CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study Cassava or known as Manihot Esculenta is the prospective cheap biosorbent for metal ion isolation. Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of primary importance. This is because contamination of wastewater by heavy metals is a very serious environmental problem. Disposal of agricultural byproducts such as cassava wastes from processing activities is becoming a concern in world due to its foul dour. Contamination of water by heavy metals is another serious ongoing problem because of indiscriminate discharges of wastewater containing heavy metals by small and mediumscale industries. Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. The treatment of heavy metals is of special concern due to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. The purpose of this project is to study on functional properties to state the ability of cassava waste biomass biomass to remove heavy metal Cu(II) from single-ion solution and wastewater. Cassava waste biomass saturated with metal ions shows remarkable ability for metal recovery by dilute acid treatment, and can be used repeatedly for removal of heavy metals in single-ion solution

and in wastewater effluents. The unique ability of these plants to bind metals has been attributed to the presence of various functional groups, which can attract and sequester metal ions. Cellulosic non-reducing carbohydrate polysaccharides found in plant fibre such as cassava have also been used as cheap materials capable of removing metals from heavy metal solutions More recently, low-value cassava waste biomass has been used effectively for removal Cu(II) ions from single-metal ion aqueous solutions. Conversion of these low-value cassava wastes into biosorbent that can remove toxic and valuable metals from industrial wastewater. Cassava peeling wastes were selected for this study.

1.2 Objective of Study Objective of the study is to study the effect of initial concentration on heavy metal removal and also to study effect of cassava dosage on heavy metal removal. 1.3 Scope of Study By using the cassava peel to remove the heavy metal for the aqueous solution of Cu(II). To determine the effect of different concentration on heavy metal concentration.Study of the effect peel dosage on heavy metal removal of Cu(II) ions

1.4 Overview of Content This thesis are divided into five chapter which is for the first chapter will cover about the background of study, objective, scope of study and justification of research. Then, chapter two will cover the literature review of this research while chapter three will be explain about the methodology that including the material and apparatus, cassava peels, equipment and lastly is desorption study procedure. Lastly, in the chapter four will contain result and discussion of this research. Lastly, chapter five will explain conclusion and recommendation from the research.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Cassava Cassava is grown for its enlarged starch-filled roots, which contains nearly the maximum theoretical concentration of starch on a dry weight basis among food crops. Fresh roots contain about 30% starch and very little protein. Roots are prepared much like potato. They can be peeled and boiled, baked, or fried. It is not recommended to eat cassava uncooked, because of potentially toxic concentrations of cyanogenic glucosides that are reduced to innocuous levels through cooking. [14] The industrial utilization of cassava roots is expanding every year. Cassava is grown for its enlarged starch-filled roots, which contains nearly the maximum theoretical concentration of starch on a dry weight basis among food crops. Fresh roots contain about 30% starch and very little protein. Roots are prepared much like potato. The food industries constitute one of the largest consumers of starch and starch products. In addition, large quantities of starch are sold in the form of products sold in small packages for household use. Cassava, sago, and other tropical starches were extensively used for food before the Second World War but use declined owing to the disruption of world

trade. Attempts were made to develop waxy maize as a replacement for normal non cereal starches; the production of cassava starch has increased considerably in recent years. [6]

Figure 2.1: Cassava (Manihot Esculenta)

2.1. Composition of Cassava The tubers of cassava contain 149.0 % calories and 68.0mg. calcium while the leaves has 303.0 mg. calcium and 311.0 mg. Vitamin C. Cassava peel contains cyanogenic glucosides, mainly linamarin; which released hydrogen cyanide after hydrolysis by an endogenous linamarase; however it is considered safe to use this agricultural waste as an alternative adsorbent since cassava peel also contains a cyanide detoxification enzyme (-cyanoalanine synthase) which sufficiently fast to maintain cyanide at safe concentration. Cassava is famous for the presence of free and bound cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin and lotaustralin. All plant parts contain cyanogenic glucosides with the leaves having the highest concentrations. In the roots, the peel has a higher concentration than the interior. [9] Table 2.1.1: Nutritional content per100 g of edible portion Tubers 62 149 1.2 0.2 35 1.1 30 31 1.9 68 Leaves 71 91 70 1 180 4 11.775 311 7.6 303 Nutrients Water (ml) Calories Protein (g) Fat (g) Carbohydrates (g) Fiber (g) Vit. A (mg) Vit. C (mg) Iron (mg) Calcium (mg)

