Nama

: Samuel J.W Siagian

Nim

: 110401044

Tugas Motor Bakar

(Internal Combustion Engine)
1. An Otto cycle SI engine with a compression ratio of rc = 9 has peak cycle temperature and pressure of 2800 K and 9000
kPa. Cylinder pressure when the exhaust valve opens is 460 kPa, and exhaust manifold pressure is 100 kPa.
Calculate:
(a) Exhaust temperature during exhaust stroke. [0C]
(b) Exhaust residual after each cycle. [%]
(c) Velocity out of the exhaust valve when the valve first opens. [mlsec]
(d) Theoretical momentary maximum temperature in the exhaust. [0C]

2. An SI engine operates on an air-standard four-stroke Otto cycle with turbocharging. Air-fuel enters the cylinders at
70C and 140 kPa, and heat in by combustion equals qin = 1800 kJ/kg. Compression ratio rc = 8 and exhaust pressure
Fex = 100 kPa.
Calculate:
(a) Temperature at each state of the cycle. [0C]
(b) Pressure at each state of the cycle. [kPa]
(c) Work produced during expansion stroke. [kJ/kg]
(d) Work of compression stroke. [kJ/kg]
(e) Net pumping work. [kJ/kg]
(f) Indicated thermal efficiency. [%]

3. A CI engine operating on the air-standard Diesel cycle has cylinder conditions at the start of compression of 65C and
130 kPa. Light diesel fuel is used at an equivalence ratio of if>

= 0.8 with a combustion efficiency Tic = 0.98.

Compression ratio is rc = 19.

Calculate:
(a) Temperature at each state of the cycle. [0C]
(b) Pressure at each state of the cycle. [kPa]
(c) Cutoff ratio.
(d) Indicated thermal efficiency. [%]
(e) Heat lost in exhaust. [kJ/kg]

4. A compression ignition engine for a small truck is to operate on an air-standard Dual cycle with a compression ratio of
rc = 18. Due to structural limitations, maximum allowable pressure in the cycle will be 9000 kPa. Light diesel fuel is

used at a fuel-air ratio of FA = 0.054. Combustion efficiency can be considered 100%. Cylinder conditions at the start
of compression are 50C and 98 kPa. Calculate:
(a) Maximum indicated thermal efficiency possible with these conditions. [%]
(b) Peak cycle temperature under conditions of part (a). [0C]
(c) Minimum indicated thermal efficiency possible with these conditions. [%]
(d) Peak cycle temperature under conditions of part (c). [0C]

JAWABAN:
1. a. Tex = T7 = T3(P7/P3)(k-1)/k
= (2800 K)(100/9000)(1,35-1)/1,35 = 872 K ( 599 oC )
b. T4

= T3(P4/P3)(k-1)/k

= (2800 K)(460/9000)(1,35-1)/1,35 = 1295 K

xr = (1/rc)(T4/Tex)(Pex/P4) = (1/9)(1295/875)(100/60)
= 0,036 = 3,6%
c. Vel = c = [kRT]1/2
= [ (1,35)(287 J/kg.K)(1295 K) ]1/2 = 708 m/s
d. V2/2gc = h = cpT
(708 m/s)2/[(2)(1 kg.m/Ns2)] = (1,108 kJ/kg.K)T
T = 226 K
Tmax = T7 +T = 872 + 226 = 1098 K = 825 oC

2. a. T1 = 70 oC = 343 K ; P1 = 140 kPa

T2 = T1(rc)k-1 = (343 K)(8)0,35 = 710 K = 437 oC
P2 = P1(rc)k = (140 kPa)(8)1,35 = 2319 kPa

