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Chemical Recycling of Polystyrene.
Sulfonation with Different Sulfonation
Agents
Wiesaw W. Sukowski
a
, Krzysztof Nowak
a
, Anna Sukowska
b
, Agnieszka Woliska
a
, Wioletta M. Bajdur
c
, Danuta Pentak
a
&
Barbara Mikua
d
a
Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna, Katowice, Poland
b
Department of Physical Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia,
Jagielloska, Sosnowiec, Poland
c
Department of Ergonomics and Workplace Safety, Technical
University of Czstochowa, Armii Krajowej, Czstochowa, Poland
d
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry,
University of Silesia, Szkolna, Katowice, Poland
Version of record first published: 28 May 2010.
To cite this article: Wiesaw W. Sukowski , Krzysztof Nowak , Anna Sukowska , Agnieszka
Woliska , Wioletta M. Bajdur , Danuta Pentak & Barbara Mikua (2010): Chemical Recycling of
Polystyrene. Sulfonation with Different Sulfonation Agents, Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals,
523:1, 218/[790]-227/[799]
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421401003720140
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Chemical Recycling of Polystyrene. Sulfonation
with Different Sulfonation Agents
WIESAW W. SUKOWSKI,
1
KRZYSZTOF NOWAK,
1
ANNA SUKOWSKA,
2
AGNIESZKA WOLIN

SKA,
1
WIOLETTA M. BAJDUR,
3
DANUTA PENTAK,
1
AND
BARBARA MIKUA
4
1
Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Institute of
Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna, Katowice, Poland
2
Department of Physical Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia,
Jagiellon ska, Sosnowiec, Poland
3
Department of Ergonomics and Workplace Safety, Technical University
of Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej, Czestochowa, Poland
4
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University
of Silesia, Szkolna, Katowice, Poland
In this study waste polystyrene foam and virgin polystyrene as a reference materials
were converted by chemical reactions under heterogeneous conditions into useful
products. Polymeric flocculants were obtained from polystyrene during the sulfona-
tion with sulfuric acid as the sulfonating agent and Ag
2
SO
4
as the catalyst. The
influence of temperature and time of reaction on the properties of the products were
studied. The products were successfully used as flocculants in the treatment of the
waste water. Solid silica sulfuric acid was also used to convert polystyrene. In com-
parison with the conventional sulfonation methods this sulfonating agent simplifies
the reaction and makes easier separation of products from acid and solvent. The
obtained products were cross-linked and exhibited cation-exchange properties.
The batch method was used to study purification of solutions of Zn
2
and Cu
2
by the yielded resins. The performed study proved the usefulness of waste
polystyrene derivatives for water treatment process.
Keywords Chemical recycling; flocculent; heterogeneous sulfonation;
ion-exchange; polystyrene waste
Introduction
Unique properties arise from incorporating sulfonic groups into polymers via sulfo-
nation. The features like increased strength, hydrophilicity and proton conductivity
have led to an exploration of a variety of applications for sulfonated polymers, such
Address correspondence to Wiesaw W. Sukowski, Department of Environmental Chem-
istry and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, Katowice
40-006, Poland. E-mail: wieslaw.sulkowski@us.edu.pl
Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Vol. 523: pp. 218=[790]227=[799], 2010
Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1542-1406 print=1563-5287 online
DOI: 10.1080/15421401003720140
218=[790]
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as membranes for fuel cells, plasticizers for macro-defect-free concretes, flocculants
and ion-exchange resins [1].
The current intense research and the general interest in heterogeneous sulfona-
tion is the result of the opportunities such systems present for basic research and
of the undisputable importance such systems have for industry and in developing
technologies. Therefore we applied Neihoff method of sulfonation to convert poly-
styrene (VPS - virgin polystyrene, EPS - expanded polystyrene) into a polymeric
water soluble flocculant [2]. These sulfonated derivatives usually find application
in the industrial water treatment due to the several times lower consumption of
the coagulants used, short flocculation time and improved sedimentation properties
of suspensions [35].
Unfortunately the Neihof method of sulfonation poses problems due to the
desulfonation processes. Moreover this method as many sulfonation methods
requires a large excess of sulfonation agent because the water by-product slows
the reaction down by diluting the acid. In this case a large amount of used acid
is obtained which in batch reactions is usually neutralized and disposed of while
in continuous processes it has to be recycled by complex techniques. Also, the
separation of the products from the sulfonation agent is a difficult and energy
consuming process that habitually implies a basic aqueous work-up. Moreover,
many sulfonation agents are corrosive and dangerous to transport and handle.
Consequently, any reduction in the amount of the sulfonation agent required and=
or any simplification in the handling procedures would be highly convenient in terms
of risk reduction, economic advantages and environment protection.
In order to decrease the environmental hazard of the reaction and to increase its
economy we decided to study the usefulness of the silica sulfuric acid in the
polystyrene sulfonation reaction. Up till now this solid sulfonating agent was mainly
used in the sulfonation reaction of small aromatic compounds [6]. However using sil-
ica sulfuric acid for sulfonation of polystyrene we yielded insoluble in water product
with the cation-exchange properties. Generally cation-exchange resins are used for
softening of water, water purification and even demineralization as well as
separation and purifying metals.
Experimental
Samples of expanded polystyrene wastes (EPS) M
r,vEPS
=230 000 and virgin polystyrene
from Chemical Company Dwory in Oswiecim Poland (VPS) M
r,vVPS
=200 000 were
used. Sulfuric acid, calcium carbonate, and sodium carbonate produced by Chemical
Company POCh in Gliwice Poland were also used in the synthesis.
Polystyrene sulfonation was carried out according to the Neihof method [2]. The
dried sample of each polystyrene was pulverized in a mill and fractions of the size of
0.401.04 mm were separated. They were sulfonated by mixing with concentrated
sulfuric acid (5 times its weight) and silver sulfate (1% of its weight) as a catalyst.
In a glass flask equipped with mechanical agitator, vertical condenser and
thermometer, a certain amount of Ag
2
SO
4
was dissolved in H
2
SO
4
(9597%), poly-
styrene (EPS, VPS) was added at 80