Composition of Roots. Typical Composition of Mature Cassava tuber 6

Table 2.1.1: Cassava Composition Constituent Moisture Starch Sugars Protein Fats Fibre Ash % 69.8 22.0 5.1 1.1 0.4 1.1 0.5

2.3 Biosorbent Biosorbent is a property of certain types of inactive, dead, microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals from even very dilute aqueous solutions. Biomass exhibits this property, acting just as a chemical substance, as an ion exchanger of biological origin. It is particularly the cell wall structure of certain algae, fungi and bacteria which was found responsible for this phenomenon. Opposite to biosorption is metabolically driven active bioaccumulation by living cells. research on biosorption of heavy metals That is an altogether different phenomenon requiring a different approach for its exploration. Pioneering has led to identification of a number of microbial biomass types which are extremely effective in concentrating metals. These biomass, serving as a basis for metal biosorption processes, can accumulate in excess of 25% of their dry weight in deposited heavy metals: Pb, Cd, U, Cu, Zn, even Cr and 7

others. Research on biosorption is revealing that it is sometimes a complex phenomenon where the metallic species could be deposited in the solid biosorbent through different sorption processes of ion exchange, complexation, chelation, microprecipitation, etc. [11]

2.3.1 Types of Biosorbent Bacteria are the microscopic microorganisms. Their single cell does not contain a proper cell membrane and cell organelles. There are no mitochondria in it. They divide by binary fission, no mitosis or meiosis take place in them Bacteria are of so much importance in the biotechnology industry. Before the progress of biotechnology, it had been used in many domestic applications for example in the process of making yogurt. Bacteria are also of importance because they produce secondary metabolites. E.coli has special impotence because it is used in the cloning of many genes. Bacteria can also be used in agriculture. Bacteria are very much of importance for the environment as they make the environment free from the pollutants. The pollutants which emerge from the industrial wastes, bacteria have the ability to digest them so that they can be recycled in the form of energy and nutrients and do not harm the environment. Bacteria also convert the trees into coal which are buried under the earth for millions and billions of years. This coal can be used for fuel, for producing electricity and various other useful purposes. [12] Biomass energy is gaining popularity as a valuable energy supplement and is being acknowledged for its capability to help counteract many environmental problems. Amidst the controversy surrounding global warming, utilization of biomass energy has been noticed for its ability to inhibit increases in carbon dioxide and decreases in toxic pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere. Its high potential to alleviate stresses on the environment due to unnecessary waste of biomass residues, of usable croplands, of jobs that could be created, of total energy overall has been identified and should be recognized for its value to socioeconomic trends as well as environmental ones. [12]

2.3.2 Ligands In biochemistry a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose. In a narrower sense, it is a signal triggering molecule, binding to a site on a target protein. The binding occurs by intermolecular forces, such as ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The docking (association) is usually reversible (dissociation). Actual irreversible covalent binding between a ligand and its target molecule is rare in biological systems. In contrast to the meaning in metalorganic and inorganic chemistry, it is irrelevant whether the ligand actually binds at a metal site, as is the case in hemoglobin. Ligand binding to a receptor alters the chemical conformation, which is the three dimensional shape of the receptor protein.The conformational state of a receptor protein determines the functional state of a receptor. Ligands include substrates, inhibitors, activators, and neurotransmitters. The tendency or strength of binding is called affinity. [10]

