Introduction

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Defn of Computer:- A computer is an electronic device which takes input through input device , process on it and gives the output through output devices. It also stores data for further Processing Computer works with 0s &1s (Binary). Like all electronic device an computer works with DC power supply.

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Hardware components

Hardware Components
Motherboard Processor Primary storage Device
RAM(Random Access Memory) ROM(Read Only Memory)

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Secondary Storage Device

HDD(Hard Disk) Optical storage Device Floppy disk storage

SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) Input Devices

Keyboard And Mouse

Output Device
Monitor

Motherboard

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Processor
It is the brain of the computer It is a semi conductor device. It contains the complete CPU(Central Processing Unit) It performs Arithmetic and Logical function.

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Processor specification
Speed Width
FSB speed
front side bus

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measured in HZ(Hertz) measured in bits ex.16,32or 64 bits measured in HZ(Hertz)

Cache memory-measured in Kby.tes/Mbytes

Processor Types
Pin Processor Pinless Processor

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Processor Manufacturers
Intel AMD(Advanced Micro Device)

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VIA
Motorola Danger

Primary Storage Classification

Primary Storage
RAM ROM

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Static RAM

Dynamic RAM

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RAM

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DDR RAM

RAM(Random Access Memory)

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Primary Storage for the CPU. Integrated circuits(chips) are used to temporarily store programs, Instruction and data It is a Volatile memory(requires power supply to store the data)

Static RAM(cache Memory)

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The CPU process data at a very high speed. Dynamic RAM cannot match that speed. Hence a special type of RAM called as cache is used. Cache memory stores indstruction and data which the CPU is currently working on may soon need. Cache levels:
The cache memory that is placed inside the actual CPU is called level I cache(Internal cache memory) The cache memory located on the die of the CPU is called Level II cache(external cache memory)

Types of Dynamic RAM

SD-RAM(Synchronous dynamic) 160 pins. DDR RAM (Double data rate) 184 pins.

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DDR-2RAM (Double data rate)

DDR3-RAM (Double data rate)

240 pins.
240 pins.

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ROM

ROM (Read Only Memory)

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Integrated circuits that are used to peranently store start-up(boot) instructions and other critical information. Types of ROM: PROM(Programmable Read Only Memory)
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory).

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BIOS

BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

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During the boot up it performs POST(Power on self test). Recognize the hardware device. Locates and Loads the OS. It helps the OS to access the hardware device.

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Motherboard

Motherboard
It is the main Circuit Board. It contains all the physical devices and components that are connected directly or indirectly. CPU ,RAM, Hard-disk, expansion cards are connected to it. Motherboard comes in different form-factor. Ex. 845,945,Pin or pineless processor slot.

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Components on Motherboard
Processor slot/socket Memory slots Expansion cards I/O ports Chipsets IDE/SATA connectors CMOS battery Power supply connector Heat sink (south and north bridge) Front panel connector.

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I/O Ports or Back panel

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Back panel Connectors: PS/2 (Personal System v2):

Used to connect keyboard and mouse

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USB(Universal Sub Bus):

Used to connect various USB enabled devices Ex:- webcam, pen drive, external hard-disk, modem, etc.

VGA (Video Graphic Adapter)(15 pin female connector) Serial Ports: Used to connect PC to Modems, also called as Com port.

LAN Port: Used to connect PC to the Local Area Network.

Chipsets: North Bridge: It controls the processor and RAM (high speed device) It is placed nearer to the processor It also contains graphic processor It is also called as GMCH (Graphic Memory Controlled Hub)

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South Bridge: It controls low speed device like I/O ports, slots, etc. It is placed nearer to the slots It is also called as IOCH(Input Output Controller Hub)

Chipsets:IDE and SATA connectors are used to connect Hard-disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, etc. IDE(Integrated Drive Electronics)
It is 40 Pin connectors . 1 pin is blocked.

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SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachments)

SATA cables are used to connect the devices to the SATA ports.

CMOS:CMOS(complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Battery which power this is called as CMOS Battery.

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SMPS:Types
AT (Advanced Technology)
6 pin + 6 pin

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ATX(AT Extended)
20 Pins Used Power connectors.