C and the reaction mixture was stirred in the

temperature range 8090

C. To find the dependence of the properties of the obtained

derivatives on the sulfonation conditions the temperature and time of reaction were
changed. The duration of the sulfonation ranged from 0.25 to 12 h. After a few
minutes, the reaction mixture became highly viscous and seemingly homogeneous.
Chemical Recycling of Polystyrene 219=[791]
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The product of the completed reaction, separated by filtration, was dissolved in
deionised water. The products were precipitated in the form of sodium salt of poly
(styrene sulfonic acid) in the reaction with Na
2
CO
3
to get sodium salt of expanded
poly(styrene sulfonic acid) NaEPSS and sodium salt of virgin poly(styrene sulfonic
acid) NaVPSS [7]. The same experiments were repeated in the temperature range
from 100 to 110

C.
Preparation of silica sulfuric acid: a 500 mL suction flask equipped with a
constant-pressure dropping funnel and a gas inlet tube for conducting the HCl gas
over the adsorbing solution (i.e., water) was used. It was filled with silica gel dried
at 160

C (27 mm particle size, from POCh). Chlorosulfonic acid from Sigma-

Aldrich was added dropwise over a period of 30 min at room temperature. The
substrates was mixed with constant quantities of silica gel: 4,5 g to 1 mL chlorosul-
fonic acid [8]. Thus the HCl gas was immediately released from the reaction vessel.
After completing the addition of the chlorosulfonic acid the mixture was shaken for
at least 3 h. Probably chlorosulfonic acid reacts with silanol =SiOH and silano-
diol =Si(OH)
2
groups from silica gel surface and gives silica sulfuric acid.
Samples consisting of 5 g of virgin polystyrene (other VPS from Chemical Com-
pany Dwory in Oswiecim Poland, M
r,vVPS
=170 000) were dissolved in 100 mL of
1,2-dichloroethane each. This substrate was then mixed with an appropriate
amount of silica sulfuric acid in thermostated reaction vessel. Since 1.5 to 4 moles
of ClSO
3
H was used per 1 monomeric unit of PS to synthesize silica sulfuric acid,
the polystyrene to sulfonating agent molar ratio was 1:1.5 1:4. The experiments
were performed in a wide range of time (2 to 14 h) and temperature (3060