2.3.3 Advantage of commercial method Although virtually all biological material has some biosorptive properties, most research has been carried out with microbial biomass, chiefly bacteria, algae and fungi, with the main aim being to develop a cheap, reliable and more effective alternative to traditional treatment methods for metal-containing effluents. As such, biosorption continues to be a popular field not least because basic experimentation is easy and encompasses chemistry, microbiology and engineering considerations. Besides that, this advantage of commercial method is proper treatment to environment. Recovery of the deposited metals from saturated biosorbent can be accomplished because they can often be easily released from the biosorbent in a concentrated wash solution which also regenerates the biosorbent for subsequent multiple reuse. This and extremely low cost of 9

biosorbents makes the process highly economical and competitive particularly for environmental applications in detoxifying. [7]

2.4 Heavy Metal A heavy metal is a member of a loosely-defined subset of elements that exhibit metallic properties. Heavy metals occur naturally in the ecosystem with large variations in concentration. In modern times, anthropogenic sources of heavy metals, i.e. pollution, have been introduced to the ecosystem. Waste-derived fuels are especially prone to contain heavy metals, so heavy metals are a concern in consideration of waste as fuel. It mainly includes the transition metals, some metalloids, lanthanides, and actinides. Many different definitions have been proposed some based on density, some on atomic number or atomic weight, and some on chemical properties or toxicity. Heavy metal can include elements lighter than carbon and can exclude some of the heaviest metals. Heavy metal pollution can arise from many sources but most commonly arises from the purification of metals e.g., the smelting of copper. Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals do not decay and thus pose a different kind of challenge for remediation. Currently, plants or microrganisms are tentatively used to remove some heavy metals. Plants which exhibit hyper accumulation can be used to remove heavy metals from soils by concentrating them in their bio matter. Some treatment of mining tailings has occurred where the vegetation is then incinerated to recover the heavy metals. [11] The removal of heavy metals from industrial waste streams has become one of the most important applications in wastewater treatment. Ongoing legislation has created stricter discharge limits, which has compelled plants to add or upgrade metal removal processes. Metals in waste streams do not naturally degrade and are toxic to aquatic life at low concentrations. Metals that can be removed from wastewater include soluble and/or particulate heavy metals, such as lead, copper, chromium, nickel, iron and manganese. [7] 10

2.4.1 Hazards of Cu(II) ions Copper sulfate is a fungicide used to control bacterial and fungal diseases of fruit, vegetable, nut and field crops. Copper is one of 26 essential trace elements occurring naturally in plant and animal tissue. The usual routes by which humans receive toxic exposure to copper sulfate are through skin or eye contact, as well as by inhalation of powders and dusts. Copper sulfate is a strong irritant. [4]

Figure 2.4.1 : CuSO4 solid form. Ingestion of copper sulfate is often not toxic because vomiting is automatically triggered by its irritating effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms are severe, however, if copper sulfate is retained in the stomach, as in the unconscious victim. Some of the signs of poisoning which occurred after 1-12 grams of copper sulfate was swallowed include a metallic taste in the mouth, burning pain in the chest and abdomen, intense nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, sweating, shock, discontinued urination leading to yellowing of the skin. Injury to the brain, liver, kidneys and stomach and intestinal linings may also occur in copper sulfate poisoning. Copper sulfate can be 11

corrosive to the skin and eyes. It is readily absorbed through the skin and can produce a burning pain, along with the same severe symptoms of poisoning from ingestion. [8]

2.4.2 Ecological effect. Copper sulfate is very toxic to fish. . Its toxicity to fish varies with the species and the physical and chemical characteristics of the water . Even at recommended rates of application, this material may be poisonous to trout and other fish, especially in soft or acid waters. Its toxicity to fish generally decreases as water hardness increases. Fish eggs are more resistant than young fish fry to the toxic effects of copper sulfate. Very small amounts of this material can have damaging effects on fish. Direct application of copper sulfate to water may cause a significant decrease in populations of aquatic invertebrates, plants and fish. . It is a federal violation to use any pesticide in a manner that results in the death of an endangered species or adverse changes to their natural habitat. [16] Copper sulfate and similar fungicides have been poisonous to sheep and chickens on farms at normal application rates. Most animal life in soil, including large earthworms, have been eliminated by the extensive use of copper-containing fungicides in orchards. [16]

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Material and Apparatus Material that been used is, cassava peels, distilled water, 0.1 M nitric acid (HNO3), aqueous copper sulphate, and 0.01 hydrochloric acid HCl. The equipment that involve in the research, atomic absorption spectroscopy, centrifuge, analytical balance, pH meter, incubator shaker, centrifuge tube, grind mill and drying oven.

