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Outline
Deflection testing g and analysis y y Backcalculation y Overlay thickness design
y y
Condition data
Load-related distress Variation along project length
Environmental conditions
Depth to water table Monthly mean temperature
providing engineering solutions to improve pavement performance
Static load
Benkelman Beam p p Based on level arm principles Measures only maximum surface deflection Low cost Labor intensive
Steady-State y
Dynaflect and Road Rater g (vibratory) ( y) load Produces an oscillating Measures a deflection basin Suitable for thinner pavements
Impulse p load
Falling weight deflectometer (Jils, Dynatest, KUAB) Most commonly used deflection testing device More M closely l l simulates truck traffic loading
providing engineering solutions to improve pavement performance
FWD Schematic
FWD imparts dynamic force on pavement and measures resultant deflections
Load Plate
Weight
Weight
Pavement
Testing Details
Number of load levels y Spacing between deflection tests y Deflection testing location
y
Testing Details
y
Safety y
Operator g public p Traveling
Sensors
7 sensors (0, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 60 in.) (0, , 8, , 12, , 18, , 24, , 36, , 48, , and 60 in.) ) 9 sensors (
Load levels
Seating drop (12 000 lbs) (12,000 6,000 lbs 9 000 lbs 9,000 12,000 lbs 16,000 16 000 lbs (optional)
providing engineering solutions to improve pavement performance
http://onlinepubs.trb.org/ http://onlinepubs trb org/ onlinepubs/nchrp/ nchrp syn 381 pdf nchrp_syn_381.pdf
ASTM D4694, Standard Test Method for Deflectio s with Deflections ith a FWD Impulse-Load I p lse Load De Device ice ASTM D4695, Standard Guide for General Pavement Deflection Measurements AASHTO R 32, Standard Practice for Calibrating the Load Cell and Deflection Sensors f a Falling for F lli Weight W i ht Deflectometer D fl t t AASHTO R 33, Standard Practice for Calibrating the Reference Load Cell Used for Reference Calibration for Falling Weight Deflectometer
providing engineering solutions to improve pavement performance
Normalized Deflections
y
9,000 Norm Di = Di P
providing engineering solutions to improve pavement performance
Radius of Curvature Base layer index Middle layer index Lower layer index AREA method
BLI = D0 D12 where, D0 = surface deflection at center of load, in. D12 = surface deflection at 12 in.
MLI = D12 D24 where, D12 = surface deflection at12 in. D24 = surface deflection at 24 in.
LLI = D24 D36 where, D24 = surface deflection at 24 in. D36 = surface deflection at 36 in.
Radius of Curvature
y
Typical Values
Structural Condition Sound Granular Warning Base Severe Sound Cementitious Warning Base Severe Sound Bituminous Warning B Base Severe Pavement Section RoC >4 24 <2 >6 36 <3 > 10 4 10 0 <4 BLI <8 8 16 > 16 <4 4 12 > 12 <8 8 16 6 > 16 MLI LLI <4 48 >8 <2 24 >4 <4 46 >6 <2 24 >4 <2 23 >3 <2 23 >3
AREA Method
y
SR 395 Chewelah, WA
y
Existing g structure
4.2 6.5 in. HMA 13 18 in. crushed rock
Deflection testing g
Dynatest FWD 6,000, 9,000, 12,000, and 16,000 lbs
10
15
20
25
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
50
Deflection ( (mils) )
Area ( (in.) )
QUESTIONS?
BACKCALCULATION
Purpose of Backcalculation
y
Backcalculation Assumptions
Surface load circular area y Materials
y
FWD Tire
Homogenous uniform in composition Isotropic identical properties in all directions Linearly elastic linear relationship between loading g and deformation
y
So What Is Backcalculation?
Iterative mathematical approach pp y Match estimated deflection (equations relating e at g material ate a properties p ope t es to deflection) e ect o ) to measured deflection
y
H3, 3,E3?
Use a large RMSE value to indicate problems with model y Assessment requires
Experience with backcalculation Pavement P materials i l k knowledge l d
providing engineering solutions to improve pavement performance
Pavement structure
Layer type y thickness Layer Poissons ratio y Material density Subgrade (type, depth to stiff/wet layer)
Modulus values
Seed or initial moduli Modulus range
providing engineering solutions to improve pavement performance
Evercalc
y
http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/biz/mats/Apps/ EPG.htm
providing engineering solutions to improve pavement performance
MICHBACK
y
MODCOMP
y
MODULUS
Developed p by y Texas A&M y Evaluates flexible pavements y http://pavementdesign.tamu.edu/download http://pavementdesign tamu edu/download ing.htm
y
PCASE
Developed p by y US Army y Corps p of Engineers y Evaluates va uates rigid, g , flexible, e b e, and a composite co pos te pavements y http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/pls/erdcpu http://www erdc usace army mil/pls/erdcpu b/www_welcome.navigation_page?tmp_n ext page=46322 ext_page 46322
y
THE THE BEST BEST PROGRAM IS THE ONE YOU KNOW HOW TO USE AND FITS YOUR NEEDS (L. IRWIN)
Things to Consider
Number of layers y y Thickness of layers y Seasonal variation y Depth to stiff layer
y
Number of Layers
y
Thickness of Layers
y
HMA Modulus (psi) (p ) 2,600,000 2, 200,000 1,700,000 1,300,000 900 000 900,000 600,000 350 000 350,000 190,000 100,000 00,000
0.65 0.85 0.43 0.90 0.68 0.70 0.70 0.79 0.65 0.85 0.85 0.90
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.98 1.00 0.85 1.02 1.00 0.90 1.00 0.90
Stiff layer y
Shallow bedrock y layer y Stiff clay High ground water table
New
300,000 to 600,000 psi (at 77F)
Severely fatigue-cracked
Can exceed expected ranges
x Fix moduli to 100,000 100 000 - 200,000 200 000 psi or x Remove from analysis
Uncracked
4,000,000 to 6,000,000 psi (initial) , , to 10,000,000 , , p psi ( (range) g ) 1,500,000
Cracked
400 400,000 000 to 500 500,000 000 psi (initial) 100,000 to 3,000,000 psi (range)
15 15 20 40 50
6 6 10 30 50
6 5 5 20 40
50 50 50 50 50
Layer thickness
Often not known - coring may be needed Not uniform
Backcalculation B k l l i Example
10% low to med. severity alligator cracking 30% med. to high severity long. cracking
y
Deflection Results
Strong Su ubgrade
0 10 20 30
10
20
30
40
50
60
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
40
50
Deflection (mils)
Area (in.)