C).
Sulfonation was also conducted using expanded polystyrene (EPS) waste under
experimentally defined optimal conditions 1PS:2ClSO
3
H, 7 h at 60

C. The
suspended small particles of sulfonated derivatives of polystyrene (VPSS and EPSS)
were separated from much bigger particles of silica sulfuric acid by filtration and
from solvent by decantation and evaporation. Polystyrene derivative was then
flushed using water and dried to get rid of the possible presence of H
2
SO
4
, the
by-product of sulfones formation.
The IR spectra for the selected products were obtained on the Perkin-Elmer
Spectrum One FT-IR spectrometer. Samples were prepared in the form of KBr discs.
The content of sulfur and carbon in products of polystyrene sulfonation was
determined by using a Perkin-Elmer CHNS=O elemental analyser. These data were
then used for calculations of the number of sulfonic groups per monomer unit
(n.sulf). The calculated molecular weight (M
cal
) count from the formula:
M
cal
= [(n:sulf 102) M
PS
[ M
r;vPS

=M
PS
where:
n.sulf number of sulfonic groups per monomer unit,
M
PS
molecular weight of the monomer unit of polystyrene,
M
r,vPS
molecular weight of polystyrene,
102 the difference between molecular weights of the monomer unit of NaEPSS or
NaVPSS and polystyrene.
The studies of the flocculation were carried out on TURB 550 IR turbidimeter.
The initial value of turbidity of the investigated water was measured and then the
optimal dose of polymeric flocculant was determined. The experiments were
220=[792] W. W. Sukowski et al.
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performed for the obtained compounds (NaVPSS, NaEPSS) and for commercial
NaPSS with the use of waste water discharge model and actual sewage from the
Zawiercie steelwork, the Galwanex Poreba galvanising plant, and Kleofas
mine water. The waste water discharge model was prepared by acidic hydrolysis of
1.8 10
2
M FeCl
3
solution containing 10
3
M HCl at room temperature for a dur-
ation of 3 weeks.
Fractional precipitation procedure: the sodium salts of poly(styrene sulfonic
acids) (NaEPSS, NaVPSS) were dissolved in aqueous 0.5 M NaOH solution and
fractionated into several fractions by stepwise precipitation with an appropriate vol-
ume of 2-propanol as precipitant. The obtained fractions were used to study their
flocculation properties.
In sewages from the steelwork and the galvanising plant the concentration of
the following metals: Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, was determined with the
use of ICP-AES spectroscopy (Optima 3000 DV, Perkin-Elmer) before and after
flocculation.
The ion-exchange capacity IEC (with unit of mmol=g of dry polymer) of sulfo-
nated polystyrene (VPSS, EPSS) was determined by measuring the concentration of
H

that was exchanged with sodium cation in 24 h at constant temperature of 25

C
when acid-form resin (about 0.2 g of dry resin) samples were equilibrated with
100 mL 0.2 mol=L NaCl solution.
Solutions of heavy metals (Zn, Cu as nitrate; reagent grade; POCh) were pre-
pared in distilled water without adjusting the pH. In order to estimate the adsorption
capacity, stock solutions of 1000 mg=L of each metal were diluted to obtain standard
solutions containing 25400 mg=L of metal ions. Under these experimental con-
ditions it was confirmed that no chemical precipitation had occurred. The solutions
(in convertion to 100 mL per 0.14 g of dry resin) were shaken (180 rpm) in 150 mL
flasks with appropriate amounts of resins in an incubator at 25

C for a period of
24 h. Thermo E.C. Solaar M AAS spectrometer was used to determine initial and
final metals concentrations in solutions. In each case the final concentration of each
metal ions was determined after 24 h.
The percent of metal adsorption (Metal Adsorption) and distribution ratio (K
d
)
were calculated using the following equations:
MetalAdsorption = (c
i
c
f
) 100=c
i
[%[
where c
i
and c
f
are the concentrations of the metal ion in initial and final solutions,
respectively,
K
d
=
amount of metal in adsorbent
amount of metal in solution