3.4 Equipment 3.4.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) Atomic spectroscopy is the determination of elemental composition by its electromagnetic or mass spectrum. The study of the electromagnetic spectrum of elements is called Optical Atomic Spectroscopy. Electrons exist in energy levels within an atom. These levels have well defined energies and electrons moving between them must absorb or emit energy equal to the difference between them. In optical spectroscopy, the energy absorbed to move an electron to a more energetic level and/or the energy emitted as the electron moves to a less energetic energy level is in the form of a photon. The wavelength of the emitted radiant energy is directly related to the electronic transition which has occurred. Since every element has a unique electronic structure, the wavelength of light emitted is a unique property of each individual element. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) determines the presence of metals in liquid samples. Metals include Fe, Cu, Al, Pb, Ca, Zn, Cd and many more. It also measures the concentrations of metals in the samples. Typical concentrations range in the low mg/L range. In their elemental form, metals will absorb ultraviolet light when they are excited by heat. Each metal has a characteristic wavelength that will be absorbed. The AAS instrument looks for a particular metal by focusing a beam of uv light at a specific wavelength through a flame and into a detector. The sample of interest is aspirated into the flame. If that metal is present in the sample, it will absorb some of the light, thus reducing its intensity. The instrument measures the change in intensity. A computer data system converts the change in intensity into an absorbance. As concentration goes up, absorbance goes up. The research can construct a calibration curve by running standards of various concentrations on the AAS and observing the absorbances.

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Figure 3.4.1 : Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (AAS) 3.4.2 Centrifuge Micro centrifuge is a laboratory centrifuge which is a piece of laboratory equipment, driven by a motor, which spins liquid samples at high speed. There are two main sizes for laboratory centrifuges. The larger ones are known simply as centrifuges which is the samples that contained in centrifuge tubes or centrifuge tips. The smaller centrifuges are known as microcentrifuges or microfuges, and microcentrifuge tubes or microfuge tubes are used with them. Like all other centrifuges, laboratory centrifuges work by the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration is used to separate substances of greater and lesser density. The others type of centrifugation is Differential Centrifugation, often used to separate certain organelles from whole cells for further analysis of specific parts of cells.

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Figure 3.4.2 : Centrifuge Machine

3.4.3 Analytical balance Analytical balances are accurate and precise instruments used to measure masses. They require a draft-free location on a solid bench that is free of vibrations. Some modern balances have built-in calibration masses to maintain accuracy. Older balances should be calibrated periodically with a standard mass. A part from that, analytical balance is the weighing scale which is the measuring instrument for determining the weight or mass of an object. A spring scale measures weight by the distance a spring deflects under its load. A balance compares the unknown weight to a standard weight using a horizontal lever. Weighing scales are used in many industrial and commercial applications, and products from feathers to loaded tractortrailers are sold by weight.

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Figure 3.4.3: Analytical Balance

3.4.4 pH Meter In the laboratory, a pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the pH or a device used for potentiometric pH measurements (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid (though special probes are sometimes used to measure the pH of semi-solid substances). A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading. A pH can be measured using either pH indicators (like phenolphtaleine) - in form of solution or pH strips - or using potentiometric method. Strips are very useful when all need is 0.2-0.5 pH unit accuracy.

Figure3.4.4: pH Meter 17

3.4.5 Incubator shaker Incubator shaker is a peltier technology-based and microcomputer-controlled cooling & heating unit with shaking function. It can be used for a variety of applications, such as sample storage, storage and reaction of various kinds of enzymes, denaturation of nucleic acids and protein, PCR amplification, sample denaturation, serum solidification, and others.

