Ferro Resonance

Parameter Study of Ferro-Resonance
with Harmonic Balance Method
ALI ERBAY
Degree project in
Electric Power Systems
Second Level,
Stockholm, Sweden 2012
XR-EE-ES 2012:010
PARAMETERSTUDYOFFERRORESONANCEWITH
HARMONICBALANCEMETHOD
AliERBAY
SupervisedbyMohamadrezaBARADAR
Electric Power Systems Lab

Royal Institute of Technology
ABSTRACT
Ferroresonance is an electrical phenomenon which can cause damage to electrical
equipments of power systems by its characteristic steady state over voltages and over
currents.Configurationswhereferroresonanceispossiblehasmorethanonesteadystate
operation. With time domain simulations, different dangerous steady state operations are
hard to find due to the fact of dependancy of initial conditions and parameters of the
system.Determinationofriskofferroresonanceneedsspecialstudiesinvolvingfrequency
domainandFourierseriesbasedharmonicbalancemethod.Twodifferenttypesofharmonic
balancemethodareused;namelyanalyticalandnumericalmethod.Inordertodrawtwo
parameter continuous curves, harmonic balance with hypersphere continuation method
algorithm is created in MATHCAD environment. Work of two case studies in academic
literature are extended by comparing different system parameter curves and calculating
stability domain risk zones for fundamental ferroresonance, subharmonic1/2 and
subharmonic1/3 ferroresonance. Alstoms test system is also investigated with
approximations. Application of numerical harmonic balance method is more superior than
analytical method since it is ease of use with thevenin equivalents rather than deriving
system equation by hand and possibility to study subharmonic ferroresonance. Hyper
spherecontinuationmethodworkedwellenoughtoturnlimitpointsonparametercurves
depending on considered Fourier components. Critical values for system parameters have
beenfoundforeachtypeofferroresonanceallowingtoanalysenormaloperationandferro
resonanceoperationregimes.Criticalvaluesofstaticdampingresistorinthesystemcanbe
calculatedbyharmonicbalancemethodwithoutusingempiricalformula.Dampingresistor
calculated by harmonic balance method showed difference than the one calculated by
empiricalformula.Fundamentalandsubharmonicferroresonancesolutionsexistencezones
are coexistant and sensitive to parameter changes therefore same attention should be
given to subharmonic as in fundamental ferroresonance. For future studies, threephase
modelsforharmonicbalancemethodshouldbedevelopedinordertostudyneutralisolated
networksandamorecustomizedmethodofsolvingnonlinearharmonicbalanceequations
forfastercomputationcanalsobedevelopedinMATLABenvironment.
IwouldliketothankMr.EusebioLOPEZinALSTOMThermalSystemsDepartment(Massy,France)for
hissupportduringmyinternship.
TABLEOFCONTENTS
1
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................10
FERRORESONANCEINLITERATURE.......................................................................................11
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
TIMEDOMAINANALYSIS...........................................................................................................................11
EFFECTSOFINITIALCONDITIONS..................................................................................................................11
NONLINEARTRANSFORMERCOREMODELS...................................................................................................12
DAMPINGANDMITIGATIONOPTIONS..........................................................................................................12
FREQUENCYDOMAINANALYSES..................................................................................................................13
LINEARRESONANCEANDFERRORESONANCE.......................................................................13
CAUSESANDEFFECTSOFFERRORESONANCEINTHEPOWERSYSTEMS.................................14
4.1
SYSTEMSVULNERABLETOFERRORESONANCE...............................................................................................15
4.1.1 VoltageTransformerEnergizedThroughGradingCapacitance......................................................15
4.1.2 VoltageTransformersConnectedtoanIsolatedNeutralSystem...................................................15
4.1.3 TransformerAccidentallyEnergizedinOnlyOneorTwoPhases....................................................16
4.1.4 VoltageTransformersandHV/MVTransformerswithIsolatedNeutral.........................................17
4.1.5 Powersystemgroundedthroughareactor.....................................................................................18
4.1.6 TransformerSuppliedbyaHighlyCapacitivePowerSystemwithLowShortCircuitPower...........19
PREVENTINGFERRORESONANCE..........................................................................................20
5.1
DAMPINGFERRORESONANCEINVOLTAGETRANSFORMERS.............................................................................20
5.1.1 VoltageTransformerswithoneSecondaryWinding.......................................................................21
5.1.2 VoltageTransformerswithtwoSecondaryWinding.......................................................................22
MODELOFNONLINEARITY....................................................................................................23
FERRORESONANCEINTIMEDOMAIN...................................................................................25
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
ANALYTICALHARMONICBALANCEMETHOD..........................................................................35
8.1
NORMALOPERATION................................................................................................................................27
FUNDAMENTALFERRORESONANCEOPERATION............................................................................................28
SUBHARMONICFERRORESONANCEOPERATION.............................................................................................30
CHAOTICFERRORESONANCEOPERATION.....................................................................................................32
APPLICATIONOFHARMONICBALANCEONEXAMPLESYSTEM............................................................................35
NUMERICALHARMONICBALANCEMETHOD..........................................................................43
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
MATHEMATICALFRAME.............................................................................................................................44
CONTINUATIONMETHOD...........................................................................................................................45
SELECTIONOFHARMONICCOMPONENTS......................................................................................................49
STABILITYDOMAINSBYNUMERICALHARMONICBALANCEMETHOD..................................................................50
10 FIRSTAPPLICATIONOFNUMERICALHARMONICBALANCE.....................................................52
10.1 FUNDAMENTALFERRORESONANCEANALYSIS...............................................................................................53
10.1.1
FluxSourceVoltage..................................................................................................................53
10.1.2
FluxCapacitance......................................................................................................................54
10.1.3
FluxResistance.........................................................................................................................56
10.1.4
StabilityDomain:SourceVoltageagainstCapacitance..............................................................56
10.1.5
StabilityDomain:SourceVoltageagainstResistance.................................................................57
10.2 SUBHARMONIC1/2FERRORESONANCEANALYSIS........................................................................................57
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.2.3
FluxResistance.........................................................................................................................60
10.2.4
10.2.5
10.3.1
10.3.2
10.3.3
FluxResistance.........................................................................................................................63
10.3.4
10.3.5
10.3.6
Remarks......................................................................................................................................65
11 SECONDAPPLICATIONOFNUMERICALHARMONICBALANCE................................................65
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.1.3
FluxSeriesResistance...............................................................................................................68
11.1.4
FluxParallelResistance............................................................................................................69
11.1.5
11.1.6
StabilityDomain:SourceVoltageagainstParallelResistance....................................................70
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.2.3
11.2.4
11.2.5
11.2.6
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.3.3
11.3.4
11.3.5
11.3.6
11.3.7
Remarks......................................................................................................................................78
12 CASESTUDY...........................................................................................................................78
12.1 SYSTEMDETAILS.......................................................................................................................................79
12.2 DAMPINGRESISTORCALCULATIONBYEMPIRICALMETHOD..............................................................................81
12.3.1
12.3.2
12.3.3
FluxDampingResistor..............................................................................................................83
12.3.4
StabilityDomain:SourceVoltageagainstCapacitance.............................................................83
12.3.5
StabilityDomain:SourceVoltageagainstDampingResistor.....................................................84
12.4.1
12.4.2
12.4.3
12.4.4
12.4.5
12.5.1
12.5.2
12.5.3
12.5.4
12.5.5
12.6 DIFFERENTDAMPINGRESISTORCOMPARISON...............................................................................................90
12.6.1
FundamentalFerroresonance....................................................................................................90
12.6.2
Subharmonic1/2Ferroresonance.............................................................................................91
12.6.3
Subharmonic1/3Ferroresonance.............................................................................................91
12.6.4
Remarks......................................................................................................................................92
13 CURRENTISSUESWITHHARMONICBALANCESTUDYOFFERRORESONANCE........................92
14 SUMMARYANDCONCLUSION...............................................................................................93
15 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................95
Listoffigures
FIGURE4.1FERRORESONANCEOFAVOLTAGETRANSFORMERCONNECTEDINSERIESWITHANOPENCIRCUITBREAKER[46].........15
FIGURE4.2FERRORESONANCEOFAVOLTAGETRANSFORMERBETWEENPHASEANDGROUNDINANISOLATEDNEUTRALSYSTEM[46]
......................................................................................................................................................................16
FIGURE4.3EXAMPLESOFUNBALANCEDSYSTEMS[46]......................................................................................................17
FIGURE4.4FAULTYSYSTEM[46]..................................................................................................................................17
FIGURE4.5FERRORESONANCEOFVOLTAGETRANSFORMERBETWEENPHASEANDGROUNDWITHUNGROUNDED/ISOLATED
NEUTRAL[46]...................................................................................................................................................18
FIGURE4.6PIMINDUCTANCEBETWEENNEUTRALANDGROUND[46]..................................................................................18
FIGURE4.7RESONANTGROUNDINGSYSTEM[46]............................................................................................................19
FIGURE4.8POWERTRANSFORMERSUPPLIEDBYCAPACITIVESYSTEM[46].............................................................................19
FIGURE5.1DAMPINGFORVOLTAGETRANSFORMERWITHONESECONDARY[46]....................................................................21
FIGURE5.2DAMPINGSYSTEMFORVOLTAGETRANSFORMERWITHTWOSECONDARY[46]........................................................23
FIGURE6.1EXAMPLEOFSATURATIONCURVE.................................................................................................................24
FIGURE7.1SYSTEMDIAGRAM......................................................................................................................................25
FIGURE7.2EQUIVALENTCIRCUIT..................................................................................................................................26
FIGURE7.3NORMALOPERATION..................................................................................................................................27
FIGURE7.4NORMALOPERATION..................................................................................................................................27
FIGURE7.5NORMALOPERATIONPHASEPLANE...............................................................................................................28
FIGURE7.6NORMALOPERATIONFREQUENCYCONTENT....................................................................................................28
FIGURE7.7FUNDAMENTALFERRORESONANCEOPERATION...............................................................................................29
FIGURE7.8FUNDAMENTALFERRORESONANCEOPERATION...............................................................................................29
FIGURE7.9FUNDAMENTALFERRORESONANCEPHASEPLANE............................................................................................30
FIGURE7.10FUNDAMENTALFERRORESONANCEFREQUENCYCONTENT...............................................................................30
FIGURE7.11SUBHARMONICFERRORESONANCEOPERATION.............................................................................................31
FIGURE7.12SUBHARMONICFERRORESONANCEOPERATION.............................................................................................31
FIGURE7.13SUBHARMONICFERRORESONANCEPHASEPLANE...........................................................................................32
FIGURE7.14SUBHARMONICFERRORESONANCEFREQUENCYCONTENT...............................................................................32
FIGURE7.15CHAOTICFERRORESONANCEOPERATION.....................................................................................................33
FIGURE7.16CHAOTICFERRORESONANCEOPERATION.....................................................................................................33
FIGURE7.17CHAOTICFERRORESONANCEPHASEPLANE...................................................................................................34
FIGURE7.18CHAOTICFERRORESONANCEFREQUENCYCONTENT........................................................................................34
FIGURE8.1FERRORESONANTSYSTEM[11]....................................................................................................................36
FIGURE8.2ENERGIZEDTRANSFORMERPHASE[11]...........................................................................................................36
FIGURE8.3EQUIVALENTCIRCUIT[11]...........................................................................................................................37
FIGURE8.4SOURCEVOLTAGEAGAINSTFLUX..................................................................................................................40
FIGURE8.5SOURCEVOLTAGEAGAINSTFLUXWITHR/4....................................................................................................41
FIGURE8.6LIMITPOINTS............................................................................................................................................42
FIGURE8.7STABILITYDOMAIN.....................................................................................................................................42
FIGURE8.8STABILITYDOMAINWITHR/4.......................................................................................................................43
FIGURE9.1THEVENINMODEL......................................................................................................................................44
FIGURE9.2SIMPLECONTINUATION...............................................................................................................................46
FIGURE9.3TANGENTATLIMITPOINT............................................................................................................................47
FIGURE9.4HYPERSPHEREMETHOD[54].......................................................................................................................48
FIGURE9.5HYPERSPHERECONTINUATIONALGORITHM....................................................................................................48
FIGURE9.6STABILITYDOMAINALGORITHM....................................................................................................................51
FIGURE10.1EQUIVALENTCIRCUIT................................................................................................................................52
FIGURE10.2FLUXAGAINSTVOLTAGESOURCE.................................................................................................................53
FIGURE10.3EFFECTOFCAPACITANCECHANGE...............................................................................................................54
FIGURE10.4EFFECTOFRESISTANCECHANGE..................................................................................................................54
FIGURE10.5FLUXAGAINSTEQUIVALENTCAPACITANCE.....................................................................................................55
FIGURE10.6FLUXAGAINSTRESISTANCE.........................................................................................................................56
FIGURE10.7STABILITYDOMAIN:SOURCEVOLTAGEAGAINSTCAPACITANCE..........................................................................56
FIGURE10.8STABILITYDOMAIN:SOURCEVOLTAGEAGAINSTRESISTANCE.............................................................................57
FIGURE10.9FLUXAGAINSTSOURCEVOLTAGE.................................................................................................................58
FIGURE10.10EFFECTOFCAPACITANCECHANGE.............................................................................................................59
FIGURE10.11EFFECTOFRESISTANCECHANGE................................................................................................................59
FIGURE10.12FLUXAGAINSTCAPACITANCE....................................................................................................................60
FIGURE10.13FLUXAGAINSTRESISTANCE.......................................................................................................................60
FIGURE10.14STABILITYDOMAIN:SOURCEVOLTAGEAGAINSTCAPACITANCE........................................................................61
FIGURE10.15STABILITYDOMAIN:SOURCEVOLTAGEAGAINSTRESISTANCE...........................................................................61
FIGURE10.16FLUXAGAINSTSOURCEVOLTAGE...............................................................................................................62
FIGURE10.18FLUXAGAINSTRESISTANCE.......................................................................................................................63
FIGURE10.20STABILITYDOMAIN:SOURCEVOLTAGEAGAINSTRESISTANCE...........................................................................64
FIGURE10.21COMPARISONOFFERRORESONANCEMODES..............................................................................................65
FIGURE11.1FERRORESONANTCIRCUIT[36]..................................................................................................................66
FIGURE11.3FLUXAGAINSTCAPACITANCE......................................................................................................................68
FIGURE11.4FLUXAGAINSTSERIESRESISTANCE...............................................................................................................69
FIGURE11.5FLUXAGAINSTPARALLELRESISTANCE...........................................................................................................69
FIGURE11.7STABILITYDOMAIN:SOURCEVOLTAGEAGAINSTPARALLELRESISTANCE...............................................................70
FIGURE11.10FLUXAGAINSTSERIESRESISTANCE.............................................................................................................72
FIGURE11.11FLUXAGAINSTPARALLELRESISTANCE.........................................................................................................73
FIGURE11.13STABILITYDOMAIN:SOURCEVOLTAGEAGAINSTPARALLELRESISTANCE.............................................................74
FIGURE11.16FLUXAGAINSTSERIESRESISTANCE.............................................................................................................76
FIGURE11.17FLUXAGAINSTPARALLELRESISTANCE.........................................................................................................76
FIGURE11.19STABILITYDOMAIN:SOURCEVOLTAGEAGAINSTPARALLELRESISTANCE.............................................................77
FIGURE12.1SINGLEPHASEDIAGRAMOFTHETESTSYSTEM................................................................................................78
FIGURE12.2THREEPHASESIMPLIFIEDCIRCUIT...............................................................................................................79
FIGURE12.3SINGLEPHASEEQUIVALENT........................................................................................................................79
FIGURE12.6FLUXAGAINSTDAMPINGRESISTOR..............................................................................................................83
FIGURE12.8STABILITYDOMAIN:SOURCEVOLTAGEAGAINSTDAMPINGRESISTOR..................................................................84
FIGURE12.12STABILITYDOMAIN:SOURCEVOLTAGEAGAINSTDAMPINGRESISTOR................................................................87
FIGURE12.15FLUXAGAINSTDAMPINGRESISTOR............................................................................................................89
FIGURE12.17STABILITYDOMAIN:SOURCEVOLTAGEAGAINSTDAMPINGRESISTOR................................................................90
FIGURE12.18STABILITYDOMAIN:DAMPINGRESISTORCOMPARISON..................................................................................90
1 Introduction
Ferroresonance is anelectrical phenomenon that has been a problemfor power systems.

