ANSI/AHRI Standard 1270 (I-P)

2011 Standard for

Requirements For Seismic Qualification of HVACR Equipment

Approved by ANSI on April 17, 2012

IMPORTANT

SAFETY DISCLAIMER
AHRI does not set safety standards and does not certify or guarantee the safety of any products, components or systems designed, tested, rated, installed or operated in accordance with this standard/guideline. It is strongly recommended that products be designed, constructed, assembled, installed and operated in accordance with nationally recognized safety standards and code requirements appropriate for products covered by this standard/guideline. AHRI uses its best efforts to develop standards/guidelines employing state-of-the-art and accepted industry practices. AHRI does not certify or guarantee that any tests conducted under its standards/guidelines will be non-hazardous or free from risk.

Note: This is a new AHRI Standard. For SI ratings, see ANSI/AHRI Standard 1271 (SI)-2011.

Price $10.00 (M) $20.00 (NM) Printed in U.S.A. Trademark Office

Copyright 2011, by Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute Registered United States Patent and

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1. Purpose ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Section 2. Scope ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Section 3. Definitions ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Section 4. Symbols ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Section 5. Equipment ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Section 6. Seismic Demand ............................................................................................................................... 8 Section 7. Seismic Capacity of Equipment by Analysis .................................................................................. 10 Section 8. Seismic Capacity of Equipment by Testing .................................................................................... 13 Section 9. Report Requirements ...................................................................................................................... 18 Section 10. Seismic Rating of Equipment ....................................................................................................... 20

TABLES Table 1. Seismic Performance Level; Functionality (per ASCE 7 Section 13.2.2) ........................................... 6 Table 2. Seismic Performance Level; Structural Integrity (per ASCE 7 Section 13.2.1) .................................. 7 Table 3. Load Combinations ........................................................................................................................... 12 Table 4. Analytical Procedures ........................................................................................................................ 12 Table 5. Functional Requirements For Designated Seismic Systems .............................................................. 15 Table 6. Allowable Minor Damage States for Designated Seismic Systems .................................................. 16 Table 7. Allowable Minor Damage States for Components of Designated Seismic System Equipment ........ 17 APPENDICIES Appendix A. References Normative ............................................................................................................. 21 Appendix B. References Informative ........................................................................................................... 22 Appendix C. International Building Code Informative ................................................................................ 24 Appendix D. ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads For Buildings And Other Structures- Normative ................. 25 Appendix E. ASCE 7 Commentary C13 Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components Informative ....................................................................................................................................................... 27 Appendix F. Interpretation of ASCE 7 as it Applies to Seismic Capacity Of Liquid Storage Tanks Using Dynamic Analysis-Normative .......................................................................................................................... 28 Appendix G. Explanation For Development Of Demand In Section 6-Informative ....................................... 37

Appendix H. Software Validation- Normative ................................................................................................ 38

FIGURES Figure 1. Qualification Flowchart ..................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 2. RRS, Normalized For Equipment ...................................................................................................... 8 TABLES FOR APPENDICES Table D1. Applicable Requirements for Architectural, Mechanical and Electrical Components: Supports and Attachments .............................................................................................................. 26

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC QUALIFICATION OF HVACR EQUIPMENT

Section 1. Purpose 1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to define the requirements for seismic qualification of mechanical HVACR Equipment. The International Building Code (IBC) includes a number of provisions for seismic design and certification of nonstructural components. These provisions are intended to improve the performance of non-essential and essential nonstructural systems subject to strong ground shaking. Both the IBC and the American Society of Civil Engineers Standard SEI/ASCE 7 (ASCE 7) contain requirements for qualification of Equipment. The pertinent sections of the latest editions of IBC and ASCE 7 are characterized in Appendices C, D, E and F.

Section 2. Scope 2.1 Scope. This standard applies to the following Equipment: Fan Coil Units, Unit Ventilators, Air Handling Units, Coils, Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers, Vertical Packaged Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps, Packaged Terminal Equipment, Dehumidifiers, Flow and Contaminant Controls, Furnaces, Humidifiers, Liquid Chillers, Thermal Storage Equipment, Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps (including Ductless Equipment), and Water-Source Heat Pumps. This standard does not apply to any other products. This standard describes the methods for equipment qualification and the process to determine equipment Seismic Capacity.

Section 3. Definitions Definitions . All terms in this document follow standard industry definitions in the current edition of ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration or the International Code Council Evaluation Services (ICC-ES) Acceptance Criteria AC156 (AC156), unless otherwise defined in this section. 3.1 Allowable Stress Design (ASD). A comparison of the stresses in the connections/elements defined in the Equipment Force-Resisting System (EFRS) determined by analysis from the effects of design loads to the allowable stresses for the material used in the EFRS. 3.2 Attachments. The devices or hardware used to secure or restrain the Equipment to the building structure. Attachments or restraints of the Equipment include anchor bolting, welded connections and mechanical fasteners. 3.3 Attachment Point. The point at which the Equipment is connected to the building structure. This connection point is designed to transfer seismic forces between the structure and the Equipment. 3.4 Active Equipment. Equipment that contains moving or rotating parts, electrical parts such as switches or relays, or other internal components that are sensitive to earthquake forces and critical to the functional performance of the Equipment. 3.5 Certificate of Compliance. A certificate stating the Seismic Capacity of Equipment determined using methods of this standard. 3.6 Certification Response Spectrum (CRS). For shake table testing, certification will be performed based on a Required Response Spectrum (RRS) which determines the input motion at the equipment attachment. For this application, the CRS is the RRS. For dynamic analysis certification of Equipment, the CRS defines the forcing function in terms of octaves used by the analysis program to define the input of motion at the equipment attachment. The CRS constitutes the Seismic Capacity of the Equipment if it satisfies the acceptance criteria as defined in this standard. 1

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

3.7 Component. Devices that can be individually qualified per this standard and joined with other Pre-Qualified Components or EFRS qualified separately for multi-component Equipment such as motors, coils, fans, valves, dampers, and etc. 3.8 Component Application Factor. A factor for a component that is not attached to the Equipments substructure at the base, but somewhere above in the unit. The unit may have some internal amplification because of the response to the dynamic forcing functions. For example, a fan on top of a cooling tower may see higher seismic shaking than if it was attached to the base. This higher demand must be defined so the fan (Component) will need to have a higher capacity in order for the cooling tower itself to be rated at the demand at the attachment point. 3.9 Damping. Energy dissipation mechanism that reduces amplification and broadens the vibratory response. Damping is expressed as a percentage of critical Damping applied near the natural frequency of the Equipment. 3.10 Designated Seismic System. The architectural, electrical and mechanical systems and their Equipment and components that require design in accordance with Chapter 13 of ASCE 7 and for which the importance factor, I p , is equal to 1.5 in accordance with Section 13.1.3 of ASCE 7. 3.11 Equipment. Products manufactured to perform HVACR functions. These products are manufactured by combining components with an EFRS. In context of this standard, these products are evaluated to determine the maximum Seismic Demand that the HVACR Equipment will survive or function following a seismic event. 3.12 Equipment Qualified by Test (EQT). Equipment identified to be qualified by shake table test. 3.13 Equipment Force-Resisting System (EFRS). A system of elements within the Equipment that include brackets, braces, frames, and struts that provides the seismic load path transmitting seismic forces to the equipment Attachment Points. 3.14 Flexible Equipment. Equipment, including its attachment and force-resisting structural system, that has a fundamental period greater than 0.06 second (frequency less than 16.67 Hz). 3.15 Functional Requirements. High level actions that the Equipment must achieve that define the Equipment to be functional. 3.16 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). Comparison of the load on the connections/elements defined in the EFRS determined by analysis from the effects of design loads to the allowable strength for the configuration of the connection and material used in the EFRS. 3.17 Performance Requirements. Parameters that can be measured such as pressure, revolutions per minute (RPM), flow rates, and physical dimensions. The Performance Requirements are measured before and after a shake table test and must be equivalent or within tolerance for the functional requirements to be met. 3.18 Pre-Qualified Component. Active or energized components seismically pre-qualified to a specific g-level used in multi-component Equipment. 3.19 Required Response Spectrum (RRS). The response spectrum as defined by AC156 to create the required demand on the Equipment. The response spectrum is generated from formulas available in AC156 and is used as the Seismic Capacity in the certification of Equipment. 3.20 Rigid Equipment. Equipment, including its Attachments and EFRS, that has a fundamental period less than or equal to 0.06 second (frequency greater than or equal to 16.67 Hz).

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 3.21 Rugged Component. Component judged to survive a design basis earthquake without Significant Loss of Function and qualified by engineering judgment such that the Component does not require further testing or analysis. 3.22 Rugged Equipment. Equipment judged to survive a design basis earthquake without Significant Loss of Function and qualified by engineering judgment such that the Equipment does not require further testing or analysis. 3.23 Seismic Capacity. The maximum analytical or test acceleration at which the Equipment can satisfy the performance criteria as defined in Section 5. 3.24 Seismic Demand. Seismic forces resulting from ground motion that are defined in the IBC. The maximum design acceleration of the seismic forces is the demand. The Seismic Demand can be a single value that corresponds to the maximum value of the RRS. 3.25 "Shall," "Should," "Recommended," or "It Is Recommended." "recommended," or "it is recommended" shall be interpreted as follows: "Shall," "should,"

3.25.1 Shall. Where "shall" or "shall not" is used for a provision specified, that provision is mandatory if compliance with the standard is claimed. 3.25.2 Should, Recommended, or It Is Recommended. "Should," "recommended," or "it is recommended" is used to indicate provisions which are not mandatory but which are desirable as good practice. 3.26 Significant Loss of Function. The functional state of Equipment or Components that cannot be restored in a timely fashion to their original function by competent technicians after a design earthquake because the Equipment or components require parts that are not normally stocked locally or not readily available. 3.27 Test Response Spectrum (TRS). The acceleration response spectrum developed by the motion of the shake table to provide an input motion that simulates an earthquake for the qualification of Equipment. This motion is created to develop the CRS at the equipment attachment point. The TRS shall envelope the RRS with limited exceptions. 3.28 Transmissibility. A non-dimensional ratio that defines the force amplitude factor of load path in the EFRS in terms of steady-state forced vibration. The ratio may be expressed in terms of force, displacement, velocity, or acceleration and is used to characterize resonant modes of structural vibration. 3.29 Zero Period Acceleration (ZPA). The maximum peak acceleration used to derive a specific applied time history spectrum (the peak acceleration A FLX is greater than the ZPA). Section 4. Symbols 4.1 Symbols. The following symbols are used in this document. Refer to ASCE 7 and AC156 for additional information. A FLX-H = The probable maximum horizontal spectral acceleration that Flexible Equipment will experience in a seismic event defined by AC156. A FLX-V = The probable maximum vertical spectral acceleration that Flexible Equipment will experience in a seismic event defined by AC156. = In-structure equipment amplification factor. The a p represents a comparison of the ap equipments natural frequency to the fundamental frequency of the building structure as determined in ASCE 7 Section 13.6-1. A RIG-H = Horizontal spectral acceleration that Rigid Equipment will experience in a seismic event defined by AC156.