Qin = cv(T3/T2) = (2319 kPa)(2902/710) = 9479 kPa

T4 = T3(1/rc)k-1 = (2902 K)(1/8)0,35 = 1402 K = 1129 oC
P4 = P3(1/rc)k = (9479 kPa)(1/8)1,35 = 572 kPa
b. P2 = 2319 kPa ; P4 = 572 kPa
c. w3-4 = R(T4 T3)/(1-k) = [(0,287 kL/kg.K)(1402 2902)K]/(1 1,35) = +1230
kJ/kg
d. w1-2 = R(T2 T1)/(1-k) = [(0,287 kL/kg.K)(710 343)K]/(1 1,35) = -301 kJ/kg
e. v1 = RT1/P1 = (0,287)(343)/(140) = 0,7032 m3/kg
v2 = RT2/P2 = (0,287)(710)/(2319) = 0,0879 m3/kg
wpump = (P1 Pex)(v1 - v2) = [(140 100)kPa][(0,7032 0,0879)m3/kg] = 24,6 kJ/kg
f. wnet = (-301) + (+1230) + (+24,6) = 953,6 kJ/kg
t = wnet/qin = 1023/1800 = 0,568 = 56,8 %

3. a.T1 = 65 oC = 338 K ; P1 = 130 kPa

T2 = T1(rc)k-1 = (338 K)(19)0,35 = 947 K = 674 oC
P2 = P1(rc)k = (130 kPa)(19)1,35 = 6922 kPa
AF = (AF)stolch/ = ( 14,5)/(0,8) = 18,125
QHVc = (AF + 1)cp(T3 T2)
(42500 kJ/kg)(0,98) = (18,125 + 1)(1,108 kJ/kg.K)(T 3 947)K
T3 = 2913 K = 2640 oC
P3 = P2 = 6922 kPa
v4 = v1 = RT1/P1 = (0,287)(338)/(130) = 0,7462 m3/kg
v3 = RT3/P3 = (0,287)(2913)/(6922) = 0,1208 m3/kg

T4 = T3(v3/v4)k-1 = (2913 K)(0,1208/0,7462)0,35 = 1540 K = 1267 oC

P4 = P3(v3/v4)k = (6922 kPa)(0,1208/0,7462)1,35 = 592 kPa
b. P3 = P2 = 6922 kPa ; P4 = 592 kPa
c. = T3/T2 = 2913/947 = 3,08
d. (t)DIESEL = 1 (1/rc)k-1[(k 1)/{k( 1)}]
t = 1 (1/19)0,35[{(3,08)1,35 1}/{(1,35)(3,08 1)}] = 0,547 = 54,7 %
e. qin = cp(T3 T2) = (1,108 kJ/kg.K)(2913 947)K = 2178 kJ/kg
wnet = qint = (2178 kJ/kg)(0,547) = 1191 kJ/kg
qex = qout = qin wnet = 2178 1191 = 987 kJ/kg
4. T1 = 50 oC = 323 K ;3 P1 = 98 kPa
T2 = T1(rc)k-1 = (323 K)(18)0,35 = 888 K = 615 oC
P2 = P1(rc)k = (98 kPa)(18)1,35 = 4851 kPa
P3 = Pmax = 9000kPa = Px
a. Tx = T2(P3/P2) = (888 K)(9000/4851) = 1647 K
(AF) = 1/(FA) = 1/0,054 = 18,52
Qin total = QHVc
QHV = (AF + 1)cv(Tx T2) + (AF + 1)cp(T3 T2)
42500 kJ/kg = 19,52(0,821)(1647 888) + (19,52)(1,108)(T 3 1647)
T3 = 3050 K
= Px/P2 = 9000/4851 = 1,855
= T3/Tx = 3050/1647 = 1,852
t dual = 1 (1/rc)k-1[{k 1}/{k( 1)+ 1}]

= 1 (1/18)0,35[{1,855(1,852)1,35 1}/{(1,35)(1,852 1) + 1,855 1}] =

0,603 = 60,3 %
b. Tpeak = T3 = 3050 K = 2777 oC
c. QHVc = (AF + 1)cp(T3 T2)
(42500 kJ/kg)(1) = (18,52 + 1)(1,108kJ/kg.K)(T 3 888 K)
T3 = 2853 K
= T3/T2 = 2853/888 = 3,213
t diesel = 1 (1/rc)k-1[(k 1)/{k( 1)}]
= 1 (1/18)0,35[{(3,213)1,35 1}/{1,35(3,213 1)}] = 0,533 = 53,3 %
d. Tpeak = T3 =2853 K =2580 oC