The word ferroresonance firstly used in 1920s to define complex oscillations between
system components and ferromagnetic material in RLC circuits where inductance is non
linear[1].
Ferroresonantoscillationsoccurinsystemswhichcontainatleast:
Anonlinearinductance
Acapacitor
Avoltagesource
Lowlosses
In the modern power networks, there are high amounts of saturable inductances (voltage
measurementtransformers,shuntreactors,powertransformers)andalsocapacitancessuch
as long line charging capacitor, series or parallel capacitor banks and grading capacitors.
Voltageinthepowersystemisprovidedbygenerators.Thesefactorsmakeferroresonance
scenariospossibleinthepowersystems.
Ferroresonanceisconsideredasajumpresonance.Jumpresonancereferstoaconditionin
a sinusoidally excited system: if an incremental change in amplitude or frequency of the
input to the system or in the magnitude of one of the parameters of the system causes a
suddenjumpinsignalamplitudesomewhereinthesystem,jumpresonanceissaidtohave
occurred [2]. Change in frequency is not very common but for some specific values of
parameters(appliedvoltage,capacitorvalue,corelossesetc...)theremayexisttwoormore
stableoperationpointswhereoneofthemisnormalsteadyoperationandotheronesare
ferroresonantsteadyoperation.
Ferroresonant oscillations are very harmful to power system equipments. Large currents
and overvoltages are characteristic of these oscillations. In the past, there are cases
reportedwheretransformerandotherequipmentinsulationaredamagedbecauseofferro
resonance.
Ferroresonancedependsonparametersofthesystem,initialconditionsandtransientssuch
as transformer remnant flux residue, circuit breaker switching angles, faults and load
shedding.Becauseofthiswidedependency,specialstudiesshouldbemadetoanalyzeferro
resonance.
Duetodependencyofinitialconditionsandtransients,ferroresonanceoccurrenceseemsto
berandomlynatured.Asystemcanbeinriskofferroresonancebutneverexperienceitin
its lifetime because certain conditions never happened. But when it ever happens it
causescatastrophicfailure.Onewouldliketoknowifthesystemisinriskornot.
10
Setups,configurationsandscenariosthatmaycauseferroresonancearemany.Itisnoteasy
totryeveryscenariosbecauseitwilltakesomuchcomputationaltimeandsomescenarios
couldbeoverlooked.
Inthisthesis,safetymarginofsystemparametersislookedforthesystemssubjecttoferro
resonanceratherthanfindingouteverypossiblecertainconditionsforferroresonanceto
occur.Tobeabletothisstudy,afrequencydomainanalysisamodifiedHarmonicBalance
methodisusedwithcontinuationtechniquestodrawcontinuousparametercurves.These
parametercurvesareusedforassessingriskofferroresonance.
2 Ferroresonance in Literature
Firstworkonferroresonancefielddatesbackto1907,butinthattime,thewordofferro
resonancehasnotbeenusedforphenomenon.Itisconsideredasatransformerresonance
[3]. Up until 1960s graphical and experimental studies were popular then nonlinear
dynamicsareappliedbyHayashiandmanyothertypesofferroresonancearefound[4].In
1970stheworkofHayashiareimprovedinmathematicalsense.In[2]Swift,analyzedferro
resonance with describing function. In 1975, Galerkins Method is firstly applied to ferro
resonantcircuits[6].
Publications before 1990 have weak connections between ferroresonance and nonlinear
dynamics generally because of gap between experimental studies and theoretical studies.
Bifurcationtheoryisusedforferroresonancestudiesin1990[7].Afterbeginningof1990s,
lotsofacademicpapershavebeenpublishedmainlyfocusedonnonlinearmodels,damping
of ferroresonance, effect of initial conditions on ferroresonance and frequency domain
analyses.In2002,Jacobsonusedseparatrixcalculationforthestudyofferroresonance[5].
2.1 TimeDomain Analysis
Vastmajorityoftheacademicstudiesonferroresonanceisdoneintimedomainwherethe
effectsofparametershavebeenstudiedbyusingphaseplanes,poincaresections[8][30].
EMTP software and other nonlinear dynamic methods have been used to study chaotic
behaviorofferroresonantcircuits[23][30].
2.2 Effects of Initial Conditions
Ferroresonancehasaspecialbehaviorwhichisitsdifferentresponseswithsameparameter
values depending on initial conditions [8][17]. It means that timedomain solutions might
11
give different steady states depending on initial conditions. Reference [9] and [10] shows
thatexactfaultclearingswitchmomentshaveeffectonferroresonance.Thismakesitvery
hardtocheckallofscenariosontimedomain.
Smallchangesininitialfluxvaluesandvoltagesupplyforvoltagetransformersleadtoalarge
differenceinlongtermbehaviorofthesystem[11],[12].
2.3 Nonlinear transformer core models
Nonlinearityofferroresonanceisveryimportantfactoronitsbehavior.Sorepresentation
of nonlinearity of transformer core is crucial for ferroresonance studies. Reference [13]
showsthatferroresonantbehaviorofthetransformerunderstudy,basedonthepiecewise
linearandthepolynomialsaturationcharacteristicsaresignificantlydifferent.
Normally transformer core loss considered constant, it is shown that nonlinear core loss
modelsoffersmoreaccurateresults[14].Reference[15]providesinformationabouthowto
determinemagnetizationcharacteristicsoftransformerbytakingintoaccountonlytherms
values and noload losses. This model presents benefits over other models since
magnetizationcharacteristiccanbedirectlyobtainedfromonlythreemeasuredrmsvalues
(voltage,current,losses).
BasedonthePreisachtheory,anothertransformercoremodelisrepresentedandtestedon
voltage transformer and compared to others. It is seen that proposed model gives closer
resultstoexperimentalresults[16].
2.4 Damping and Mitigation Options
Therearedynamicandstaticoptionstodampferroresonanceoscillations.Commonremedy
is to use the damping resistors on the secondary windings or tertiary windings of voltage
transformers which is the static damping [18]. Different types of connection of damping
resistoraretestedfordampingdifferentkindsofferroresonances[19].
Anoveltypeofbidirectionalthyristorbasedresonanceeliminatorisalsomentionedwhichis
intheorysuperiortostaticdamping[20].
There is also a way to damp ferroresonant oscillations by connecting shunt resistor to
grading capacitances which causes system to have less sensitivity to initial conditions and
variationinsystemparameters[21].
12
2.5 Frequency Domain Analyses
Main objective of the frequency domain analyses is to find periodic steady state of ferro
resonantnonlinearcircuits.Hayashiconsidersharmonicbalancemethodisthebestwayto
skip transients and directly calculate steady state solution to nonlinear systems [4].
Analytical harmonic balance method has been used in some academic research and it is
proventhatthismethodisveryadvantageousonparameterstudyofferroresonance[31],
[32],[33].
GalerkinsMethod and bifurcation theory isfirstly usedby Kieny [34], [35]. It is concluded
that timedomain simulations are not providing better understanding of ferroresonance
phenomena. Author also concluded that adjustable accuracy and ease of use make
proposedmethodbetterthananalyticalharmonicbalancemethod.Hisworkisextendedby
BenAmarandDhifaoui[36],[37].
Stabilitydomainsofdifferenttypesofoscillationsanddeterminingdampingresistorvalues
with harmonic balance method are firstly studied late 1990s [38][45]. These studies are
currentlythelatestdevelopmentonferroresonanceliterature.
3 Linear Resonance and FerroResonance
Linear resonance has one natural oscillation frequency which strictly depends on linear
inductance and capacitance value of the system as in (3.1). Therefore, there is only one
frequency n that causes over voltages and over currents in the system. The n is
calculatedasfollows:
1
(3.1)
LC
When linear inductance is replaced by nonlinear inductance as shown in (3.2) (Voltage