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 A RIG-V = Vertical spectral acceleration that Rigid Equipment will experience in a seismic event defined by AC156. D = Dead Load as used in the load combination formulas. F = Load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights. = An equivalent horizontal static force that represents the dynamic accelerations of a seismic Fp event used in the prescriptive method identified by ASCE 7 Section 13.3.1. The horizontal seismic design force is applied at the equipments center of gravity. H = Load due to lateral earth pressure, ground water pressure or pressure of bulk materials. h = Average building/structure roof height with respect to grade as defined in ASCE 7 Section 13.3.1. = Equipment importance factor. I p represents the life-safety importance factor of the Ip Equipment or Component as defined in ASCE 7 Section 13.1.3. L = Live load. = Redundancy factor based on the extent of structural redundancy present in a structure as defined in ASCE 7, Section 12.3.4. = 1.0 for nonstructural components. = Earthquake Load as used in the load combination formulas. QE = Equipment response modification factor. R p represents the capability of the Equipment and Rp attachment to absorb energy, as defined in ASCE 7 Section 13.6.1. S = Snow load. S DS = Design spectral response acceleration at short period (0.2 secs), as determined in ASCE 7 Section 11.4.4. W p = Equipment operating weight, including all contents, as defined in ASCE 7 Section 13.3.1. z = Height of the equipment attachment to the structure with respect to grade (ground level) as defined in ASCE 7 Section 13.3.1. For items at or below grade, z shall be 0.0 and not negative.

Section 5. Equipment 5.1 Applicability. Equipment shall be seismically qualified per the requirements contained in this standard. The qualification processes are shown in Figure 1. For each piece of Equipment, the seismic qualification method shall be identified as provided in Tables 1 and 2. As the complexity of Equipment increases, the methods allowed to qualify Equipment become more limited. Components can be qualified separately for multi-component Equipment. Component complexity may require the component to be qualified separately from the equipment EFRS especially for electronic components. Components that are deemed rugged are exempt from qualification. For Equipment and Components to meet the special qualification requirements for Designated Seismic Systems, the device shall be shown to be functional after an earthquake as required by Section 13.2.2 in ASCE 7. When the Equipment is not part of a Designated Seismic System, the devices structural integrity shall be qualified in accordance with Table 1. In both cases, Attachments are not included in the qualification. The qualification of the Equipment shall include the loads applied at the Attachment Points.

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

Search Table 1 and Table 2 to identify the Seismic Qualification Method for the equipment. Test Analysis Identify components that require qualification by test.

Develop Qualification Plan

Perform Pre-test

Perform Shake Table Test

Determine Analysis Method for Equipment and components defined in Table 3: Static Analysis Dynamic Analysis Qualification by Similarity Use pre-qualified components

Perform Post-test

Develop Qualification Plan

Prepare Final Report

Perform Analysis

Prepare Final Report

Figure 1. Qualification Flowchart

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 Table 1. Seismic Performance Level ; Functionality (per ASCE 7 Section 13.2.2) Component Description
Non-vibration Isolated Rugged Component4
5

Qualification Method
Static Analysis Dynamic Analysis Shake Table Test Static Analysis

Qualification Focus
Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Component Functionality and Attachment Point Component Functionality and Attachment Point Qualification Focus EFRS and Attachment Point EFRS and Attachment Point EFRS and Attachment Point EFRS and Attachment Point Equipment Functionality and Attachment Point

ap
1.0 RRS

Rp
See Note 6 See Note 6 per Standard AC156

Ip
1.5 1.5

1.0 RRS

See Note 6 See Note 6 per Standard AC156

1.5 1.5

Vibration Isolated Rugged Component4 Non-vibration Isolated Active or Energized Component Vibration Isolated Active Component Equipment Description

Dynamic Analysis Shake Table Test Shake Table Test3

per Standard AC156

Shake Table Test w/Isolation Mounts Qualification Method Static Analysis Static Analysis w/Natural Frequency1 Dynamic Analysis Shake Table Test Static Analysis of EFRS and Dynamic Analysis4 (Component Qualification also required) Dynamic Analysis of EFRS (Component Qualification also required) Shake Table Test

Per Standard AC156 ap 2.5 1.0 or 2.52 RRS Rp See Note 6 Ip 1.5

See Note 6

1.5

Rugged Equipment

See Note 6 per Standard AC156

1.5

1.0 or 2.52

See Note 6

1.5

Non-vibration Isolated Active Equipment

Equipment Functionality and Attachment Point Equipment Functionality and Attachment Point Equipment Functionality and Attachment Point Equipment Functionality and Attachment Point Equipment Functionality and Attachment Point

RRS

See Note 6

1.5

per Standard AC156 per Standard AC156 Appendix F Appendix F

Vibration Isolated Active Equipment Liquid Storage Tanks4

Shake Table Test w/Isolation Mounts Static Analysis w/Sloshing Effects Dynamic Analysis

Notes:
1. Natural frequency can be determined by dynamic analysis or other means. 2. The value of a p equal to 1.0 is for rigid Components and Equipment. The value of a p equal to 2.5 is for flexible Components and Equipment. See Section 2 for definitions of rigid and flexible. 3. Dynamic analysis required to determine amplification factors for shake table testing of active or energized Components. 4. ASME pressure vessels are considered rugged but still require an evaluation of the EFRS 5. The local authority having jurisdiction may have more stringent requirements. 6. Refer to ASCE 7 Table 13.6-1

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 Table 2. Seismic Performance Level Structural Integrity (per ASCE 7 Section 13.2.1) Component Description
Non-vibration Isolated Rugged Component4 Vibration Isolated Rugged Component4
5;

Qualification Method
Static Analysis Dynamic Analysis Shake Table Test Static Analysis Dynamic Analysis Shake Table Test Static Analysis

Qualification Focus
Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Qualification Focus Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point Attachment Point EFRS and Attachment Point EFRS and Attachment Point EFRS and Attachment Point EFRS and Attachment Point EFRS and Attachment Point EFRS and Attachment Point EFRS and Attachment Point EFRS and Attachment Point EFRS and Attachment Point

ap
1.0 RRS

Rp
See Note 6 See Note 6 per Standard AC156

Ip
1.0 1.0

1.0 RRS

See Note 6 See Note 6 per Standard AC156

1.0 1.0

2.5 1.0 or 2.52 RRS

See Note 6 See Note 6 See Note 6 per Standard AC156

1.0 1.0 1.0

Non-vibration Isolated Active or Energized Component

Static Analysis w/Natural Frequency1 Dynamic Analysis Shake Table Test

Vibration Isolated Active Component Equipment Description Rugged Equipment4 (motor HP < 10; heat transfer capacity < 200 MBH)

Static Analysis Dynamic Analysis Shake Table Test

3

2.5 RRS

2.0 2.0 per Standard AC156

1.0 1.0

Qualification Method Static Analysis Static Analysis w/Natural Frequency1 Dynamic Analysis Shake Table Test Static Analysis

ap 2.5 1.0 or 2.52 RRS

Rp See Note 6 See Note 6 See Note 6 per Standard AC156

Ip 1.0 1.0 1.0

2.5 1.0 or 2.52 RRS

See Note 6 See Note 6 See Note 6 per Standard AC156

1.0 1.0 1.0

Non-vibration Isolated Active Equipment

Static Analysis w/Natural Frequency1 Dynamic Analysis Shake Table Test Static Analysis

2.5 RRS

2.0 2.0 per Standard AC156 Appendix F Appendix F

1.0 1.0

Vibration Isolated Active Equipment

Dynamic Analysis Shake Table Test

Liquid Storage Tanks4

Static Analysis w/Sloshing Effects Dynamic Analysis

Notes: 1. Natural frequency can be determined by dynamic analysis or other means. 2. The value of a p equal to 1.0 is for rigid Components and Equipment. The value of a p equal to 2.5 is for flexible Components and Equipment. See Section 2 for definitions of rigid and flexible. 3. Dynamic analysis required to determine amplification factors for shake table testing of active or energized Components. 4. ASME pressure vessels are considered rugged but still require an evaluation of the EFRS 5. The local authority having jurisdiction may have more stringent requirements. 6. Refer to ASCE 7 Table 13.6-1. 7

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 Section 6. Seismic Demand 6.1 Seismic Demand. The Seismic Demand for Equipment is based on the design spectral response acceleration at short periods, S DS . This acceleration value is modified based on many factors and results in the total horizontal acceleration at the center of gravity of Equipment and its Components in terms of g-levels. AC156 is the accepted document that defines the acceleration demand as shown in Figure 2, which is used for dynamic testing and dynamic analysis of Equipment. ASCE 7 defines an equivalent static horizontal force F P based on the design spectral acceleration that is used in static analysis discussed later in this section. This section will provide guidance on how to use the reference criteria to determine the Seismic Demand. Additional explanation of how the demand is calculated is in Appendix E. 6.2 Derivation of Seismic RRS. The equipment earthquake response spectra for testing Equipment are defined in AC156 and are applied in the horizontal and vertical directions. The spectra are applied simultaneously at the Attachment Points of the Equipment. The shake table testing input is adjusted so that the response at the Attachment Points meets the criteria established in AC156. The RRS for horizontal and vertical accelerations shall be developed based on the normalized response spectra shown in Figure 2 (Reference from AC156). The RRS for the vertical direction shall be two-thirds of the horizontal acceleration at ground level. The horizontal accelerations (A FLX and A RIG ) shall be calculated as specified in equations 1 through 4 (Reference AC156). The RRS has an assumed 5 percent damping value of critical Damping for Equipment.

Figure 2. RRS, Normalized for Equipment These assumptions allowed by AC156 result in normalizing the acceleration factors that define the horizontal acceleration RRS. 1 Horizontal: A FLX-H = S DS (1 + 2z/h) A RIG-H = 0.4 S DS (1 + 2z/h) Vertical: A FLX-V = 2/3 S DS A RIG-V = 0.4 2/3 S DS 2 3 4

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 A FLX-H is limited to a maximum value of 1.6 times S DS (equation 5). A RIG-H is limited to 3 times 0.4 or 1.2 times S DS (equation 6). The 1.2 times S DS can be applied to Equipment that is considered rigid with a natural frequency above 33.3 Hz. A FLX-H (MAX) = 1.6 S DS A RIG-H (MAX) = 1.2 S DS 5 6

Logarithmic interpolation can be used between the A FLX-H and A RIG-H using the 1.6 and 1.2 factors for the acceleration with 8.3 Hz and 33.3 Hz for the frequency. A good approximation for Equipment that has a natural frequency of 16 Hz is 1.4 times S DS . However, some Equipment may have a natural frequency above 16 Hz. This provides a small reduction in demand from the 1.6 times S DS to 1.4 times S DS as shown in equation 7. A RIG-H (MAX) = 1.4 S DS 7

For Equipment restricted to at grade locations, A FLX-H is limited to a maximum value of 1.0 times S DS as shown in Equation 8 where z in equation 1 is set at 0.0. For Rigid Equipment restricted to at grade locations, A RIG-H is limited to a maximum value of 0.4 times 1.4 times S DS resulting in Equation 9. For some applications, the Equipment may be restricted to be installed at grade to take advantage of lower demands if the Equipment does not have capacity that meets the criteria in Equations 5 and 6. A FLX-H (MAX at Grade) = 1.0 S DS A RIG-H (MAX at Grade) = 0.41.4S DS = 0.56 S DS 8 9