V
m
mL
g
!
where V is the volume of the solution [mL] and m is the weight of the adsorbent.
K
d
is defined as the ratio of metal ion concentration in the resin to that in aque-
ous solution.
Results and Discussion
In the process of chemical modification the sulfonated derivatives of polystyrene
wastes (NaVPSS, NaEPSS) were obtained using sulfuric acid and silica sulfuric acid
(VPSS, EPSS) as sulfonating agent.
Chemical Recycling of Polystyrene 221=[793]
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The molecular weights M
r,v
of the products of polystyrene sulfonation obtained
by the Neihof method were compared with the molecular weights M
cal
calculated
from the value of n.sulf.
It seems that some desulfonation and=or degradation of the polymer occurs
when the reaction time is longer than 1.5 h. Derivatives with a higher value of
M
r,v
and n.sulf were obtained during the sulfonation of VPS and EPS at a higher
temperature range (100110

C) than at a lower one (8090

C) for the same reaction

time (Table 1).
For NaEPSS the maximum value of M
r,v
was obtained for the reaction conduc-
ted for 5 h. The value of n.sulf for this product is lower than the one obtained for a
period of 1.5 h of sulfonation. Probably some intramolecular and=or intermolecular
sulfone-type cross-linking and=or oxidative degradation takes place in the case of
sulfonation conducted at a longer reaction time than 1.5 h. In these conditions the
increase of n.sulf was observed but the M
r,v
did not change significantly. For
NaVPSS it can be seen that longer reaction time results in a decrease of the n.sulf.
For the NaEPSS and NaVPSS obtained at 100110

C the values of n.sulf increase

with the increase of the reaction time up to 1.5 or 2 h, respectively, yielding
maximum values. The n.sulf decreases with the increase of the reaction time up to
12 h. The products obtained during sulfonation conducted at 100110

C were used
to investigate the flocculation properties of the synthesized NaEPSS. The floccu-
lation of colloidal suspensions induced by polyelectrolytes of anionic type depends
on the adsorption affinity of polymer chains to the particle surface.
The turbidity values decreased with the increase in the polyelectrolyte dosage
and reached the minimum value. The excess of flocculant concentration caused
the increase in the turbidity value of the studied water. The obtained results depend
on the type of polyelectrolyte used in the experiment (Table 2).
Good purification of the supernatant was observed in each case when different
synthesized NaPSS were used. It was found that the higher polyelectrolyte molecular
weight the smaller the dosage of the appropriate polyelectrolyte required to obtain
the maximum decrease in the turbidity. It was also noticed that the turbidity values
of sewages from the Zawiercie steelworks and the Galwanex Poreba galvaniz-
ing plant decreased after flocculation (Table 3).
Table 1. Number of sulfonic groups per monomer unit (n.sulf) and molecular
weights (M
r,v
, M
cal
) of NaEPSS and NaVPSS obtained during sulfonation of EPS
and VPS at 8090