transformer, shunt reactor etc...) oscillation frequencies may be network frequency or
fractionsofthenetworkfrequency.
1
(3.2)
f (i )C
When nonlinear inductance is driven into saturation, it can exhibit many values of
inductances therefore a wide range of capacitance values can cause ferroresonance
oscillations[46].
Moreover,changefromoneferroresonantstatetoanotherisalsopossibledependingon
initialconditionsandtransients.
13
4 Causes and Effects of Ferroresonance in the Power Systems
Causesofferroresonancearemanybutitcanbegeneralizedasbelow;
Transients
Phasetoground,phasetophasefaults
Circuitbreakeropeningandclosing
Transformerenergizinganddeenergizing
The main cause of ferroresonance cannot be known beforehand and it is generally found
outbyanalyzingeventsinthepowersystempriortoferroresonantoscillations.
Ferroresonancecanbeidentifiedbythefollowingsymptoms[46];
Highpermanentovervoltagesofdifferentialmode(phasetophase)
Highpermanentovercurrents
Highpermanentdistortionsofvoltageandcurrentwaveforms
Displacementoftheneutralpointvoltage
Transformerheating
Loudnoiseintransformersandreactances
Damageofelectricalequipment(capacitorbanks,voltagetransformersetc)
Untimelytrippingofprotectiondevices
Someoftheeffectsarenotonlyspecialtoferroresonance;aninitialanalysiscanbedoneby
lookingatvoltagewaveforms.Ifitisnotpossibletoobtainrecordingsoriftherearepossible
interpretationsforeffects,notonlysystemconfigurationshouldbecheckedbutalsoevents
priortoferroresonance.
Following step is to determine if three conditions are met in order ferroresonance to
happen;
Coexistenceofcapacitancesandnonlinearinductances
Existence of a point whose potential is not fixed ( isolated neutral, single phase
switching)
Lightlyloadedsystem(unloadedpowerorvoltagetransformers)
Ifanyoftheseconditionsarenotmet,ferroresonanceissaidtobeveryunlikely[46].
In reference [47], ferroresonance occurred because of switching operations during
commissioning new 400kV substation where grading capacitance of a circuit breaker
involved. It is reported that two voltage transformers are driven into sustained ferro
resonancestate.
14
FerroresonanceexperiencedinStationServiceTransformerduringswitchingoperationsby
firstlyopeningthecircuitbreakerandthenthedisconnecterswitchlocatedattheriserpole
surgearrester[49].Oscillationscausedexplosionofsurgearrester.
In reference [48], explosion of a voltage transformer is reported. One of the buses was
removedbecauseofinstallingofnewcircuitbreakerandcurrenttransformer,atthesame
time maintenance and line trip testing were conducted. Voltage transformers on the de
energizedbuswereenergizedbynearonoperationbusbarthroughgradingcapacitors.
4.1 Systems Vulnerable to Ferroresonance
In the modern power systems, there are many sources of capacitances, non linear
inductances and wide range of operating setups. Configurations that may allow ferro
resonancetohappenareendless.Buttherearesometypicalconfigurationsthatmayleadto
ferroresonance[46].
4.1.1
Voltage Transformer Energized Through Grading Capacitance
Switching operations may cause ferroresonance in voltage transformers which are

connectedbetweenphasesandground.Asamplecaseisillustratedinfigure4.1;
Opening of circuit breaker D started ferroresonance by causing capacitance C (all the
capacitances to ground) to discharge through voltage transformer. Through grading
capacitance Cd ,sourcedeliversenoughenergytomaintainoscillation.
Figure4.1Ferroresonanceofavoltagetransformerconnectedinserieswithanopencircuitbreaker[46]
4.1.2
Voltage Transformers Connected to an Isolated Neutral System
Transients due to switching operations or ground faults may start ferroresonance by

saturatingironcoreofvoltagetransformersshowninfigure4.2.Thisgroundingsystemcan
be chosen on purpose or the system can become neutral isolated from a loss of system
groundingduetodifferentreasons.
15
A system operator may think there is a phasetoground fault in the system because of
neutralpointdisplacementandpotentialriserespecttogroundononeortwophases.
Figure4.2Ferroresonanceofavoltagetransformerbetweenphaseandgroundinanisolatedneutralsystem[46]
4.1.3
Transformer Accidentally Energized in Only One or Two Phases
Thesesetupscanhappenwhenoneortwoofthesourcephasesaredisconnectedwhilethe
transformer is lightly loaded [46]. System capacitances in figure 4.3 may consist of
undergroundcablesoroverheadlines.Primaryofthetransformerscanbedeltaconnected
orwyeconnectedwithisolatedorgroundedneutral.Becauseofswitchingoperations,ferro
resonantconfigurationsareformed.Factorsthatarerelevantisgivenbelow;
Phasetophaseandphasetogroundcapacitances
Primaryandsecondarywindingsconnections
Voltagesourcegrounding
16
Figure4.3Examplesofunbalancedsystems[46]
4.1.4
Voltage Transformers and HV/MV Transformers with Isolated Neutral
ThereispossibilityofferroresonancewhenHVandMVneutralsareungrounded.Whena
ground fault happens in HV side, high potential is obtained at HV neutral point. With the
help of capacitive effect between primary and secondary, overvoltages appears on MV
side[46].
Conditionsforferroresonanceisformedwithvoltagesource E0 ,capacitances Ce and C0 and
magnetizinginductanceofavoltagetransformerinfigure4.4andfigure4.5.
Figure4.4Faultysystem[46]
17
Figure4.5Ferroresonanceofvoltagetransformerbetweenphaseandgroundwithungrounded/isolatedneutral[46]
4.1.5
Power system grounded through a reactor
In LV systems, Permanent Insulation Monitors (PIMs) are used to measure insulation

impedance by injecting direct current between system and ground. Their impedance is
inductiveanditmaycontributetoferroresonanceoscillations[46].
Any potential rise in neutral point may cause ferroresonance between inductance of PIM
andcapacitancesofthesystem.
Figure4.6PIMinductancebetweenneutralandground[46]
InMVsystems,acoilofinductanceLisusedbetweenMVneutralofaHV/MVtransformer
and ground to limit ground fault currents. Excitation of ferroresonance of the circuit
consisting inductance L and zerosequence capacitances may happen because of natural
dissymmetryoftransformerandcapacitancesshowninfigure4.7.
18
Figure4.7Resonantgroundingsystem[46]
4.1.6
Transformer Supplied by a Highly Capacitive Power System with Low ShortCircuit

Power
Asshowninfigure4.8whenanunloadedpowertransformerisconnectedtoarelativelylow
shortcircuit power source through underground cable or long overhead line, ferro
resonancemayhappen.
Figure4.8Powertransformersuppliedbycapacitivesystem[46]
With the experience from the past, it is concluded that system with features below are in
dangerofferroresonance[46];
Voltage transformer connected between phase and ground on an isolated neutral

system
Transformerfedthroughcapacitivelines
Nonmultipolebreaking
Unloadedorlightlyloadedvoltagetransformers
19
5 Preventing Ferroresonance
Methodstopreventferroresonanceanditsharmfuleffectsarelistedasfollows;
Avoidingconfigurationsvulnerabletoferroresonance
Ensuringsystemparametersarenotcausingriskofferroresonance
Ensuring energy supplied by the source is not enough to sustain oscillations (
introducingdampingtothesystem)
Internationalstandardsstatethatresonanceovervoltagesshouldbepreventedorlimited,
thosevoltagevaluescannotbetakenbasisforinsulationdesign.Sointheory,currentdesign
ofinsulationsandsurgearrestersdonotprovideprotectionagainstferroresonance[56].
There are some research on dynamical damping of ferroresonance, prototypes are
introduced [19], [20] but the most common used practice is static damping with damping
resistors.
Forconfigurationsinfigure4.3,followingpracticalsolutionsareadvised[46];
Loweringcapacitancebetweencircuitbreakerandtransformer
Avoidinguseoftransformersat10%ofitsratedcapacity
Avoidingnoloadenergizing
Prohibitingsinglephaseoperations
IncaseofMVpowersystemsgroundedthroughareactorfigure4.7,overcompensationof
power frequency capacitance component of the ground fault current can be done or a
resistivecomponenttoincreaselossescanalsobeadded[46].
Forpowertransformerswhosearefedthroughcapacitivelines,thebestsolutionproposed
isavoidingriskysituationswhenactivepowerdeliveryislessthan10% ofthetransformer
ratedpower[46].
5.1 Damping Ferroresonance in Voltage Transformers
Asmentionedbefore,voltagetransformersconnectedbetweenphaseandgroundinneutral
isolatedsystemsisdangerousforferroresonanceoscillationstohappen.
It is advised that avoid wyeconnections of voltage transformer primaries with grounded
neutral by leaving neutral of primaries ungrounded or using delta connection instead
[18],[40].Ifwyeconnectionforprimariesisused,onlywaylefttodampapossibleoscillation
istointroduceloadresistances.
20
5.1.1
Voltage Transformers with one Secondary Winding
Eventhoughresistorswillconsumepowerduringoperation,dampingresistorsareusedto
damppossibleferroresonantoscillationsinfigure5.1.
Recommended minimum values of resistance R and power rating of resistor PR are
calculatedwithratedvaluesoftransformerin(5.1)and(5.2)[40],[46].
Us2
(5.1)
k .Pt Pm
PR
U s2
(5.2)
R
where;
U s :ratedsecondaryvoltage(V)
k :factorbetween0.25and1regardingerrorsandserviceconditions
Pt :voltagetransformersratedoutput(VA)
Pm :powerrequiredformeasurement(VA)
Figure5.1Dampingforvoltagetransformerwithonesecondary[46]
21
5.1.2
Voltage Transformers with two Secondary Winding
There is also an option to have two secondaries in voltage transformers. One is for
measurementandsecondoneisespeciallyfordamping(tertiarywinding).Theadvantageto
have damping resistors in the open delta connected secondary winding is that it is only
activeduringunbalancedoperation.Duringthebalancedoperationnocurrentcirculatesin
opendelta.
Recommended minimum values of resistance R and power rating of resistor PR are
calculatedwithratedvaluesoftransformerin(5.3)and(5.4)[40],[46].
3 3U s 2
(5.3)
Pe
PR
(3U s ) 2
(5.4)
R
where;
U s :ratedvoltageofthetertiarywinding(V)
Pe :ratedthermalburdenoftertiarywinding(VA)
Ratedthermalburdenistheapparentpowerthanvoltagetransformercansupplywithout
exceedingthermalconstraints.
22
Figure5.2Dampingsystemforvoltagetransformerwithtwosecondary[46]
6 Model of Nonlinearity
Thecomplexityofthewholeferroresonanceproblemiscausedbynonlinearinductancesin
the system. Relationship between flux and magnetizing current for voltage transformer
should be formed in order to study ferroresonance in time domain and also in frequency
domain.
Inmanystudies(6.1)istakenmodelforsaturationcurvecharacteristicsforvoltage
transformers[12],[22],[27],[31],[33],[36],[37].
im k1 k2 n (6.1)
where;
im :Magnetizingcurrent(p.u)
k1 , k2 :Polynomialconstants
:Coremagneticflux(p.u)
23
Polynomial constants k1 , k2 have impact on the linear and saturated regions of

magnetizationcharacteristics. k1 isrelatedtolinearpartofthesaturationcurvewhereas k2
is related to saturated zone when iron core is driven into saturation by high magnetizing
current.
Thebehaviorofagivensystemisextremelysensitivetononlinearityoftheinductancesso
for sake of accurate results polynomial constants and index n must be obtained with
precision. Shape of magnetizing curve and saturation knee position are important
characteristicsofmagnetizingcurveofavoltagetransformer.Thesecurvescanbecreated
with help of records from real measurements of inrush currents during energization of a
givenvoltagetransformer.
Typicalmagnetizationcurvealsocalledsaturationcurveisshowninfigure6.1.Asthecurrent
isincreasedmagneticfluxalsoincreases.Atsaturationpoint,magneticfluxgetssmallerand
smaller increase compared to increase in magnetizing current. Slope of the magnetic flux
and magnetizing current curve changes dramatically at saturation point and this slope is
proportional with inductance value of the voltage transformers coil. It means that after
kneepointthereisabigdropininductancevalueofthecoilascurvesslopegetssmallerin
magnitude.
1.5
Flux (p.u)
0.5
10
Magnetizing Current (p.u)
20
Figure6.1ExampleofSaturationCurve
Sinceinductancevalueisnotfixed,resonancefrequencycanchange.Oncecoilisdriveninto
saturationitwillstayinthereaslongasmagnetizingcurrentisnotdecreased.Whenferro
resonance happens in saturated zone, decreasing magnetizing current may not stop ferro
resonanceoscillations[50].
In reference [8] and [14], it is discussed that nonlinear core loss model gives different
resultsagainstlinearcorelossmodels.Itismoreaccurateaslossesinsaturatedregionare
higher,itcoincideswithreallifeexperimentsalso.Inthisthesis,nonlinearcorelossmodelis
24
not used for sake of simplicity for the analysis. But it will be kept in mind that in ferro
resonanceoperationcorelossesaregettingrelativelyhigher.
7 Ferroresonance in TimeDomain
Timedomain solutions of ferroresonant circuits do not give broad vision of these