The acceleration g-level demand to qualify Equipment is defined in Equations 5 and 8 for Flexible Equipment or Rigid Equipment installed on isolation springs. The acceleration g-level demand to qualify Equipment is defined in Equations 7 and 9 for Rigid Equipment (natural frequencies above 16 Hz) rigidly attached to the building structure. The vertical acceleration value is not used in the comparison for demand versus capacity. It is assumed that the vertical acceleration is included in the equipment qualification at a 2/3 fraction of the horizontal acceleration at ground level. So the capacity of the Equipment will be provided for the horizontal g-level that the Equipment can survive and, if necessary, function after the seismic event to be compared with the demand g-levels as determined by Equations 5 and 8 or Equations 7 and 9. 6.3 Derivation of Seismic CRS. The Seismic Demand of Equipment defined in Section 6.1 is based on AC156 for qualifying Equipment by test. Further discussion defines the Seismic Demand based on natural frequencies to be used to qualify Equipment by analysis. The Seismic Demand derived by the requirements in Section 6.1 for either test or analysis is defined as the CRS. 6.4 Seismic Demand. The seismic demand on the equipment is selected depending on the type of qualification. 6.4.1 Demand for Qualification by Testing. The demand will be provided by the motion of the shake table and the response measured at the equipment attachment. The measured response is the demand. This response shall be in terms of a spectrum as identified in Figure 2. Whereas the peak of the demand curve will be A FLX-H . This qualification method allows the equipment to yield and approach the strength failure without loss of function. 6.4.2 Demand for Qualification by Dynamic Analysis. The maximum horizontal acceleration and coincident vertical acceleration is applied at the equipment attachment. As an example, the demand input for floor mounted equipment would be applied at the base. The dynamic analysis model will result in the applicable responses of the EFRS based on the natural frequencies of the equipment. The shape of the input demand shall match the demand as depicted in Figure 2. Whereas the peak of the demand curve will be A FLX-H . This method limits the stress levels below yield. Conservatism of this method to show operability maintains the structure below yield and results in a safety factor of 1.4 from the testing method. The 9

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 modeling analysis does not accurately account for materials beyond yield. Conditions where yield is present in the results, other methods must be performed to evaluate the elastic behavior. Comprehensive documentation shall be recorded for evaluations of elastic conditions. 6.4.3 Demand for Qualification by Static Analysis. The Seismic Design Force equation from ASCE 7 provides a prescriptive approach to determine the horizontal seismic force acting on the center of gravity to be used for equipment attached to the building structure and evaluation of the attachment. The relative horizontal seismic design force can be calculated as a function S DS as follows: FP =
0.4 aP SDS WP 1 R PI P

The terms can be reduced to a load factor at grade in terms of the seismic horizontal force per unit weight and normalized to one as seen in Figure 2.
0 .4 a S FP W = RPP DS P IP

+2
h

10

11

For functionality, worst case is when a P = 1.0, R P = 2.5, and I P = 1.5 resulting in a F P /W P = 0.24 S DS . Note: Comparing the result of the demand for static analysis to the test method and using a factor of 1.4 to account for potential allowable deformation, the rigid EFRS reduces A RIG-H = 0.4 S DS divided by 1.4 to obtain 0.286S DS . Therefore, the use of 0.24S DS is acceptable. For other conditions of a P , R P , and I P , the F P /W P may appropriately increase for less rigid equipment or applications and reduce if the equipment is not required to function as defined by special seismic equipment. 6.5 Seismic Capacity. The seismic capacity shall be determined as prescribed in Section7 and Section 8. The capacity of the equipment, regardless of qualification method, shall be reported in terms of S DS at grade. 6.5.1 Capacity of Equipment When Qualified by Testing or Dynamic Analysis. The capacity shall be the S DS and is equal to A FLX-H . For example, if the equipment was qualified to be acceptable and functional when A FLX-H =1.0, then the S DS capacity is 1.0 gs. Capacity of equipment does not decrease when elevated in a building, the demand increases. If the equipment is elevated above grade, then the demand S DS shall be increased by a factor of 1.6 and compared to the S DS capacity. 6.5.2 Capacity of Equipment When Qualified by Static Analysis. The capacity shall be the S DS in terms of g-levels and is equal to the S DS used to determine the largest F P /W P that meets the stress limits on the EFRS as defined by industry standards. These stress limits are lower than yield, and result in a conservative methodology.

Section 7. Seismic Capacity of Equipment by Analysis 7.1 Scope and Purpose. This section establishes the minimum requirements to qualify Equipment by analysis. The purpose is to establish the seismic capacity of the Equipment in g-levels so that the Equipment is operable after a seismic event and maintains structural integrity. The complexity of the Components and EFRS that transfers the forces generated by motion through the Attachment Points and EFRS will govern the design and the ability to perform the analysis that can qualify the Equipment. Static analysis can only be performed if each force (static equivalent load) can be tracked through the EFRS and the stresses can be calculated for each element and connection of the EFRS to include stresses developed from bending. For more complex Equipment, a dynamic analysis model may be required where the EFRS is modeled and the Components are defined as point loads (masses) or distributed loads on the EFRS.

10

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 Analysis shall be performed with the demand applied on the equipment EFRS and Components. The demand shall include load combinations as defined in Section 7.2.9. The operating aspects of the Equipment shall be included in the demand loads to include operating conditions and the state of fluids (e.g. vapor, liquid, solid or ice). There are many different types of dynamic analysis programs available. These programs can model Equipment using shapes, solids, or shells. The application of the different programs is based on the complexity and elements used to comprise the Equipment structure. Not all Equipment can be defined in terms of structural shapes such as beam elements. Each dynamic analysis program shall be capable to evaluate the structure and determine a response based on a non-linear forcing function. 7.2 Analysis. The maximum horizontal acceleration with the coincident vertical acceleration in g-levels shall be applied to each of the Components and the equipment EFRS. The calculated stresses/strengths shall be less than or equal to the allowable stresses/strengths in each Component, each EFRS connection, and each EFRS element. 7.2.1 Allowables. Allowable stresses/strengths shall be justified from industry standards (see Section 7.9) 7.2.2 Demand. The maximum horizontal acceleration and coincident vertical acceleration is determined from Section 6, Seismic Demand. For a rigid Seismic Demand to be applied, the natural frequency shall be determined by dynamic analysis or other means. 7.2.3 Verification of Software. Each dynamic analysis program is required to have independent software verification using sample structures as prescribed in Section 7.5. 7.2.4 Brackets and Legs. Analysis of the structural elements shall include brackets that transfer the load from the Components to the EFRS. For example, this includes transfer elements of smaller coils in a face and by-pass arrangement in an air handling unit. Structural elements include the legs integral with elevated Equipment. Thus, the analysis shall address the attachment of the Equipment to the legs and the legs to the building structure and evaluate all forces and moments at each connection. Structure parameters of the EFRS shall be defined in terms of weight per linear distance, area, moment of inertia, and/or section modulus as applicable. 7.2.5 Spliced Sections. The splice sections of modular units shall have an increase factor of safety of 2.0 at the seam of each module. Or the load on the seam from each module shall be evaluated with the load moving in opposite directions, both adding directly to the fastening system of the seam for loads applied perpendicular and loads that apply parallel to the seam. 7.2.6 Components. Components may be deemed rugged as identified in Section 5. If Components are not deemed rugged, then these Components shall be evaluated or tested. Component qualification shall be performed as defined in Section 5. 7.2.7 Elastic Deflections. All deflections must be maintained below yield unless noted by exception in this section. Dynamic analysis programs cannot evaluate plastic deformation. Deformations shall be determined at all component connection points in relation to all other connection points of the Component. Relative displacement of component Attachments shall be evaluated. If deformation is detected, then other methods, including engineering judgment, shall be performed to determine if the deformation will cause the equipment to be considered not functional. Exceptions to limiting the deflection to below yield are as follows: 7.2.7.1 If failure of the EFRS is deemed not critical to the operability of the Equipment. 7.2.7.2 Interpretation of yield response resulting from dynamic analysis programs can be allowed if the yield can be determined using a different method. And that the yield response is less than 1.15 times yield. Failure of the connection is assumed to be at 1.4 times yield resulting in a margin of 20% versus 40% above the yield allowed values.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 7.2.8 Weight. 100% of the operating weight shall be accounted for in a reasonable distribution on the EFRS. Additional weight can be added to the Equipment to account for additional devices such as a variable frequency drives or controls. 7.2.9 Load Combinations. The load combination formulas shown in Table 3 are based on two different methods to evaluate EFRS connections. LFRD is a strength based analysis. ASD is a stress based analysis. The demand as defined in the IBC is in terms of LFRD. Conversion is required to apply ASD analysis methods. Use of the vertical demand is in Section 6 (Equation 3 and Equation 4). Table 3. Load Combinations ASD (1.0+0.14S DS )D+H+F+0.7Q E (0.6+0.14S DS )D+0.7Q E +H LRFD (1.2+0.2S DS )D+ Q E +L+0.2S (0.9-0.14S DS )D+ Q E +1.6H

7.2.10 Demand Application. The demand is applied in horizontal and vertical directions. A twodimensional analysis shall be used for evaluations of Equipment that requires certification to ASCE 7 13.2.1. One horizontal and the vertical are combined in each orthogonal direction. A three-dimensional analysis shall be used for evaluations of Equipment that requires certification to ASCE 7 Section 13.2.2. Two horizontal and the vertical loads are applied simultaneously. 7.3 Qualification of Components. The Components shall be evaluated at the elevation where the Component attaches to the EFRS. If the elevation is above the Attachment Point, then an acceleration amplification factor (Component Application Factor, f c ) shall be added to the demand for the Component. The amplification factor can be determined by dynamic analysis or by shake-table test. 7.4 Natural frequency. The identification of the Equipment capacity can take advantage of reduced demand if the Equipment is deemed rigid (natural frequencies above 16 Hz) with a rigid attachment configuration. Evaluation of Equipment to identify the natural frequency requires the use of a dynamic analysis program. The dynamic analysis output will identify the natural frequencies of the equipments EFRS. If any of the frequencies is below 16 Hz, then the Equipment is considered flexible. 7.5 Software Verification. Many commercial software programs such as ANSYS, NASTRAN, GTSTRUDL, SAP2000 and ETABS, that are capable of performing structural analysis, come with a suite of verification problems that are run and compared against known solutions to verify that the software is performing correctly as installed on a given computer and operating system. Often times, however, these problems are very simple and only test certain features of the program. 7.6 Qualification by Similarity. In this case, the active or energized Equipment is proven to be inherently rugged by analysis supported by previously qualified Equipment. Equipment can be shown to be rugged by analysis with similarity to other previously qualified Equipment if the Components are similar to previous qualified Equipment and the EFRS can be shown to be linear elastic. As long as the EFRS does not yield from the demand, the Components will not see higher accelerations compared to the previously qualified Equipment. New Components must be qualified to 1.25 times the maximum demand or as required by the amplification factor determined by a dynamic analysis. 7.7 Analytical Procedures. There are several analytical procedures that can be used to qualify Equipment defined in Table 4. These analytical procedures are defined in ASCE 7 in detail.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

Table 4. Analytical Procedures Seismic Demand on Nonstructural Components (ASCE 7 Section 13.3) Modal Response Spectrum Analysis (ASCE 7 Section 12.9)1 Seismic Response History Procedure (ASCE 7 Chapter 16)

Qualification Analysis

Equivalent Static Force Procedure (ASCE 7 Section 12.8)

Qualification by Static Analysis without Natural Frequency Qualification by Static Analysis for Rigid Equipment

Qualification by Dynamic X Analysis Notes: 1. Modal Response Spectrum Analysis shall be used for static Components. 7.8 Load factors. The following load factors shall be used for analysis. Load factor on combined Earthquake effect (E) when using LRFD =1.00 Load factor on combined Earthquake effect (E) when using ASD = 0.70

7.9 Allowable stresses/strengths. The design of materials shall be in accordance with the material design chapters of the IBC. The seismic effects (i.e., forces, stresses) under the CRS must be shown to be less than or equal to the design strengths calculated in accordance with one of the standards listed in Section 7.9. 7.10 Deformations and Deflections. The deformation or deflection of the EFRS shall be determined. Relative displacements shall be defined and applied to internal components (i.e. piping and conduit) and included as an additional demand load on the components affected by the deformations.