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Secondary Storage Device

Secondary Storage Device: Magnetic Storage Devices

Hard-disk Floppy Disk Tape drive Zip drive

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Optical Storage Devices

Compact Disc(CD) Digital Versatile Disc(DVD) Blue Ray Disc(BRD)

Hard-disk : Uses magnetic media for storing data Non volatile permanent storage device Mass storage device Interface Used: IDE SATA

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NIC

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NIC stand for Network Interface Card NIC is the interface between the computer and the network It is also known as LAN card or Ethernet card Ethernet card have a unique 48 bit address called as MAC(Media Access Control) address.
MAC address is also called as Physical address or hardware address The 48 bit MAC address is represented as 12 Hexa-decimal digits Example:- 0016.D3FC.603F

Network cards are available in different speeds

Ethernet (10 Mbps) Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps)

NIC

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Day 2

Transmission Medias

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Transmission Media Types

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Transmission Media Types

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Guided Media

Guided Media Types

Twisted-Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Fiber-Optic Cable

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Twisted Pair Cable

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Twisted Pair Connectors

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Co-axial Cable

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CO-axial Cable

Co-axial Cable

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Co-axial Cable
Categories of Co-ax Cable
Table 7.2 Categories of coaxial cables Category Impedance RG-59 75 W Use Cable TV

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RG-58
RG-11

50 W
50 W

Thin Ethernet
Thick Ethernet

Co-axial Cable
Connectors

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Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber Optic Cable Cont.

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Fiber Optic Cable

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Fiber Optic Cable Structure

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Fiber Optic Mode

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Modes

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Fiber Connectors

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Unguided Media

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Unguided Media

Unguided Media

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Unguided Media

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Radio Waves Microwaves Infrared

Note: Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and television, and paging systems.

Note: Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs.

Note: Infrared signals can be used for shortrange communication in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation.

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Networking Devices

Networking Devices cont

Hub Repeater Bridge Switch Router
Layer 1st Device

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Layer 2nd Device

Layer 3rd Device

Hub/Repeater
Hub Repeater

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Bridge

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Switch

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Switch

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Router
Router rack Single Router

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Day 3

Crimping with Cat-5 UTP cable

UTP cat-5 cable
8 wires In 4 Pairs with different color. Unshielded twisted pair cable

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Cat category
Category 1 Voice only (Telephone) Category 2 Data to 4 Mbps (Localtalk) Category 3 Data to 10Mbps (Ethernet) Category 4 Data to 20Mbps (Token ring) Category 5 Category 5e Data to 100Mbps (Fast Ethernet) Data to 1000Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet) Category 6 Data to 2500Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)

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Cat category
Category Cat5 Cat5e Cat6
Cat6a

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Data Rate 100 Mbps 100 Mbps /1 Gbps 1Gbps / 10 Gbps

1Gbps / 10 Gbps

Signal Frequency 100 MHz 100 MHz 250 MHz

500 MHz

Standard TIA/EIA TIA/EIA-568-B TIA/EIA-568-B

ANSI/TIA/EIA568-B.2-10

TIA/EIA is a set of three telecommunications standards from the Telecommunications Industry Association.

Cat-5 cable characteristics

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1000Mbps data capacity For runs of up to 90 meters Solid core cable ideal for structural installations (PVC or Plenum) Stranded cable ideal for patch cables Terminated with RJ-45 connectors

Cat-5 Straight cable color code

Color White/Orang e Orange White/Green Blue White/Blue Green White/Brown Brown Pin s one End 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Color White/Orang e Orange White/Green Blue White/Blue Green White/Brown Brown 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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Pin s other End

Cat-5 Straight cable data transmission by pin No.

Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 Usage Transmission (Tx+) Transmission (Tx-) Receive (Rx+) --Receive (Rx-)

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7
8

---

Cat-5 Straight cable How to Work ?

1 2345 678 1 2345 678

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18

Straight Through
All order of the wirings is the same as the other side.

Straight Through
Host A Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Usage Tx+ TxRx+ --Rx--Color Host B Color Usage Tx+ TxRx+ --Rx--Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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Cat-5 cross-over cable

1 2345 678 1 2345 678

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18

Crossover
We need to change the order of the transmission and receiving wirings.

Cat-5 cross-over color code

Host A Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Usage Tx+ TxRx+ --Rx--Color Host B Color Usage Tx+ TxRx+ --Rx--Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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Making connection Tools

Cat5e cable RJ45 connectors Cable stripper Scissors Crimping tool

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Crimping Steps
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Strip cable end Untwist wire ends Arrange wires Trim wires to size Attach connector Check Crimp Test

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Step 1 Strip cable end

Strip 1 1 of insulating sheath Avoid cutting into conductor insulation

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Step 2 & 3 Untwist wire ends

Step 2
Untwist the pairs.

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Step 3
Arrange wires with color code

Step 4 & 5
Step 4 Trim wires to size.
Trim all wires evenly Leave about of wires exposed

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Step 5
Attach connector

Maintain wire order, left-to-right, with RJ45 tab facing downward

Step 6
Step 6 Check Do all wires extend to end? Is sheath well inside connector?

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Step 7
Step 7 Crimp the connector. Crimp the RJ45 plug with the crimping tool.

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Step 8 Test
Does the cable work? Check by using wire tester.

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Lets go to work!