phenomena but can give examples of different kind of ferroresonances. A sample
configurationleadingtoferroresonanceisexamined.
Ferroresonanceinavoltagetransformerfedthroughcircuitbreakergradingcapacitanceis
studiedin[28].Threedifferentkindofferroresonanceisshownbychangingparametersof
thecircuit.
Figure7.1Systemdiagram
Figure 7.1 shows the ferroresonant system components of a 275 kV substation. Voltage
transformerisisolatedfromthebusbarbydisconnectorDs2.
Ccb is the grading capacitance for circuit breaker while Cbb is the total capacitance to
ground.Inthissystemvoltagetransformerfailurewasexperiencedafteropeningofcircuit
breakerandDs2whileDs1wasopened[28].
Infigure7.2Ferroresonantcircuitisshownafterswitchinginthesystemisdone.
25
Figure7.2Equivalentcircuit
Es isthermsvoltageappliedand Cseries iscircuitbreakergradingcapacitancewhilst Cshunt is

thetotalphasetogroundcapacitance.Parallelresistor R representscorelossofthevoltage
transformer.
Basevaluesaregivenas;
Basevoltage: (275 / 3)kV
Basepower: 100VA
Baseimpedance: 252M
Baseangularfrequency: 314rad / s
Nonlinearcharacteristicofthetransformerisgivenin(7.1)withperunitvaluesasfollows;
7
i ( ) 3.42 0.41 (7.1)
Systemequationcanbewrittenas:
1 dV
1
1
V
3.42 0.41 7 (7.2)
dt R Cseries Cshunt
Cseries Cshunt
Cseries
Cseries Cshunt
2 E cos t
In (7.2) V is the first derivative of which is the voltage at the terminal of the voltage
transformer.
Nonlinear ODE of the system is solved by RungeKutta algorithm in MATHCAD. During
simulationsourcevoltage E andfrequencyarefixedat1p.u.Gradingcapacitance Cseries is
takenas0.5nFforeachsimulation[28]. Cshunt wasvariedbetweenrealisticvaluesof0.1nF
and5nF.
Transformer core resistance is designated as 225 M to cause 112 W losses which are
thoughttobereasonable[28].
26
Initialvaluesforfluxandfluxfirstderivativeareselectedas V (t ) 2 p.uand (t ) 0 at
t 0 .Thismeansthatcircuitbreakeroperationisatmaximumvoltage.
7.1 Normal Operation
Graphs are drawn for the case where Cshunt is 3 nF. Other parameters such as Cseries and
parallelresistance R arekeptattheiroriginalvalues.
Infigure7.6itcanbeseenthatfrequencycomponentispurely50Hzinsteadystateafter
initial transients have disappeared. Phase plane in figure 7.5 closes itself in steady state
showingthatresponseispurelyfundamental.
Terminal voltage and flux in the voltage transformer in figure 7.4 and 7.3 seems to have
normalsinusoidalwaveresponsereachingup0.2p.upeakvalue.
0.4
Flux (p.u)
0.2
4.1
4.2
4.3
0.2
0.4
Time (s)
Figure7.3Normaloperation
Terminal Voltage (p.u)
0.3
0.2
0.1
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
Time (s)
Figure7.4Normaloperation
27
0.3
Voltage Terminal (p.u)
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
Flux (p.u)
0.3
Figure7.5Normaloperationphaseplane
0.1
Frequency Content
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
50
100
150
Frequency (Hz)
200
Figure7.6Normaloperationfrequencycontent
7.2 Fundamental FerroResonance Operation
In order to see steadystate fundamental ferroresonance, Cshunt is set to 1.25 nF. Relevant
graphsaredrawnagainbychangingshuntcapacitance.
Waveformsoffluxandvoltageinfigure7.7and7.8showdifferencesfromfigure7.3and7.4
, it is noticeable that peak values of waveforms are much higher in fundamental ferro
resonancecase.
28
Sinceitisasteadystateoperationphaseplaneandfrequencycontentaresimilartonormal
operation only difference in magnitudes as can be seen in figure 7.9 and 7.10. Ferro
resonantbehaviorisexperiencedwithadifferentvalueof Cshunt .
4
Flux (p.u)
4.1
4.2
4.3
4
Time (s)
Figure7.7Fundamentalferroresonanceoperation
4.1
4.2
4.3
4
Time (s)
Figure7.8Fundamentalferroresonanceoperation
29
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
Flux (p.u)
Figure7.9Fundamentalferroresonancephaseplane
Frequency Content
15
10
50
100
150
Frequency (Hz)
200
Figure7.10Fundamentalferroresonancefrequencycontent
7.3 Subharmonic Ferroresonance Operation
Cshunt issetto0.19nFtofindsubharmonicferroresonantsolutiontothesystem.
Thephaseplaneinfigure7.13hastwoclosingtrajectoriespointingoutsubharmoniccontent
ofthesignal.Itcanbeseenfromfigure7.14thattherearefrequencycontentsof25Hz,50
Hzand75Hz.25Hzcomponentishighenoughtohaveaneffectonphaseplanediagram.
30
Voltagewaveformofthevoltagetransformerandfluxinthevoltagetransformerdiagramsin
figure7.11andfigure7.12showdistortedwaveformsincludinghigherandlowerharmonics.
Peakvaluesarestillmuchhigherthannormaloperation.
Flux (p.u)
4.1
4.2
4.3
4
Time (s)
Figure7.11Subharmonicferroresonanceoperation
4.1
4.2
4.3
4
Time (s)
Figure7.12Subharmonicferroresonanceoperation
31
4
4
Flux (p.u)
Figure7.13Subharmonicferroresonancephaseplane
8
Frequency Content
50
100
150
Frequency (Hz)
200
Figure7.14Subharmonicferroresonancefrequencycontent
7.4 Chaotic Ferroresonance Operation
Thereisnoreportedchaoticferroresonanceeventuntilnowmainlybecauseitispossible
withunrealisticvaluesofcircuitparameters[27].Thiskindofferroresonanceisstillbeing
investigatedwithchaostheorysinceitsnatureismuchunknown.
To be able to observe chaotic operation, Cseries and Cshunt are set to 3 nF and 0.1 nF
respectively. Resistance value representing the core loss is set to 1900M in order to
32
reduce losses in the system. These unpractical parameters are able to give chaotic ferro
resonanceresponseshowingthatexistenceofthismodeintheory.
6
Flux (p.u)
4
2
0
2
4
6
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
Time (s)
Figure7.15Chaoticferroresonanceoperation
10
10
4.2
4.4
4.6
Time (s)
4.8
Figure7.16Chaoticferroresonanceoperation
33
10
10
6
Flux (p.u)
Figure7.17Chaoticferroresonancephaseplane
Frequency Content
50
100
150
Frequency (Hz)
200
Figure7.18Chaoticferroresonancefrequencycontent
Infigure7.15andfigure7.16,waveformsareshownonlyfor800ms,butphaseplaneand
frequencycontentareshownfor10secondsoftimedomainresponse.Eventhoughitdoes
not seem so on flux and voltage waveforms, there are many higher and low order
subharmonicspresentinthesignalcausingphaseplanenottoclosedownitself.
Normal operation, fundamental ferroresonance operation and subharmonic ferro
resonanceoperationmayhappenundercloserangeparametervaluesofthesystem.Soitis
bettertostudyfundamentalandsubharmonicperiodicsteadystateresponsesratherthan
chaotic ferroresonance which happen for very extreme and unrealistic parameters of the
circuit.
34
Timedomain analyses give narrow vision to understand the risk of ferroresonance. In

literature, it is found that differentiating the initial values to the ODE solver might give
differentresultsforsameparametersofthesystem[8],[12],[27].Sincetherearesomany
initialandparametervaluesthatcanbeused,itisunrealistictotryouteverysinglescenario.
In reference [12], it is shown that a small increment on parameters can lead to different
operationmodes.
8 Analytical Harmonic Balance Method
Harmonic balance is a method for the study of nonlinear oscillating systems which are
defined by nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The basis of the method is to
substitute unknown in the system by assumed solution so that approximate periodic
solutionsofnonlinearordinarydifferentialequationscan befound. Theassumedsolution
canbedefinedasasumofsteadystatesinusoids(Fourierseries)thatincludestheforcing
frequencyinadditiontoanysignificantharmonics.
Theoryofharmonicbalancemethodisexplainedin[51],[52],[53].Practiceofthistheoryon
ferroresonantcircuitsisdonein[31],[32],[33].
Anexampleofapplicationofharmonicbalancemethodwillbegiventoshowapproachto
fundamentalferroresonantbehavior.
8.1 Application of Harmonic Balance on Example System
In figure 4.3, there are cases shown where ferroresonance configuration is formed when
oneortwoofthesourcephasesarelostwhilethetransformerislightlyloaded.Thismaybe
caused by single phase switching operations such as clearing of single phase fusing and
singlephasereclosing.
In the following case, one phase of the system was open while other two are closed. This
leadstoaninducedvoltageintheopenphasebecauseofcapacitancesinthesystem[11].
35
Figure8.1Ferroresonantsystem[11]
The system under study in figure 8.1 consists of source feeding an unloaded transformer
withoneofthephase areopenorinthiscaseinterrupted.Capacitivecouplingwithother
two phases energizes the transformer. Ferroresonance is due to interaction between the
nonlinearmagnetizinginductanceofthetransformersopenphaseandcapacitanceofthe
distributionline.
Figure8.2Energizedtransformerphase[11]
Inordertostudyharmonicbalanceonthiscircuitscheme,equivalentcapacitanceshouldbe
obtained. This can be done shorting first and second phase and omitting transformer
windings and ground capacitance of first and second phase. From figure 8.2, one can see
thattherewillbenocurrentonmutualcapacitancebetweennode1andnode2sincethey
havethesamepotentialthereforemutualcapacitancebetweennode1andnode2canbe
omitted as well. Mutual and ground capacitances which are connected to node 3 will be
takenfortheequivalentcircuit.Equivalentsystemcapacitanceiscalculatedin(8.1).
C Cg 2Cm (8.1)
Equivalentvoltagesourceshouldbe;
E
Cm
V1 (8.2)
Cg 2Cm
36
Corelossesofthetransformercanbeneglectedduringloadedoperationsincefluxinduced
in the primary is compensated by current flow in secondary of the transformer. If
transformer is working in unloaded condition, induced flux flows through iron core of the
transformer and causes nonnegligible losses [11]. Figure 8.3 Shows additional resistance
connectedparalleltononlinearinductancetosimulatetransformercorelosses.
Figure8.3Equivalentcircuit[11]
Transmission lines are 100 km long with a ground capacitance 5.41 nF/km and mutual
capacitance1.18nF/kmandmakingequivalentcapacitanceequalto777nF.Transformerhas
25 MVA rated power and core loss given as %1 of rated transformer capacity defining
parallelresistanceas48.4 k .
Basevoltage: 63.5kV
Basecurrent: 131A
Baseimpedance: 484.73
Transformersmagnetizationcharacteristicisapproximatedbytwotermpolynomial;
im a b n (8.3)
Polynomial power ( n 11 ) mainly depends on capacity of the transformer, a 0.28 x102
and b 0.72 x102 arethefittingvaluesofsaturationcurve.Firsttermdefineslinearregion
andsecondonenonlinear.
Mathematicalequationsofthecircuitcanbewrittenas;
E sin t VC
d
(8.4)
dt
Rewritingvoltageacrossthecapacitanceandreforming(8.4);
i
d
(8.5)
E sin t C dt
C
dt
Currentsinthesystemcanbewritteninanotherway;
37
iC im iR
n
im a b (8.6)
iR
1 d
R dt
Bytakingderivativeofbothsidesof(8.5);
E cos t
d 2
1 d 1
(a b n ) (8.7)
2
dt
RC dt C
Todetermineapproximateperiodicsolutions,solutiontomagneticfluxlinkagecanbe
assumedassinusoidalresponsewritteninfundamentalcomponentsinFourierseries;
(t ) sin(t )
(t ) X sin t Y cos t
2
2
2
X Y
(8.8)
Substitutionof (t ) tocircuitequationrequiresevaluationof n n sin n (t ) ;