Section 8. Seismic Capacity of Equipment by Testing 8.1 Scope and Purpose. This section establishes the minimum requirements for Equipment Qualification by Testing (EQT) for Equipment identified in Section 5. The purpose is to establish the desired input motion that defines the capacity of the Equipment to withstand seismic events and maintain their Functional Requirements. AC156 is the governing document for qualification by testing. Additional requirements and allowances are provided in this section. 8.2 Qualification Test Plan. This section details the necessary equipment information to be provided by the manufacturer to the laboratory performing the test. 8.2.1 Manufacturer Information. Provide manufacturers information per AC156. 8.2.2 EQT Description. A description of the EQT shall be provided, including the following items: 8.2.2.1 8.2.2.2 8.2.2.3 8.2.2.4 8.2.2.5 8.2.2.6 Product Name. Equipment model number and serial number of specific product tested. Functional Requirements. Detailed description of the equipments EFRS to include all subassemblies. Overall dimensions and weight of Equipment. Any restrictions or limitations on equipment use. 13

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

8.2.3 Code Parameters. 8.2.3.1 Building Code. List the version of the IBC. 8.2.3.2 Importance Factor. Specify the importance factor. The I p value will dictate the functionality requirements. 8.2.4 Performance Requirements. Detailed description of the Performance Requirements, or operational test parameters, used to verify Functional Requirements before and after the test. See Table 6. 8.2.5 Equipment Product Line Extrapolation and Interpolation. For equipment product line information as required per AC156. 8.2.6 Installation Instructions. A description shall be provided that describes how the Equipment is installed in the field and how the Equipment shall be installed on the shake table that represents the field installation. 8.2.7 Special Test Requirements. The equipment manufacturer shall list test requirements that may be deemed special or beyond normal seismic qualification testing (i.e., specific EFRS displacements, acceleration monitoring, etc.). 8.3 Testing Laboratories. Testing laboratories as defined per AC156. 8.4 Product Sampling. Product sampling as defined in AC156. 8.5 Seismic Qualification Test Procedure 8.5.1 Test. AC156 shall be strictly adhered to for completion of the test. 8.5.2 Post-test Performance Inspection and Verification. For Equipment with an importance factor of 1.5, the Equipment being qualified must be capable of performing their Functional Requirements after the seismic event. The Equipment shall be visually examined and results documented upon completion of the shake table tests. The Equipment shall not pose a life-safety hazard due to collapse or major subassemblies becoming separated. Structural integrity of the anchorage system shall be maintained. Structural damage, such as local yielding of the force-resisting members is acceptable and structural members and joints comprising the force-resisting system shall be allowed minor fractures and anomalies. Allowable minor damage shall be reviewed against the criteria in Table 5. 8.5.3 Alternative Post-test Performance Test. Alternative Performance testing requirements performed on the Equipment to verify post-test compliance may be performed by the testing laboratory or at the equipment manufacturing facility. The Equipment shall satisfy the Performance Requirements and/or tests specified by the manufacturer. Results shall be equivalent to those of the pre-test functional compliance testing or within tolerances defined in Table 5 and Table 6. Materials deemed to be hazardous shall not have been released into the environment in quantities greater than the exempted amounts listed in the applicable codes. Any repairs shall be documented and included in the final test report.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 Table 5. Functional Requirements for Designated Seismic Systems
Equipment Vertical Packaged AC Units Packaged Terminal AC Units Water Source Heat Pumps Unitary Small AC Units Unitary Large AC Units (above 65,000 Btuh) Dehumidifiers Functional Requirements Controls operate by restoring power and reset. Functional test the controls capability to reposition Components or start/stop Components. Electric motors shall be functional. Rotating air moving Components shall be functional. Refrigerant flow Components shall be functional. Liquid flow Components shall be functional. Heat exchangers shall be functional. Controls operate by restoring power and reset. Functional test the controls capability to reposition Components or start/stop Components. Large Water or Air Cooled Chillers with Screw or Centrifugal Compressors Water or Air Cooled Chillers with Screw or Scroll Compressors in a framed structure Electric motors shall be functional. Rotating air moving Components shall be functional. Refrigerant flow Components shall be functional. Liquid flow Components shall be functional. Heat exchangers shall be functional. Air Handling Units Furnaces Electric motors shall be functional. Fan-Coils Unit Rotating air moving Components shall be functional. Unit Ventilators Liquid flow Components shall be functional. Air-to-Air Exchangers Heat exchangers shall be functional. Fans Controls operate by restoring power and reset. Functional test the controls capability to reposition Components or start/stop Components. Electric motors shall be functional. Humidifiers Rotating air moving Components shall be functional. Liquid flow/containment Components shall be functional. Tanks Liquid flow/containment Components shall be functional. Controls operate by restoring power and reset. Functional test the controls capability to reposition Components or start/stop Components.
1,2,3,4

Notes: Performance requirement testing can be performed as an alternative to Functional Requirements to ensure Equipment meets the Functional Requirements defined in Table 2. Performance Requirements are defined as follows: 1. Allow a maximum of 20% air flow reduction by leakage through housing or access doors or fan performance. 2. Allow a variance from the design performance for heat removal or addition of +/- 15%. 3. Allow a variance from the design performance for adding moisture of +/- 15%. 4. Allow a variance from the design performance for removing moisture of +/- 15%.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 Table 6. Allowable Minor Damage States for Designated Seismic Systems
Equipment Vertical Packaged AC Units Packaged Terminal AC Units Water Source Heat Pumps Unitary Small AC Units Unitary Large AC Units (above 65,000 BTUH) Dehumidifiers Large Water or Air Cooled Chillers with Screw or Centrifugal Compressors Water or Air Cooled Chillers with Screw or Scroll Compressors in a framed structure Air Handling Units Furnaces Fan-Coils Unit Unit Ventilators Air-to-Air Exchangers Fans Component freely rotates and has no visible deformation of the Components EFRS. Equipment that provides airflow has no visible deformation of the EFRS/housing (envelope) and no visible separation of access doors or EFRS/housing (envelope). Humidifiers No visible deformation of the piping system, water retaining Components and EFRS. Failure of personnel lighting and minor deformation of electrical power/control conduit. Minor deformation of standing seam construction is allowed only if the deformation does not affect the functionality of any required Component. Tanks No visible deformation of the piping system, water retaining Components and EFRS. Allowable Minor Damage States1,2 Component freely rotates and has no visible deformation of the Components Equipment Force Resistance System (EFRS). Equipment that provides airflow has no visible deformation of the EFRS/housing (envelope) and no visible separation of access doors or EFRS/housing (envelope). No visible or minimal deformation of the piping systems (with no leakage), refrigerant retaining Components and EFRS. No visible deformation of the piping system, water retaining Components and EFRS. Failure of personnel lighting and minor deformation of electrical power/control conduit. Minor deformation of standing seam construction is allowed only if the deformation does not affect the functionality of any required Component.

No visible or minimal deformation of the piping systems (with no leakage), refrigerant retaining Components and EFRS. No visible deformation of the piping system, water retaining Components and EFRS. Failure of personnel lighting and minor deformation of electrical power/control conduit. Minor deformation of standing seam construction is allowed only if the deformation does not affect the functionality of any required Component.

Component freely rotates and has no visible deformation of the Components EFRS. Equipment that provides airflow has no visible deformation of the EFRS/housing (envelope) and no visible separation of access doors or EFRS/housing (envelope). Failure of personnel lighting and minor deformation of electrical power/control conduit. Minor deformation of standing seam construction is allowed only if the deformation does not affect the functionality of any required Component.

Notes: 1. Allowable minor damage states define the effects from the qualification test which may result in lower equipment performance and still meets a minimal functional requirement and is considered operable. 2. Allowable minor damage states are applicable for inspection of shake table testing. Equipment is defined by ASCE 7 Section 13.2.2 to be operable after an earthquake. Importance factor shall be 1.5.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 Table 7. Allowable Minor Damage States for Components of 3 Designated Seismic System Equipment Components ASME Pressure Vessels Coils Control Panels Class Rugged Rugged Energized Functional Requirements1 Specification not required Specification not required Provide electrical, pneumatic and electronic signals to Equipment Damper blades continue to rotate as demanded by actuator. Specification not required Provide control and ignition of flammable material in a metal heat exchanger. Transfer a fluid medium within Equipment. Transfer a fluid medium within Equipment. Specification not required Specification not required Allowable Minor Damage States2 Specification not required Specification not required Allow control reset using control panel when power is restored. No plastic deformation of damper blades or framing material. Specification not required No plastic deformation of base material. No leakage of gas is allowed. Minor permanent bending of ductile pipe without leaking. Minor permanent bending of ductile conduit without parts separating exposing cables to be damaged. Specification not required Specification not required

Dampers Flow and Contamination Controls Gas Manifolds

Simple

Rugged

Simple

Internal Piping Internal Conduits Motors Refrigeration Compressors

Simple

Simple Rugged Rugged

Variable Provide varying electric Allow control reset using control panel Frequency Energized power signal to motors. when power is restored. Drives Notes: 1. Functional Requirements defines the functions that the Equipment performs when in operation. Performance Requirements are measurable parameters that when performed during a functional test proves that the Functional Requirements are met. 2. Allowable minor damage states define the effects from the qualification analysis or test which may result in lower equipment performance and still meets a minimal functional requirement to be operable. 3. Equipment is defined per ASCE 7 Section 13.2.2 to be operable after an earthquake. Importance factor shall be 1.5.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 Section 9. Report Requirements 9.1 Purpose. The purpose of this section is to establish requirements for final test/analysis certification reports. 9.2 Analysis Report. The report shall have the following information. 9.2.1 Executive Summary. 9.2.1.1 Analysis Agent. Agents name, address, contact information, and phone number. 9.2.1.2 Analysis Agent Qualification. Provide qualification documentation of analysis agent. 9.2.1.3 Signatures. Signatures (dated) and titles (or equivalent identification) of persons approving the analysis report. 9.2.1.3 Objective. State the objective of the analysis which is usually to establish the maximum horizontal and vertical accelerations that can be imposed on the Equipment and satisfy the acceptance criteria. 9.2.1.4 Methodology. Provide a complete explanation of the methods used to apply the demand and the analysis techniques used to determine the performance of the EFRS of the Equipment or Component. Describe the analysis used to evaluate the loads at the Attachment Points of the Equipment to the building structure and the Components to the EFRS. 9.2.1.5 Assumptions. List assumptions used in the analysis and their justification. 9.2.1.6 Conclusions. Provide the results of the analysis and include a statement of functionality. For designated seismic system Equipment, results of the Performance Requirements that prove the Functional Requirements are maintained shall be summarized. An explanation of any deficiencies shall be provided with justification if the Equipment is still qualified. 9.2.1.7 Structural Features. A rationale shall be provided explaining why the equipment structural configuration is representative of the product line and options included in the seismic qualification. The force-resisting structural configurations shall be similar to all products within the product line. If the structural configuration or EFRS is not represented by the selected sample for analysis, then these unit(s) shall be analyzed separately. Manufacturer Information. 9.2.2.1 Equipment Manufacturer Information. Manufacturers name, manufacturers address, primary contact, and phone number for all correspondence regarding the seismic qualification per this procedure. 9.2.2.2 Functional Requirements. Provide a description of the equipments overall function. 9.2.2.3 Model Number/Serial Number. Supply the manufacturers unique identification number and/or serial number. 9.2.2.4 Equipment Designation. Short designator used for the analysis. 9.2.2.5 Product Description. A detailed description of the Equipment. 9.2.2.6 Dimensions. Height, width, and depth. 9.2.2.7 Weight. Operating weight of the Equipment and all associated additional weights included in the analysis. 9.2.2.8 Restrictions. Provide restrictions or limitations on use of the Equipment. Code Parameters. 9.2.3.1 Building Code. List the version of the IBC. 9.2.3.2 Importance Factor. Specify the importance factor. The I p value will dictate the functionality requirements.