Backcalculation Results
Evercalc y Approaches
y
No stiff layer Stiff layer at 50,000 psi (moist layer) 1,000,000 000 000 psi (rock layer) Stiff layer at 1
Backcalculation Inputs
Layer 1 2 3 4 4 Type HMA Agg. Base Subgrade Stiff layer Stiff layer Poissons Ratio 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.35 0.30 Modulus Initial Min. (ksi) (ksi) 400 100 25 5 15 5 50 --1,000 --Max. (ksi) 2,000 500 500 -----
QUESTIONS?
Design Objectives
y
Traffic
Equivalent single axle load (ESAL)
Climate y Materials
Type Properties Thicknesses
y
Joint design
providing engineering solutions to improve pavement performance
Based on relationships p between calculated pavement responses (stress, strain, deflection) ) and p performance
ni F ti Fatigue D Damage = Ni
providing engineering solutions to improve pavement performance
Ts < Tb Slab Tb > Ts (b) Night (slab bottom temp > surface temp)
(c) Constrained Transverse Joints (High slab mean temp., slab surface temp > bottom temp.)
1 2 3
Base course layer (Finite thickness) Subgrade soils (Assumed to have infinite depth) 4
1. Pavement surface deflection 2. Horizontal tensile strain at bottom of bituminous layer 3. Vertical compressive strain at top of base p strain at top p of subgrade g 4. Vertical compressive
Fatigue g cracking g
HMA log N = 5.0 log t + 2.665 log + 0.392 14.22
R i Rutting
0.005511 N = v
6.527
Design Programs
Mech MechD i Program Design P Empirical E i i l Empirical Asphalt p Institute ( (MS-17) ) 9 AASHTO DARWin 9 AASHTO DARWin DARWin-ME ME 9 WSDOT Everpave 9 NCAT PerRoad 9
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
,0 00
3.50
00
4.00
4.50
EAL 10,000,000 5,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 500 000 500,000 200,000 100,000 50,000 20,000 10 000 10,000 5,000
20
,0
Overlay y design g
Estimate structural number for projected traffic Estimate structural number for existing structure Overlay thickness: SNprojected SNexisting x l layer coefficient ffi i
NCHRP Project
Climatic effects Axle load spectra Predicts individual pavement distress
WSDOT Everpave
y
http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/biz/mats/Apps/ EPG.htm
providing engineering solutions to improve pavement performance
PerRoadXPres
NCAT y HMA only y Designed for
y
PerRoad 3.5 35
NCAT y Perpetual Pavement ave e t Design and Analysis y y HMA only y http://www. http://www eng.auburn. edu/users/timmdav/Software html edu/users/timmdav/Software.html
y
providing engineering solutions to improve pavement performance
Development of Recommendations
y
New Design
Pavement thickness Base/subbase type and thickness Drainage considerations Mix design J Joint spacing Joint sealant L dt Load transfer f
Development of Recommendations
y
Rehabilitation
Overlay design thickness g depths p Milling Pre-overlay repairs g Mix designs
Factors to Consider
y y y y y y
Pavement condition Coring results Support conditions Normalized deflections B k l l t dl Backcalculated layer moduli Localized areas of weakness
y y y y
AASHTO Results
MP HMA (in ) (in.) Base (in ) (in.) SN Future SN Exist Exist. SN Calc Calc. Overlay Thickness (in.)
210.00 209 80 209.80 209.40 209 05 209.05 209.00 208.50 208.00 207.85
Everpave Results
MP HMA (in ) (in.) Base (in ) (in.) Ehma Ebase Esub Overlay Thickness (in.)
210.00 209 80 209.80 209.40 209 05 209.05 209.00 208.50 208.00 207.85
30 21 5 20 18 35 24 22
7 13 5 5 5 25 12 10
Comparison of AASHTO/Everpave
MP AASHTO Overlay y Thickness (in.) Everpave Overlay y Thickness (in.) Difference (in ) (in.)
210.00 209 80 209.80 209.40 209 05 209.05 209.00 208.50 208.00 207.85
Questions Q esti ns Thank You for Your Attention Presentation available at nwpmanwpma -online.org