UNIT 2: the world of press, mainstream media, media reports, tabloids, headlines

Expressing purposes
1. The most common type of purpose clause is a to-infinitive clause. Example: Sarah went to the computer lab to print out her research report. 2. In formal writing, in order to, so as to, so that and in order that are often used. The difference between so and so that is that so that implies that the cause was deliberately done by someone in order to get a specific result. 3. Other expressions: with a view to, with the intention of, with the object/aim of, for the purpose of. If you use these phrases, make sure that the verb is in the -ING form. Example: the university introduced two new English courses with a view to enhancing (increase/improve) students proficiency in the language.

Expressing reasons
1. You can use a reason clause introduced by the conjunctions because / as / since / inasmuch as(formal). You can also use the prepositional phrases because of / on account of / due to (the fact that) / owing to (the fact that) / thanks to (the fact that) / as a result of / as a consequence of to express reason. 2. For and with For: similar meaning to because of: She was looking all better for her stay in hospital. With: because there is/are: With many people ill, I've decided to cancel the meeting.

Content words: stress

Content words are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs (except adverbs of frequency) are usually content words. Auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, pronouns, articles, and prepositions are usually grammatical words. Example: We flew over the mountains at dawn (sunrise).

Structure words are not very important words: they are small, simple words that make the sentence correct grammatically. They give the sentence its correct form or "structure". If you remove the structure words from a sentence, you will probably still understand the sentence. On the other hand, if you remove the content words from a sentence, you will not understand the sentence. The sentence has no sense or meaning, these words are accentuated or stressed.

Countable and uncountable nouns

Used with Countable Nouns Only
a many few a few a doctor, a pen, a meal, a class, a college many cups, many books, many libraries, many flights few questions, few tables, few apples, few holidays, few countries a few questions, a few problems, a few issues, a few issues much money, much time, much food, much water, much energy little trouble, little equipment, little meat, little patience a little bit of confidence, a little bit of sleep, a little bit of snow countable the monkeys, the schools, the teachers, the boats, the bananas the cheese, the machinery, the luggage, the grass, the knowledge some tables, some stores, some grapes, some cities, some nurses some time, some news, some bread, some salt, some mail any forks, any socks, any bathrooms, any waiters, any beliefs any advice, any soap, any transportation, any gold, any homework no magazines, no chocolates, no pilots, no rings, no markers no trouble, no grass, no scenery, no money, no furniture a lot of animals, a lot of coins, a lot of immigrants, a lot of babies a lot of help, a lot of aggravation, a lot of happiness, a lot of fun

Used with Uncountable Nouns Only

much little a little bit of

Used with Countable & Uncountable Nouns

the

uncountable

some

countable

uncountable any countable

uncountable

no

countable

uncountable

a lot of

countable

uncountable

lots of

countable

uncountable enough countable

uncountable

plenty of

countable

uncountable

lots of computers, lots of buses, lots of parties, lots of colleges lots of cake, lots of ice cream, lots of energy, lots of laughter enough plates, enough onions, enough restaurants, enough worries enough courage, enough wisdom, enough spaghetti, enough time plenty of houses, plenty of concerts, plenty of guitars, plenty of plenty of oil, plenty of sugar, plenty of cheese, plenty of space

GET USED TO / BE USED TO / USED TO

We use 'USED TO + base form' for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens.

I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago. Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now, since his promotion, he doesn't. I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.

We also use it for something that was true but no longer is.

There used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn't. She used to have really long hair but she's had it all cut off. I didn't use to like him but now I do.

We use 'BE USED TO + ing' to say that something is normal, not unusual.

I'm used to living on my own. I've done it for quite a long time. Hans has lived in England for over a year so he is used to driving on the left now. They've always lived in hot countries so they aren't used to the cold weather here.

We use 'GET USED TO + ing' to talk about the process of something becoming normal for us.

I didn't understand the accent when I first moved here but I quickly got used to it. She has started working nights and is still getting used to sleeping during the day. I have always lived in the country but now I'm beginning to get used to living in the city.