Present Perfect Tense

just, just now, already, yet, recently, lately, never, ever, so far, up to now etc. (i) We (buy) a television set just now. (ii) I already (do) that.

Past Perfect Tense

Since Rule: I saw him since he had been a boy. As if/ As though Rule: He talked as if he had known everything. After Rule: The patient died after the doctor had come. Before Rule: The teacher had come before the class started. No sooner..than/ Hardly..when/ Scarcelywhen Rule: No sooner had I gone out than he came. Hardly had I gone out when he came. Scarcely had I gone out when he came.

Use of Gerunds
1. After Prepositions: If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund. I will call you after arriving at the office. Please have a drink before leaving. 2. Gerunds after Certain Verbs: We sometimes use one verb after another verb. Depending on the first verb, the second verb sometimes is gerund. Here is a list of verbs that are usually followed by a verb in gerund form: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, defer, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, involve, mention, mind, miss, postpone, prefer, report, risk, suggest, tolerate, understand etc. 3. Gerunds after Certain Verbal phrase: approve of , accustomed to , carry on, can't stand, cant help, could not help, complete, depend on, forget about, give up, insist on, keep on, look forward to, object to, rely on, think about, think of, with a view to etc.

4. By + gerund Rule: By eating a balance diet, we can live well. 5. Without + gerund Rule: Without working hard, no one can succeed in life.

Conditionals
First conditional follows the structure: If + present indefinite + Future indefinite. If you run in the rain, you will catch cold

Second conditional follows the structure: If + past indefinite + future in past (would/might/could). If he came , I would go. If he wanted, I would help him.

Third conditional follows the structure: If + past perfect + future in past perfect. If I had seen him, I might have told him. Unreal past receives unreal verb and 2nd part contains might/ would /could, or might/ would /could have: If i were a king I would help the poor.

Exercise
1. _______ costs a lot of money. (smoke) 2. I am looking forward to ________ you. (meet) 3. She cannot help _______. (laugh) 4. Before ____ out he turned off the heating. (go) 5. I wish I _____ a bird. (be) 6. I _____ your letter just now. (receive) 7. I saw him ______ in the field. (walk) 8. English _______ all over the world. (speak) 9. It is high time we _______ necessary measures against it. (take) 10. Everybody _______ flowers. (love) 11. You may _____ tomorrow. (come) 12. Fifty miles _____ a long way. (be) 13. We left home after the beggar ______. (come) 14. The patient _____ before the doctor came. (die) 15. No sooner had he seen the police than he _____ away. (run)