C and 100110

C
NaEPSS at
8090

C
NaVPSS at
8090

C
NaEPSS at
100110

C
NaVPSS at
100110

C
Reaction
time [h] n.sulf
M
r,v
=M
cal
1000 n.sulf
M
r,v
=M
cal
1000 n.sulf
M
r,v
=M
cal
1000 n.sulf
M
r,v
=M
cal
1000
0.50 0.89 430=431 0.97 550=390 0.98 491=451 0.93 593=382
1.00 0.97 470=445 0.98 590=392 1.05 510=467 1.05 613=406
1.50 0.96 515=447 1.01 600=398 1.11 508=480 1.12 654=420
2.00 0.96 495=447 1.00 590=396 1.09 520=476 1.15 681=426
5.00 0.82 420=415 0.88 530=373 0.95 570=444 0.99 769=394
12.00 0.57 368=359 0.70 480=337 0.55 570=354 0.65 750=328
222=[794] W. W. Sukowski et al.
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Analytical investigations were performed for the waste water discharge model
and real sewage (Table 4). It was found that the concentration of all impurities sig-
nificantly decreased after flocculation. For the waste water discharge model the
decrease of Fe [mg=L] concentration was equal to 93%. For real sewage the most sig-
nificant concentration drops were observed for Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr and Cd for the sew-
age from the Zawiercie steelwork. For the sewage from the Galwanex Poreba
galvanising plant the decrease in the metal concentration was smaller and the
maximum decrease was found for Cr. It was noted that water subjected to treatment
with polyelectrolytes satisfies the standards for disposal to water resources.
By using silica sulfuric acid as the sulfonation agent for polystyrene sulfonation,
water absorbing products (non-soluble in water) were obtained. The reaction is rela-
tively simple and the obtained polystyrene derivatives exhibit cation-exchange
properties. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to study properties of the obtained
Table 3. The effect of dose of flocculant on turbidity of the sewage after flocculation
Sewage from steelwork Sewage from galvanising plant
Dosage
[mg=L]
Turbidity
[NTU]
Change
[%]
Dosage
[mg=L]
Turbidity
[NTU]
Change
[%]
0.000 560 0 0.000 380 0
0.003 120 78 0.010 374 2
0.008 24 95 0.051 96 75
0.009 11 98 0.071 68 82
0.010 11 98 0.074 58 85
0.016 11 98 0.075 53 86
0.023 11 98 0.077 53 86
Data with maximum turbidity degrease are in bold type.
Table 2. The dependence of the turbidity of the waste water discharge model after
flocculation on the appropriate dosage of the polyelectrolyte
Type of
NaEPSS
a
:
Turbidity [NTU]=change of the turbidity [%]
Dosage [mg=L]
0.50=0.98=
490 000
1.0=1.05=
510 000
2.0=1.09=
520 000
5.0=0.95=
570 000
0.000 360=0 360=0 360=0 360=0
0.002 156=57 190=47 125=65 158=56
0.004 87=76 125=65 55=85 64=82
0.005 71=80 101=72 49=86 30=92
0.006 58=84 74=79 30=92 42=88
0.007 42=88 51=86 51=86 54=85
0.008 35=90 45=88 67=81 64=82
0.009 50=86 21=94 89=75 88=75
0.010 67=97 42=88 129=64 94=74
a
Time of the synthesis[h)]=n.sulf=M
r,v
, respectively.
Chemical Recycling of Polystyrene 223=[795]
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224=[796]
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products. The appearance of a band at 1175 cm
1
, the effect of the stretching
vibration of SO
2
, was used to confirm the sulfonation of polystyrene [9,10]. The
IR spectra of different polysulfones [1114] have characteristic bands for the
C-SO
2
-C group. The symmetric stretching of C-S-C at 776 cm
1
was observed. An
ion exchange resin that is highly cross-linked is resistant to the diffusion of various
ions via the resin and less useful for water purification. Unfortunately products of
the sulfonation process conducted at 60

C for a period longer than 5 h and with

the VPS:ClSO
3
H molar ratio above 1:1.5 adsorbed water very well. This indicates
that obtained products are probably low cross-linked.
Elemental analysis showed (Table 5) that products yielded at these conditions
had approximately 0.4 to even 0.9 sulfonic group per monomer unit (n.sulf). The
increase of time and temperature of the sulfonation reaction and content of the sul-
fonating agent influence the increase of n.sulf parameter. The problem arises when
sulfonation is conducted above VPS:ClSO
3
H molar ratio 1:3. Then the system
becomes very viscous and separation of sulfonated polystyrene from solid sulfonat-
ing agent becomes difficult. However the increase of the sulfonation level (n.sulf) can
be achieved by extending the reaction time.
Cation exchange capacity of resins from VPS is 2.6 and from EPS is 3.1 mmol=g
(60

C, 7 h, PS:2ClSO
3
H), which is similar to cation exchange capacity of commercial
Amberlite IR, 35 mmol=g. Due to the presence of additives in EPS, the higher cat-
ion exchange capacity of EPSS resin derived from EPS is probably the result of
higher ratio of sulfonating agent to polystyrene in comparison to that in VPSS.
Batch uptake studies allow for measurement of the quantity of metal ions
absorbed from a solution onto the absorbent after maintaining contact for long
enough to reach equilibrium. Data from the batch uptake tests were used to calculate
the distribution ratio K
d
and the Metal Adsorption (Table 6).
The adsorption of Zn
2
and Cu
2
by modified waste polystyrene as a function
of their initial concentrations at 25

