Vibration Signal Fundamentals

Vibration Signal Fundamentals
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Measuring Machine Vibration

Proximity probes measure distance Between probe and shaft Non contacting Magnetic energy absorbed proportional to distance
2008 General Electric Company. All rights reserved.
While there are many types of proximity probes manufactured by Bently Nevada, the most commonly used proximity probes measure distances between the probe tip and the shaft over an 80 mil range and changes in distance cause changes in output Volts dc 200mV/mil. Radio Frequency(RF) The signal is generated without contacting the shaft by measuring the amount of magnetic energy that is absorbed in the shaft via eddy currents. When the shaft is close to the probe, more eddy currents are generated. When the shaft is farther away (within effective range), less eddy currents are generated. The loss of energy reduces the amplitude of the RF generated in the Proximity System. The proximity probe system measures the energy lost through eddy currents in terms of voltage, the amplitude of the RF signal.
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Small Gap / Large Gap
RF SIGNAL
+10 0 -10
+12
RF SIGNAL
0 -12
Once the probe is close enough to cause eddy currents to flow in a conductive material the RF signal is affected in two ways: 1. Amplitude is at a MINIMUM when distance (Gap) between probe and target material (Target) is at a MINIMUM. Maximum eddy current flow occurs. 2. Amplitude is at a MAXIMUM when distance (Gap) between probe and target material is at a MAXIMUM. Minimum eddy current flow occurs. Change in distance over a given range occurs at 200mV/mil
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Changing Gap
RF SIGNAL
If the target is moving SLOWLY within the RF field, the signal amplitude INCREASES or DECREASES SLOWLY. If the target is moving RAPIDLY within the RF field, the signal amplitude INCREASES or DECREASES RAPIDLY. Oscillatory movement of the target causes the RF signal to modulate.
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Demodulator Operation
DEMODULATOR 0 INPUT
PROXIMITOR OUTPUT
DC Gap
AC peak to peak
The demodulator circuit deals with slowly or rapidly changing signal amplitude in the same way. If the target is not oscillating, as might be the case with a thrust probe, the Proximitor output is a constant DC voltage, called the gap. If the target is oscillating (gap changing slowly or rapidly) the Proximitors output is a varying DC voltage (AC) shown above by a sine wave. If the probe is observing vibration, the Proximitor will provide both a DC (gap) and an AC (vibration) component in the output signal. When the shaft is vibrating the DC component represents the average position of the shaft. A typical system frequency response is from 0 Hz (DC) to 10 kHz. Newer transducer systems, such as the 3300XL proximity system have responses up to 12 kHz.
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Timebase Waveform
The signal generated, when viewed on an oscilloscope or System 1 Display presentation, is called a Timebase Waveform
Peak to Peak AMPLITUDE
TIME
When we plot this signal against time, we get a timebase waveform. The peak to peak amplitude for a Proximity Transducer System is simply how close, and then how far away the shaft is from the probe in its vibration cycle.
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Timebase Waveform
The cycling component of the signal is called the AC (alternating current) component. The average of the AC signal is called the DC component, or gap. If there is no vibration, the DC component provides a simple distance measurement.
The AC or alternating current signal is the vibration signal generated by the instantaneous change in distance from the transducer to the shaft. The DC or direct current component (also known as the gap) is the average distance from the probe to the shaft (in terms of probe voltage). If the shaft is not actually vibrating, the DC component is the actual distance between the probe and the shaft, once again, in terms of voltage.
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Casing Transducer Example

Casing transducers (acceleration and velocity) can also generate vibration signals.
Proximity probes are not the only way to capture a vibration signal. An acceleration transducer or a velocity (seismic) transducer can capture casing vibration data from a machine. These devices translate the machine vibration directly to a complex waveform similar to those discussed in previous pages. However, casing transducers do not provide rotor position information, and they measure rotor movement only indirectly. Units for casing motion are 0-peak instead of peak-peak.
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Phase Reference Signal

0
0
-V
ONE REVOLUTION
ONE REVOLUTION
-V
The proximity probe can also be used to indicate when a shaft has completed one rotation. If a notch or a projection is provided at one location on a shaft, a proximity probe will show a significantly changed signal when the notch or projection passes under the probe. This large signal change indicates that the notch/projection has come back to a position under the probe. This point will allow the System 1 platform to be given a starting and ending point, which will in turn indicate one revolution of the shaft.
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Timebase Waveform with Phase Reference

More useful information provided with Phase Reference. Balancing Phase reference signal creates blankbright on waveform. Called a Keyphasor
A Keyphasor once-per-turn reference provides much more information about vibration activity. It lets us know the angular location (phase) of the vibration motion in relation to the shaft rotation. This is especially useful for diagnostic activities such as balancing a rotor. As stated, the original use of the Keyphasor was to turn off the oscilloscope beam at the point of Keyphasor passage, and allow it to be turned on after passage. This presents the characteristic blank-bright spot that can be seen on the timebase and other plots.
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Timebase Waveform Example
Combined Vibration signal and Keyphasor signal
Keyphasor signal
0
0
360
Once the phase reference (Keyphasor) signal and the timebase signal are combined, information about where the shaft vibration motion is at any given time can be displayed. Remembering that each timebase waveform only shows the output of one probe, this is a one-dimensional view of the shaft. In the example shown here, the rotor shaft makes its closest approach to the vibration measurement probe soon after Keyphasor passage.
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Absolute Phase
Vibration Signal
Time Phase Lag
Keyphasor Signal
Degrees of Rotation
0
0
360
Absolute phase angle of a vibrating shaft can be found by using the timebase plot. The absolute phase is the number of degrees of vibration cycle from when the Keyphasor fires (once-per-turn reference pulse) to the first positive peak in the vibration signal. It is by definition a phase lag angle.
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Absolute Phase Rules