9.2.2

9.2.3

9.2.4 Performance Requirements. Detailed description of the Performance Requirements, or operational parameters, used to verify Functional Requirements for I p = 1.5. 9.2.5 Installation Instructions. A description shall be provided that describes how the Equipment is installed in the field. 9.2.6 Details. 9.2.6.1 General arrangement drawings.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 9.2.6.2 Provide the inputs used in the calculation to include but not limited to the Seismic Demand, assumed flexibility of the equipment, restrictions (e.g. not allowed to be isolated or installed above grade) and materials (properties and allowable loads/stresses) used in the construction of the Equipment or Component. All options that are available on the Equipment included in the certification. 9.2.6.3 Location of Components and Attachment Points. 9.2.6.4 Details of all connections. 9.2.6.5 Qualification of Components. 9.2.6.6 Assemblies. 9.6.2.7 Modular sections (including splice bolting/welding requirements). 9.6.2.8 Internal piping affected by motion to include piping that crosses splice connections. 9.2.7 Results. This section is used for the actual calculations. Results shall include the stresses and deflections from the seismic loads and other loads. Identify all locations where the dynamic analysis results show deflections or deformations that suggest that the EFRS has exceeded yield. 9.2.8 Computer Programs. Provide validation documentation of computer programs. 9.2.9 Specific Report Requirements. Reports shall be submitted in their entirety and shall include at least the following: 9.2.9.1 Report Identification Number. Each report shall have a unique identification number. Each page of the report shall include this identification number to ensure that each page is part of the same test report. 9.2.9.2 Page Numbers. The report shall be paginated and the total number of pages indicated on the first page. 9.2.9.3 Date. The report date shall be included. 9.2.10 Appendices. The report shall provide additional information that is pertinent to the analysis, such as graphs, calculations, drawings, photographs, and interpretation of results, if required. 9.3 Seismic Shake Table Test Report. The report shall have the following information. 9.3.1 Executive Summary. 9.3.1.1 Laboratory Information. Test laboratorys name, address, contact information and phone number. 9.3.1.2 Laboratory Qualification. Provide qualification documentation in the form of a certificate for accredited or approved laboratories or provide documentation of compliance to this standard for laboratories that are not approved. 9.3.1.3 Signatures. Signatures (dated) and titles (or equivalent identification) of persons approving the test report. 9.3.1.4 Assembly of test specimen. Report shall identify the parties constructing the assemblies. 9.3.1.5 Test results and conclusions. Provide the results of the testing and include the verification of functionality for I p = 1.5. Results of the Performance Requirements that prove the Functional Requirements are maintained after the shake table test shall be summarized. A statement shall indicate whether the product passed or failed. Failure shall be described to include the specific items that failed and the failure mode. An explanation of any deviation or anomalies shall be provided with justification if the Equipment is still qualified. Manufacturer Information. 9.3.2.1 Equipment Manufacturer Information. Manufacturers name, manufacturers address, primary contact, and phone number for all correspondence regarding the seismic qualification testing per this procedure. 9.3.2.2 Functional Requirements. Provide a description of the equipments overall function. 9.3.2.3 Model Number/Serial Number. Supply the manufacturers unique identification number and/or serial number. 9.3.2.4 Equipment Designation. Short designator used for plotting and test run purposes.

9.3.2

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 9.3.2.5 Product Description. A detailed description of the Equipment. This shall include major subassemblies and Components (e.g., bills of material) and any other applicable product information. 9.3.2.6 Dimensions. Height, width, and depth. 9.3.2.7 Weight. Weight of the Equipment and all associated additional weights provided for the test. 9.3.2.8 Restrictions. Provide restrictions or limitations on use of the Equipment. 9.3.3 Code Parameters 9.3.3.1 Building Code. List the version of the IBC. 9.3.3.2 Importance Factor. Specify the importance factor. The Ip value will dictate the functionality requirements. 9.3.4 Performance Requirements. Detailed description of the Performance Requirements, or operational test parameters, used to verify Functional Requirements before and after the test for I p = 1.5. 9.3.5 Equipment Product Line Extrapolation and Interpolation. Reporting requirements as defined in AC156. 9.3.6 Installation Instructions. A description shall be provided that describes how the Equipment is installed in the field and how the Equipment shall be installed on the shake table that represents the field installation. 9.3.7 Special Test Requirements. The equipment manufacturer shall list test requirements that may be deemed special or beyond normal seismic qualification testing (i.e., specific EFRS displacements, acceleration monitoring, etc.). 9.3.8 Product sampling. Provide evidence that the Equipment is in compliance to Section 8.4. 9.3.9 Seismic Qualification Test Procedure. Provide a description of the test procedure and documentation in compliance with Section 8.5. 9.3.10 Specific Report Requirements. Test reports shall be submitted in their entirety and shall include at least the following: 9.3.10.1 Report Identification Number. Each report shall have a unique identification number. Each page of the report shall include this identification number to ensure that each page is part of the same test report. 9.3.10.2 Page Numbers. The report shall be paginated and the total number of pages indicated on the first page. 9.3.10.3 Date. The report shall include the date of testing and report date. 9.3.11 Test data. Test data shall include proof of performance, TRS plots, acceleration time histories of the shake table input motion, Transmissibility plots, EQT weight, test monitoring calibrations, etc.

Section 10. Seismic Rating of Equipment 10.1 Scope. Seismic rating of the Equipment is based on testing or analysis that defines the maximum earthquake acceleration in terms of g-values that the Equipment can withstand and maintain its structural integrity and, if required, be functional after the design earthquake. The Equipment is rated up to the CRS value based on analysis or test.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

APPENDIX A. REFERENCES NORMATIVE

A1 Listed here are all the standards, handbooks, and other publications essential to the formation and implementation of the standard. All references in this appendix are considered part of this standard. A1.1 2009 International Building Code, International Code Council, 4051 West Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, IL 60478. A1.2 AC156. Acceptance Criteria for Seismic Qualification by Shake-Table Testing of Nonstructural Components and Systems, 2007, ICC Evaluation Service, Inc. Whittier, California: ICC-ES. A1.3 ACI 350.3, Standard Practice for the Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures, 2001, applies to ASCE 7 Sections 15.7.6.1.1 and 15.7.7.3. American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331. A1.4 ASCE Standard SEI/ASCE 7-10. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers. 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, Virginia 20191. A1.5 ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, & Refrigeration, 1991, Second Edition, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, U.S.A. A1.6 IITK-GSDMA Guidelines for Seismic Design of Liquid Storage Tanks, October 2007, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering, Kanpur, India 208016.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

APPENDIX B. REFERENCES INFORMATIVE

B1 Listed here are standards, handbooks, and other publications which provide additional information. B1.1 AA ADMI-05, "Aluminum Design Manual". The Aluminum Association, 1525 Wilson Blvd. Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22209. B1.2 AA ASM 35-00, "Aluminum Sheet Metal Work in Building Construction". The Aluminum Association, 1525 Wilson Blvd. Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22209. B1.3 ACI 371R, Guide to the Analysis, Design, and Construction of Concrete-Pedestal Water Towers, 1998, applies to ASCE 7 Section 15.7.10.7. American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331. B1.4 ANSI/IEEE Standard 344-1987, IEEE Recommended Practice for Seismic Qualification of Class 1E Equipment for Nuclear Power Generating Stations (1987), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. B1.5 ANSYS, Inc., ANSYS, 275 Technology Drive Canonsburg, PA 15317.

B1.6 API 12B, Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids, Specification 12B, 14th edition, 1995, applies to ASCE 7 Section 15.7.8.2. American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005. B1.7 API 620, Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low Pressure Storage Tanks, 10th edition, 2002, applies to ASCE 7 Sections 15.4.1, 15.7.8.1 and 15.7.13.1. American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005. B1.8 API 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 10th edition, Addendum 4, 2006, applies to ASCE 7 Sections 15.4.1, 15.7.8.1 and 15.7.9.4. American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005. B1.9 API 653, Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction, 3rd edition, 2001, applies to ASCE 7 Sections 15.7.6.1.9. American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20005. B1.10 AWWA D100, Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage, 2006, applies to ASCE 7 Sections 15.4.1, 15.7.7.1, 15.7.9.4, 15.7.10.6 and 15.7.10.6.2. American Water Works Association, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver CO 80235. B1.11 AWWA D103, Wire and Strand-Wound Circular Pre-stressed Concrete Water Tanks, 1995, applies to ASCE 7 Sections 15.7.7.3. American Water Works Association, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver CO 80235. B1.12 AWWA D115, Circular Pre-stressed Concrete Tanks with Circumferential Tendons, 1995, applies to ASCE 7 Section 15.7.7.3. American Water Works Association, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver CO 80235. B1.13 Computers and Structures, Inc., ETABS, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 540 Berkeley, CA 94704. B1.14 Computers and Structures, Inc., SAP2000, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 540 Berkeley, CA 94704.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 B1.15 Georgia Tech University, GTSTRUDL, Structural Design & Analysis Software, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0355. B1.16 IEEE Standard 693-1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for Seismic Design of Substations (1997), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, 17th Floor New York, NY 10016. B1.17 MSC Software, NASTRAN, Accurate, Efficient & Affordable Finite Element Analysis, 2 MacArthur Place Santa Ana, CA 92707. B1.18 NFPA 59A, Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), 2006, applies to ASCE 7 Section 15.4.8. National Fire Protection Association, 1, Battery Park, Quincy, Massachusetts, 02169.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

APPENDIX C. INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE INFORMATIVE

Note: This appendix is a paraphrase of the original document and is not intended to be a replacement for the original document. SECTION 1613 EARTHQUAKE LOADS 1613.1 Scope. Every structure, and portion thereof, including nonstructural components that are permanently attached to structures and their supports and attachment, shall be designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake motions in accordance with ASCE 7, excluding Chapter 14 and Appendix 11A. The seismic design category for a structure is permitted to be determined in accordance with Section 1613 or ASCE 7. SECTION 1708 STRUCTURAL TESTING FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE 1708.1 Testing and qualification for seismic resistance. The testing and qualification specified in Sections 1708.2 through 1708.5, unless exempted from special inspections by the exceptions of Section 1704.1, 1705.3 or 1705.3.1 are required as follows: 1. The seismic-force-resisting systems in structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C, D, E or F, as determined in Section 1613 shall meet the requirements of Sections 1708.2 and 1708.3, as applicable Designated seismic systems in structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C, D, E or F, subject to the special certification requirements of ASCE 7 Section 13.2.2 are required to be tested in accordance with Section 1708.4 Architectural, mechanical and electrical components in structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C, D, E or F with an I p =1.0 are required to be tested in accordance with Section 1708.4 where the general design requirements of ASCE 7 Section 13.2.1, Item 2 for manufacturers certification are satisfied by testing. The seismic isolation system in seismically isolated structures shall meet the testing requirements of Section 1708.5.