C are shown in Table 6. The maximal exchange

attained for the smallest concentration was at least 94% for both metal ions and for
both virgin and expanded polystyrene sulfonated derivatives. Percentage adsorption
Table 5. The dependence of the temperature, reaction time and polystyrene to
ClSO
3
H (used to obtain silica sulfuric acid) ratio on n.sulf parameter of
polystyrene sulfonation products
VPS:2ClSO
3
H VPS:2ClSO
3
H t =7 h T=60

C
T [

C] n.sulf t [h] n.sulf VPS:ClSO

3
H [mol] n.sulf
30 0.22 2 0.30 1:1 0.17
40 0.23 4 0.35 1:1.5 0.37
50 0.33 6 0.42 1:2 0.44
60 0.43 7 0.44 1:2.5 0.48
8 0.46 1:3 0.88
10 0.49 1:4 0.83
12 0.51
14 0.53
Conditions under which sulfonated derivatives of polystyrene were easily separated from
solvent and sulfonating agent are in bold type.
Chemical Recycling of Polystyrene 225=[797]
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of metal ions decreases with increasing metal concentration in aqueous solutions.
During the ion-exchange process, metal ions have to move through the cross-linked
resin lattice and they replace exchangeable ions. The K
d
values increase with the
decreasing concentration of metal ions. In other words, the K
d
values increase in a
similar way as the dilution of metal ions proceeds in the solution. These results indi-
cate that energetically less favorable sites become involved with increasing metal con-
centration in the aqueous solution. The Zn and Cu metal cations are present as
hexaaqua complex ions with six surrounding water molecules in the solution and
they probably pass through resin in this form [15]. Since the adsorption phenomena
depend on the charge density of cations, the diameter of hydrate cations is very
important. The charges of the metal cation are the same therefore Zn
2
ions (with
bigger diameter) were less adsorbed than Cu
2
ions (with smaller diameter).
Conclusions
The problem of environmental pollution by polymer wastes can be resolved by their
chemical modification into useful products. The obtaining of effective flocculants for
sewage treatment from chemically modified polymer wastes could be one of the
ways. Sulfonated derivatives of polymer wastes exhibit properties of polyelectrolytes
of the anionic type. Obtained polymers have good flocculation properties required
for the purification processes of sewages with the chemical composition close to
the one found in the water circulating systems of power plants, steel plants and
coal-mines. The synthesized flocculants caused a decrease of turbidity and of the
concentration of solved impurities as well as improved the quality parameter of
the purified water.
By using silica sulfuric acid as the sulfonating agent for polystyrene modification
it is possible to obtain a product with ion-exchange properties. The sulfonation is
relatively simple and the obtained polystyrene derivatives can be used for purifi-
cation of water. Ion exchange capacity of sulfonated polystyrene are similar to
commercial ion exchangers.
Table 6. Adsorption %A of metal ions by VPSS and EPSS samples and distribution
coefficients K
d
as a function of its initial concentration
VPSS (Zn) EPSS (Zn) VPSS (Cu) EPSS (Cu)
c [mg
Zn
2
=L] %A
K
d
[mL=g] %A
K
d
[mL=g]
c
[mg Cu
2
=L] %A
K
d
[mL=g] %A
K
d
[mL=g]
25 98 33524 99 64830 31 94 11063 96 17377
72 96 18656 98 46445 82 94 11809 94 11302
109 78 2452 92 8547 121 80 2738 93 9171
156 61 1111 79 2568 148 78 2526 91 7146
210 51 725 66 1385 239 45 574 89 5835
291 42 505 43 521 344 23 210 48 639
406 40 676 42 513 395 21 187 28 273
c[mg Me
2
=L] metal ions initial concentration, Cation exchange conditions: m
V=
EPSS
=0.14 g, V=100 mL, t =24 h, Sulfonation conditions: 1 V=E PS:2ClSO
3
H, T=60

C,
t =7 h.
226=[798] W. W. Sukowski et al.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Committee of Scientific Research in Poland,
University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland (BS=ICh=06=07=08; BW=ICh=08) and
Medical University of Silesia (KNW-008=09).
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Chemical Recycling of Polystyrene 227=[799]
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