Phase lag measured from reference point (Keyphasor pulse) on shaft to the first point of closest approach to probe Requires reference signal and a vibration signal Filtered waveform
As mentioned before, finding out how soon (what time, in degrees) the signal reaches its first positive peak after the Keyphasor has fired will greatly support further analysis. So the first formal analysis process is called Absolute Phase. As stated before, this is simply the time in degrees after the Keyphasor signal to the first positive peak of the vibration signal. The same rule for absolute phase is also used for velocity and acceleration transducers. The supporting rules for Absolute Phase are as follows: Two signals are required, one reference signal (the Keyphasor), and one vibration signal. A filtered vibration signal is used and the filtered signal frequency must be an integer multiple of the reference signal. The absolute phase is measured from when the reference signal occurs and is therefore always a lag angle, measured from 0 to 360 degrees. The 0 degrees location is defined as the point on the shaft under the reference vibration transducer when the reference signal occurs.
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Absolute Phase Measurement
Vibration Signal
Phase Lag
Keyphasor Signal
0
0
Degrees of Rotation
360
Again, the Absolute Phase (or phase lag) for this situation is measured in degrees from when the Keyphasor occurs to the first positive peak of the vibration cycle following the pulse. What is the absolute phase angle of this condition?
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Timebase Display
Here is an example of a 1X timebase plot found in System 1 Display

The absolute phase of a filtered vibration signal in this case 1X can be read as part of the vector description of the vibration. Here the positive peak of vibration occurs 255 degrees after the Keyphasor fires.
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Timebase Display
Two cursors allow difference comparison of time and amplitude

Another tool provided by System 1 Display allows the user to locate the cursor in one location, and then double-click the cursor. The next time the user clicks the plot another comparison cursor is added to the screen. When observing unfiltered timebase plots the absolute phase cannot be measured even though the Keyphasor is on the plot. This does allow us to see the relationship of peaks that repeat with each revolution of the shaft. The two peaks identified are separated by 307.68 ms. Which is equal to a frequency of 3.25 Hz or 195 cpm. This is the same as the speed of the machine, 195 rpm
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Relative Phase
Relative Phase is also found using the Timebase plot Relative Phase is the time difference in degrees of vibration cycle between one vibration signal and another Relative phase requires two vibration probes
A second important analysis tool is the Relative Phase of two signals. This is a comparison of which signal leads the other, and by how much in degrees of vibration cycle. Obviously, since it is a comparison, two probes (or two signal sources) are needed for the process.
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Relative Phase Rules

Requires two signals, to be compared Signals must be the same frequency Signals must have the same units Either signal can be the reference The maximum difference is 180o, either leading or lagging
Two signals are required. These two probes may be located orthogonally (90 degrees apart) on the same bearing, or may be located at different points on the machine. Any two signals can be compared as long as they follow the guidelines given in the slide; from there, various analyses and diagnostic procedures can be implemented. The signals must be the same frequency and have the same units for the comparison to be valid. Either signal can be used as the reference. In other words, one signal can be said to be leading the other, or the other signal can be said to be lagging the first. Once again, any two equal points on the signal waveforms can be used to compare time differences, but using the waveform peak is convenient and traditional. In order to maintain consistency and accuracy about which peak arrives first, the peaks closest to each other are the items of interest. No matter how the two signals are compared, the analysis can never show more than a 180-degree difference between the two signals. As a final note, the Keyphasor signal is not required to determine relative phase.
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Relative Phase Measurement

0
0
360
Signal A (Y)
ONE CYCLE
RELATIVE PHASE
Signal B (X)
ONE CYCLE
0
0
360
In this case, it appears that Signal A peaks first. However, the first peak of Signal B shows more than a 180-degree difference since the first peak of Signal A. Where the two peaks are closer together (less than 180 degrees), it can be seen that Signal B peaks first, and Signal A peaks second, or lags. What is the relative phase of this condition? What is a different way to specify the relative phase of this condition? Remember that a relative phase analysis is not complete unless it provides two pieces of information: 1)which signal leads or lags, and 2) by how much. In addition, the phase difference between the two can never be more than 180 degrees.
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Timebase Display
Again, double cursors support comparison

Given the following information, what is the relative phase angle between the X and Y signals shown here? Machine is operating at a speed of 6989 rpm, therefore 116.483 rev/sec 1/116.483 = 8.585 ms for 1 revolution and since this vibration 1 at a 1X frequency, 1 cycle of vibration also takes 8.585 ms. Using the double cursors we see that 2.19 ms of time passed from when the IB Horz transducer peaked and the IB Vertical peaked. 2.19 ms is 25.5% of a complete cycle (360 degrees). 25.5% of 360 degrees is ~92degrees so we could estimate that IB Horizontal leads the IB vertical by ~92 degrees. Of course it would have been easier to observe the absolute phase angles (and remembering the difference would be relative phase and that relative phase must be between 0 and 180 degrees) and seen the Horizontal at 316 degrees and the Vertical at 49 degrees we would see the relative phase as Horizontal leads Vertical by 93 degrees which is more exact.
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Vibration Signal Fundamentals

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Vibration Signal Fundamentals

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Vibration Signal Fundamentals

Measuring Machine Vibration

2008 General Electric Company. All rights reserved.