Binomialoddpowerexpansionof
n
sin (t ) k1 sin(t ) k3 sin(3t 3 ) ... kn sin(nt n ) (8.9)
Only k1 isusedin(8.9);
n
(1) n 1
k1 n 1 n 1 (8.10)
2
2
Aftersubstitutionof(8.8)in(8.7);
1
1
E cost sint 2 ka X Y cost 2 ka Y X (8.11)
RC
RC
k1kb n 1 (X sin t Y cos t )

where;
38
ka
a
b
kb (8.12)
C
C
Equatingsineandcosinetermsin(8.11)makesthesystemdependentonthefrequencyand
circuitparameters;
ka ) k1kb n 1 X
ka ) k1kb
n 1
RC
RC
Y 0
(8.13)
X E
X2 Y2 2
Equation(8.13)canbeseenas;
a'x b' y 0
(8.14)
a' y a'x H
Aftertakingsquareandaddingelementsof(8.4);
a '2 ( x 2 y 2 ) b '2 ( x 2 y 2 ) H 2
x 2 y 2 X2 Y2 2
(8.15)
Finallyaformofpolynomialisfoundfrom(8.15);
n p2 ( n 1)/2 p1 p0 0 (8.16)

where;
p0
p1
p2
k1kb
E2
ka
RC (8.17)
2
k1kb
2 2 ka
k1kb
Logicistofindtherootsof(8.16)foreachgivensourcevoltagepeakvalue;asexpectedfor
somevaluesofsourcevoltagethereweremorethanonepositiverealsolution.Byincreasing
39
sourcevoltage0.005p.uateachstep,realsolutionsofthepolynomialhavebeentracked.
Complexrootsaredisregarded.
Figure8.4SourcevoltageagainstFlux
Each point on figure 8.4 represents a steady state solution. For some values of source
voltage three real solutions is found and marked on the graph. So it means that between
0.14 p.u and 0.98 p.u of source voltage there are more than one solution to the system.
Uppersolutionsrepresentfundamentalferroresonantsolutionsbecauseassumedsolution
wasinfundamentalformofFourierseriesanditexhibitshighfluxvaluesinthetransformer
whichalsomeansovervoltages.Totallyriskfreezoneisbetween0p.uand0.14p.u.Itcan
besaidthatsystemisinferroresonancerisksincesourcevoltageoftheequivalentcircuitis
0.15p.u.
InordertoseetheeffectofparameteronthisSshapedcurve,parallelresistanceisdivided
by4makingit12.1 k . Samecalculationandrootfindingofthepolynomialisdoneinthe
samewayandfigure8.5isobtained.
40
Fiigure8.5Sourccevoltageagain
nstFluxwithR
R/4
Withthechangein
ntheparallelresistancce,lossesinthecircuit arenowhiigherthanp
previous
setup.TThismadeaachangein
nshapeoftthecurvem
makingspacceformoreenormalop
peration
between0p.uand
d0.49p.u.Inthiscasesincesourccevoltageo
ofthesystem
mis0.15p..u,there
is only one operation point which is safe. Increasing losses in the sysstem made
e system
mentalferroresonanceriskfree.
fundam
Therearetwopoin
ntswhereb
bifurcationh
happens,th
hesepoints correspond
dtolocalm
minimum
andlocalmaximum
mpointsofftheScurvve.Byfreeingasecond
dparameteerinthesyystem,in
thiscasseC,oneccanfollowlimitpointsforeachvvalueforC thereforesstabilitydom
mainfor
ferroreesonance can be drawn betweeen parame
eters of so
ource voltagge and eq
quivalent
capacitaance.
Stabilityy domain term is firsttly used byy T. Van Craenenbroecck [44]. It is the point where
stabilityyofsystemischangesonetoano
other.Ateacchlimitpoint,solution
nbecomesu
unstable
if it was stable beefore and vice
v
versa. So mid braanch of figgure 8.4 aree actually unstable
u
solution
nswhereph
hysicalsystemcannot work,itwiillevolveneeareststablepoint.Bo
othends
of unstaable solutio
on mark the border of stable sollutions. Since occurren
nce zones of
o ferro
resonan
ncearesearrchedfor,sttabilityofeeachsolutionisnotverrycriticalofthisstudy.
Inorderrtodothis,
dE
0 shouldbeuseedtofindcrriticalvalues(limitpoin
nts)
d
Equatio
on(8.16)inccludessourccevoltageEEtermonlyin p0 inthiiscase,soittiseasytoleaveE
atonessideoftheeequation.
E
n p2 ( n 1)/22 p1
p0 '
(8.18)
41
dE n n 1 ((n 1) / 2)) p2 ( n 1)/2 p1
0 (8.19)
d
p
'
0
Rootsof(8.19)willlgivepeakffluxlinkagescorrespon
ndtolimitp
points,then
nEvaluescaanbe
puttingfluxlinkagesin(8.16).
foundp
Figu
ure8.6Limitpo
oints
Limitpo
ointsinfigure8.6arefo
ollowedbychangingequivalentcapacitanceC1nFateaachstep
infiguree8.7.
A
LP 2
LP 1
Figure
e8.7Stabilityd
domain
AreaCiinfigure8.7
7representssfundamen
ntalferrore
esonancerisskfreeareaa.Sourcevo
oltage
andcorrespondinggcapacitanccevaluegivesnormalo
operationin
nallcases.
42
AreaB infigure8.7representtsthevalueeswherefu
undamentallferroresonancemayyhappen
becauseeinthatareeathereis normalopeerationand
daswellas fundamenttalferroresonance
whichm
meansthereecouldbeaajumpbetw
weennormaloperationtoferrorresonantop
peration.
Nature ofthisjum
mpisnotfulllknownth
husitisbetttertoavoid
dworkingw
withsource
evoltage
andequ
uivalentcap
pacitancevaaluesinsidethiszone.
AreaA infigure8.7
7representtssaturated
dzoneand thisworkin
ngcondition
nsexhibitsh
highflux
valuesinthetransfformertherreforeovervoltages.
Figure8.8 Stabilitydoma
ainwithR/4
Change in system
m losses afffects the stability dom
main graph
hs, by usin
ng a lower parallel
nce,AreaCisincreased
dinfigure8
8.8givingmoresafeoperationpoints.
resistan
Thepro
oblemwith thismetho
odisthatdeerivingequationsforeeverycircuittoanalyze
eisvery
cumberrsome and it will get very comp
plex if higher order harmonics aare conside
ered and
becauseeofpresencceofmorecircuitcomponents.
9 Nu
umerical Harmon
nic Balancce Metho
od
Numerical harmon
nic balancee method has
h similar logic compared to aanalytical harmonic
balancee method which
w
is co
omputing directly
d
ste
eady respon
nse of non
nlinear diffferential
equatio
ons.Thismeethodhavebeentried
dandshoweditssuperiorityoverranalytical method
byitseaaseofuse[35],[36],[3
37].
43
9.1 Mathematical Frame
This method studies the circuit in frequency domain. Assuming the solution of flux as a
Fourier series as shown in (9.1), investigation on the specific harmonics can be done in a
differentwayfromanalyticalmethod.
k 1
k 1
(t ) kc cos(kt ) ks sin(kt ) (9.1)
Thegreatadvantageofthemethodisthatitisapplicabletoanycircuitsincecircuitwillbe
dividedintolineartheveninpartandnonlinearpart.
Figure9.1Theveninmodel
Aslongascircuitcanbederivedasinfigure9.1,numericalharmonicbalancecanbeapplied
also. Frequency domain equation of the thevenin circuit will be used to find solution to
unknownvaluewhichisfluxinthiscase.
Linearpartequationsareasfollowing;
jkk Ek Z k I k (9.2)
Equation(9.2)containscomplexcomponentsofflux,current,voltageandimpedanceat
pulsation k .
Realandimaginarypartof I k (herenonlinearcurrentofthetransformer)mustbeexpressed
inFouriercomponentsin(9.3).
T
I kc
2
im cos(k )dt
T 0
T
2
I ks im sin(k )dt
T 0
(9.3)
Nowthesecomplexquantitiescanbeintroduced;
44
k kc jks
I k I kc jI ks
Ek Ekc jEks
(9.4)
Z k Rkc jX ks
Sononlinearalgebraicsystemofequationscanbeformed;(totalnumberofequations
dependsonk)
1s R1c I1c X 1s I1s E1c 1c
1c R1c I1s X 1s I1c E1s 1s

(9.5)
kks Rkc I kc X ks I ks Ekc kc

kkc Rkc I ks X ks I kc Eks ks
Thesystemof ( , P) 0 (9.5)canbesolvedinMATHCADbybuiltinLevenbergMarquardt
algorithmbygivinginitialguessvaluestounknownFouriercoefficients.
Nonlinear system ( , P) 0 consists of unknown vector representing the (2k)
components of Fourier components of the flux. P is the free parameter, it can be source
voltage,capacitanceorresistanceinthesystem.
Angular frequency can start from forcing frequency of the system. For subharmonic
analysisitmaytakelowervaluesthanforcingfundamentalfrequency.
This method provides solutions stable and unstable steady state where unstable solutions
are not maintained by the system, they evolve to a stable solution [37]. But this does not
haveeffectonfindingstabilityzonesofferroresonance.
It is considered that source voltage is purely fundamental, so contribution from any
harmonicofthesourcevoltage Ekc and Eks willbetakenzero.Only E1c and E1s willhave
nonzerovalues.
9.2 Continuation Method
Different than analytical method of the harmonic balance, numerical methods need a
continuationmethodtodrawcontinuouscurves.
Let 0 isaknownsolutionforagivenvalueofparameter P0 .Thesolutionfor P0 P isfound
from 0 by a simple iteration where 0 is used as the initial guess. So with small enough
45
stepsof P ,abranchofsolutionscanbecalculated.Simplecontinuationflowchartisshown
infigure9.2whereaandbrepresentunknownFouriercoefficientscouples.
Figure9.2Simplecontinuation
Firstly,solverofthesystemshouldbeinitializedbyafixedparametervalueandinitialguess
for unknowns Fourier coefficients. After initialization system enters red loop where
difference between Pn 1 and Pn gives P . Depending on the sign of P , solution branch
followsadirection.
Simple continuation works normally until it encounters a limit point. Conditions of
derivabilityofthesystemaregivenby;
d
dP 0 (9.6)
P

Ifparameter P isselectedassourcevoltageE,then(9.6)becomes;
(9.7)
E
dE
46
Figure9.3Tangentatlimitpoint
Tangentinfigure9.3correspondsto
WhentheJacobeanmatrix
thetangent
d
since dE 0 while d 0 .
dE
issingular(itsdeterminantiszerobydefinition),theslopeof
d
tothecurveisinfinite[35],[36].
dE
Attheselimitpoints,numericalharmonicbalancemethodcannotconvergesinceJacobean
oftheequationsystemgetssingular.Inordertoturntheselimitpointsandthencontinuate
thesolutionbranchpseudoarclengthcontinuationmethodisproposedbyKieny[35].Butin
thisthesisanothermoresimplermethodisusedwhichiscalledhyperspheremethod[54].
Byaddingonemoreequationtothe ( , ) 0 system,singularityatthelimitpointcanbe
overcome.Hence,completecurvescanbedrawn.
Thenewequationisahypersphereequation;aspherethatenclosesapartofsolutioncurve
alwaysintersectsthesolutioncurveatleasttwotimes[54].
g (s , c , P) (1s 1sm ) 2 (1c 1cm ) 2 ... (xs xsm ) 2 (xc xcm ) 2 ( P Pm ) 2 r 2 0