Figure 3.4.5: Incubator Shaker 3.4.6 Laboratory Electric Dry Oven Oven double walled to suit various applications in growing field of medical, agricultural, industrial research for day to day heating, drying, sterilizing, baking and in laboratories fungus by application of dry heat. The lab oven is double walled construction with complete inner chamber made of aluminium or stainless steel sheet. Outer body is made of mild steel sheet finished with attractive stoving enamel. The 75 mm gap between two walls is filled with pure glass wool to minimise loss of temperature. Inner chamber is fabricated with various ribs to adjust shelves to any convenient height. Supplied with removable shelves. Door is fitted with heavy casted hinges with a good door closing device. Adjustable air ventilators are placed near the top of the sides. Heating elements of lab electric oven are made of high grade kanthal resistance wire, which are put inside the 18

porcelain bead and placed at the bottom and both side ribs for uniform temperature all over the working space. For the heating element, the apparatus is provided with a panel which is just below the door having a thermostat control knob, ON/OFF switch & two pilot lamps. Temperature is controlled by fine quality capillary type thermostat. Temperature control knob is calibrated in centigrade. Supplied with L shaped prismatic glass thermometer that fitted on the top of the oven for reading the chambers temperature.

Figure 3.4.6: Laboratory Electric Oven

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3.5 Methodology 3.5.1 Biosorbent Preparation Cassava was firstly washed thoroughly to remove any soil and debris. Then the cassava were cut and carefully peeled and dry under the sun for a day. The peels were oven dried at 90C and leave for 24 hours. The samples were ground using grind mill and sieve to obtain a particle size of 10 mm and stored in dessicator.

Figure 3.5.1 : Dried Cassava 3.5.2 Activation of the cassava waste biomass Two hundred grams of cassava waste biomass was soaked in excess of 0.1 M HNO3 for 24 hour. Then the paste was washed with distilled deionized water until become neutral pH (7.1). The paste obtained was filtered and was dried in dry oven.

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Figure 3.5.2: Activation of Biomass

3.5.3 Preparation of Synthetic wastewater The synthetic wastewater solution was prepared by taking 2.0 mg/l, 5.0 mg/l 10 mg/l of the copper sulphate and mixed in a 1 L volumetric flask and diluted to the mark. During the process, the pH of the wastewater was adjusted to 5. This is because to take the step to prevent hydrolysis. The final concentration of metal ion in the wastewater was analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). For quality control purpose, distilled deionized water used in preparing the solutions was analyzed and use as th blank with every sample group to track any possible other contamination source.

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Figure 3.5.3 : Synthetic Wastewater

3.5.4 Study effect on metal ion in wastewater 3.5.4.1 Determination of effect on different concentration In this study, 25 g of biomass was added to the synthetic wastewater at different concentration (2 mg/l, 5 mg/l and 10 mg/l) .The suspension was mechanically shaken at room temperature in an incubator shaker for 2 hours. For every 20 minutes time interval, 20 ml of sample was taken and proceed with further analysis.

3.5.4.2 Determination of effect on dosage cassava biomass The biomass was added into shake flask containing synthetic wastewater (10mg/l). Different dosage of cassava peel (15 g, 30 g, and 50 g) was added. The suspension was mechanically shaken at room temperature in an incubator shaker for 2 hours. For every 20 minutes time interval, 20 ml of sample was taken and proceed with further analysis. 22

3.5.5 Centrifugation Process The sample then was centrifuged at 3000 rpm and the room temperature for 20 minutes. This procedure was repeated for all the samples. The supernatant collected that were collected was analyzed by using AAS to determine the metal concentration.