2.

3.

4.

1708.4 Seismic certification of nonstructural components. The registered design professional shall state the applicable seismic certification requirements for nonstructural components and designated seismic systems on the construction documents. 1. The manufacturer of each designated seismic system component subject to the provisions of ASCE 7 Section 13.22. shall test or analyze the component and its mounting system or anchorage and submit a Certificate of Compliance for review and acceptance by the registered design professional responsible for the design of the designated seismic system and for approval by the building official. Certification shall be based on an actual test on a shake table, by three-dimensional shock tests, by an analytical method using dynamic characteristics and forces, by the use of experience date (i.e., historical data demonstrating acceptable seismic performance) or by more rigorous analysis providing for equivalent safety. 2. Manufacturers certification of compliance for the general design requirements of ASCE 7 Section 13.2.1 shall be based on analysis, testing or experience data.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

APPENDIX D. ASCE 7 MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS FOR BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURESNORMATIVE
D1 General. D1.1 Component Importance Factor. All components shall be assigned a component importance factor as indicated in this section. The component importance factor, Ip, shall be taken as 1.5 if any of the following conditions apply: 1. The component is required to function for life-safety purposes after an earthquake, including fire protection sprinkler systems. 2. The component contains hazardous materials. 3. The component is in or attached to an Occupancy Category IV structure and it is needed for continued operation of the facility or its failure could impair the continued operation of the facility. All other components shall be assigned a component importance factor, Ip, equal to 1.0. D1.2 Exemptions. The following nonstructural components are exempt from the requirements of this section: 1. Architectural components in Seismic Design Category B other than parapets supported by bearing walls or shear walls provided that the component importance factor, Ip, is equal to 1.0. 2. Mechanical and electrical components in Seismic Design Category B. 3. Mechanical and electrical components in Seismic Design Category C provided that the component importance factor, Ip, is equal to 1.0. 4. Mechanical and electrical components in Seismic Design Categories D, E, or F where the component importance factor, Ip, is equal to 1.0 and both of the following conditions apply: a. Flexible connections between the components and associated ductwork, piping, and conduit are provided and b. Components are mounted at 4 ft or less above a floor level and weigh 400 lb or less. 5. Mechanical and electrical components in Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F where the component importance factor, Ip, is equal to 1.0 and both of the following conditions apply: a. Flexible connections between the components and associated ductwork, piping, and conduit are provided and b. The components weigh 20 lb or less or, for distribution systems, weighing 5 lb/ft or less. D2 General Design Requirements D2.1 Applicable Requirements for Architectural, Mechanical, and Electrical Components, Supports, and Attachments. Architectural, mechanical, and electrical components, supports, and attachments shall comply with the sections referenced in Table 13.2-1. These requirements shall be satisfied by one of the following methods: 1. Project-specific design and documentation prepared and submitted by a registered design professional. 2. Submittal of the manufacturers certification that the component is seismically qualified by a. Analysis. b. Testing in accordance with the alternative set forth in Section 13.2.5. c. Experience data in accordance with the alternative set forth in Section 13.2.6. D2.2 Special Certification Requirements for Designated Seismic Systems. Certifications shall be provided for designated seismic systems assigned to Seismic Design Categories C through F as follows: a. Active mechanical and electrical equipment that must remain operable following the design earthquake shall be certified by the supplier as operable based on approved shake table testing in accordance with Section 13.2.5 or experience data in accordance with Section 13.2.6. Evidence

25

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 demonstrating compliance of this requirement shall be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction after review and approval by the registered design professional. b. Components with hazardous contents shall be certified by the supplier as maintaining containment following the design earthquake by (1) analysis, (2) approved shake table testing in accordance with Section 13.2.5, or (3) experience data in accordance with Section 13.2.6. Evidence demonstrating compliance of this requirement shall be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction after review and approval by the registered design professional. D2.3 Testing Alternative for Seismic Capacity Determination. As an alternative to the analytical requirements of Sections 13.2 through 13.6, testing shall be deemed as an acceptable method to determine the seismic capacity of components and their supports and attachments. Seismic qualification by testing based upon a nationally recognized testing standard procedure such as ICC-ES AC156, acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction shall be deemed to satisfy the design and evaluation requirements provided that the substantiated seismic capacities equal or exceed the seismic demands determined in accordance with Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2. D2.4 Experience Data Alternative for Seismic Capacity Determination. As an alternative to the analytical requirements of Sections 13.2 through 13.6, use of experience data shall be deemed as an acceptable method to determine the seismic capacity of components and their supports and attachments. Seismic qualification by experience data based upon nationally recognized procedures acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction shall be deemed to satisfy the design and evaluation requirements provided that the substantiated seismic capacities equal or exceed the seismic demands determined in accordance with Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2. Table D1. Applicable Requirements for Architectural, Mechanical, and Electrical Components: Supports and Attachments Nonstructural Element (i.e. Component, Support, Attachment)
Architectural Components and Attachments for Architectural Components Mechanical and Electrical Components with Ip > 1 Supports and Attachments for Mechanical and Electrical Components

General Design Requirements Section 13.2

Force and Displacement Requirements Section 13.3

Attachment Requirements Section 13.4

Architectural Component Requirements Section 13.5

Mechanical and Electrical Component Requirements Section 13.6

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

APPENDIX E. ASCE 7 COMMENTARY C13 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS- INFORMATIVE
The following commentary is included in ASCE/SEI 7-10. C13.2.2 Special Certification Requirements for Active Designated Seismic Systems: This section addresses the qualification of active designated seismic equipment, its supports, and attachments with the goal of improving survivability and achieving a high level of confidence that a facility will be functional following a design earthquake. Active equipment has parts that rotate, move mechanically, or are energized during operation. Active designated seismic equipment constitutes a limited subset of designated seismic systems. Failure of active designated seismic equipment itself may pose a significant hazard. For active designated seismic equipment, failure of structural integrity or loss of function are to be avoided. Examples of active designated seismic equipment include mechanical (HVAC & refrigeration) or electrical (power supply distribution) equipment, medical equipment, fire pump equipment, and uninterruptible power supplies for hospitals. Evaluating post-earthquake operational performance for active equipment by analysis generally involves sophisticated modeling with experimental validation and may not be reliable. Therefore, the use of analysis for active or energized components is not permitted unless a comparison can be made to components that have otherwise been deemed as rugged. As an example, a transformer is energized but contains components that can be shown to remain linearly elastic and are inherently rugged. On the other hand, switch equipment that contains fragile components is similarly energized but not inherently rugged, and therefore cannot be certified solely by analysis. For complex components, testing or experience may therefore be the only practical way to ensure that the equipment will be operable following a design earthquake. Past earthquake experience has shown that most active equipment is inherently rugged. Therefore, evaluation of experience data together with analysis of anchorage is adequate to demonstrate compliance of active equipment such as pumps, compressors and electric motors. In other cases, such as for motor control centers and switching equipment, shake table testing may be required. As a rule of thumb, active mechanical and electrical equipment to be considered under 13.2.2 can be limited to equipment that contains an electric motor greater than 10 hp or heat transfer capacity greater than 200 MBH. Components with lesser motor hp and thermal exchange capacity are generally considered to be small active components and are deemed rugged. Exceptions to this rule may be appropriate for specific cases, such as elevator motors that have higher horsepower but have been shown by experience to be rugged. Analysis is still required to ensure the structural integrity of the non-active component. For example, a 15-ton condenser would require analysis of the load path between the condenser fan and coil to the building structure attachment.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

APPENDIX F. INTERPRETATION OF ASCE 7 AS IT APPLIES TO SEISMIC CAPACITY OF LIQUID STORAGE TANKS USING DYNAMIC ANALYSISNORMATIVE
Note: For a complete list of definitions and terms see ASCE 7. This appendix is a paraphrase of the original document and is not intended to be a replacement for the original document. F1.1 Scope. This appendix is limited to the evaluation of liquid storage tanks and does not address the design of their foundations or supporting structures. For tanks supported within building structures on elevated levels (ASCE 7 Section 15.3), appropriate building amplification of seismic ground motion should be considered when deriving the seismic forces on the tank. This section does not apply to small metal housings used in humidifiers. F1.2 General. Any structure having a primary purpose of retaining a significant volume of liquid within its boundaries is considered to be a liquid storage tank. The perimeter may be of any shape but will be approximated as cylindrical, rectangular or a combination of both for analysis purposes within the scope of this appendix. The structure may be of any material, may be located above or below ground and may be internal or external to building structures. The ability of a liquid storage tank to retain the liquid within its boundaries is a passive function determined by the structural and leak integrity of the tank under the loads to which it is subjected. There may also be active functions associated with keeping the liquid within the tank boundaries, such as the closure of open isolation valves on piping penetrating the tank boundaries or shutting down pumps that could otherwise empty the tank. A tank could also be part of system that has passive and active functional requirements in addition to liquid retention. Those tank structures having full covers are considered closed. The covers of closed tanks may be subject to internal forces resulting from liquid sloshing caused by seismic excitation if adequate freeboard height is not provided. Tanks without full covers are considered open. Sloshing could result in some of the liquid spilling over the walls of the tank during a seismic event if adequate freeboard height is not provided. F 1.3 Description. Liquid storage tanks may contain structures such as internal structural elements, roof supports, piping, baffles or heat exchanger tube bundles within their boundaries. Normally wetted structures such as baffles and heat exchanger tube bundles are likely to inhibit liquid sloshing by creating significant resistance to relative fluid movement. Structures that are contained within liquid-containing structures are defined in ASCE 7 Section 15.6.4 as Special Hydraulic Structures and are required in Section 15.6.4.1 Design Basis to be designed for the hydrodynamic rigid body and sloshing forces that result from seismic excitation. A complete or partial loss of liquid inventory could result from the loss of tank structural integrity and/or liquid sloshing. For hazardous liquids such a loss could result in a significant safety hazard. For nonhazardous liquids a loss of inventory could result in a significant safety hazard where, for instance, drowning or electrocution could result from contact with the escaping liquid. In addition, the loss of liquid inventory could adversely impact the function of nearby structures and/or equipment that are important to safety. ASCE 7 Chapter 13 Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components, Section 13.1.5 Applicability of Nonstructural Component Requirements, defines non-building structures as being those nonstructural components whose weight is greater than or equal to 25% of the effective seismic weight of the building to which they are attached. This section defers to Chapter 15 for the design of non-building structures (including storage racks and tanks) that are supported by other structures. This is interpreted to include all tanks regardless of weight since Chapter 15 provides special requirements for these structures in