(9.8)
mindicesrepresentstheknowncoefficientorparameterfromlastiteration.
47
Figure9.4Hyperspheremethod[54]
By using previous solution as a center of hypersphere in figure 9.4, radius of the sphere
determinesthedistancesbetweentwoadjacentsolutions,forconvergenceproblemsradius
shouldbeselectedaccordingtoscalesofbothaxisofthegraphinstudy.
Byaddingonemoreequation, P isalsoconsideredunknownandwillbefoundwithFourier
coefficientsoftheflux.Signof P willdecideonthedirectionofsolutionbranch.
Figure9.5Hyperspherecontinuationalgorithm
48
Infigure9.5MATHCADalgorithmofthehyperspheremethodisshown.Again,initialization
isneededanddonebysettingradiusofthehyperspheretozeroforonlyoneiteration.After
findingthefirstunknownvalues,solutionbranchdirectionissetby P andradiusisgiven
tothesolver.
Number of iterations of the red loop is decided beforehand, it might be increased if the
graphisbelievedtonotcomplete.
Itusesabasicalgorithmtocheckifthesolverreachedalimitpoint.Ifthesolvercalculates
the same point more than once, it is programmed to change sign of P . Calculation of a
pointmorethanonceindicatesthatsolverisstuckandcannotmovefurtherwiththesame
signof P ,exploitingthisfeaturemakethesolverturnaroundlimitpointsmostofthetime.
For the times that it does not turn, radius, convergence tolerance (TOL) and constraint
tolerance(CTOL)shouldbeadjustedmanually.
9.3 Selection of Harmonic Components
At the very beginning of the calculation Fourier series in (9.1) should be decided. But the
numberofelementsmainlydependsonwhatkindofaccuracyisdemanded.nisselectedin
afashionthataddingmorehighordercomponentsofthefluxwillnotaffectthefinalresult
anymore [37]. But it will also increase the unknowns needed to be calculated. There is a
tradeoff between computation time and accuracy of the solutions. MATHCAD slows down
exponentiallyifnumberofunknownsisincreased.
Higherorderharmonicsshowtheireffectsfornonrealisticvalues(veryhigh)ofthecircuitas
seenin[37].Soitisnottotallynecessarytoaddsomanycomponentstosolve.Itisageneral
thought that FFT of the system response in timedomain could give hints harmonics to
includeinordertoincreaseaccuracyofthismethod.For,example,ifthereisnocomponent
of7thharmonicduringafundamentalresonanceintimedomain.Itisnotneededtoadd7th
harmonicforfluxbecausethecomponentswillbezeroorveryclosetozero.Sothereisno
needtoincreasecomputingandwasteresourcestofindcoefficientswhicharezero.Same
goesforevenharmonics.
Whenfundamentalsolutionissearchedforestimatedfluxsolutionisgiveninformof;
(t ) 1s sin(t ) 1c cos(t ) (9.9)
Resultingfluxisgivenby;
1s 2 1c 2 (9.10)
In(9.10),unknownstobefoundare 1s and 1c .
Whenasubharmonicsolutionistriedtobefoundestimatedfluxsolutionisgivenin(9.11);
49
(t ) 1s sin(t ) 1c cos(t ) 2 s sin( t ) 2c cos( t ) (9.11)

m
Resultingfluxisgivenby;
1s 2 1c 2 2 s 2 2 c 2 (9.12)
where m is the fraction of fundamental frequency which is appointed for subharmonic in

analysis.
Fundamental solution branches do not contain subharmonic components. 2s and 2c are
nonzero only for subharmonic solution branches. Therefore it is easy to identify which
branchisbeingworkedon.
9.4 Stability Domains by Numerical Harmonic Balance Method
Itisshownthatifthetangent
ofthecurveatlimitpointisinfinite, matrixissingular.
dE
matrixisalsotheJacobeanmatrixofthenonlinearalgebraicequationsystem,andifit
issingular,itsdeterminantiszero det( J [ ]) 0 .
ThismathematicalfeatureatlimitpointisusedbyT.VanCraenenbroecktotracklimitpoints
intwoparameterspace[38][44].
Byaddingonemoreequation det( J [ ]) 0 tothesystem,onemoreparametercanbefreed
and treated as unknown P2 . Stability domain graphs will be the coordinates of the limit
pointson P1 and P2 parameterspace.
50
Figure9.6Stabilitydomainalgorithm
In figure 9.6, algorithm is shown for stability domain calculation. First initialization is very
important because first guess values should be very close to limit point so that solver will
converge.Afterfindingthefirstlimitpointdata,algorithmcancontinuetrackinginredloop
byhyperspheremethodin P1 and P2 parameterspace.Thelogicofthealgorithmispretty
muchthesamewiththeoneinfigure9.5.
51
10 First Application of Numerical Harmonic Balance
Thecircuitgiveninanalyticalharmonicbalancemethodwillberesolvedwithnumerical
harmonicbalancemethodwithsomeadditionalanalyses.
Figure10.1Equivalentcircuit
Equivalentcircuitinfigure10.1wasfoundandanalyticalharmonicbalancemethodhasbeen
applied. Now, in order to study this circuit in numerical harmonic balance method, circuit
shouldbedividedintolineartheveninpartandnonlinearpart.
Perunitvaluesofthesystemisgivenas;
Basevoltage: 63.5kV
Basecurrent: 131A
Baseimpedance: 484.73
Baseangularspeed: 2 50rad / s
Parametersofthesystem;
E=0.15p.u(63.5kV)
C=0.118p.u(777nF)
R=99.85p.u(48.4 k )
Magnetizingcurveequationisgiveninpolynomial;
im a b n (10.1)
where n 11 , a 0.28 x102 and b 0.72 x102 inp.u
Theveninimpedanceandtheveninvoltagehavebeencalculatedatnonlinearinductance
terminals;
Eth
E
i RC (10.2)
1 i RC
52
Z th
R
(10.3)
1 ik RC
kvaluein(10.3)dependsonwhichharmoniccomponentistakenforthecalculation,itcould
bepositiveintegersorpositivefractions.
10.1 Fundamental FerroResonance Analysis
Assumedfluxsolutionhasonlytwocomponentstobefound;
(t ) 1s sin(t ) 1c cos(t ) (10.4)
Equationsystemconsistsoftwononlinearalgebraicequationsandhypersphereequation
inthiscase;
1s R1c I1c X 1s I1s E1c 1c 0

(10.5)
1c R1c I1s X 1s I1c E1s 1s 0
(1s 1sm ) 2 (1c 1cm ) 2 ( P Pm ) 2 r 2 0

Equation(10.4)and(10.5)areusedinalgorithmsinfigure9.5andfigure9.6.
10.1.1 Flux Source Voltage
Figure10.2Fluxagainstvoltagesource
Numerical method gave similar results in figure 10.2 which is found by analytical method.
Systemisinfundamentalferroresonanceriskwithhaving0.15p.uvalueassourcevoltage.
Curveisstartedfrom(0,0)coordinateandadvancedfurtherbyhypersphere.
53

Figure10.3Effectofcapacitancechange
Figure10.4Effectofresistancechange
In figure 10.3 and 10.4, effect of parameter change on Scurve can be observed. Sshaped
curvecanbeinfluencedbycapacitanceandresistancevalues.Loweringbothofthevalues
hasthesameeffectmakingthesystemsafeat0.15p.usourcevoltage.
10.1.2 Flux Capacitance
One of the advantages of numerical method is that ease of drawing graphs with other
parametersbydoingsomelittleadjustmentsonMATHCAD.
Inthisstudy,voltagesourceandotherparametersexceptequivalentcapacitancearekept
constant.
54
Figure10.5Fluxagainstequivalentcapacitance
In figure 10.5, it can be seen that there is a normal operation point for every capacitance
valuebutafter611nFofcapacitancevalue,ferroresonantsolutionsbegintoexist.Hence,
capacitancevaluebelow611nFprovidessafenormaloperation.Itshouldberemembered
thatsystemsactualequivalentcapacitanceis777nFwhichimpliesthesystemwith0.15p.u
sourcevoltageisindangerzoneforfundamentalferroresonance.
55
10.1.3 Flux Resistance
Same character is observed in figure 10.6 Flux resistance graph as well as in Flux
capacitance.Whensourcevoltageis0.15p.u,48.4 k ofparallelresistancevalueputsthe
systeminfundamentalferroresonancerisk.Ontheotherhand,iftherewerelessthan38
k valuedparallelresistance,systemwouldbeinsafeoperationcondition.
Figure10.6Fluxagainstresistance
10.1.4 Stability Domain: Source Voltage against Capacitance
Byusingalgorithmshowninfigure9.6,limitpointsinfigure10.7havebeentrackedon
sourcevoltageandcapacitanceparameterspace.
Figure10.7Stabilitydomain:SourcevoltageagainstCapacitance
56
Redlineonthefigure10.7showssystemvoltage0.15p.u.611nFistheintersectionpointof
limit curve and source voltage of the system. These values at intersection points will be
namedascriticalvalues.Herethecriticalvalueshowsthemaximumvalueofcapacitance
whichwouldnotputthesysteminriskzone.Fromthegraphitcanbeseenthat777nFof
equivalentcapacitancemakesthesystemrisky.
10.1.5 Stability Domain: Source Voltage against Resistance
Infigure10.8,itcanbeseenthatcriticalresistancevalueis38 k ,systemresistancevalueis
48.4 k soagainitisconfirmedthatthesystemisinrisk.
Figure10.8Stabilitydomain:Sourcevoltageagainstresistance
10.2 Subharmonic1/2 FerroResonance Analysis
Assumedfluxsolutionhasonlyfourcomponentstobefound;
(t ) 1s sin(t ) 1c cos(t ) 2 s sin( t ) 2 c cos( t ) (10.6)

2
2
Equationsystemconsistsoffournonlinearalgebraicequationsandhypersphereequation
inthiscase;

R I X I E 0 (10.7)
2s
2c 2c
2s 2s
2c
2c
2
2 c R2 c I 2 s X 2 s I 2c E2 s 2 s 0
57
(1s 1sm ) 2 (1c 1cm ) 2 (2 s 2 sm ) 2 (2 c 2 cm ) 2 ( P Pm ) 2 r 2 0

Sincesubharmonicsolutionshavenotrivialsolutionsasinfundamentalferroresonance,itis
important to find at least one solution which belongs to subharmonic solution branch in
order to draw solution curves. Unfortunately, there is no easy and reliable way to find a
subharmonicsolutionpoint.Trialanderrormethodisdonebychanginginitialguessvalues
forunknowncoefficients.Thereisasmallcluethatwilltellabouttheoriginofthesolution.If
it has nonzero subharmonic components it means that the solution in focus belongs to
subharmonicbranch.Ifithaszerocontributionfromsubharmoniccoefficients,itbelongsto
fundamentalsolutionbranch[37].Afterfindingasolutiononsubharmonicbranch,algorithm
candrawthewholebranch.
Subharmonic solutions form a closed curve as seen in figure 10.9 which is also called
isolate.Ateachlimitpointsolutionchangesitsstability,souppersideorlowersideofthis
curve has unstable solutions. Since existence zone of subharmonic solutions is looked for,
knowingwhichpartoftheisolateisstableornotisnotimportant.
Figure10.9Fluxagainstsourcevoltage
58
Figure10.10Effectofcapacitancechange
Figure10.11Effectofresistancechange
Loweringtheresistanceandcapacitancehasthesamedampingeffectonthesystemlikein
fundamental ferroresonance case as shown in figure 10.10 and figure 10.11. As long as
subharmonic solution branch moves away from source voltage 0.15 p.u, it is favorable for
thesafetyfromsubharmonicferroresonance.
59
Subharmonic solutions start at 780 nF in figure 10.12. It is almost the same value as
equivalent capacitance 777 nF. It should be noted that normal operation curve has only
fundamentalcomponents.
Figure10.12Fluxagainstcapacitance
10.2.3 Flux Resistance
Subharmonicsolutionsinfigure10.13startat48.8 k whichisagainveryclosetosystem
resistancevalue.
Figure10.13Fluxagainstresistance
60
Criticalvalueofcapacitanceforsubharmonicferroresonanceis780nFasshowninfigure
10.14.
Figure10.14Stabilitydomain:Sourcevoltageagainstcapacitance
Infigure10.15,itcanbeseenthatcriticalvalueofresistanceforsubharmonicferro
resonanceis48.8 k .
61
Assumedfluxsolutionhasfourcomponentstobefound;

3
3
inthiscase;

R I X I E 0 (10.9)
3s
3c 3c
3s 3s
3c
3c
3
3c R3c I 3s X 3s I 3c E3s 3s 0
(1s 1sm ) 2 (1c 1cm ) 2 (3 s 3 sm ) 2 (3c 3cm ) 2 ( P Pm ) 2 r 2 0

Checkingothertypeofsubharmonicscouldbeinterestinginordertoseetheirexistence
zonescomparedto25Hzsubharmonic.
Subharmonic1/3solutionsareveryclosetosubharmonic1/2solutions.Eventhoughthere
isnoinformationaboutwhichkindofsubharmonicferroresonanceislikelytohappen,itis
importanttoseethattheyhavecloseexistencezones.
62
10.3.2 Flux Capa

F
acitance
Afterth
hevalueof 810nF,subharmonic1/3solutio
onsbeginto
oexistshow
wingthatsyystemis
notinsubharmonicc1/3ferroresonanceriskascanbeseeninffigure10.17
7.
Figure10.1
17Fluxagainstcapacitance
10.3.3 Flux Resis