3.5.6 Determination of Metal Concentration Firstly, four flask 100ml was prepared and labeled as Blank, 1 ppm(1 mg/l), 2 ppm (2 mg/l) and 3 ppm (3mg/l). Then all the flask was added with of distilled water. After that, 10 drops of nictric acid was added using dropper for each flask. Each flask was added with respective Cu(II) ion solution (1 ppm, 2ppm and 3ppm).All the standard were analyzed by using AAS. Finally dilute with deionized water until diluted mark.

The result for standard 1,2, and 3 are 0.031, 0.056, and 0.014 respectively with correlation coefficient of 0.99099 and slope of 0.03050. Then, AAS was used to analyze all the samples obtained through out this study. All the samples taken and arrange with the data collected.

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3.6 Flow Chart (1) Biosorbent preparation Cassava was peeled The grinded cassava peels was soaked with 0.1 M Nitric Acid. and leave for a day

(2) Preparation of Waste Water. The synthetic wastewater solution was then prepared by taking 2.0mg, 5.0mg, and 10.0 mg of CuSO4.

(3) Metal Ion Uptake in Waste Water. Part 1: Based on different concentration of metal ion solution and fix biomass weight. -(2mg/L, 5mg/L, and 10mg/L), with volume 300ml the synthetic wastewater pour into flask containing 25 g of cassava biomass. Part 2: Based on different mass of cassava biomass and fix concentration. -300ml of 10mg/L synthetic wastewater pour into each flask containing (15g, 30g and 50g). -Part 1 and Part 2 process flow simultaneously

(4) Centrifugation Process. Centrifuge was set up with speed 3000 rpm and room temperature for 20 minutes. Then collect all the wastewater and remove all the suspended solid and observe into AAS.

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(5) Determination Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) Preparation of Standard solution.

(6) Analysis Analyzing all the sample with AAS and all the sample taken

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CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Effect on initial concentration On this study to determine effect on intial concentration on fix cassava peel dosage. Table 4.1: Effect on different concentration Metal Concentration Time(min) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2 mg/L 2.041 0.835 0.749 0.617 0.508 0.477 0.396 5 mg/L 5.343 4.056 3.921 3.722 3.536 3.147 2.988 10 mg/L 10.46 9.03 8.62 8.23 7.96 7.55 7.32

Figure 4.1: Time profile of Cu(II) ions removal at different initial concentration The graph above shows the result of determination the effect of different concentration of wastewater with fix cassava dosage. The cassava biomass as removal heavy metal ions to reduce the concentration of the synthetic wastewater. As shown on the graph, the initial concentration of 2mg/L is 0.396 mg/L at 120 min. The other concentration 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L from initial is 5.343 mg/L and 10.46 mg/L is decreasing until 2.988 mg/L and 7.32 mg/L in minutes 120. The lowest concentration of 2 mg/L reduce almost all the Cu(II) ion in the wastewater.

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4.2. Percentage of Cu(II) ions removal at different initial metal concentration Table 4.1.2: Percentage of metal ion uptake Percentage of adsorption(%) Time (min) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2 mg/L 0 59.00 63.74 69.77 75.11 76.63 80.60 5 mg/L 0 24.09 26.61 30.34 33.82 41.10 44.08 10 mg/L 0 13.67 18.00 21.31 23.90 27.82 30.88

Figure 4.2: Percentage of Cu(II) ions removal 28

The figure 4.2 shows that the percentage of metal ion removal for study on effect on different initial metal concentration. Highest value of initial heavy metal concentration result in the lowest removal of Cu(II) ions, owned 31% at the end of biosorption study. The initial concentration of 2 mg/L result in the highest removal of Cu(II) ions up to 80%. 4.3. Metal ion uptake. Table 4.3: Metal ion uptake on the concentration Metal ion uptake (mg/g biomass) Time (min) 120 2mg/L 19.74 5mg/L 28.26 10mg/L 37.68

Figure 4.3: Metal ion uptake The figure 4.3 above has shown the determination on metal ion uptake from the synthetic waste water. The metal ion uptake values are 19.74, 28.26, and 36.68 29

(mg/g biomass) for initial concentration of 2, 5, and 10 mg/L respectively. The highest initial concentration shows the highest uptake value.