28

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 Section 15.7 Tanks and Vessels. Tanks that are self-supported are also included within the scope of Chapter 15. Liquid storage tanks are considered, herein, to be Non-building Structures not Similar to Buildings whose design requirements are specified in ASCE 7 Chapter 15 rather than Nonstructural Components whose design requirements are specified in Chapter 13. F1.4 ASCE 7 Section 15.4 Structural Design Requirements. ASCE 7 Section 15.4.1, Design Basis, states that non-building structures shall be designed in compliance with ASCE 7 Section 15.5 and 15.6 to resist minimum seismic lateral forces that are not less than the requirements of ASCE 7 Section 12.8 with the following additions and exceptions. The additions and exceptions for tanks are those for nonbuilding structures not similar to buildings. These are: F1.4.1 Values of R (Response Modification Coefficient), 0 (System Overstrength Factor), C d (Deflection Amplitude Factor) indicated in ASCE 7 Table 15.4-2 for the type of tank shall be used in determining the base shear, element design forces, and design story drift as indicated in this standard. Design and detailing requirements shall comply with the sections referenced in ASCE 7 Table 15.4-2. For tank types that are not listed in ASCE 7 Table 15.4-2, applicable strength and other design criteria shall be obtained from a reference document that is applicable to the type of tank. Design and detailing requirements for such tanks shall comply with the reference document. The Detailing Requirements for elevated tanks, other than those supported on structural towers, are generally given in ASCE 7 Section 15.7.10 and those for ground supported tanks are given in ASCE 7 Section 15.7. Parameters for flat bottom ground-supported tanks of steel or fiber-reinforced plastic that are mechanically anchored are listed as: R=3 0 = 2 C d = 2.5 Minimum values for flat bottom ground-supported tanks are: R = 1.5 0 = 1.5 C d = 1.5 No height limits are imposed on ground supported tanks as listed in Table 15.4-2. F1.4.2 For tanks that have an R value provided in Table 15.4-2, the seismic response coefficient (C S ) shall not be less than C S = 0.03 and when located where S 1 0.6g, C S shall not be less than C S = 0.8S 1 /(R/I) F1

For generic qualification it is recommended that R/I be assumed to be no greater than 1.0. For S 1 = 1.0 g this results in: F2 C S = 0.8 g Minimum base shear requirements need not apply to the convective (sloshing) component of liquid storage tanks. F1.4.3 The importance factor I shall be as set forth in Section 15.4.1.1.

29

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 F1.4.4 The vertical distribution of the lateral seismic forces shall be determined: a. Using the requirements of Section 12.8.3, or b. Using the procedures of Section 12.9, or c. In accordance with reference document applicable to the specific non-building structure. ASCE 7 Section 12.8.3 states that the lateral seismic force (F X ) induced at any level shall be determined from the following equations: F3 F X = C VX V and C VX = W X h X /[Sum(W i h i k)] Where: W X and W i = portion of weight at level X or i h X and h i = height at level X or i k = 1.0 for T 0.5 s k = 2.0 for T 2.5 s k = linear interpolation for 0.5 s < T < 2.5 s F1.4.5 The minimum seismic design force shall not be less than that required by the reference document for the specific system for liquid containing structures supported at the base as defined in ASCE 7 Section 15.7.1. F1.4.6 Where a reference document provides a basis for the earthquake resistant design of a tank covered by ASCE 7 Chapter 15, such a standard shall not be used unless the following limitations are met: a. The seismic ground accelerations, and seismic coefficients, shall be in conformance with the requirements of ASCE 7 Section 11.4. b. The values for total lateral force and total base overturning moment used in design shall not be less than 80 percent of the base shear value and overturning moment, each adjusted for the effects of soil-structure interaction that is obtained using this standard. F1.4.7 The base shear is permitted to be reduced in accordance with Section 19.2.1 to account for the effects of soil-structure interaction. In no case shall the reduced base shear be less than 0.7V. Soil-structure interaction is site specific and would not be known in advance for generic qualification. Therefore no reduction is assumed, herein. F1.4.8 Unless otherwise noted in Chapter 15, the effects on the tank due to gravity loads and seismic forces shall be combined in accordance with the factored load combination as presented in Section 2.3. F1.4.9 Where specifically required by Chapter 15, the design seismic force on tanks shall be as defined in Section 12.4.3. F1.5 Base Shear. ASCE 7 Section 15.4.2, Rigid Non-building Structures, specifies that structures having a fundamental period T less than 0.06 s (frequency greater than 16.67 Hz), including their anchorages, shall be designed for the lateral force obtained from the following: V = 0.30S DS WI F5 Where: W = nonbuilding structure operating weight F4

30

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 The recommended generic qualification values of S DS = 1.33 g and I = 1.5, result in: V = 0.6W

F6

The force shall be distributed with height in accordance with Section 12.8.3 as described previously. F1.6 Loads. ASCE 7 Section 15.4.3 Loads, defines the seismic effective weight W as including all dead load as defined in Section 12.7.2 and all normal operating contents for tanks. In addition W shall include snow and ice loads where these constitute 25 percent or more of W or where required by the building official based on local environmental characteristics. Fundamental Period. To be determined by analysis. Drift Limitations, Deflection Limits and Structure Separation. Per ASCE 7 Section 15.4.5, the drift limits of ASCE 7 Section 12.12.1 need not apply to tanks if a rational analysis indicates they can be exceeded without adversely affecting structural stability or attached or interconnected components and elements such as walkways and piping. P-delta effects shall be considered where critical to the function or stability of the tank. Per ASCE 7 Section 15.4.7, deflection limits and structure separation shall be determined in accordance with the ASCE 7 standard unless specifically amended in ASCE 7 Chapter 15. F1.9 Site Specific Response Spectra. ASCE 7 Section 15.4.8 states Where required by a reference document or the authority having jurisdiction, specific types of non-building structures shall be designed for site-specific criteria that accounts for local seismicity and geology, expected recurrence intervals and magnitudes of events from known seismic hazards (see Section 11.4.7 of this standard). If a longer recurrence interval is defined in the reference document for the non-building structure, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanks (NFPA 59A), the recurrence interval required in the reference document shall be used. ASCE 7, Section 15.7 Tanks and Vessels. F1.10.1 ASCE 7 Section 15.7.1 General. ASCE 7, Section 15.7 Tanks and Vessels, applies to all tanks, vessels, bins and silos, and similar containers storing liquids, gases, and granular solids supported at the base. Tanks supported on elevated levels in buildings are not covered by this section but shall be designed in accordance with Section 15.3. F1.10.2 ASCE 7 Section 15.7.2 Design Basis. Section 15.7.2 establishes the following design basis requirements: a. Damping for the convective (sloshing) force component shall be taken as 0.5 percent. Values of convective spectral acceleration S ac are obtained by multiplying the values of S a , derived for 5% damping, by a factor of 1.5 per Section 15.7.6.1. b. Impulsive and convective components shall be combined by the direct sum or the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) method where the modal periods are separated. If significant modal coupling may occur, the complete quadratic combination (CQC) method shall be used. c. Vertical earthquake forces shall be determined from appropriate reference documents or as follows: (1) Increase hydrostatic vertical/lateral forces on tank walls by: F7 0.2S DS L (2) Increase hoop pressure by: F8 N h = 0.2S DS L (H L y) (D i /2) (3) Increase vertical inertia by: F9 0.2S DS W F1.10.3 ASCE 7 Section 15.7.3 Strength and Ductility. Strength and ductility requirements for members that are part of the lateral support system are given in Section 15.7.3 as follows:

F1.7 F1.8

F1.10

31

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 a. Connections and attachments for anchorage and force resisting elements shall be designed to develop the strength of anchor (based on yield) or W 0 times the calculated element design force. Penetrations and openings in the shell shall maintain the strength and stability of the shell. Support towers are outside the scope of this document Vessel stiffness relative to support system (foundation, tower, skirt, etc) shall be considered in force determination. Concrete tanks are outside the scope of this document

b. c. d. e.

F1.10.4 ASCE 7 Section 15.7.4 Flexibility of Piping Attachments. Requirements for the flexibility of piping attachments are specified in Section 15.7.4 as follows: The piping system and supports shall be designed so as not to impart significant mechanical loading on the attachment to the tank or vessel shell. Mechanical devices that add flexibility, such as bellows, expansion joints, and other flexible apparatus, are permitted to be used where they are designed for seismic displacements and defined operating pressure. Unless otherwise calculated, the minimum displacements in Table 15.7-1 shall be assumed. For generic qualification, tanks are assumed to be provided with mechanical anchorage systems for which the minimum displacements are: a. Upward vertical displacement relative to support of foundation = 1.0 inch b. Downward vertical displacement relative to support of foundation = 0.5 inch c. Range of horizontal displacement (radial and tangential) = 0.5 inch For attachment points located above the support of a foundation, the calculated drift of the tank will be added to the minimum values above. The piping system and tank connection will be designed to tolerate C d times the minimum displacements (including tank drift if applicable) without rupture. The effects of foundation movements (such as settlement and seismic displacements) shall be included in the piping system design including the mechanical loading on the tank and the total displacement capacity of mechanical devices intended to add flexibility. F1.10.5 ASCE 7 Section 15.7.5 Anchorage. Anchorage requirements are given in Section 15.7.5 where it is stated: Tanks and vessels at grade are permitted to be designed without anchorage where they meet the requirements for unanchored tanks in reference documents. Anchorage is outside the scope for this document. F1.11 ASCE 7 Section 15.7.6 Ground-Supported Storage Tanks for Liquids. The seismic base shear is to be derived by the combination of impulsive and convective shear components: F10 V = Vi + Vc where F11 V i = S ai W i /(R/I) V c = S ac IW c /1.5 F12 F13 S ai = S a for T i > T 0 F14 S ai = S DS for T i T 0 F15 S ac = 1.5S a for T c > T 0 F16 S ac = 1.5S DS for T c T 0 ) W i = Impulsive weight of liquid, tank structure and equipment (lb) W c = Liquid convective weight (lb) T i = Fundamental period of response for tank including impulsive component of liquid weight. F17 T c = 2{D/[3.68g tanh(3.68H/D)]} D = Inside diameter of cylindrical tanks or the longitudinal plan dimension of rectangular tanks for the direction under consideration (ft) H = liquid height (ft) g = 32.2 ft/s2

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

It is recommended that R/I = 1.0 and I = 1.5 be assumed for generic qualification. Equations for W i , W c , T i and T c are available in various reference documents such as ACI 350.3 and ITTK-GSDMA (See Section 9.2). The equation for T c given above is most appropriate for circular tanks. Alternate equations for rectangular tanks can be found in those reference documents. The multiplication factor of 1.5 appearing in the equations for S ac converts S a and S DS values based on 5% damping to 0.5% damped values. A multiplier of 1.75 is specified in ITTK-GSDMA and a value of 1.4 is specified for 2% damping. ASCE 7 Section 15.7.6.1.1 addresses the distribution of hydrodynamic and inertia forces wherein it is stated Unless otherwise required by the appropriate reference document listed in Chapter 23, the method given in ACI 350.3 is permitted to be used to determine the vertical and horizontal distribution of the hydrodynamic and inertial forces on the walls of circular and rectangular tanks. Sloshing is addressed in ASCE 7 Section 15.7.6.1.2 where the height of the sloshing wave is defined as: F18 s = 0.5D i IS ac Where D i = Inside diameter of cylindrical tanks or the longitudinal plan dimension of rectangular tanks for the direction under consideration. ASCE 7 Table 15.7-3 gives the minimum freeboard requirements based on Occupancy Category and S DS . It is recommended that a minimum freeboard height of s , as required for Occupancy Category IV, be provided for generic qualification unless one of the following allowed alternatives are provided: a. Secondary containment is provided to control the product spill. b. The roof and supporting structure are designed to contain the sloshing liquid. Where sloshing in closed tanks is restricted because the freeboard is less than the sloshing height the roof and supporting structure shall be designed for an equivalent hydrostatic head equal to the computed sloshing height less the freeboard. In addition, the design of the tank shall use the confined portion of the convective (sloshing) mass as an additional impulsive mass. F2.1 Analysis Methodology. Recommended methods of analysis for liquid storage tanks include but are not limited to ACI 350.3 Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures, American Concrete Institute, 2001 and IITK-GSDMA Guidelines for Seismic Design of Liquid Storage Tanks, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering, October 2007. The IITK-GSDMA document is judged to be current state-of-the-art. In addition, it addresses non-concrete tanks. This document is freely available from the internet at http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/IITKGSDMA/EQ08.pdf along with a discussion of the supporting background research being available at http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/IITK-GSDMA/EQ04.pdf. Provide engineering judgment on applying recommended methodology and comparison to ASCE 7 requirements. A discussion summarizing these documents is as follows: Seismic Modeling. IITK-GSDMA Section 4.1 General Section 4.2 Spring Mass Model for Seismic Analysis Section 4.2.1 Ground Supported Tank. Gives modeling guidance in Section 4.2.1.1 Ground supported tanks can be idealized as spring-mass model shown in Figure 1. The impulsive mass of liquid, m i is rigidly attached to tank wall at height h i (or h i *). Similarly convective mass, m c is attached to the tank wall at height h c (or h c *) by a spring of stiffness K C . Section 4.2.1.2 Circular and Rectangular Tank