F
stance
Infiguree10.18,sub
bharmonic1/3solution
nsstartafte
ertheresisttancevalue51 k .
Figure10.18Fluxagainsttresistance
63
Criticalvalueofthecapacitanceforsubharmonic1/3ferroresonanceis810nFasshownin
figure10.19.
Infigure10.20,itcanbeseenthatcriticalvalueoftheresistanceforsubharmonic1/3ferro
resonanceis51 k .
64
10.3.6 Remarks
Flexibilityofthenumericalharmonicbalancemethodhelpedtodrawparametercurveswith
differentkindsofparameters.Byadoptingperunitvalues,itismucheasiertoadjustguess
valuesandfindsubharmonicsolutionssincecomponentvaluesrangesfrom2to2.
Existence zone of different ferroresonance modes seems to have a common parameter
rangesasshowninfigure10.21.
Figure10.21Comparisonofferroresonancemodes
Whichkindofferroresonancemayhappenisnotfullyknownandunderstood,systemmay
never experience subharmonic ferroresonance but in order to be sure existence range
shouldalsobeanalyzed.
11 Second Application of Numerical Harmonic Balance
As a second example, the circuit which F. Ben Amar investigated in 2006 will be analyzed
further [36]. The author has analyzed a ferroresonance risked system with harmonic
balance and pseudoarc length continuation method. The following study will show that
hyperspheremethodisworkingasintended.
65
Figure11.1Ferroresonantcircuit[36]
In figure 11.1, an equivalent circuit of a system is given. This system can be a result of a
voltagetransformer(400/20kV)connectedtoabusbarseparatedbycircuitbreakergrading
capacitance.ItisalsoexplainedbyFerraciinfigure4.1[46].
Basevoltage: 327kV
Basecurrent: 100 A
Baseimpedance: 3270
E=1p.u(327kVphasetogroundpeakvalue)
C= 4.1x104 p.u(0.4nFequivalentcapacitance)
R1=9.8p.u(32 k serieslosses)
R2= 2.186 x105 p.u(714 M parallellosses)
Magnetizingcurveequationisgiveninpolynomial;
im a b n (11.1)
where n 9 , a 10 8 and b 2.34 x1034 inp.u
Theveninimpedanceandtheveninvoltagehavebeencalculatedatnonlinearinductance
terminals;
Eth
E
1
R1 R 2
iC
R 2 (11.2)
66
Z th
1
1
ikC
R1 R 2
(11.3)
(t ) 1s sin(t ) 1c cos(t ) (11.4)
inthiscase;

(11.5)
(1s 1sm ) 2 (1c 1cm ) 2 ( P Pm ) 2 r 2 0

Infigure11.2,peakvalueofthesourcevoltagecorrespondsto1p.upeakvalueoffluxinthe
transformer.Thesystemisindangeroffundamentalferroresonancesinceithasmorethan
onesolutionat1p.uofsourcevoltage.
67
In figure 11.3, It can be seen that very large range of capacitance value system has more
thanonesolution.After20pF,systementersfundamentalferroresonanceriskzone.
11.1.3 Flux Series Resistance
Series losses of the system shows different behavior compared to parallel losses on the
occurrenceofthefundamentalferroresonancesolutionsinfigure11.4.Aroundthevalueof
1620 k , system gets risk free of fundamental ferroresonance. Since the normal value of
68
the series resistance in the system is 32 k , system is in definite risk. 50 times larger
resistanceisneededtomakethesystemfundamentalferroresonanceriskfree.
Figure11.4Fluxagainstseriesresistance
11.1.4 Flux Parallel Resistance
Infigure11.5,Fundamentalferroresonantsolutionsstartat45 M .
Figure11.5Fluxagainstparallelresistance
69
Itispracticaltocheckthestabilitydomainofalimitpointwhichisclosertosourcevoltage
valueonfluxsourcevoltagegraph.Sofromnowononlythefirstlimitpointwillbetracked.
Infigure11.6,criticalvalueofthecapacitanceforthefundamentalferroresonanceis20pF.
11.1.6 Stability Domain: Source Voltage against Parallel Resistance
Infigure11.7,criticalvalueoftheparallelresistanceisapproximatelyaround45 M .
Figure11.7Stabilitydomain:Sourcevoltageagainstparallelresistance
70

2
2
inthiscase;

R I X I E 0 (11.7)
2s
2c 2c
2s 2s
2c
2c
2
2 c R2 c I 2 s X 2 s I 2c E2 s 2 s 0

As seen again, subharmonic1/2 ferroresonance happens in vicinity of fundamental ferro

resonanceshowninfigure11.8.
71
Infigure11.9,subharmonic1/2solutionsbegintohappenaround35pF.
Up to value of 3100 k , system is in risk of subharmonic1/2 ferroresonance in figure

11.10.
72
Infigure11.11,subharmonic1/2solutionsstartaround80 M .Systemvalueis714 M so
systemisindangerofsubharmonic1/2ferroresonance.
Infigure11.12,criticalcapacitancevalueforsubharmonic1/2ferroresonanceisaround35
pF.
73
In figure 11.13, critical parallel resistance value for subharmonic1/2 ferroresonance is

around50 M .

3
3
inthiscase;

R I X I E 0 (11.9)
3s
3c 3c
3s 3s
3c
3c
3

74
In figure 11.14, subharmonic1/3 ferroresonant solutions are within the region of

subharmonic1/2ferroresonantsolutions.
Infigure11.15,subharmonic1/3ferroresonantsolutionsstartat19pFmeanwhilesystems
capacitanceis400pF.Thisvalueisoffthegraphbutsubharmonic1/3solutionscontinueto
existevenatlargervalues.
75
In figure 11.16, subharmonic1/3 solutions exist until around 1370 k value of series
resistance.
In figure 11.17, critical parallel resistance value for subharmonic1/3 ferroresonance is

around52 M .
76
Infigure11.18,criticalcapacitancevalueforsubharmonic1/3resonanceis19pF.400pFis
wellabovethecriticalvalueleavingsystemindangerofsubharmonic1/3ferroresonance.
Critical parallel resistance for subharmonic1/3 ferroresonance is 50 M showing that

systemisinsubharmonic1/3ferroresonanceriskinfigure11.19.
77
11.3.7 Remarks
The system studied by F. Ben Amar is analyzed further and it is shown that for given
parametersthesystemisindangeroffundamentalferroresonance,subharmonic1/2and
subharmonic1/3ferroresonance.Bystabilitydomaingraphs,saferangeofparametershas
beenshownforallkindsofferroresonancesinstudy.Possibilityofuseoftheseparameters
isnotdiscussed.
12 Case Study
Alstomstestsystemisgoneunderstudyinthissection.Setupisshowninfigure12.1.
Figure12.1Singlephasediagramofthetestsystem
Afteraroutinecircuitbreakeropening,thesideofVTbecameneutralisolatedalthoughVTis
connectedbetweenphaseandground.
Inthissetup,voltagesourceishighvoltagegrid.NonlinearinductorisVTandcapacitanceis
gradingcapacitanceofthecircuitbreaker.
Todampapossibleoscillation,VTsareinopendeltawitharesistorconnectedtotertiary
winding as in shown in figure 5.2. The logic in this is to introduce additional system zero
sequencelossesincaseofphasegroundfaults thereforedampferroresonantoscillations.
Ferroresonancestatecansustainitselfprovidedthattransferredenergyfromsourceforthis
stateishigherthantotalsystemlosses.
Simplified equivalent circuit in figure 12.2 shows one example way how ferroresonant
currentscanflow.
78
Figure12.2Threephasesimplifiedcircuit
Damping resistor will be present in any equivalent circuit when there is an unbalanced
operation. Currently, the harmonic balance method used is only applicable to one phase
system,basicallywhereasinglephasesystemcanbesimplifiedfromathreephasesystem.
Neutralisolatedsystemscauseproblemwhenderivingasinglephaseequivalenttherefore
possibleferroresonantcurrentflowwaysusedtoderiveasinglephaseequivalentforthis
case. This also simulates the case when one of the phases is open while other two is still
connected; unbalanced situation allows adding damping resistor to the equivalent single
phasecircuitinfigure12.3.
Figure12.3Singlephaseequivalent
12.1 System Details
Basevoltage: 17.1kV
Basecurrent: 0.019 A
Baseimpedance: 882k
79
E=0.66p.u(12kVphasetoground)
C= 27.7 p.u(100nFgradingcapacitance)
R1= 6.87 x103 p.u(6059 TransformerPrimaryResistance)
L1=0.01p.u(29.2HTransformerPrimaryInductance)
N=
21000 / 3
(Transformerturnratiototertiarywinding)
100 / 3
Magnetizingcurveequationisapproximatedinpolynomialformin(12.1);
im a b n (12.1)
where n 19 , a 0.001 and b 5.9 x1039 inp.u
ValuesaretakenfromAREVAsferroresonancereportofvoltagetransformerinstudy[55].
Saturationcurveisapproximatedfromthisreportalsosincerealsaturationcurvecouldnot
beenobtainedfrommanufacturer.Inaddition,corelossisneglected.
Thevenin impedance and thevenin voltage have been calculated at nonlinear inductance
terminals;
1
RD R1 i L
Zx iC
(12.2)
1
RD R1 i L
iC
Eth E
RD
(12.3)
1 RD R1 i L
Zx
iC
Zx
R1 i L1 RD
ik 2C
(12.4)
Z th
1
R1 i L1 RD
ik 2C
80
12.2 Damping Resistor Calculation by Empirical Method
Therearesomesuggestionshowtoselectdampingresistorsforvoltagetransformersbased
on their rated values [40], [46]. These suggestions intend to link a known transformer
parametertotheohmicvalueoftheresistor.
Tertiarywindingvoltage:33.33V
Thermalburdenofvoltagetransformer:200VA
Fromthesevaluesbyusing(1.5),dampingresistance RD isfound28.86
RD isreflectedintheequivalentcircuitas RD .N 2 whereNisthetransformerratio.
(t ) 1s sin(t ) 1c cos(t ) (12.5)
inthiscase;

(12.6)
(1s 1sm ) 2 (1c 1cm ) 2 ( P Pm ) 2 r 2 0

Test system is not in danger of fundamental ferroresonance because there is no possible

jumptoanotheroperationpointaround0.66p.uofratedsourcevoltageinfigure12.4.
81
Infigure12.5,thistimefluxcapacitancegraphshowsirregularbehavior.Between0and10
nF,transformergetsintosaturatedzone.Lessthanvaluesof32nFcapacitance,systemhas
fundamentalferroresonancesolutionsaswellasnormaloperation.
82
12.3.3 Flux Damping Resistor
Infigure12.6,therearenofundamentalferroresonancesolutionsforanyvalueofthe
dampingresistor.
Figure12.6Fluxagainstdampingresistor
12.3.4 Stability Domain : Source Voltage against Capacitance
At 100 nF, stability curve is well above rated voltage level making the system safe for
fundamentalferroresonance.Butitcanbeseenthatinfigure12.7between5nFand35nF
systemisinfundamentalferroresonancerisk.
83
12.3.5 Stability Domain: Source Voltage against Damping Resistor
In figure 12.8, at any value of damping resistor there is no danger of fundamental ferro
resonancesincestabilitycurvenevergoesundersourcevoltagemark.
Figure12.8StabilityDomain:Sourcevoltageagainstdampingresistor

2
2
inthiscase;

R I X I E 0 (12.8)
2s
2c 2c
2s 2s
2c
2c
2
2 c R2 c I 2 s X 2 s I 2c E2 s 2 s 0

84
Subharmonic1/2ferroresonanceisawayfrom0.66p.uofsourcevoltagethereforesystem
withgivenparameterissafeforsubharmonic1/2ferroresonanceinfigure12.9.
In figure 12.10, subharmonic1/2 solutions appear almost exactly after fundamental

solutionsbetween34nFand69nFwhichwellfarfrom100nFgradingcapacitancevalue.
85
Since there is no possible subharmonic1/2 ferroresonance. The graph is same with

fundamentalferroresonancecaseseeninfigure12.6.
Itcanbeseenthattherangewheresubharmonic1/2ferroresonantsolutionexistsinfigure
12.11,canalsobeseenonstabilitydomaingraph.Thelimitpointslieundersourcevoltage
markshowsriskycapacitancevalues.
Similar to fundamental ferroresonance, at any value of damping resistor in figure 12.12

systemdoesnotexhibitferroresonancerisk.Itmightbeinterestingtonotethatevenat25
kVofsourcevoltagetherearerelativelysmallvaluesofdampingresistancethatcouldmake
thesystemsafe.
86
Figure12.12Stabilitydomain:Sourcevoltageagainstdampingresistor

3
3
inthiscase;

R I X I E 0 (12.10)
3s
3c 3c
3s 3s
3c
3c
3

Infigure12.13,subharmonic1/3solutionspassat0.66p.uofsourcevoltage,sosystemisin
riskofsubharmonic1/3ferroresonance.
87
Subharmonic1/3solutionsinfigure12.14appearbetween98nFand140nFincluding100
nFgradingcapacitancevalue.
At 30 system has more than one solution in figure 12.15, a lower value of resistance
around25 willdamposcillationsandsystemwillreturnbacktonormaloperation.
88