4.4 Effect of cassava peel dosage on heavy metal removal On this study to determine effect of cassava peel dosage on heavy metal removal. Table 4.4: Effect on concentration with different dosage of cassava peel Cassava Biomass Time (m) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 15g 10.57 9.93 9.58 9.33 9.17 8.93 8.86 30g 10.66 9.66 8.69 7.52 6.10 5.43 5.24 50g 10.53 8.79 6.66 5.11 2.77 1.31 0.897

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Figure 4.4: Time profile of Cu(II) ions removal at different cassava dosage Figure 4.4 shows the result of determination the effect of different dosage of cassava biomass under constant of Cu(II) ions (10 mg/L). 15 g of biomass cassava showed the lowest concentration reduction with final concentration of 8.86 mg/L. This is because lowest dosage of cassava cannot uptake higher capacity of metal ion uptake concentration. The larger amount of cassava peel used (50 g) displayed the significant removal of 10 mg/L Cu(II) ions where the initial concentration was reduced until 0.897 mg/L.

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4.5 The percentage of Cu(II) ions removal by using different weight of cassava. Table 4.5: Percentage of Cu(II) ions removal at different cassava dosage Percentage of adsorption(%) Time 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 15 g 0 6.00 9.37 11.73 13.25 15.56 16.18 30 g 0 9.38 18.48 29.46 42.78 49.06 50.84 50 g 0 16.52 37.00 51.47 73.69 87.56 91.48

Figure 4.5: Percentage of Cu(II) ions removal 32

The figure shows the result of percentage metal ion uptake for each dosage of cassava biomass. The lowest percentage of metal ion uptake is 15 g cassava biomass. This dosage only uptake until 120 minutes 16.18 %. Not even half percent metal ion uptake reduces by this amount of dosage. Besides that, 30 g of cassava biomass achieve half percent at 120 minutes, 50.84 %. At this standard is average on metal ion uptake percentage and need use more cassava biomass to achieve high metal ion uptake capacity. The highest percentage of metal ion uptake is used 50 g cassava biomass. It is 91.48 % at 120 minutes. At this level of dosage cassava biomass perform good performance as removal heavy metal ion concentration and achieve high metal ion uptake capacity.

4.6 Metal ion uptake. Table 4.6: Metal ion uptake on different dosage of cassava biomass Metal ion Uptake (mg/g biomass) Time (m) 120 15g 34.2 30g 54.2 50g 57.80

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Figure 4.6: Metal ion uptake

The figure 4.6 above has shown the determination of metal ion uptake from each dosage of cassava biomass. The metal ion uptake values are 34.2, 54.2, and 57.80 (mg/g biomass) for cassava peel dosage of 15, 30, and 50 g respectively. The highest cassava dosage shows the highest uptake value.

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion As the conclusion, from the experiment lowest concentration of the synthetic wastewater can support by certain dosage of cassava biomass. The lowest of the concentration the easier to metal ion adsorption uptake to remedy the wastewater. The lowest concentration has lowest metal ion value, the highest the concentration has highest capacity of metal ion adsorption. At the certain concentration can bypass the certain amount of dosage biomass. Higher dosage of cassava biomass used, the higher of metal uptake ion capacity reduce from its concentration. The comparison between two parameters has been made. Higher percentage of wastewater concentration reduce from the lowest concentration, but not achieve high capacity of metal removal. The smaller ionic size, the greater its affinity to reactive site of the hydroxyl and sulfhydryl ligands bind by treated biomass. The more time given, more ion uptake capacity. Removal heavy metal ions from wastewater by cassava waste biomass experiment succeed and shows good potential effects on metal ion concentration.

5.2 Recommendation This study shows the potential for future research. Therefore, as suggestion this study can proceed with higher dosage of cassava peel and lengthen the incubation period. For better comparison of heavy metal adsorption can until use other type of heavy metal such as zinc, lead and types of metals. This research also can undergoes in larger scale of experiment.

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