F2.2

33

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 identifies the process of determining and applying the values for m i , m c , h i , h i *, h c , h c * and K C . Section 4.2.2 Elevated Tank is outside the scope of this document Section 4.2.3 Other than circular or rectangular tanks is outside the scope of this document Section 4.3 Time Period. This is subdivided into Section 4.3.1 - Impulsive Mode and Section 4.3.2 Convective Mode for determining the natural period of seismic response including liquid mass effects. Circular and rectangular tanks are addressed separately in each section. Section 4.3.1 Impulsive Mode. For ground-supported circular tanks: T i = C i h[r/(Et/D)]0.5 Where : C i can be obtained from IITK-GSDMA, Fig. 5 For ground-supported rectangular tanks: T i = 2(d/g)0.5 Where: d = deflection of the tank wall on the vertical center-line at a height h, when loaded by uniformly distributed pressure of intensity q. Equations for h and q are provided. Alternatively, T i can be derived from rigorous analysis of structure including impulsive mass at the appropriate height. Section 4.3.2 Convective Mode For circular tanks: T c = 2(m c /K c )0.5 which, can be derived from: T c = C c (D/g)0.5 Where: C c = 2/(3.68tanh(3.68h/D)0.5 F20

F19

F21

F22

F23

This results in the same equation as given in ASCE 7 Section 15.7.6.1 For rectangular tanks: T c = C c (L/g)0.5 Where: C c = 2/(3.16tanh(3.16h/L)0.5

F24

F25

There is no equivalent to this in ASCE 7 Section 15.7.6.1. Section 4.4 Damping. This section addresses damping wherein it is stated that Damping in the convective mode for all types of liquids and for all types of tanks shall be taken as 0.5% of the critical damping. Damping in the impulsive mode shall be taken as 2% of the critical damping for steel tanks and 5% of the critical damping for concrete or masonry tanks. The convective damping is the same as prescribed by ASCE 7 Section 15.7.2.a. The impulsive damping for concrete and masonry tanks is the same as assumed in ASCE 7 Section 15.7.6 for the definition of S ai but is more conservative for steel tanks. 34

ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

Multiplication factors of 1.75 and 1.4 are specified for converting 5% damped spectral values to those of 0.5% and 2.0% respectively. The 0.5% factor of 1.75 is more conservative than the ASCE 7 Section 15.7.6.1 value of 1.5. Section 4.5 Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient A h = ZIS a /(2Rg) of use demand identified in Section 7 of this standard. Section 4.6 Base Shear Section 4.6.1 Ground Supported Tank V i = (A h ) i (m i + m w + m t )g F26 V c = (A h ) c m c g substitute S ai and S ac for (A h ) I and (A h ) c Section 4.6.3 V = (V i 2 + V c 2)0.5 Section 4.7 Base Moment Section 4.7.1 Ground Supported Tank M i = (A h ) i (m i h i + m w h w + m t h t )g M c = (A h ) c m c h c g F30 substitute S ai and S ac for (A h ) I and (A h ) c Section 4.7.3 M = (M i 2 + M c 2)0.5 Section 4.8 Direction of Seismic Force Section 4.9 Hydrodynamic Pressure Section 4.9.1 Impulsive Hydrodynamic Pressure Section 4.9.2 - Convective Hydrodynamic Pressure Section 4.9.5 Pressure Due to Wall Inertia Section 4.10 Effect of Vertical Ground Acceleration P v = (A v )rgh(1 y/h) A v = (2/3)A h Section 4.11 Sloshing Wave Height (taken from ACI 350.3, 2001) d max = 0.5DR(A h ) c for circular tank (similar to ASCE 7 s = 0.5DIS ac ) F34 d max = 0.5LR(A h ) c for rectangular tank (no equivalent in ASCE 7) Section 4.12 Anchorage Requirement. Anchorage required when: h/D > 1/(A h ) I ,however, it is recommended that all tanks be anchored Section 4.13 - Miscellaneous 4.13.1 Piping 4.13.2 Buckling of Shell 4.13.3 Buried Tanks 4.13.4 Shear Transfer

F27

F28

F29

F31

F32 F33

F35

F36

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011 4.13.5 P-Delta Effect 4.13.6 Quality Control F2.3 Liquid Seismic Mass F2.3.1 Where wetted structures internal to a tank are expected to offer little resistance to fluid movement the contained liquid mass shall be partitioned into a convective and impulsive component determined in accordance with standard methods. Sloshing due to the convective component shall be considered. F2.3.2 If wetted structures internal to a tank are expected to offer significant resistance to fluid movement (such as baffles or heat exchanger tube bundles) then the liquid mass bounded by the internals shall be considered entirely impulsive (it is reasonable to expect that due to the presence of such obstructions, impulsive pressure will increase and convective pressure will decrease, IITK-GSDMA, C4.2, p. 12). a. Sloshing can be ignored if there is no liquid above the wetted internal structures. Otherwise, that portion of the liquid above the internals shall be considered convective and sloshing will be considered. b. That portion of the liquid mass outside the bounds of the internal structures shall be added to the tank mass. c. That portion of the liquid mass bounded by the internal structures shall be added to the mass of the internals when the relative movement between the internals and the tank can be shown to be small (i.e. rigid behavior). d. That portion of the liquid mass bounded by the internal structures shall be added to the mass of the tank when the relative movement between the internals and the tank are expected to be significant (i.e. flexible behavior). e. Alternatively the entire liquid mass may be added to either the internal structures or the tank whichever is more limiting.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

APPENDIX G. EXPLANATION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF DEMAND IN SECTION 6 - INFORMATIVE

The required response spectra for horizontal acceleration may be developed based on the formula in ASCE 7 uses the total design horizontal force, Fp. When the building dynamic characteristics are not known or specified, the horizontal acceleration can be determined using Equation 13.3-1 from ASCE 7 as follows: F p = W p 0.4 a p S DS x I p (1 + 2 z/h) / R p G1

Rearranging the factor for W P , the resulting equation normalizes the equation from a force equation to an acceleration equation as follows: G2 F p / W p = 0.4 a p S DS I p (1 + 2 z/h) / R p The height factor ratio (z / h) accounts for the equipment located within the building relative to the gradelevel and the total height of the building as used in equations 1 and 2. The force increase factor recognizes the building amplification as you move up within the primary structure. The site-specific ground spectral acceleration factor, S DS , varies per geographic location (taken from the design value maps) and the site soil conditions. Rp is considered to be a design reduction factor to account for inelastic response and represents the allowable inelastic energy absorption capacity of the equipments force-resisting system. The importance factor, Ip, does not increase the seismic test input motion as shown in equations 1 through 9, but does affect the requirement using the prescriptive horizontal acceleration F p / W p . This demonstrates a level of functionality following seismic simulation and is used in this criteria to determine post test equipment functionality compliance. The component amplification factor, a p , acts as a force increase factor by accounting for probable amplification or response associated with the inherent flexibility of the equipment. The component amplification factor, a p , shall be taken from the formal definition of flexible and rigid components. By definition, for fundamental frequencies less than 16.7 Hz the equipment is considered flexible (maximum amplification a p = 2.5), which corresponds to the amplified region of the RRS. For fundamental frequencies greater than 16.7 Hz the equipment is considered rigid (minimum a p = 1.0), which corresponds to the ZPA. F p / W p FLX = 0.4 2.5 S DS 1.5 (1 + 2 1) / 2.5 = 1.8 x S DS F p / W p FLX at grade= 0.4 2.5 S DS 1.5 (1 + 0 1) / 2.5 = 0.6 x S DS F p / W p RIG = 0.4 1.0 S DS 1.5 (1 + 2 1) / 2.5 = 0.72 S DS F p / W p RIG at grade= 0.4 1.0 S DS 1.5 (1 + 0 1) / 2.5 = 0.24 S DS Based on the evaluations above, the AC156 criterion governs the design. Demand on the Equipment at 16 Hz is interpolated from Figure 2. Dynamic analysis must be performed with sufficient detail to prove the Equipment has a natural frequencies above 16 Hz. However, it is difficult to account for all of the dynamic effects of the demand on all the components of the equipment and their interactions making this application non conservative. Sufficient detail in the model can be confirmed by performing testing. For this standard, all demands shall be determined using the criteria in AC156 as provided in Section 6 of this standard.

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ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1270 (I-P)-2011

APPENDIX H. SOFTWARE VALIDATION NORMATIVE

H1.1 Representative Solutions. It is the end users responsibility to verify that software used in analysis produces results that are reasonable for problems similar to those for which it is being used. This can be accomplished by finding representative problems with known solutions from literature or from the results of other previously verified programs. Representative problems must use program features similar to those for which a solution is desired. For instance, a typical dead weight and seismic analysis of simple equipment or structures will use beam elements for modeling, static methods for the dead weight analysis and dynamic response spectrum methods for the seismic analysis. The response spectrum method requires that modal analysis be performed. The seismic forces, moments and stresses for each mode will be typically post processed into a combined load set using square root sum of squares (SRSS) or complete quadratic combination (CQC) methods. The individual load sets for X, Y & Z directions of loading may then be combined by SRSS into a final load set. The stress results of analysis will typically be post-processed for comparison to allowables for a structural code such as AISC. Therefore, a representative set of problems shall include all of these features individually or in combination. H1.2 Processing Results. The post processing of results can often be verified manually with a sampling of results. For instance, the SRSS combination of X, Y & Z seismic results can be verified when the individual results are available. Likewise, stress comparisons to AISC allowables can be manually verified when the individual components of stress are available. H1.3 Model Samples. Models that use solid and/or shell elements can be compared to known solutions from a source such as Roarks Formulas for Stress and Strain. A collection of verification problems is available from http://www.comp-engineering.com/manuals.htm or from SAP2000 Manuals and ETABS Manuals sections. The Software Verification Examples for the ETABS program are well suited for frame analysis problems and include some shell type solutions as well. The example problems Problem A thru Problem Z for SAP2000 are for models such as simple cantilevered beams and walls but include other more complex examples of shell element models.

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