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Day 4 and Day 5

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IPV6 Address

Need of IPV6

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IPv4 provides 4.3 billion Unique possible address IPv4 space is expected to become exhausted in the near future. IPv6 was designed primarily to resolve this problem of IPv4 address space exhaustion In place of 32-bit address used by IPv4,IPv6 uses 128-bit address. This larger IPv6 address space therefore provides 2128 OR 3.4 undecilline (3.4*1038) unique address.

Need of IPV6

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Compare to the no. of IPv4 address this number is staggeringly large. IPv6 is enabled by default in both Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. And it requires virtually no configuration. Although there are other improvements in IPv6 compared to IPv4 , such as Built-in Quality of service (QoS).like efficient routing, Simpler configuration, etc.

Need of IPV6

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IPv6 address are written by using 8 blocks of four Hexa-decimal digits. Each block separated by colon, represent a 16bit number Following no shows full IPv6 address.
First block Eight Block

2001:ODB8:3FA9:0000:0000:0000:00D3:9C5A

Need of IPV6

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You can shorten this address by eliminating this zero Like 2001:DB8:3FA9:0:0:0:D3:9C5A You can Shorten this IP address further replacing all zero blocks as a single set of double colons like 2001:DB8:3FA9::D3:9C5A

Structure of IPv6

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Unicast IPv6 address is divided into two parts a 64-bit Network components and 64-bit Host components. The Network components is identify by Unique subnet and the IANA assign this numbers to ISP for large Organization. The Host components is full fill by 48-bit Mac address of that system.

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Type of IPv6 Address

Type of IPv6
IPv6 currently defines three types as:
1) Global address 2) Link-local address 3) Unique-local address

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Global Address

Global IPv6

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IPv6 Global address is equivalent of public address in IPv4. The address prefix is 2000::/3 which translate to first block value between 2000 3FFF In Hexadecimal notation. Ex:- 2001:db8:21da:7:713e:a426:d167:37ab

2001: db8:21da: 0007: 713e:a426:d167:37ab

001 (3 Bit) Global Routing Prefix 45 Bit Subnet ID 16 Bit Host address 64 Bit

Public Routing

Private Routing

Host Identification within LAN

Global IPv6

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48-Bit address for Global Routing prefix specify your organization site (first three bits are reserved for prefix must be 001 in Binary Notation) These 48-Bit represent public topology Portion 16-Bits are represent for Subnet ID specify up to 65536 unique subnet. Remaining 64- Bit represent Interface ID and specify unique interface within each subnet This is equivalent to Host ID in IPv4.

Link-local IPv6

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Link-local address are similar to automatic private addressing (APIPA) addresses (169.254.0.0/16) in IPv4. They are self-configured, nonroutable address used only for communication on the local subnet. For same in IPv4 IPv6 addresses are assigned by APIPA in Win Server 2008. This address are start by fe80: Ex:- fe80::154d:3cd7:b33b:1bc1 %13

Structure of Link-local IPv6

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fe80:0000:0000:0000:
1111111010

154d:3cd7:b33b:1bc1
Interface ID 64 Bit

%13
Zone ID

(10 Bits)

All zeros 54 Bits

Unroutable net address

Host Identification within a LAN

Adapter

Unique-Local IPv6

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Unique-local address are the IPv6 equivalent private address in IPv4. (10.0.0.0/8 , 172.16.0.0/12 , 192.168.0.0./16) these addresses are routable in IPv4 same as in IPv6 unique-local addresses are routable and private IPv6 address. They are start from fd: Ex:- fd65:9abf:efb0:0001::0002

Structure of Unique-local IPv6

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fd65: 9abf:efb0:
11111101

0001
Subnet ID (16 Bits)

::0002
Host Address 64 Bit

(8 Bits)

Global ID 40 Bits

Private Routing Betn Sites

LAN

Host Identin within a LAN

Difference between IPv4 and IPv6

IPV4
IPv4 is 32-Bit. Write in Binary Format. 0s or 1s are used in IPv4. Divided into 4 Octets one octet = 8 Bits 8 bits are 0 or 1.
This address are divided into 5 classes depends upon Priority bits.

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IPv6
IPv6 is 128-Bit. Write in Hexadecimal format. 0 to 9 and A to F characters used in IPv6. Divided into 8 blocks one block = 16 Bits and 4 Hexadecimal values. This address are divided into 3 different types depends upon their starting block Values.

Difference between IPv4 and IPv6

IPV4
IPv4 classes are Class A , B , C ,D and E. IPv4 provides 4.3 billion Unique possible address
All OS support IPv4.

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IPv6
IPv6 is three types Global , Link-local , Unique-local. IPv6 address space provides 2128 OR 3.4 undecilline (3.4*1038) unique address. Only Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008/2010/2012 support IPv6