Figure12.15Fluxagainstdampingresistor
Limitpointwhichcorrespondsto100nFlieundersourcevoltage12kVinfigure12.16.Itis
notsafetouse30 dampingresistance.
Infigure12.17,criticalvalueofdampingresistoris26 .Valuehigherthanthisleavesthe
systeminriskofsubharmonic1/3ferroresonance.
89
Figure12.17Stabilitydomain:Sourcevoltageagainstdampingresistor
12.6 Different Damping Resistor Comparison
Numericalharmonicbalancemethodcanbeusedtodeterminedampingresistancerequired
tomakethesystemsafefromperiodicferroresonanceswithoutusinganempiricalformula.
12.6.1 Fundamental Ferroresonance
In figure 12.18, it can be seen that system is always in safe condition at 100 nF grading
capacitance.Butitisnoticeablethatdecreaseddampingresistancealsodecreasestherisk
intervalvaluesofcapacitance.Atnodampingitisatitsmaximumintervalandsystemisstill
notinrisk.
Figure12.18Stabilitydomain:Dampingresistorcomparison
90
12.6.2 Subharmonic1/2 Ferroresonance
Testsystemisinriskfreeoperationconditionasinfundamentalferroresonancecasein
figure12.19.
12.6.3 Subharmonic1/3 Ferroresonance
In figure 12.20, for subharmonic1/3 ferroresonance, 30 damping resistor does not

providesafetyforthiskindofferroresonancebut20 dampingresistormakessystemsafe
at100nFgradingcapacitance.
91
12.6.4 Remarks
Empirical calculation of the resistance did not provide safety from subharmonic1/3 if it is
considered 30 , but numerical harmonic balance method showed that 20 damping
resistorwillbeneeded.Itdoesseemthatempiricalformulasuggestedmightnotbethebest
waytodeterminedampingresistor,anditwillbehardtosupportthewayofitscalculation.
Harmonicbalancemethodcanshowthatifthereisadangerofferroresonanceornot.Itcan
beshownthatselectionofresistorreallyprovidesaprotection.
13 Current Issues with Harmonic Balance Study of Ferroresonance
1 Unfortunately the algorithm for numerical harmonic balance method is not fully
automated. Hypersphere radius, P and tolerance for MATHCAD solver needs to be
adjustedmanuallyeachtimewhenthereisaconvergenceproblemorifthesolverishaving
hard time to turn limit points. It may take some to find correct parameters. Pseudoarc
length continuation method has been tried but due to mathematical problem of defining
tangentvectoratlimitpoint,turningaroundlimitpointscouldnotbeenachieved.
2 MATHCAD seems to be very slow when calculating more Fourier components. The
advantage of MATHCAD is that equation system solvers are already builtin functions. A
basic NewtonRhapson method coded manually may not provide enough convergence
capabilitiesthereforecreatesomeothermathematicalproblemstosolveequations.
3Magnetizationcurveasknownasrealsaturationcurveisneededfromthemanufacturer
oftransformer.Duringthetimeofinternship,itcouldnotbeobtainedandanapproximation
hadtobeused.Bykeepinginmindthatparametersareveryimportantonsolutionregimes,
equivalentcircuitanditsparametersshouldbeknowncorrectly.
4Findingsubharmonicsolutionsisnoteasybecausetheydonothaveatrivialsolutionlike
fundamentaldoes(0,0)point.Sobyadjustinginitialguessvaluestothesolver,asinglepoint
shouldbefoundonthesubharmonicisolatetostartcontinuationmethod.Thatsinglepoint
isfoundbytrialanderror.Sincep.uvaluesareused,initialguessvaluerangeisaround2
and2.Butstillitmighttaketimetofindthem.
5Decidingoncomponentsoftheassumedfluxsolutionisnotclearinliterature.Effectof
componentsoneachothershouldbeanalyzedinanotherstudy.Thereisalsonocomparison
betweenoccurrenceofdifferenttypeofferroresonances,thisstudyincludedfundamental
and subharmonics but information about which ferroresonance would likely to happen
couldnotbegiven.
6 Determining the equivalent circuit for neutralisolated systems is controversial. To use
thismethodexplainedhere,itisneededtoworkwithasinglephaseequivalent.Butitissaid
92
that neutralisolated systems cannot be simplified into onephase equivalent [44]. The
nonlinearity between flux and magnetizing current does not allow using linear
transformation to use zerosequence circuit to analyze damping effect of damping
resistance. Studying forced unbalanced system may not be correct. To apply harmonic
balancetothreephasecircuits,mutualimpedancesshouldbefoundbetweenphaseswhich
getsverycomplicatedsincenumbersofunknowngettripled.
7Findingrealcasestotestnumericalharmonicbalancemethodonferroresonanceishard
tofind.Especiallysaturationcurvesarenotgivenmostofthetimecausinguseofharmonic
balancemeaninglessinthatcase.
14 Summary and Conclusion
Ferroresonanceeventhoughitisnotverycommonisaproblemtopowersystems.Ithas
dangerous consequences like stable over voltages and over currents. Risky configurations
arementionedandpreventionofferroresonanceisdiscussed.Timedomainsimulationsare
not enough to study for these kinds of phenomena since ferroresonance may happen or
maynothappendependingofcircuitparametersandinitialconditionspriortoanyeventin
thesystem.Duetothisproblemoftimedomainanalysis,directcalculationofsteadystates
is done with harmonic balance method. Two methods of harmonic balance have been
discussed namely analytical and numerical harmonic balance method. Numerical harmonic
balance method showed advantages on application and study on different kinds of ferro
resonances. In order to deal with continuation problem while drawing two parameter
graphs, a hypersphere method is applied. Two examples from literature have been
extensivelyanalyzedwithharmonicbalanceandalsoAlstomstestsystemwentunderthe
samestudywithothercases.Stabilitydomainofdifferentkindofferroresonancesprovides
largeinsighttotheferroresonancephenomena.Bychanginganykindofparameterinthe
systemitcanbeobservedifthatchangeputthesysteminoroutofferroresonancedanger.
This feature is used to determine damping resistance to damp ferroresonant oscillations
anddonotallowthemtobecomesteadystate.Withoutusingempiricalmethodtocalculate
resistance,decisionondampingresistorbyharmonicbalancemethodismorescientifically
backed up. There are still problems with the method has been applied and those were
discussedinchapter13.
Thisstudyconsidersthatstaticdampingisusedforpreventionofferroresonanceinvoltage
transformers. Due to problems in this method, dynamical damping may be an option for
powersystemdesigners,itwouldautomaticallycontrolitselfforanykindofoscillationand
adjustitselftodamposcillations.Thenitwillnotbenecessarytothinkaboutwhichkindof
ferroresonance should be studied and for which kind of ferroresonance the damping
resistorshouldbecalculated.Harmonicbalancestudyshowedthatdifferentferroresonance
typesneedsdifferentdampingresistancevalues.Astheparallellossesincreasedbylowering
93
the damping resistance, it is possible to provide protection from other types of ferro
resonanceifitisnotprovidedbefore.Loweringresistancevaluemighthavesomethermal
restrictionsforvoltagetransformersbutthatstudyisnotdonehere.
Existencezoneforfundamentalandsubharmonicferroresonancesareveryclosesoevenif
the real possibility of occurrence is not known, it is better not to leave it to chance and
provide a damping resistance that would make the system risk free of ferroresonance. In
Alstomstestsystem,empiricalmethodtocalculatedampingresistanceprovidedsafetyfor
fundamentalandsubharmonic1/2ferroresonancebutnotforsubharmonic1/3afterithas
beencheckedwithharmonicbalancemethod.Notonlyfordampingresistancebutvaluesof
thegradingcapacitancevaluecanbecalculatedwiththiswayalsoifitisneeded.Thepower
ofharmonicbalancemethodcomesfromitsflexibilityofuse.
Correct selection of damping resistor will prevent ferroresonance therefore it can avoid
unpredictable accidents that may happen in power systems and power plant networks. It
contributestogeneralsafetyofpowersystemsandevensafetyforhumanlife.
Forfuturestudies,algorithmproposedcanbetriedwithanothercontinuationmethodsuch
as pseudoarc length method and solve computation problems at limit points. MATHCAD
seems to be slow on nonlinear equation solving when it comes to calculatemany Fourier
components.AnalgorithmcanbecodedfromscratchinFORTRANorMATLABbutitisnot
sureitwoulddrasticallyreducecomputationtime.Becauseofthisproblemstudiesdonein
this project do not contain many Fourier components that would make solutions more
accurate.
Itisknownthatvoltagetransformershavenonlinearcoreloss,andduringsaturationlosses
are increased. This could have effect on calculations of ferroresonance. By adopting a
propermodelforcoreloss,calculationswillpresentmoreaccuratereallifecases.Increased
losseshelpdampingofthesystemsocalculationsdonewithoutincludingtheextralossesby
nonlinearcorelosswouldbeinsafedesignside.
Threephase analysis can be done for isolated neutral systems. In this project onephase
equivalents are used because threephase analysis turned out to be has not been done
thereforenoinformationcouldhavebeenfoundonthismatterforguidance.
94
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Parameter Study of Ferro-Resonance

with Harmonic Balance Method

Electric Power Systems Lab

Ferroresonance is anelectrical phenomenon that has been a problemfor power systems.

2.1 TimeDomain Analysis

2.2 Effects of Initial Conditions

2.3 Nonlinear transformer core models

2.4 Damping and Mitigation Options

2.5 Frequency Domain Analyses

3 Linear Resonance and FerroResonance

When linear inductance is replaced by nonlinear inductance as shown in (3.2) (Voltage

4 Causes and Effects of Ferroresonance in the Power Systems

4.1 Systems Vulnerable to Ferroresonance

Voltage Transformer Energized Through Grading Capacitance

Switching operations may cause ferroresonance in voltage transformers which are

Voltage Transformers Connected to an Isolated Neutral System

Transients due to switching operations or ground faults may start ferroresonance by

Transformer Accidentally Energized in Only One or Two Phases

Voltage Transformers and HV/MV Transformers with Isolated Neutral

Power system grounded through a reactor

In LV systems, Permanent Insulation Monitors (PIMs) are used to measure insulation

Transformer Supplied by a Highly Capacitive Power System with Low ShortCircuit

Voltage transformer connected between phase and ground on an isolated neutral

5.1 Damping Ferroresonance in Voltage Transformers

Voltage Transformers with one Secondary Winding

Voltage Transformers with two Secondary Winding

Polynomial constants k1 , k2 have impact on the linear and saturated regions of

Timedomain solutions of ferroresonant circuits do not give broad vision of these

Es isthermsvoltageappliedand Cseries iscircuitbreakergradingcapacitancewhilst Cshunt is

7.1 Normal Operation

Terminal Voltage (p.u)

Voltage Terminal (p.u)

7.2 Fundamental FerroResonance Operation

Terminal Voltage (p.u)

Voltage Terminal (p.u)

7.3 Subharmonic Ferroresonance Operation

Terminal Voltage (p.u)

Voltage Terminal (p.u)

7.4 Chaotic Ferroresonance Operation

Terminal Voltage (p.u)

Voltage Terminal (p.u)

Timedomain analyses give narrow vision to understand the risk of ferroresonance. In

8 Analytical Harmonic Balance Method

8.1 Application of Harmonic Balance on Example System

Substitutionof (t ) tocircuitequationrequiresevaluationof n n sin n (t ) ;

k1kb n 1 (X sin t Y cos t )

dE n n 1 ((n 1) / 2)) p2 ( n 1)/2 p1

9.1 Mathematical Frame

(t ) kc cos(kt ) ks sin(kt ) (9.1)

1s R1c I1c X 1s I1s E1c 1c

1c R1c I1s X 1s I1c E1s 1s

kks Rkc I kc X ks I ks Ekc kc

9.2 Continuation Method

g (s , c , P) (1s 1sm ) 2 (1c 1cm ) 2 ... (xs xsm ) 2 (xc xcm ) 2 ( P Pm ) 2 r 2 0

9.3 Selection of Harmonic Components

(t ) 1s sin(t ) 1c cos(t ) 2 s sin( t ) 2c cos( t ) (9.11)

where m is the fraction of fundamental frequency which is appointed for subharmonic in

9.4 Stability Domains by Numerical Harmonic Balance Method

10 First Application of Numerical Harmonic Balance

10.1 Fundamental FerroResonance Analysis

1s R1c I1c X 1s I1s E1c 1c 0

(1s 1sm ) 2 (1c 1cm ) 2 ( P Pm ) 2 r 2 0

10.1.3 Flux Resistance

10.1.4 Stability Domain: Source Voltage against Capacitance