to five trips to the store. Evidently, the reusable cloth bag is fast becoming a favorite among environmental supporters. While thus far no bag is without its issues these are the bags that are currently advised and recommended for use to help protect environmental security and concerns. Because of many concerns there are many manufacturers that now prefer the use paper bags instead of plastic bags. According to Croswell, J. (2010), from article Advantages of Using Paper Bags Instead of Plastic Bags, paper bags are made of natural resources, which allow them to be broken down by the elements notwithstanding over a long time. Plastic bags are not biodegradable and can fill up landfills, costing cities as much as 17 cents per disposal of each bag, according to Money Central. Recycling plastic bags is an alternative, but the costs can be unreasonable. As of 2010, it can cost $4,000 to recycle one ton of plastic bags, which is resold to stores for $32, according to Squawk Fox. To produce 1kg plastic we need 2kg oil equivalent for material and energy use during production. Global plastic production in year 2006 is about 245 million tones. (Plastic Europe Market Research Group, 2007) Only five percent of oil consumption Most plastic bags are made of polyethylene. Plastic recycling in city/ urban areas has proven to be difficult. Different than glass, paper and metals, which are easier to process, mechanically, it is often labor intensive and cost intensive (not cost effective) to sort plastic waste. Of course each product is promoting its own benefits and goodness. There are always advantage and disadvantages of each product.Plastics are generally lighter than paper, thus easier and less costly to transport after production, means less fuel. Paper production is one of the most polluting industries since it involves lots of chemicals and uses relatively a lot of water and energy. Recycling paper needs also a lot of energy and chemicals because old papers have to be cleaned, de-ink, etc. Recycled papers need usually 60-80% paper waste, and the rest would be new materials. New materials in this case are often virgin pulp, originally from three. According to Bekaze. (2011). Are We Saving Earth by Banning Plastic Bag. Hubpages. Retrieved from http://bekaze.hubpages.com/hub/Wrong-Perception-about-Plastic-Bag\

With Filipinos facing dilemmas on how to live a plastic free live. The government have implemented on some cities plastic ban campaign. The first local government unit to ban plastics in Metro Manila, Muntinlupa City has been plastic free since January 1, 2011. According to its Ordinance 10-109, it prohibits all business establishments from using, offering, and selling plastic bags as primary or secondary packing materials for dry and wet goods. This ordinance also includes polystyrene foams usually used as containers in fast food chains. The city follows a no-plastic policy. Since its implementation, 1,400 establishments have been issued tickets and seven have committed violations at least four times, facing closure of their businesses. Violators are fined P500, P1,000, and P2,500 for the first, second, and third offense respectively. Imprisonment and suspension or cancellation of business permits are upon the discretion of the court. Government officials are currently studying how to further improve this ordinance by adding more fines or incentives for a higher compliance rate. Being the first city to impose a plastic ban in Metro Manila, it has triggered a domino effect on other LGU's. Aside from Muntinlupa city, the local government unit of Las Pias, Pasig, Quezon City, Pasay and Other Metro Manila Cities are also implementing plastic ban in their respected areas. Dezalyx(2012). List of Metro Manila Cities Where Plastic Ban is Implemented. Hubpages.Retrieved from http://dezalyx.hubpages.com/hub/List-of-Philippine-Cities-Where-Plastic-Ban-is-Implemented There is also a department in Philippines that is designated in the packaging society the PIP stands for the Packaging Institute of the Philippines. It is a national association of users, manufacturers, and suppliers of packaging materials and services. PIP was founded by 31 charter members in March 1967 and was registered in March 20, 1975 with the Securities and Exchange Commision as a non-stock, non profit corporation. Their objective is to promote the recognition of Packaging as a science and as a profession and to stimulate good packaging consciousness in the industry and among consumers;To undertake the promotion of research and development of packaging and package design.To promote the establishment of acceptable basic standards for the packaging industry.