We can learn many things from

nature…
 BATS -
ECHOLOCATION

 Bats are nocturnal

animals

 But they have

very poor
eyesight

 They detect their

prey/obstacles by
echolocation
 RADAR
TECHNOLOGY
Presented by

Mrs. Premavani
Rajendra
Lecturer, Dept of
Electronics,
Govt. Science College,
 What is a RADAR ?
RADAR :
RAdio Detection And
Ranging

It is an electromagnetic
system for the
detection and location
of reflecting objects,
such as aircraft, ships,
spacecrafts, vehicles,
people and the natural
 Invention of RADAR
 In 1887, a
physicist
named Heinrich
Hertz
began experimenting
with
radio waves in his Sir Robert Alexander
laboratory Watson-Watt (1892-
in Germany 1973):
Scottish physicist who
developed the radar
locating of aircraft in
England.
Principle of
Operation
 A transmitter radiates
electromagnetic signal into
space by an antenna.

 A portion of the transmitted

energy is intercepted by the
target and re-radiated into
many directions.

 The re-radiation directed

back towards the Radar is
collected by the Radar
Antenna which delivers it to
a receiver.

 There it is processed to
detect the presence of the
target and determine its
location
RADAR Operation …
 EM waves are transmitted at the
target and echo waves are
monitored.
 Block Diagram of RADAR

Courtesy: Introduction to Radar – Merill Skolnik 3rd

Radar Radar
Amplifier Magnetron

Radar Mixer Radar Antenna

 Primitive RADARS

This was the first surveillance radar Decca 41 – First

system designed to detect objects in Weather detecting
space by Federation of American Radar of Hong Kong
Scientists (FAS) Observatory in 1959
First Defense RADAR RADAR Monitoring Screen
 TYPES OF RADAR
Surveillance Radar includes target detection, target
recognition, target tracking and designation to a weapon
system
Weapon –Control Radars track targets, direct the
weapon to an intercept and asses the effectiveness of the
battle damage assessment.
A Missile System Radar might employ Radar methods
for guidance and fusing of the weapon
High resolution Imaging Radars, such as synthetic
aperture Radar have been used for reconnaissance
purposes and for detecting fixed and moving targets on
the battle field.
Airborne Radars are mounted on the aero planes
that allow the pilot to avoid hazardous weather
conditions.
 APPLICATIONS OF RADAR

 Military: In air defense it performs the

functions of surveillance and weapon control.

 Remote Sensing: All Radars are remote

sensors. They are used for weather
observation, planetary observation, short
range below-ground probing and mapping of
sea ice to route shipping.

 Air Traffic Control: They safely control the

air traffic in the vicinity of airports as well as
ground aircraft traffic.
Law Enforcement & Highway safety: The Radar
speed meter is used by police for enforcing speed
limits.
Space: Space vehicles use Radar for rendezvous and
docking and landing on moon. They are employed for
planetary exploration.
Entomologists & Ornithologists have applied Radar for
the study of movements of insects and birds which cannot
be easily achieved by other means.